Mapúa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO.5

HEAT EXCHANGER

14 Martinez, James Ron D. Date Performed: September 16, 2022

ME144L-2 / C2 Date Submitted: September 16, 2022

2020100760

Engr. Teodulo A. Valle

INSTRUCTOR GRADE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Objectives 1

Theories and Principles 1

List of Apparatus 3

Procedure 6

Set-up of Apparatus 9

Final Data Sheet 9

Computation 10

Test Data Analysis 19

Question with Answers / Problem with Solutions 20

Conclusion 23

References 24

i
Objectives:

• To understand the concept of parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.

• To be able to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of brass tubing operating at

parallel and counter flow using steam as the medium.

• To be able to determine the Log Mean Temperature Difference of the hot flowing fluid and

cooling water for parallel and counter flow.

Theory and Principle:

A device known as a heat exchanger is one that helps to assist the process of transferring

heat between two fluids that are each maintained at a distinct temperature. The heat exchange in a

heat exchanger is facilitated by the fluids flowing to the same direction or opposite direction

without the two fluids mixing as the fluids are separated by a piping system. Heat exchangers are

applied in engineering areas such as refrigeration (from sciencedirect.com).

To quantify the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably

in heat exchangers, the metric called the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) can be

computed. The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is an average calculated using

the difference in temperature between the hot and cold streams at either end of the heat exchanger.

When the LMTD is bigger, there is a greater amount of heat transfer. The LMTD is determined

considering the maximum temperature difference and the minimum temperature difference. The

maximum temperature difference for parallel flow is the difference between the temperature of

cooling water and hot fluid’s inlet, and for the counter flow, it depends on which difference is

greater between the temperature difference of the inlet of hot fluid and outlet of cooling water or

inlet of cooling water and outlet of hot fluid. The minimum temperature difference for parallel

1
flow is the difference between the temperature of cooling water and hot fluid’s outlet, and for the

counter flow, it depends on which difference is smaller between the temperature difference of the

inlet of hot fluid and outlet of cooling water or inlet of cooling water and outlet of hot fluid. The

equation for LMTD can be expressed as stated below (from industrialheating.com).

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 −∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1)
log𝑒 ( )
∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛

The rate of heat transfer or heat rate transfer (Q), quantifies the amount of heat that is being

absorbed or rejected by a system over a unit of time. In this case, the amount of heat quantified

over a unit of time is the heat involved in heat transfer or the heat accepted by the cooling water

and rejected by the hot fluid. Since heat is sensible in terms of temperature, considering that there

is no phase change involved such as the heat transfer in this experiment, the temperature difference

is considered in calculating the heat rate transfer. Moreover, the specific heat constant and the

mass of the medium, in the experiment’s case is water, is also considered. Having these variables

considered, the equation for heat rate transfer between the hot fluid and cold water can be

expressed as:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 ) (2)

The overall heat transfer coefficient, denoted by the variable U, measures how efficiently

heat is transferred across a number of different materials that are resistive to heat transmission.

The overall heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the rate of heat transfer, and

inversely proportional to the lateral area and LMTD (from tlv.com). From the overall heat

transfer’s relationship with the mentioned variables, it can be expressed in an equation as:

𝑄
𝑈=𝐴 (3)
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∙𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

2
List of Apparatus:

1. Heat Exchanger Piping System (L=OF1,080

VI. SETUP cm and Do = 1.5 in.)
APPARATUS

Figure 1. Heat Exchanger Piping System (from ppt)

2. Steam Boiler

Figure 2. Steam Boiler (from directindustry.com)

3
3. Steam Injector

Figure 3. Steam Injector (from bgiccnew.bgicc.net)

4. Flow Meter (Rotameter)

Figure 4. Flow Meter (from ppt)

4
5. Thermometer Bulbs (4pcs)

Figure 5. Thermometer Bulbs (from ppt)

6. Steel Tape

Figure 6. Steel Tape (from perfectmeasuringtape.com)

7. Steel Drums

Figure 7. Steel Drums (from alibaba.com)

5
 8. Asbestos Gloves (3 pairs)

Figure 8. Asbestos Gloves (from wyler.com)

Procedures:

A. Parallel Flow

1. Set the heat exchanger piping system so that the parallel flow will take effect.

2. Put the 4-thermometer bulb properly for temperature readings of the start of the hot fluid,

end of hot fluid, start of cooling water, and end of cooling water involved in heat exchange.

3. Open the steam injector valve and let the hot fluids flow continuously inside the brass

tubing.

4. Set the flow meter of the cooling water at 5 gpm by throttling the exit valve as trial 1 as the

hot water flows.

5. Start the timer and time the trial for 3 minutes after the system has been set-up.

6. Obtain the temperature readings half a minute before the duration ends.

7. Close the injector valve after the duration of the trial.

8. For trial 2, set the flow meter at 10 gpm and repeat the step-by-step procedures.

6
B. Counter Flow

1. Set the piping system so that counter flow will take effect.

2. Repeat step 2 to 8 of Parallel Flow Procedures.

3. Complete all record all the data needed to complete the data sheet.

7
Set-up of Apparatus:

Figure 9. Set-up of Apparatus

Figure 9 presents the Set-up of Apparatus wherein hot fluid will continuously flow inside

the brass tubing by opening the steam injector valve. Depending on which type of flow, parallel

or counter, the trial is conducting, the valves seen will set the direction of flow for the cooling

water. In this set-up of apparatus, since the steam has higher temperature than the cooling water,

heat will be transferred to the cooling water, increasing its temperature and decreasing the hot fluid

or steam’s temperature.

8
Final Data Sheet:

Table 1. Final Data Sheet

Thin Thout Twin Twout Vcw mcw LMTD U (W/m2

Trial Flow Qw (W)
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (GPM) (kg/s) (°C) ·°C)

Parallel 77 45 25 30 5 0.3154 6602.90 29.7621 171.6222

1
Counter 77 45 25 35 5 0.3154 13205.80 29.6521 344.5177

Parallel 75 42 25 30 10 0.6308 13205.80 26.6721 383.6570

2
Counter 75 42 25 32 10 0.6308 18488.12 28.0176 510.46

9
Computation:

Trial 1:

Parallel

Temp
77°C

45°C
30°C

25°C

0 Flow

Mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw):

𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑐𝑤 = 5 𝐺𝑃𝑀, 𝜌 = 1000
𝑚3

𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 𝑉𝑐𝑤 ∙ 𝜌

𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = (5 × ) (1000 3 × )
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑚 264.2 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒄𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟒
𝒔

Heat rate of transfer (Qw):

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 0.3154 , 𝑐𝑝 = 4.187 , 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30℃
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑤 = (0.3154 ) (4.187 ) (30℃ − 25℃)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

10
 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊 1000 𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = 6.602899 × ×
𝑠 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊
1 𝑠

𝑸𝒘 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟗𝟎 𝑾

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD):

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 77℃, 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 45℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 77℃ − 25℃ = 52℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 45℃ − 30℃ = 15℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
log 𝑒 ( ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

52℃ − 15℃
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
52℃
log 𝑒 ( )
15℃

𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟏℃

Overall heat transfer coefficient (U):

𝑄𝑤 = 6602.90 𝑊, 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 29.7621℃, 𝐿 = 1080 𝑐𝑚, 𝐷𝑜 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐷

1𝑚 0.0254 𝑚
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 (1080 𝑐𝑚 × ) (1.5 𝑖𝑛 × )
100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 1.2927 𝑚2

𝑄𝑤
𝑈=
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∙ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

6602.90 𝑊
𝑈=
(1.2927 𝑚2 )(29.7621℃)

11
 𝑾
𝑼 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝟐 ∙℃

Counter

Temp
77°C

45°C
35°C

25°C

0 Flow

Mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw):

𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑐𝑤 = 5 𝐺𝑃𝑀, 𝜌 = 1000
𝑚3

𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 𝑉𝑐𝑤 ∙ 𝜌

𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = (5 × ) (1000 3 × )
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑚 264.2 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒄𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟒
𝒔

Heat rate of transfer (Qw):

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 0.3154 , 𝑐𝑝 = 4.187 , 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 35℃
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑤 = (0.3154 ) (4.187 ) (35℃ − 25℃)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

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 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊 1000 𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = 13.2058 × ×
𝑠 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊
1𝑠

𝑸𝒘 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟖𝟎 𝑾

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD):

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 77℃, 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 45℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 35℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 77℃ − 35℃ = 42℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 45℃ − 25℃ = 20℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
log 𝑒 ( ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

42℃ − 20℃
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
42℃
log 𝑒 (20℃)

𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟏℃

Overall heat transfer coefficient (U):

𝑄𝑤 = 13205.80 𝑊, 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 29.6521℃, 𝐿 = 1080 𝑐𝑚, 𝐷𝑜 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐷

1𝑚 0.0254 𝑚
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 (1080 𝑐𝑚 × ) (1.5 𝑖𝑛 × )
100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 1.2927 𝑚2

𝑄𝑤
𝑈=
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∙ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

13205.80 𝑊
𝑈=
(1.2927 𝑚2 )(29.6521℃)

13
 𝑾
𝑼 = 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟕
𝒎𝟐 ∙℃

Trial 2:

Parallel
Temp

75°C

42°C

30°C
25°C

0 Flow

Mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw):

𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑐𝑤 = 10 𝐺𝑃𝑀, 𝜌 = 1000
𝑚3

𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 𝑉𝑐𝑤 ∙ 𝜌

𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = (10 × ) (1000 3 × )
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑚 264.2 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒄𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟖
𝒔

Heat rate of transfer (Qw):

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 0.6308 , 𝑐𝑝 = 4.187 , 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30℃
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 )

14
 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑤 = (0.6308 ) (4.187 ) (30℃ − 25℃)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊 1000 𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = 13.2058 × ×
𝑠 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊
1𝑠

𝑸𝒘 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟖𝟎 𝑾

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD):

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 75℃, 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 42℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75℃ − 25℃ = 50℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 42℃ − 30℃ = 12℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
log 𝑒 ( ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

50℃ − 12℃
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
50℃
log 𝑒 (12℃)

𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟏℃

Overall heat transfer coefficient (U):

𝑄𝑤 = 13205.80 𝑊, 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 26.6271℃, 𝐿 = 1080 𝑐𝑚, 𝐷𝑜 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐷

1𝑚 0.0254 𝑚
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 (1080 𝑐𝑚 × ) (1.5 𝑖𝑛 × )
100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 1.2927 𝑚2

𝑄𝑤
𝑈=
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∙ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

15
 13205.80 𝑊
𝑈=
(1.2927 𝑚2 )(26.6271℃)

𝑾
𝑼 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟎
𝒎𝟐 ∙℃

Counter

Temp
75°C

32°C 42°C

25°C

0 Flow

Mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw):

𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑐𝑤 = 10 𝐺𝑃𝑀, 𝜌 = 1000
𝑚3

𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 𝑉𝑐𝑤 ∙ 𝜌

𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = (10 × ) (1000 3 × )
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑚 264.2 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒄𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟖
𝒔

Heat rate of transfer (Qw):

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑐𝑤 = 0.6308 , 𝑐𝑝 = 4.187 , 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 32℃
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑤 = (0.6308 ) (4.187 ) (32℃ − 25℃)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

16
 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊 1000 𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = 18.48812 × ×
𝑠 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊
1 𝑠

𝑸𝒘 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝑾

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD):

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 75℃, 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 42℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 25℃, 𝑇𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 32℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75℃ − 32℃ = 43℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 42℃ − 25℃ = 17℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
log 𝑒 ( ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

43℃ − 17℃
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
43℃
log 𝑒 (17℃)

𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟔℃

Overall heat transfer coefficient (U):

𝑄𝑤 = 18488.12 𝑊, 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 28.0176℃, 𝐿 = 1080 𝑐𝑚, 𝐷𝑜 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐷

1𝑚 0.0254 𝑚
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋 (1080 𝑐𝑚 × ) (1.5 𝑖𝑛 × )
100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = 1.2927 𝑚2

𝑄𝑤
𝑈=
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∙ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

18488.12 𝑊
𝑈=
(1.2927 𝑚2 )(28.0176℃)

17
 𝑾
𝑼 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟔
𝒎𝟐∙℃

18
Test Data Analysis:

Having attained the temperature readings of the hot fluid and cooling water from the

experiment using thermometer bulbs, volume flow rate of the cooling water using the flow meter

and having determined the water density and which type of flow is occurring in the experiment the

necessary data to calculate the mass rate of cooling water, heat rate transfer, LMTD, and the overall

heat transfer coefficient is determined. The mass rate of cooling water is computed for each trial

by approximating their density to be 1000 kg/m3 and multiplying it to the volume flow rate. The

heat rate transfer is calculated by substituting the data to equation 2 as discussed in theory and

principle. The LMTD is calculated by substituting the data to equation 1 as discussed in theory

and principle. Lastly, the overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated by substituting the data to

equation 3 as discussed in theory and principle. Basing on the acquired data from the experiment,

the temperature is fairly similar for each type of flow in each trial, yet the overall heat transfer

coefficient of the counter flow is significantly larger than the overall heat transfer coefficient of

parallel flow for each trial. Thus, it can be concluded from the completed data sheet that Counter

flow heat exchangers are the most efficient than parallel heat exchangers. According from DOE

FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK, counter flow heat exchangers are more efficient because they

distribute the heat more evenly across the heat exchanger. This claim supports the data gathered

and computed in the experiment.

19
Questions with Answers / Problem with Solutions:

1. What are some disadvantages of parallel flow in a heat exchanger?

A disadvantage of parallel heat exchangers occurs when there is a large

or significant temperature difference at one end of a parallel flow heat exchanger, in such

situation the heat exchanger has a tendency to experience added thermal stresses, which

may lead to an early failure. Another one of the drawbacks of parallel flow heat exchanger

is that the temperature at the outflow of the cold fluid will never be higher than the

temperature at the outlet of the hot fluid, which makes it less effective.

2. What are some advantages of counter flow in a heat exchanger?

It is common knowledge that the counter flow heat exchanger offers more benefits

than the parallel flow heat exchanger does, and this is due to the fact that it has various

advantages. The temperature variations between the two fluids are more consistent, which

lowers the extra thermal stresses that are caused early on in the heat exchanger. This is one

of the advantages that this heat exchanger design has. In addition to this, its uniform

temperature difference also results to a uniform overall coefficient of heat transfer. In

conclusion, the fact that the temperature of the cold flow that exits the device may reach

the maximal temperature of the hot fluid makes it a more efficient device.

3. The water, which enters the heat exchanger at 25 degrees Celsius, brings the temperature

of the oil down from 85 degrees Celsius to 55 degrees Celsius. The volumetric flow rate of

oil is 2.72 kg/s, and its specific heat is 2 kJ/kg-K. The volumetric flow rate of water is 2.22

kg/s, and its specific heat is 4.180 kJ/kg-K. To achieve an overall heat transfer coefficient

of 280 W/m2-K, determine the Log Mean Temperature Difference.

𝑄ℎ = 𝑄𝑐

20
 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝,ℎ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑝,𝑐 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
(2.72 ) (2 ) (85℃ − 55℃) = (2.22 ) (4.18 ) (𝑡 − 25℃)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 2

𝑡2 = 42.5℃ (𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 85℃ − 42.5℃ = 42.5℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 55℃ − 25℃ = 30℃

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
log 𝑒 ( ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

42.5℃ − 30℃
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
42.5℃
log 𝑒 ( 30℃ )

𝑳𝑻𝑴𝑫 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖℃

4. The water, which enters the heat exchanger at 25 degrees Celsius, brings the temperature

of the oil down from 85 degrees Celsius to 55 degrees Celsius. The volumetric flow rate of

oil is 2.72 kg/s, and its specific heat is 2 kJ/kg-K. The volumetric flow rate of water is 2.22

kg/s, and its specific heat is 4.180 kJ/kg-K. To achieve an overall heat transfer coefficient

of 280 W/m2-K, determine the rate of heat transfer.

𝑄 = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝,ℎ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = (2.72 ) (2 ) (85℃ − 55℃)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊 1000 𝑊
𝑄 = 163.2 × ×
𝑠 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑊
1 𝑠

𝑸 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾

21
5. The water, which enters the heat exchanger at 25 degrees Celsius, brings the temperature

of the oil down from 85 degrees Celsius to 55 degrees Celsius. The volumetric flow rate of

oil is 2.72 kg/s, and its specific heat is 2 kJ/kg-K. The volumetric flow rate of water is 2.22

kg/s, and its specific heat is 4.180 kJ/kg-K. To achieve an overall heat transfer coefficient

of 280 W/m2-K, determine the lateral area of the heat exchanger.

𝑄𝑤
𝑈=
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∙ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

Since LMTD is a temperature difference, LMTD = 35.8°C = 35.8 K

W 163200 𝑊
280 =
m2 ∙ 𝐾 𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 (35.8 𝐾)

𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑 𝒎𝟐

22
Conclusion:

Through the set-up of apparatus, the flow of both fluids was identified by opening the

proper valves and keeping the other valves closed. The valves in the set-up of apparatus dictates

what type of flow the heat exchange is occurring, whether parallel or counter flow. As discussed

in the theory and principle, the parallel flow heat exchanger has the two fluids flowing in the same

direction, while the counter flow heat exchanger has the two fluids flowing in opposite directions

as heat exchange occur. The heat rate transfer, Log Mean Temperature Difference, and overall

heal transfer coefficient is calculated from getting the temperature reading of the hot fluid and the

cooling water from the beginning and end of the heat exchange process and attaining the volume

flow rate of the cooling water and dimensions of the piping system. From the computations made

using the data gathered from the experiment, the results were able to infer that the counter flow

heat exchanger is more effective than parallel flow heat exchanger. In conclusion, the experiment

was able to accomplish everything that is set as objective.

23
References:

• https://www.industrialheating.com/blogs/14-industrial-heating-experts-speak-

blog/post/89862-what-is-lmtd#:~:text=1,each%20end%20of%20the%20exchanger.

• https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/overall-heat-transfer-

coefficient.html#:~:text=The%20overall%20heat%20transfer%20coefficient,ft2%C2%B

0F)%5D.

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/heat-exchanger

• https://www.directindustry.com/prod/hurst-boiler/product-22135-846413.html

• https://bgiccnew.bgicc.net/kcyo.aspx?cname=steam+injector+for+sale&cid=103

• https://perfectmeasuringtape.com/shop/customizable-series-100-25ft-75m-professional-

wide-read-steel-tape-measure/

• https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/stainless-steel-drum-200-liter-

drum_60836893532.html

• https://www.wyler.com.ph/products/as-7014-asbestos-gloves-w-cotton-lining/

• https://d6s74no67skb0.cloudfront.net/course-material/ME905-Heat-Exchanger-

Fundamentals.pdf

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