BOOK 19

LESSON 1

ATTRACT: To draw to, to get the INCOMPLETE: Lacking something, not

attention of / Atraer. whole / Incompleto.
DIVORCE: Ending of a marriage / SPECIFIC: Definite, exact / Especifico,
Divorciarse. exacto.
END UP: To finish in a certain place or TOLERANT: Showing tolerance /
way / Finalizar. Tolerante.
GET ALONG IN: To progress / DIVORCE: To end a marriage /
Progresar. Divorcio.
GET ALONG WITH: To have a FEMALE: One of the sexes / Femenino.
friendly relationship with / Llevarse bien GRANDCHILD / CHILDREN: Child
con alguien. or children of one’s son or daughter /
INQUIRE ABOUT: To ask, to ask for Nietos.
information / Investivar, indagar. GRANDDAUGHTER: Daughter of
NEGLECT TO: To give little care to, or one’s son or daughter / Nieta.
fail to do something / Negligencia. GRANDSON: Son of one’s son or
PUT UP WITH: To stand, to suffer daughter / Nieto.
without complaining, to tolerate / Tolerar. IN-LAW: Relation by marriage /
TOLERATE: To allow something one Relacion politica por matrimonio.
does not like, to respect other’s beliefs, KNOWLEDGE: That which is known,
etc. / Tolerar. understanding / Conocimiento.
ALONG WITH: Together with, in MALE: One of the sexes / Masculino.
addition to / Junto con, ademas de. RELATIONSHIP: Connection, as in
ALONGSIDE OF: Beside, parallel to / thought, meaning, or blood / Relacion.
Ademas de. SAND: Small, loose pieces of rock found
COMPLETE: Whole, entire, lacking at beaches / Arena.
nothing, to the full extent / Completo, SEX: Male or female / Sexo.
Todo. SPOUSE: Husband or wife / Esposo,
CONSEQUENTLY: As a result / Por esposa.
consecuencia. TOLERANCE: Being tolerant /
EAGER: Full of interest or desire / Tolerancia.
Ansioso. ALL AT ONCE: Suddenly /
GENERAL: Concerning or felt by Repentinamente.
everybody or most people / En general. ONCE IN A WHILE: Sometimes / En
IN ADDITION: Also, as well / Ademas ocasiones.

1
 POSSESSIVE NOUNS

To show that people own or possess something, we add an apostrophe

and -s (‘s) to a singular noun or irregular plural noun. The pronunciation
is the same as with plural nouns.

When the final sound is voiced (words that end with the letters m, n, b,
v, l, r, g, or a vowel), we pronounce ‘s as /z/.

EXAMPLES: Sally rents this apartment.

This is Sally’s apartment.

The restroom for men is next to the elevator.

The men’s restroom is next to the elevator.

The women own that car.

That’s the women’s car.

When the final sound is voiceless (words that end with the letters s, t, p,
f, k), we pronounce ‘s as /s/ .

EXAMPLE: The report the lieutenant made was long.

The lieutenant’s report was long.

When the final sound ends in the letters s, sh, ch, ge, x, or z, we
pronounce ‘s as /ez/ .

EXAMPLE: This book belongs to Les.

This is Les’s book.

When we have a plural noun, we add only the apostrophe ( ’ ) after the
final -s. The pronunciation doesn’t change.

EXAMPLE: The students have books.

Those are the students’ books.

The lunchroom for the employees is closed.

2
 The employees’ lunchroom is closed.

SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

SUBJECT
PRONOUNS I you he she it we they

OBJECT me you him her it us them

PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

my mine
your yours
his his
her hers
its its*
our ours
their theirs

3
 Possessive adjectives are used before nouns.

This is my pen.
That’s your book.
These are her papers.

Possessive pronouns are used alone without nouns.

This pen is mine.

That book is yours.
These papers are hers.

* The pronoun its is not commonly used.

INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS AND PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Many phrasal verbs and phrasal prepositional verbs are inseparable. That is,
they cannot be separated by an object. Some, however, can be either
separable or inseparable -- they often have one meaning when they are
separable and a different one when they are inseparable. These verbs are
included in the list and are marked with an asterisk (*).
be back = to return
be up for = to be eligible for
blow out* = to burst or explode
check in = to register; to report your arrival
check out* = to leave; to report your departure
clear up* = to become clear, speaking of the weather
come back = to return
come in = to arrive as expected
come over = to make a short informal visit
cut down on = to reduce in quantity or amount
drop by = to visit unexpectedly or informally
drop in = to pay a visit informally
drop off* = to fall asleep
drop over = to visit unexpectedly or informally
end up = to finish in a certain place / way
fall in = to line up in formation
get along with = to be in agreement
get in = to arrive
get off = to leave a vehicle; to leave work
get on = to enter a vehicle
get rid of = to free oneself from; to throw away; to give away something
get up* = to rise from a sitting or lying position
go back = to return
go out = to leave the house, especially for fun; to stop burning / shining
go over = to review; to make a short, informal visit

4
 hold on = to wait; to wait on the phone
look forward to = to anticipate pleasurably
look out (for) to take care / be careful of
put up with = to tolerate without complaining
run into = to encounter; collide with
run out of = to use the entire supply
sign in / out* = to write one’s name on roll for record-keeping purposes
sit down = to take a seat / occupy a chair
stand up* = to rise to upright position on your feet
take care of = to assume responsibility for
take part in = to participate in
take off* = to depart
watch out for = to take care / be careful of
work on = to repair
work out = to exercise
LESSON 2

ARRANGE: To set in order, plan in PREVENT: To stop or keep from doing

advance / Arreglar, planear. or happening / Evitar, impedir, estorbar.
ASSIST: To help, to support / Ayudar, RUN ACROSS: To find or meet by
asistir. chance / Toparse con, encontrar por
BITE: To cut or crush with the teeth, casualidad.
mouth, etc. / Morder. STAY AWAY FROM: To avoid /
COULD HAVE: Unfulfilled past Permanecer lejos de.
ability / Pudo haber. USE UP: To finish completely, to
COULDN’T HAVE: Past logical consume / Terminar, acabar.
impossibility / No pudo haber. ABSOLUTELY: Completely /
DROP OFF: To take or deliver; to fall Absolutamente, completamente.
asleep / Quedarse dormido, disminuir. ACCORDING TO: In agreement with,
DROWN: To die, or to cause to die as stated by / De acuerdo a.
underwater / Ahogar. (en agua) AT LEAST: Not less than, If nothing
GET THROUGH (WITH or TO): To else / Al menos, cuando menos.
finish, to reach someone through a means CONVINCED: Very sure / Convencido.
of comunication / Terminar, pasar, CONVINCING: Persuasive /
conseguir pasar, comunicarse con Convincente.
alguien. ENTIRE: Whole, lacking nothing, to the
INSIST (ON): To declare firmly, to full extent / Entero, total.
order or demand that something happen / FATAL: Resulting in death; disastrous /
Insistir. Fatal, desastroso.
KEEP AWAY FROM: To avoid / FEW: Absence of almost all quantity, not
Mantener a distancia, esconder. many (Used with count nouns) / Poco
KILL: To cause someone or something (para cosas contables).
to die / Matar. IN PLACE OF: Instead of / En lugar de.
MISPLACE: To put in the wrong place / LITTLE: Absence of almost all quantity,
Colocar mal, poner fuera de su lugar. not much used with non count nouns. /
Poco (para cosas no contables).

5
OTHERWISE: If not / Si no, de otra
manera.
PREVENTABLE: Able to be
prevented / Evitable, prevenible.
TRIM: In good condition / Arreglado,
aseado, ordenado.
ASSISTANCE: Help, aid / Ayuda,
asistencia.
BITE: Act of biting, something to eat /
Mordida.
FUEL: Material used for producing
power / Combustible.
ORDER: Arrangement where everything
is in proper place / Ordenado, arreglado.
REST: Remainder / Resto, lo demas.
TELEGRAM: Message sent by
telegraph / Telegrama.
VITAMIN: Chemical substances
important for health / Vitamina.
IN ORDER: Properly arranged, neat / En
orden.

6
 COULDN’T HAVE

We use couldn’t have + past participle to express logical

impossibility about a past action.

EXAMPLES:

Mark couldn’t have quit the job.

saw him at work just this morning.

Lt. Rice couldn’t have been promoted yet.

He only recently became a lieutenant.

Mary couldn’t have called me last night.

My phone was out of order.

George couldn’t have been in school the 25th.

It was a Sunday.

COULD HAVE

We use could have + past participle to express past unfulfilled

ability.

EXAMPLES:
Curtis could have gone to college.
He decided to get a job Instead.

Molly could have been a supervisor,

but she turned down the offer
 FEW / LITTLE VS. A FEW / A LITTLE

Few / a few and little / a little can be used as adjectives and

as pronouns. When we use them as adjectives, we use a few /
few with count nouns and a little / little with noncount
nouns.

EXAMPLES:
Michelle has a few friends.
Michelle has few friends.
(friends can be counted)

Jan likes a little sugar in her coffee.

Jan likes little sugar in her coffee.
(sugar cannot be counted.)

A few and a little express, in a positive way, the presence of

something even though in a small quantity.

EXAMPLES:
A few people attended the concert.
(several people were there)

John Knows a little about computers.

(He knows some things.)

Few and little express, in a negative way, the absence of nearly all
quantity.

EXAMPLES:
Few people attended the meeting.
(Not many people went.)

Larry Knows little about physics.

(He Knows almost nothing about it.)
 LESSON 3

ACCOMPLISH: To succeed / Lograr MISSION: An assignment / Mision.

ACCOUNT FOR: To explain / Explicar. ROUTINE: A regular procedure /
ACHIEVE: To get by effort / Lograr Rutina.
obtener. SELF-CONFIDENCE: Sure of
ADJUST TO: To change so as to fit / oneself / Auto-confianza.
Adaptarse a. SKILL: ability or proficiency /
COMMUNICATE: To give or exchange Habilidad.
information / Comunicarse. SUCCESS: A favorable result / Exito.
CONGRATULATE: To express to TECHNIQUE: The method or procedure
another one’s pleasure at that person’s / Tecnica.
good fortune / Felicitar. ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY: To take
DEVELOP: To work out by degrees / the obligation/ Asumir la responsabilidad.
Desarrollar. MAKE SENSE: To have a real
GUIDE: To point out the way for / Guiar. meaning / Tener sentido.
OBJECT (TO): To express disapproval / QUITE A(N) (ADJ) + NOUN: Very /
Rehusarse, objetar. Muy.
OBTAIN: To get possession / Obtener. QUITE A FEW: Many / Muchos.
SUCCEED: To be successful / Tener
exito.
CONFIDENT: Sure of oneself /
Confiable, confianza.
EDUCATIONAL: Educating /
Educativo.
ONCE: One time / Una vez.
ROUTINE: A regular procedure /
Rutina.
SENSIBLE: Easily perceived / Sensible.
SOMEDAY: At some future day / Algun
dia.
SUCCESSFUL: Turning out as was
hoped / Exitoso.
SUFFICIENT: As much as is needed /
Suficiente.
ATTENDANCE: The number of persons
attending / Asistencia, presencia
CAPABILITY: Ability / Habilidad.
CONFIDENCE: Trust / Confianza.
GUIDANCE: Advice / Guia.
METHOD: A way of doing anything /
Metodo.
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES;
PAST UNREAL CONDITION OR SITUATION

Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. One
type of conditional sentence is used to show a past unreal condition or
situation. It tells what could, would, or might have happened in the past if a
certain condition or situation had been true. The if-clause has the past
perfect tense, and the main clause uses could have / might have / would
have + a past participle. Note that the if-clause may come before of after
the main clause.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

could
If we had left earlier, we might have been on time.
would

MAIN CLAUSE IF CLAUSE

could
Ed might have passed if he had studied harder.
would

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

could
If you had had more money, What might you have done?
would
 MAIN CLAUSE IF CLAUSE

Could
if you had finished your
Might you have gone
work?
Would

SUFFIXES: -ABLE / -IBLE

The suffixes -able and -ible are added to certain nouns and verbs to make
adjectives. These adjectives have the meaning of “capable of” or “showing /
having”.

EXAMPLES We can refund your money.

Your money is refundable.
Smoking isn’t permitted here.
It’s not permissible here.

Here is a partial list of some nouns and verbs to which -able and -ible can be
added:

accept / acceptable love / lovable

adjust / adjustable manage / manageable
advise / advisable measure / measurable
afford / affordable mistake / mistakable
agree / agreeable over / movable / moveable
believe / believable notice / noticeable
break /breakable obtain / obtainable
change / changeable permit / permissible
collect / collectible/ collectable prefer / preferable
comfort / comfortable prevent / preventable
compare / comparable profit / profitable
control / controllable question / questionable
depend / dependable reason / reasonable
disagree / disagreeable refund / refundable
enjoy / enjoyable rely / reliable
honor / honorable respect / respectable
inflate / inflatable sense / sensible
knowledge / knowledgeable tax / taxable
like / likable wash / washable
LESSON 4
ANNOY: To bother / Molestar. HELPLESS: Unable to look after oneself
DISAPOINT: To fail to satisfy hopes or or to act without help / Indefenso,
expectations / Decepcionar, Desilusionar. incapaz.
DROP OUT OF: To quit / Renunciar. LAZY: Avoiding work or activity /
HAND IN: To give by hand / Entregar. Flojo, perezoso.
LACK: Not to have enough / Carecer. LENIENT: Not strict / Indulgente, no
PUT ASIDE: To reserve / Guardar. estricto.
REGRET: To feel sorry about / STRICT: Enforcing rules / Estricto.
Arrepentirse, lamentar. STUPID: Silly, foolish / Estupido, tonto.
RUSH: To hurry / Apresurar. ATTENTION: Consideration /
START OUT: To begin / Comezar. Atencion.
STAY UP: To remain awake / HELMET: Protective head covering /
Desvelarse. Casco.
TAKE OFF: To leave / Irse, despegar. LACK (OF): Absence of / Falta o
TURN IN: To hand in / Entregar. carencia de.
VOLUNTEER: To give one’s services REGRET: Sorrow over acts or
without payment / Ofrecer (se) omissions / Pena, arrepentimiento
voluntariamente. RUSH: Hasty movement; great activity /
WASTE: To use too much of / Prisa, hora pico.
Despilfarrar, desperdiciar. VOLUNTEER: A person who gives
ANNOYED: Angry / Molesto. services without receiving a payment /
ANNOYING: Irritating / Irritante. Voluntario.
AS WELL AS: In addition to / Asi IN A RUSH: In a hurry / A la carrera,
como. Corriendo.
DISAPPOINTED: Disappointed / LEARN A LESSON: Learn from
Decepcionado. experience / Aprender la leccion (de
DISAPPOINTING: Causing one to be experiencias).
unhappy at not seeing hopes come true / LOSE ONE’S TEMPER: To become
Decepcionante. angry / Enojarse rapidamente.
GUILTY: Being at fault / Culpable. PAY ATTENTION TO: To give
HELPFUL: Willing to help / Util. thought or consideration to / Prestar o
poner atencion a.
 WISH: PAST UNREAL SITUATIONS

We use wish + THAT noun clause (containing a past perfect verb) to

express regret about a past situation. The word “that” is optional.

EXAMPLES:

I wish (that) I had become a doctor instead of a teacher.

Amy wishes (that) she hadn’t bought that dress last week
because it’s on sale now

Do you wish (that) you had gone to college instead of

getting married?

TOO AND VERY

Very is used to express “to a great degree.” It means a lot or much.

EXAMPLES: This box is very heavy, but Ray can pick it up.
My coffee’s very hot...Just the way I like it.

TOO is used to express excessiveness; it means more than enough. The

use of too implies a negative result.

EXAMPLES:
This box is too heavy. Ray can’t pick it up.
My coffee’s too hot to drink. I’ll wait until it cools off.

Both too and very are placed before adjectives or adverbs.

 PASSIVE TO-INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT

A passive to-Infinitive (to + be + past participle) can be used as a direct

object of certain verbs such as expect, hope, like, need, prefer, and
want.

EXAMPLES:

Mike expects to be observed on his job today.

Lt. Wyn hopes to be considered for that assignment.
The general would like to be served immediately.
The colonel needs to be answered honestly.
Mr. Smith prefers not to be disturbed before 09:00.
The women want to be given respect.

INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

A present progressive tense in indirect speech should be changed to

the past progressive in indirect speech.

DIRECT Ann: I’m going to the coast this weekend.

SPEECH

INDIRECT Ann said that she was going to the coast this weekend.
SPEECH

DIRECT Ed: Al, are you taking the bus to work tomorrow?
SPEECH

INDIRECT Ed asked me if/whether I was taking the bus to work

SPEECH tomorrow.

DIRECT Lee: Sid when are you planning to go hunting?

SPEECH
 BOOK 20
LESSON 1

BECOME: To come to be / Convertirse, INGREDIENT: Any of the things that a

llegar a ser. mixture is made of / Ingrediente.
BET: An agreement in which the one JAR: A container made of glass / Frasco.
proved wrong about the outcome of LABEL: A paper marked and attached to
something will do or pay what is an object to indicate its content / Etiqueta.
stipulated / Apostar. MIX: To combine / Mezclar.
CALL FOR: To demand / Requerir. MIXTURE: A combination / Mezcla
COMBINE: To join into one / Combinar. PROPERTY: Ownership / Propiedad.
CREATE: To cause to come into PURCHASE: Buying / Compra.
existence / Crear. QUANTITY: An amount / Cantidad.
DEPEND ON: To be determined by RECIPE: A list of materials to prepare a
something else / Depender de meal / Receta.
GIVE: To hand in / Dar. SET: To put in a proper condition /
LIST: A series of names, numbers, etc. in Ajustart, establecer
order / Enlistar. A GOOD DEAL OF: A lot of /
MIX: To blend together in a single mass / Mucho(s), mucha(s).
Mezclar. A GREAT DEAL OF: A lot of /
PURCHASE: The act of buying / Mucho(s), mucha(s).
Comprar. CAN’T HELP: Inevitable / No pueder
PUT: To lay / Poner. evitar.
SEPARATE: To set apart / Separar. FEEL LIKE: Want / Querer.
STIR: To mix as by agitating with a FROM TIME TO TIME: Once in a
spoon / Revolver. while / De vez en cuando.
TEAR: To pull apart into pieces by ON HAND: Available / A la mano
force / Romper, desgarrar.
APART: Away in place or time / Aparte.
APART FROM: Besides / Aparte de.
MOST: The greatest amount or degree /
La mayoria, Mayor parte.
MOSTLY: For the most part / En su
mayoria
RAW: In its natural composition / Crudo.
SEPARATE: apart from the rest /
Separado.
THUS: In this manner / Por lo tanto, asi.
BAG: A container of paper, plastic, etc. /
Bolsa
COST: The amount of money asked or
paid for a thing / Costo
GROCERIES: The food or supplies sold
in a grocer / Comestibles, abarrotes.
 REVIEW OF INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE QUANTIFIERS

Some adjective quantifiers are used only with nouns which name
things that can be counted. Others are used only with nouns naming
things which cannot be counted. Many, however, can be used with
both types of nouns.

ADJECTIVE QUANTIFIERS

USED WITH

COUNT NONCOUNT BOTH COUNT AND NONCOUNT

NOUNS NOUNS NOUNS

many much some a good deal of

several a little any a great deal of
a few little more a lot of
few enough plenty of
all

REVIEW OF HOW MUCH / HOW MANY AND

UNIT NOUNS WITH OF

To inquire about the amount or quantity of something, we use a

question beginning with how much or how many. How much is
used with noncount nouns and how many with count nouns.

EXAMPLES: How much gas does this tank hold?

How many gallons of gas did you buy?

To express quantity or amount, we use the pattern below:

UNIT NOUN + OF + COUNT / NONCOUNT NOUN

EXAMPLES: The recipe calls for a pint of cream.

There were only two cans of soup left.
 OF WITH PRONOUN QUANTIFIERS

To express quantity or amount, we often use a pronoun that indicates

“how much” or “how many”, followed by of.

EXAMPLES: All of the students went on the tour.

I was able to answer most of the questions.

PRONOUN QUANTIFIERS + OF

much of all of either of few of one of

many of most of neither of a few of two of

some of half of both of little of three of

any of none of more of a little of

LESSON 2
ALERT: To warn / Alertar WAR: Armed conflict / Guerra
ATTACK: To act against / Atacar ON ALERT: Ready for danger / En
AUTHORIZE: To give authority to / alerta.
Autorizar. TAKE CONTROL OF: To assume
CALL UP: To summon for duty / power of / Tomar el control.
Llamar, convocar. TAKE SIDES: To support a group or
DEFEND: To guard from an attack / individual / Estar a favor.
Defender. TAKE STEPS: To begin to act / Tomar
DEFINE: To give a meaning / Definir. medidas.
ENGAGE: To enter into conflict, bring ON THE TIP OF ONE´S TONGUE:
together / Enfrentar, comprometerse. To be about to remember / En la punta de
MAINTAIN: To keep in a certain state / la lengua.
Mantener.
NOTIFY: To inform / Notificar.
SETTLE: To reach an agreement / Limar
asperesas.
TAKE OVER: To begin controlling /
Tomar el control.
THREATEN: To make threats /
Amenazar.
ADDITIONAL: Added / Adicional
ALERT: Watchful / Alerta.
NEUTRAL: Supporting neither side /
Neutral.
SECURE: Free from danger / Seguro.
NEVERTHELESS: However / No
obstante.
ALLY: A person or country joined with
another one / Aliado.
ATTACK: Violence against someone or
something / Ataque.
BATTLE: A fight / Batalla.
BORDER: A line between nations /
Frontera.
COMBAT: A fight / Combate.
DEFENSE: Something that defends
against attack / Defensa.
ENEMY: Person or thing that is against
another / Enemigo.
FREEDOM: State of not being under
control / Libertad.
MAINTENANCE: Being maintained /
Mantenimiento.
PEACE: Absence of conflict / Paz.
SECURITY: Protection / Seguridad.
SITUATION: Circumstance / Situation.
THREAT: Danger / Amenaza.
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE

The present progressive tense is used to refer to an activity or event

which is currently in progress.

EXAMPLES:

The mechanic is repairing my car.

They are offering courses in Spanish.

The passive form is used when the agent either is not known or is not
considered as important as the action.

EXAMPLES:

My car is being repaired (by the mechanic).

Courses in Spanish are being offered.

Passive form of the present progressive tense:

am
is + being + past participle
are
 PAST PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE

The past progressive tense refers to actions or events which are no

longer in progress.

EXAMPLES:

Someone was painting their house yesterday.

The doctor was treating the patients.

The use of the passive form emphasizes the receiver of the past action
rather than its agent. It can also indicate that the agent is not known.

EXAMPLES:

Their house was being painted yesterday.

The patients were being treated (by the doctor).

Passive form of the past progressive:

was

+ being + past participle

were
 ELSE

Notice these sentences that contain word pairs with “else”. They are
question-words, pronouns, and adverbs. They mean a different or
another person, thing, time, reason, or manner.

QUESTION-WORDS

Who will be at the party?

Whom Else should we ask to the party?

What can I do?

Where can I look for my keys?

When do you have time?

Else
How can I get there?

Why would he do it?

PRONOUNS

He doesn’t remember who else was there.

Do you know whom else she spoke to?

Can you tell me what else he said?

ADVERBS

She doesn’t know where else she should look.

when else to have the party.

Can you tell me how else I can do it?

Why else he would say that?
LESSON 3
ACCELERATE: To make faster / Acelerar. DEFECT: An imperfection / Defecto.
ALIGN: To arrange in a straight line / ESTIMATE: A calculation / Calculo.
Alinear. EXTERIOR: An outer part / Exterior.
ESTIMATE: To calculate / Calcular. FLUID: A substance such as air or water /
FUNCTION: To work / Funcionar. Fluido.
IGNITE: To set fire or to catch fire / FUNCTION: Work / Funcion.
Encender. GEAR: A car speed; equipment / Velocidad
LOOK OVER: Revise again / Revisar (de caja), engrane, equipo.
nuevamente. IGNITION: The act of setting fire or
PROVIDE: To make available/ Proporcionar. catching fire / Encendido.
PUMP: To cause to flow with a pump / INTERIOR: The inside / Interior.
Bombear. LEVER: A handle / Palanca.
RELEASE: To set free / Liberar. LIQUID: A substance such as water /
SERVICE: The duties of a service / Servicio. Liquido.
SHIFT: To change / Cambiar. PEDAL: A lever operated by the foot / Pedal.
SUPPLY: To provide / Suministrar. PIPE: A hollow cylinder or tubular
TRANSMIT: To spread / Transmitir. conveyance for a fluid or gas / Tubo.
WEAR OUT: To become very tired, to PUMP: A device that raises or causes to
reduce to a useless state / Desgastar. flow / Bomba.
ALTOGETHER: Entirely / Completamente. REPAIR: To restore after damage / Reparar.
AUTOMATIC: Working by itself / SPARK: A glowing particle / Chispa.
Automatico. SPARK PLUG: A device in an internal
DEFECTIVE: Having defects / Defectuoso. combustion engine cylinder that ignites the
HYDRAULIC: Operated by the movement or fuel mixture by means of an electric spark /
force of liquids / Hidraulico. Bujia.
MANUAL: Operated by the hands / Manual. SYSTEM: A group of interacting elements
STANDARD: A non-automatic car functioning as a complex whole / Sistema.
transmission / Estandar (vehiculo) TRANSMISSION: The act of transmitting /
USED: Secondhand / Usado. Transmision.
CARBURETOR: A device used in gasoline HAVE A LOOK AT: To look at / Hechar un
engines / Carburador. vistazo.
CLUTCH: A device for engaging or STEP ON THE GAS: To accelerate /
disengaging two parts of an engine / Acelerar.
Embrague. TAKE A LOOK AT: To look / Mirar.
 DIRECT OBJECT + PASSIVE INFINITIVE / PAST PARTICIPLE

When we have someone else perform a job for us, we often use a verb of
volition (like, want, need, or expect), followed by a direct object and
either a passive infinitive or a past participle.

Like, want, need, and expect can be followed by either a past participle or
a passive infinitive.

EXAMPLE:
I’d like the oil changed this morning.
Pete wants his brakes checked before his trip.
He needs the wheels aligned as soon as possible.

The librarian wants the books to be returned in good condition.

We’d like the pictures to be taken by a professional
photographer.

Expect is usually followed by a passive infinitive.

EXAMPLE: The boss expects this job to be done today.

Maj Garza doesn’t expect his orders to be changed.

CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET

When we cause someone to do something, we use have and get as
causative verbs to express the idea. If what is done is more important than
the person who is doing, or if the agent is unknown, we use the passive
causative.

Active voice : I had Mr. James repair my roof next week.

(have someone do something)
I got the pharmacist to fill my prescription.
(have someone do something).

Passive voice:

I had my roof repaired.

(have something done).
I got my prescription filled.
(have something done).

Have and get are followed by a direct object and a past participle. The
sentences below show the pattern.

Joe had his prescription filled.

Linda got her letter approved.

I have to get my transmission checked.

Did you get your laundry done?

How often do you have your hair cut?

Why doesn’t she Have her car painted?

 When was the last Had the oil in your car changed?
time you

INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED SIMPLE PAST TENSE

When a statement or question in the past tense is reported, two changes
occur:

1. The tense of the verb changes from simple past to past perfect.

EXAMPLES: Jane said, “Jim joined the Army.”

Jane said Jim had joined the Army.
“Did Anne attend the meeting?” Al asked.
Al asked if Anne had attended the meeting.

2. First and second person pronouns change to the third person

(unless someone is reporting his own words).

EXAMPLE: Jim said, “I joined the Army.”

Jim said the he had joined the Army.
Al asked, “Did you attend the meeting, Ann?”
Al asked Ann whether she had attended the meeting.
Al asked Ann if she had attended the meeting.
An said, “Yes, I went to the meeting, Al.”
Ann: I told Al that I had gone to the meeting.

-IVE/ -TIVE / -ATIVE SUFFIX

Sometimes we can add the suffixes -ive, -tive, or -ative to a verb or noun
to make an adjective. adjectives formed in this way indicate a certain
tendency, character, or quality.
EXAMPLES:
Linda talks all the time. She’s very talkative.
This watch has a defect. It’s a defective watch.
Our farm produces large crops. The land is very productive.
A change in the spelling of the verb or noun is required in some cases.
When either -ive or -tive is added to a word the ends with the letter e, that
is omitted.
EXAMPLES: communicate / communicative
create / creative
defense / defensive
produce / productive

In other cases, letters in the stem are changed.

EXAMPLES destroy / destructive persuade / persuasive

LESSON 4
CIRCULATE: To move in circuit and MALFUNCTION: An instance of
return / Circular. malfunctioning / Mal funcionamiento.
ELIMINATE: To get rid of / Eliminar. OVERHAUL: A major repair job /
FILTER: To pass through a filter / Filtrar. Reparación mayor.
LUBRICATE: To apply a lubricant / PISTON: Devise in a Cylinder (automovil) /
Lubricar. Piston.
MALFUNCTION: To fail to function / Mal PRESSURE: A pressing force / Presión.
funcionar. PROCESS: The course of being done /
OVERHEAT: To make or became Proceso.
excessively hot / Sobrecalentar. PURPOSE: The object for which something
REBUILD: To make again by putting or is done / Propósito.
together materials parts etc. / Reconstruir. SPEEDOMETER: A device attached to a
REGULATE: To control / Regular, motor vehicle to indicate speed / Velocímetro.
reglamentar. SURFACE: The exterior of an object /
RUB: To make friction / Frotar, restregar. Superficie.
TEAR DOWN: To wreck, to dismantle / THERMOSTAT: An apparatus for
Demoler, desmantelar. regulathing temperature / Termostato.
COMBUSTIBLE: That can burn,
flammable / Combustible.
EXTERNAL: From outside / Externo,
exterior.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF: With the
intention of / con el objeto de.
IN ORDER TO: For the purpose of / con el
fin de.
INTERNAL: From the inside / Interno,
Interior.
LEAST: Smallest in size, degree, etc. / El
minimo.
SO (THAT): To such an extent that / De
modo que.
USEFUL: That can be used / Util.
ANTIFREEZE: A substance used, as in the
radiator, to prevent freezing / Anticongelante.
COMBUSTION: The act of burning /
Combustión.
COMPONENT: Part / Componente.
COOLANT: Fluid for cooling engines, etc. /
Liquido refrigerante.
CYLINDER: Housing of a piston / Cilindro.
EXHAUST: The discharge of used steam,
gas, etc. / Escape (de gas o vapor).
FILTER: A device for straining out solid,
particles, impurities, etc. from a liquid or gas /
Filtro.
FRICTION: Rubbing of one object against
another / Fricción.
 COMPARISONS OF QUANTIFIERS: LITTLE, FEW, MUCH,
MANY

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Little less (than) the least

few fewer (than) the fewest

much more (than) the most

many more (than) the most

The comparative of little is less; the superlative is the least.

The comparative of few is fewer; the superlative is the fewest.

The comparative of much is many; the superlative is the most.

SO (THAT)

The conjunction so (that) is used to introduce clauses that state the

purpose for which something is done.

Mary take vitamins so (that) she won’t get sick.

He hurried so (that) he wouldn’t be late.

She’s studying more so (that) she can graduate on time.

Phil moved to Rome so (that) he could learn Italian

 AS MUCH / MANY AS

To express the idea of equality or the lack of it, we can use as much as or
as many as in the following pattern:

AS MUCH / MANY (+ noun) + AS + noun / pronoun (verb)

EXAMPLES:
Rita knows as many people as Sara does.
Ed doesn’t earn as much money as Bob.

As many as is used with count nouns.

EXAMPLE:
We took as many pictures as we could.

As much as is used with noncount (mass) nouns.

EXAMPLE:
I don’t get as much mail as you do.

ADVERB COMPARISONS

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Much more (than) the most

a little less (than) the least

BOOK 21
LESSON 1
AVERAGE: Normal, usual, ordinary / PEAK: A pointed end or top / Cima,
Promedio. cumbre.
CALL OFF: To cancel / Cancelar. POPULATION: All the people in a
CONCLUDE: To give an end / Concluir. country / Poblacion.
CONTRIBUTE: To collaborate / PORTION: A part / Porcion.
Contribuir. RATE: The amount in relation to units /
DRAIN: To empty by a gradual process / Indice, tasa.
Drenar. REGION: A large part of the earth’s
KEEP: To retain possession of / surface / Region.
Mantener. SCENERY: View / Escenario.
KEEP UP WITH: To maintain the pace, IN THE CASE: If it happens / En el
to remain informed / Mantener el paso, caso.
mantenerse informado. ONCE AGAIN: One more time / Una
OCCUR: To take place / Ocurrir. vez mas.
PICK UP: To select / Recoger, ONCE MORE: One more time / Una vez
seleccionar. mas.
POPULATE: To supply with inhabitants
/ Poblar.
SPREAD: To extend; stretch / Dispersar.
TAKE: To get possession of / Tomar.
ABNORMAL: Not normal / Anormal.
ANYWAY: Just the same / De cualquier
forma.
APPROXIMATE: Estimate /
Aproximado.
DENSE: Difficult to get through / Denso.
MAXIMUM: The greatest quantity /
Maximo.
MINIMUM: The smallest quantity /
Minimo.
NORMAL: Standard / Normal.
PER: For / Por.
RAPID: Fast / Rapido.
RECENT: New / Reciente.
APPETITE: A desire for food / Apetito
BRAND: Make or label / Marca.
DENSITY: A dense condition /
Densidad.
DESERT: An uninhabited region /
Desierto.
GROWTH: Act of growing /
Crecimiento.
HABIT: A costume / Habito
INDUSTRY: Productive manufacturing /
Industria.
MODEL: Representative of others of the
same style / Modelo.
 LET’S MAKE COMPARISONS!

We use the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs when we compare or

imply comparison of two persons, things, etc. We use the superlative form
when we compare or imply comparison of three or more persons, things, etc.

For most adjectives and adverbs of one syllable or those of two syllables that
end in er, le, ow, ure, or y, add -er to the adjective or adverb to form the
comparative. To form the superlative, add the -est.

Comparative: -er
Superlative: The -est

Adjectives

old older the oldest

young younger the youngest
pretty prettier* the prettiest

Adverbs

late later the latest

fast faster the fastest
early earlier* the earliest

We use the word than after the adjective or adverb when those that are being
compared are mentioned. In this structure, subject pronouns, he, she, we, you,
they, follow the word than.

We will arrive earlier than they (will).

John runs faster than he (does).

*NOTE: change y to i and add er.

With most adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables, (except those
mentioned above) put more or less before the adjective or adverb to form the
comparative. To form the superlative, put the most or the least.

Comparative: More / Less

Adjectives

careful more careful less careful

beautiful more beautiful less beautiful

Adverbs

often more often less often

beautifully more beautifully less beautifully
softly* more softly less softly

Superlative: The most / The least

Adjectives

careful the most careful the least careful

beautiful the most beautiful the least beautiful

Adverbs

often the most often the least often

carefully the most carefully the least carefully
softly* the most softly the least softly

*NOTE: There are exceptions.

 Irregular forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

bad worse the worst

badly worse the worse
far *farther / further the farthest / the furthest
good better the best
well better the best

*Farther is generally used to indicate physical distances and further is used to

mean “additional” or to describe mental distances.

TOO + ADVERB + TO INFINITIVE

Besides meaning “more than enough or more than is necessary for a particular
purpose”, the word too also indicates a problem or difficulty. Look at too
followed by an adverb and for + object and / or the to-infinitive.

for me.
This city grows too rapidly
(for me) to keep up with it.

REPORTED PAST PROGRESSIVE SPEECH

The past progressive is used to describe an action in the past which was
happening when another action occurred.

Statement with Past Progressive

1st Action 2nd Action

(main clause) (time clause)
Ben was eating dinner when Tom called.
In reporting what was said in a past progressive statement or a question,
change the past progressive to the past perfect progressive. The verb in the
time clause remains the same.

Questions

say?
What did Al
Tell you?

Reported Speech with Past Perfect Progressive

Al said
(that) Ben had been eating when Tom called.
Al told me

Yes / No Question with Past Progressive

Was Ben eating when Tom called?

Questions

say?
What did Al
ask you?
 Reported Speech with Past Perfect Progressive

if
Al asked (me) Ben had been eating when Tom called.
whether

******

Question-Word Questions with Past Progressive

Where
was Ben eating when Tom called?
What

Questions

say?
What did Al you?
ask

Reported Speech with Past Perfect Progressive

where
Al asked (me) Ben had been eating when Tom called.
what
 LESSON 2

ABSORB: To suck up / Absorber. WATERPROOF: That keeps out water /

AFFECT: To have an effect on / Afectar. Impermeable.
BEND: To make curved / Doblar. WATERTIGHT: So tight that no water
BOUNCE: To spring back / Rebotar. can get through / A prueba de agua,
CONTAIN: To hold / Contener. hermetico.
ESCAPE: To get away from / Escapar CHARACTERISTIC: A trait or
FORM: To shape / Formar. quality / Caracteristica.
RESIST: To withstand / Resistir CHEMICAL: Substance used in or
RESULT FROM / IN: Anything that obtained by a chemical process /
comes about as an effect / Resultado de, Quimico.
resultando en. CONTENT: What is in a container /
SEAL: A mark of authenticity / Sello. Contenido.
SHAPE: Physical form / Forma. EFFECT: The power to cause results /
SOAK: To make wet / Empapar. Efecto.
SOAK UP: To absorb / Absorber. PROPERTY: Something owned /
SQUEEZE: To press hard from two or Propiedad.
more sides / Apretar, exprimir. RESULT: Anything that comes about as
STRETCH: To cause to extend / Estirar. an effect / Resultado.
AIRTIGHT: Too tight for air or gas to SEAL: A design mark of authenticity /
enter / Hermetico. Sello.
ARTIFICIAL: Man-made / Artificial. SUBSTANCE: The essential part of
AS A RESULT OF: As a consequence / anything / Substancia.
Como resultado de.
EFFECTIVE: Producing a desire effect /
Efectivo.
ELASTIC: Able to spring back to its
original size, shape, etc. / Elastico.
FLEXIBLE: Able to bend without
breaking / Flexible.
HARDLY: Scarcely / Dificilmente.
INFLEXIBLE: Not able to bend, that
breaks / Inflexible.
NOWADAYS: At present time /
Actualmente.
ORIGINAL: Never having been before /
Original.
REAL: Authentic, genuine / Real.
RIGID: Not flexible / Rigido.
SO ... THAT: To such a degree / Tanto…
que, tan…que.
SUCH: Of the same kind; so / Dicho; tan.
SUCH...THAT: To a great degree /
Tal…que, tanto…que.
 SO . . . (THAT) / SUCH . . . (THAT)

So ... (that) is used with adjectives, adverbs, or noun phrases. (The phrases may have
“much” or “many” in them.)
Such... (that) is only used with noun phrases. (The phrases never have “much” or
“many” before the noun.)

SITUATION RESULT

so tall
Jim is (that) he has to bend to enter.
such A tall man

SHOWING EFFECT OR RESULT

Note the placement and punctuation of the connectives which show effect or result.

As a result,

thus,
Mr. Green lost his job; he can’t buy a new car.
therefore,

consequently,

As a result,

Thus,
Mr. Green lost his job. he can’t buy a new car.
Therefore,

Consequently,
 ASKING ABOUT DEGREE WITH HOW + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

How tall is he?

How well does he play the guitar?

REVIEW OF BE-PASSIVE

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
The passive is formed with the verb BE + the past participle. The agent may or may
not appear in passive voice sentences.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT AGENT

Capt Lee helps Lt Reed.

ACTIVE They wash the cars.
VOICE Capt Lee helped Lt Reed.
They washed the cars.
Lt Reed is helped by Capt Lee.
PASSIVE The cars are washed.
VOICE Lt Reed was helped by Capt Lee.
The cars were helped.

PRESENT PERFECT BE-PASSIVE

The present perfect passive is used to indicate an indefinite past action or event.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT AGENT

ACTIVE Capt Lee has helped Lt Reed.
VOICE They have washed the cars.

PASSIVE Lt Reed has been helped by Capt Lee

VOICE The cars have been washed.
 CHANGING TO NOUNS

Complete the chart. Add the suffixes –y, -ty, -ity, or –ility to the adjectives to form abstract
nouns. Notice the stress ( / ) while you repeat the words.

-y

ADJECTIVE NOUN

/ /
honest honesty

-ty

ADJECTIVE NOUN ADJEC NOUN

TIVE
/ /
certain uncertain
/ /
entire loyal
/ /
special safe

-ity

/ /
electric public
/ /
formal neutral
/ /
real fatal
/ /
personal stupid
/ /
regular elastic
/ /
national rigid
/ /
humid senior
/ /
technical popular
 -ity (silent vowel dropped)

/ /
secure active
/ /
creative severe
/ /
clear generous*

-ility (1 + silent vowel dropped)

/ /
responsible probable
/ /
eligible dependable
/ /
visible reliable
/ /
able capable
/ /
sensible possible
/
flexible

________
*irregular spelling change
 LESSON 3

AID: To help / Auxiliar, ayudar. JUDGE: Person in charge of a court /

COMMIT: To do something unlawful; Juez.
engage / Cometer; comprometer. JURY: Group of people sworn to hear
DETERMINE: To decide / Determinar. evidence in a law case and decide the
ENFORCE: To apply a rule or law / guilt or innocence / Jurado.
Aplicar, hacer cumplir. JUSTICE: Fairness / Justicia.
INTERPRET: Explain, translate / LAWYER: One whose profession is
Interpretar. advising others in matters of law /
JUDGE: To criticize as guilty or Abogado.
innocent / Juzgar. PHARMACIST: A druggist /
REPRESENT: To act in place of / Farmaceutico.
Representar. PLUMBER: One who repairs and fits
RESCUE: To save from danger / water pipes / Plomero.
Rescatar. BE NO USE: Be useless / Inutil.
SEARCH: To look for / Buscar. FOR A LIVING: As an occupation /
STAND FOR: To represent; to tolerate / Ocupacion.
Representar; tolerar. IN GENERAL: As a whole / En general.
CIVIL: Of or relating to citizens rights /
Civil.
CRIMINAL: Relating to crime /
Criminal.
DUAL: Having two parts / Doble.
EFFICIENT: Producing a desired result
with little effort or waste / Eficiente.
FAIR: Clear and sunny; just and honest /
Claro; justo.
ILLEGAL: against the law / Ilegal.
INNOCENT: Not guilty / Inocente.
JUDICIAL: Of judges, courts / Judicial
JUST: Right or fair / Justo.
LEGAL: Within the law / Legal.
ABBREVIATION: A shortened form /
Abreviatura.
ABUNDANCE: An amount more than
enough / Abundancia.
AID: Help / Ayuda.
ARCHITECT: A designer of
buildings / Arquitecto.
CASE: A problem brought to court; a
particular example / Caso.
CLIENT: A customer / Cliente.
COURT: Judicial assembly / Corte.
CRIME: An act prohibited by law /
Crimen.
 RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

A restrictive adjective clause modifies a noun by describing or giving

additional information about that noun. It always directly follows the noun to
which it relates. Since it follows so closely, this clause frequently separates the
noun from the verb.

Adjective clauses can be introduced by the relative pronouns that / which /

who and relate to the subject of the clause. In this type of structure, the clause
is linked to part or all of the main clause.

MORE RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective clauses may be introduced by the relative pronouns who(m) / which

/ that and relate to the object of the clause. The relative pronouns may be
omitted.

WHERE / WHEN USED AS RELATIVE ADVERBS

Some adjective clauses may be introduced by the relative adverbs where /

when and relate to the place or time.

WHOSE IN RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Another restrictive adjective clause is introduced by the relative adjective

whose. It is used to show possession and replaces the possessive adjectives in
combined sentences. It comes directly after the noun to which it relates and
almost always refers to people.
 PAST PERFECT BE-PASSIVE

The past perfect passive is used to indicate an action or event which occurred
before another action or event in the past. *Note that passive voice changes
occur only in the main clause of the statement.

MAIN CLAUSE
TIME
VOICE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT EXPRESSION

ACTIVE John had finished

the report before Al left.
PASSIVE The report had been finished

ANTICIPATORY IT + GERUND

A gerund is frequently used as the subject of a sentence.

Traveling to Europe this summer will be exciting.

Not buying a new car was a big mistake.
Sometimes the gerund is used in a sentence with an anticipatory it
construction. The it and the gerund phrase mean the same thing.

It’ll be exciting traveling to Europe this summer.

It was a big mistake not buying a new car.
The pattern used in these sentences is:

It + Be + noun / adjective + gerund phrase

NONREFERENTIAL THERE + GERUND

There + Be means something exists. It can sometimes be followed by a

gerund phrase.

There was yelling and screaming at the football game.

There will be celebrating after the graduation.
There is no smoking in this building.
 LESSON 4

BRIEF: To inform / Informar. EXTENSION: A continuation /

COMMAND: To order / Mandar, Extension.
ordenar. HEAD: The one in charge / Lider.
CONTACT: To get in touch with / Estar INFLUENCE: Power to affect others /
en contacto. Influencia.
DISCHARGE: To release / Descargar. OBLIGATION: A duty / Obligacion
DISCOVER: To find out / Descubrir. VETERAN: Ex-military person /
EXTEND: To stretch / Ampliar, extender Veterano
HEAD: To Lead / Dirigir. BE IN CONTACT WITH: To
HESITATE: To think it over, doubt / communicate with / Estar en contacto
Titubear. con.
INFLUENCE: To have an effect on / BE IN TOUCH WITH: To
Influenciar. communicate with / Estar en contacto
INFORM: To tell / Informar. con.
PROHIBIT: Not to permit / Prohibir. GET IN CONTACT WITH: To
RE-ENLIST: To sign up again / Re- communicate with / Entrar en contacto
enlistar. con.
RECRUIT: To get new people for / GET IN TOUCH WITH: To
Reclutar. communicate with / Entrar en contacto
REQUEST: To ask for / Solicitar. con.
SUGGEST: To propose / Sugerir.
URGE: To plead with / Exhortar.
BENEFICIAL: Helpful / Favorable,
benefico.
BEYOND: Past the limits of / Mas alla.
BRIEF: Short / Breve.
SUBJECT TO: Under authority of /
Sujeto a.
ADVANTAGE: A favorable
circumstance / Ventaja.
BRANCH: A section of a main body or
system / Rama.
CATEGORY: Division in a
classification / Categoria.
COMMAND: An order / Orden; Mando.
CONDUCT: Behavior / Conducta.
DEPARTMENT: A separate division /
Departamento.
DISADVANTAGE: An unfavorable
situation or condition / Desventaja.
DISCHARGE: The act or result of
discharging; a release / Descargar,
Liberar.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE REDUCED TO TO-INFINITIVE PHRASE

Restrictive adjective clauses can be reduced to to-infinitive phrases. For

+ noun pronoun sometimes comes before the to-infinitive phrase.

Roger has a lot (that) he must learn.

Roger has a lot to learn.

Mr. Kent is the man (whom) you should talk to about your taxes.
Mr. Kent is the man to talk to about your taxes.

I brought some snacks (that) we can eat later.

I brought some snacks for us to eat later.

Relative clauses introduced by when and where can also be

reduced to to-infinitive phrases.
Do you know a place (where) I can buy batteries?
Do you know a place to buy batteries?

Saturday’s the only day (when) I can do the laundry.

Saturday’s the only day to do the laundry.

I know of a good place (where) you can meet me.

I know of a good place for you to meet me.

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AFTER BE

The to-infinitive and gerund forms can be used as subject complements

after the verb BE. There are differences in the usage of the two. Subjects
which express duty, advice, purpose, etc., are often followed by
infinitives.

Jim’s goal is to learn Russian.

Her purpose in life is to be a good teacher.
His advice was not to fly in this weather.

His favorite sport is swimming.

Her biggest problem is doing her homework.
 NOUN CLAUSES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS

A noun clause can be used after certain verbs that express necessity and
requesting. Some of the more common verbs are:

advise recommend insist

ask ( = request ) request order

command suggest urge

“That” can be used to introduce these clauses. It can also be omitted in

this structure. When a noun clause follows one of these verbs, the verb
in the clause has no -s for third person singular and no -ed for past tense.
Be is used instead of is, am, are. We say that the verb is a subjunctive
form.

His mother insisted (that) he be home at eight.

I suggested to John (that) he study for the test.

Mr. Former recommended (that) we not leave today.

BOOK 22

LESSON 1
APPROACH: To come near to / SNAKE: A cold-blooded crawling
Aproximar. animal with no legs / Vibora.
BREATHE: To take air into lungs and STUFF: Things / Cosas.
then let it out / Respirar. AS IF: As it would be if something were
CALL ON: To pay a visit / Visitar. true / Como si.
CONCERN: To relate, to worry / AS THOUGH: As it would be if
Preocuparse. something were true / Como si.
CRASH: A loud impact / Choque. AT ONCE: Immediately, now / Ya, de
CUT IN: Interrupt / Cortar, interrumpir. inmediato.
FAINT: To pass out / Desmayarse. GIVE A HAND: To help / Ayudar.
INTERRUPT: To cause a break in
activity, to cut in on a conversation /
Interrumpir.
PASS OUT: To faint / Desmayarse.
SHOUT: To speak loudly / Gritar.
STEAL: To take dishonestly / Robar.
SWALLOW: To pass from the mouth to
the stomach / Tragar.
CRITICAL: At an important stage, the
crisis of a disease / Critica.
MAJOR: Main, most important /
Principal.
MINOR: Unimportant / Menor, sin
importancia.
PARTICULAR: Special, unusual,
worthy of notice / Particular, especial.
POISONOUS: Having poison /
Venenoso.
SLIGHT: Small in amount or extent /
Ligero.
WITHIN: Inside the limits of / Dentro
de.
AMBULANCE: A vehicle for
transporting sick or wounded people to a
hospital / Ambulancia.
FAVOR: A helpful act / Favor.
GUY: A man or boy, a male person /
Muchacho.
INSECT: A small creature with no
bones, a hard outer cover, and six-legs /
Insecto.
OBJECT: A thing that can be seen or
touched / Objeto.
POISON: A substance that can harm or
kill people, animals, or plants when it’s
taken in / Veneno.
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE VS. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Use the present progressive to talk Use the simple present tense to talk
about something that is happening about something that happens all the
now time.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

1. Look! It’s snowing! 1. It usually snows here in the winter.

2. Excuse me, what are you doing? 2. What do you do after class most of
3. John and his cousin are jogging the time?
around the block. 3. Do you ever jog?
4. Can you please talk lower? I’m Yes, I jog every morning.
listening to the radio. 4. He often listens to the radio after
5. She’s boiling water so she can class.
make tea. 5. Water boils at 100 degrees
6. Where’s Jack? Centigrade.
He’s visiting his mother. 6. Jack visits his mother every Friday.

REVIEW OF YES / NO QUESTIONS

STATEMENT YES / NO QUESTION

A statement gives some kind of A yes / no question is a simple
information. question which elicits a yes or a no
answer. It can begin with forms of
do, forms of be, has / have / had, or
modals.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:
1. Do they live in New York?
1. They live in New York. He rides a Does he ride a bicycle to work?
bicycle to work. 2. Is she studying French at night?
2. She’s studying French at night. 3. Will they leave tomorrow?
3. They’ll leave tomorrow. 4. Did Linda lose her keys?
4. Linda lost her keys. Didn’t she lose her keys?
5. They were studying when the lights 5. Were they studying when the
went out. lights went out?
6. You should eat. Jack’s made soup. 6. Should we eat? Has Jack made
7. The girls had already eaten before soup?
they got home. 7. Had the girls already eaten before
they got home?
 PREFIX RE-

The prefix “re-“ has the meaning of again.

AS IF / AS THOUGH
The conjunctions as if and as though are preferred in formal speech to
introduce an adverb clause of manner which expresses how someone or
something looks, sounds, smells, feels, or seems. Informally, however, we
use “like”.

as if
It smells as though something is burning.
like*

We can also use as if or as though to show how someone does something.

EXAMPLES: Helen speaks as though she knows that subject very well.
Bob always acts as if he’s mad.
Rita reads that story as though she’s written it.

* colloquial or informal speech.

SUFFIX -NESS
We can add the suffix -ness to some adjectives to make nouns which then
express “the quality or state of being.”

EXAMPLES:
dark / darkness great /greatness
* dizzy / dizziness *happy / happiness
*empty / emptiness ill / illness
eager / eagerness *lazy / laziness
*ready / readiness quick / quickness
*friendly / friendliness sick / sickness

* Note the spelling; change y to i.

LESSON 2
CATCH UP WITH: To take or DIFFERENCE: The way in which
apprehend, to overtake, to reach / Ponerse things are unlike, not the same /
al corriente, alcanzar. Diferencia.
DECLARE: To make known publicly or ENTRANCE: A place of admission, a
officially, to say / Declarar. door or gate / Entrada, acceso.
DESIGNATE: To indicate or specify, ENTRY: An entrance, door, driveway /
appoint / Designar. Entrada, puerta.
DIFFER: To be unlike or different / EXIT: A place for leaving, a passage or
Diferir. way out / Salida.
ELECT: To select by vote, chosen FEATURE: A prominent or distinctive
deliberately / Elegir. characteristic / Caracteristica.
NOMINATE: To name or propose for a FLAME: Burning fuel, fire / Flama.
position / Nominar. LENS: An optical glass / Lente.
RUN ACROSS: To walk in at fast speed, NOTE: A short written message / Nota,
to meet by chance / Encontrarse con. recado.
SPOT: To locate, find, see / Localizar. PATIENCE: The ability to endure or
VOTE: A formal expression of choice / wait calmly / Paciente.
Votar. SURPRISE: A sudden unexpected
COMPLEX: Something that is not event / Sorpresa, sorprender.
single, difficult / Complejo. VOICE: The sound produced by people
COMPLICATED: To make or become when speaking or singing / Voz.
complex, difficult / Complicado, dificil. DUE TO: Because of / Debido a.
FAMILIAR: Closely acquainted, often
encountered / Familiar.
FLAMMABLE: Capable of igniting,
easy to burn / Flamable.
FORMER: Coming before in place, In
the past time / Antiguo, Ex-.
HUGE: Extremely large, tremendous /
Enorme, grande.
LATTER: The last mentioned, the
second of two / Ultimo, el ultimo del que
se habla.
PATIENT: Having the ability to put up
with long periods of waiting or
unpleasant times, calmly, and without
complaint / Paciente.
PLAIN: Simple, easy to see, hear, or
understand / Sencillo.
RECKLESS: Careless, not caring about
danger / Descuidado.
SIMPLE: Not complex, not
complicated / Sencillo, facil.
YET: At this time, in the time remaining,
still / Aun.
BEAUTY: Something that pleases or
satisfies the senses / Belleza.
 NOUN AS OBJECT COMPLEMENT AFTER VERBS OF
CHOOSING

In sentences that contain verbs of choosing, considering, and thinking,

two nouns can follow the verb. These two nouns refer to the same person
or the same thing. These sentences may be written different ways.

EXAMPLES:

The players elected Jim as their leader.

The players elected Jim to be their leader.
The players elected Jim their leader.
(Jim = leader)

The commander has declared next Monday as a holiday.

The commander has declared next Monday to be a holiday.
The commander has declared next Monday a holiday.
(next Monday = a holiday)

NOTE: In some sentences, either as or to be can be used, but not both.

REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES

Sentences that contain adjective clauses can be shortened by changing

the adjective clauses to adjective phrases. Either the present or past
participle is used in the phrase

EXAMPLES:

Cars that are parked on the grass must be moved.

Cars parked on the grass must be moved

No one who is taking the test may leave the room.

No one taking the test may leave the room.

The meal that is being planned is a special one.

The meal being planned is a special one.
 REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES

Sentences that contain adjective clauses with a subject pronoun and the
verb be followed by a prepositional phrase or the verb have and a direct
object can be shortened by changing the adjective clauses to
prepositional phrases. Adjective clauses that contain have / don’t have
are reduced to prepositional phrases containing “with” or “without”.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

SUBJECT Subject Prepositional PREDICATE

Pronoun Phrase
+ Be / Have
The pay phone that’s on the wall doesn’t work.

The pay phone ----- on the wall doesn’t work.

The cap that has a star on it is the general’s.

The cap ----- with a star on it is the general’s.

SEQUENCING MODIFIERS BEFORE NOUNS

Study the columns below. They show the kinds of words that can be used to describe
something and the order in which the words are usually placed.
Determiner Adjective Adjective Noun used as Noun
that tells that gives a that gives a an adjective head-
which or general physical word
how many description description

an exciting hot soccer match

Mom’s delicious narrow apple pie
their dangerous heavy mountain roads
the clear blue combat boots
no major new health sky
two interesting young TV problems
several eager small college programs
a dozen cheap white state students
LESSON 3
ADHERE (TO): To stick firmly to DRILL: A tool or machine used for
something / Adherir. making holes in something / Taladro.
BORE: To make someone feel bore / GLUE: A sticky substance used for
Aburrido. joining things together / Pegamento.
DIG: To move earth or make a hole / GOGGLES: Something that protects
Cavar. your eyes / Lentes protectores.
DRILL: To make a hole in something HAMMER: A tool for hitting / Martillo.
using a special tool / Taladrar. HOLE: An empty space in something
DRIVE: Operate a vehicle / Conducir. solid / Agujero.
ENABLE: To make able / Permitir hacer MOTION: The action or process of
a… change / Movimiento.
GLUE: To join two things together using NAIL: Piece of metal / Clavo.
a special sticky substance / Pegar. PLIERS: Small tool for griping / Pinzas.
GRIP: To hold something very tightly / SANDPAPER: Strong paper for
Sujetar. rubbing / Lija.
JOIN: Connect, or mix two things, group SAW: A tool for cutting wood / Sierra.
or organization / Unir. SCISSORS: A tool for cutting paper /
SAND: To make a surface smooth by Tijeras.
rubbing it with sandpaper / Lijar. SHOVEL: A tool with a rounded blade
SAW: To cut with a saw / Aserrar. and a long handle / Pala.
BACK AND FORTH: Go in one TIP: A point or end / Punta, filo.
direction then back to where they started WORKSHOP: A room where tools
from / Movimiento oscilatorio. and machines are used for making or
BARE: Without the usual or appropriate repairing things / Taller.
covering / Desnudo.
BLUNT: Not sharp or pointed /
Desafilado, chato.
CLOCKWISE: In the same direction in
which the hands of a clock move / En
direccion a las manecillas del reloj
COARSE: Having a rough surface that
feels slightly hard / Burdo.
COUNTERCLOCKWISE: Moving in
the opposite direction to the hands of a
clock / En direccion contraria a las
manecillas del reloj.
FINE: Not course, thin in diameter /
Fino, delicado.
AIM: Purpose, intention / Proposito,
intencion.
BOARD: A long, flat piece of wood /
Tablon, tabla.
BOLT: Lock, screw / Cerrojo.
CARPENTER: Someone whose
repairing wooden objects / Carpintero.
DEVICE: Piece of equipment /
Artefacto, aparato.
 VERB + THAT-NOUN CLAUSE

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and is

used as part of a sentence. There are certain verbs that are followed
by that (optional) + noun clause.

NOUN CLAUSE

I think (that) I’ll leave tomorrow.

Did you forget (that) John isn’t here today?

The following verbs can be used with noun clauses beginning with
“that”.

agree figure out imagine observe

remember
believe find out indicate predict say
decide forget know read tell
discover guess learn realize think
doubt hear notice regret
understand
feel hope

EMPHATIC DO

When we want to stress or emphasize an action, we can use do, does, or did
before the verb.

EXAMPLES: Alan: Do you want to play soccer with us this afternoon?

Rick: I don’t play soccer, but I do play tennis.

Anne:Does Andy have a class tonight?

Paul: Not tonight, but he does have one Monday.

Bart: Did you meet my niece last night?

 Owen: No, but I did meet your nephew.

NOTE: Use the emphatic do sparingly.

SUFFIXES -FUL AND -LESS

We can add the suffixes –ful and –less to some nouns to make adjectives.
The suffixes –ful and –less have opposite meanings: -ful means “full or
having”; and –less means “without” or “not having”.

EXAMPLES:

power The general is a very powerful man.

He has a lot of power and authority.

I couldn’t do anything. I felt powerless.

I didn’t have the power to do anything.

Care Kay always obeys the traffic laws. She’s a careful driver.
Gary doesn’t follow traffic rules. He’s a careless driver.

We can not add these suffixes to all nouns to make words with opposite
meanings.

EXAMPLE:

Friend He’s friendless.

He doesn’t have a friend.

We can’t add –ful to “friend”.

LESSON 4
ARM: To supply with weapons / Armar TRIGGER: The part of a gun that you press
(proporcionar armas). with your finger to fire it / Llamador,
CHECK OFF: To mark items on a list / disparador.
Enlistar. ADEQUATE: Sufficient, enough, good
DETECT: To notice or discover something enough, satisfactory / Adecuado
/ Detectar. ESSENTIAL: Extremely important and
EQUIP: To provide something or someone necessary to do something successfully /
/ Equipar. Esencial.
EXPLODE: To burst violently / Explotar. EXTREME: Excessive, at the furthest point /
IDENTITY: To recognize and correctly Extremo.
name someone or something / Identificar. INNER: On the inside or close to the center of
INTEREST: A feeling that makes you something / Interior.
want to pay attention to something / ON ACCOUNT OF: Because of / A causa de,
Interesar. porque.
RISK: To put something in a situation OUTER: On the outside of something /
which it could be lost / Arriesgar. Exterior.
TEND: To often do a particular thing / STATIONARY: Standing still instead of
Tener tendencia a. moving, a small military establishment /
TROUBLESHOOT: Someone who is Estacionario.
employed by a company to deal with THROUGH: In one side and out the other
serious problems / Encontrar el problema. side / Por, a traves de.
FIREARM: A weapon / Arma de fuego. UPPER: In a higher position than something
FIRING PIN: The part of the bolt of the else / La parte o seccion mas alta.
firearm that strikes the primer and explodes MAKE SURE: Action of being secure about a
the charge of the projectile / Percutor matter / Asegurarse
MAGAZINE: The part of a gun that holds AMMUNITION: Bullets, shells / Municion.
the bullets / Cargador. BARREL: A tube-like part of rifle or pistol /
PIN: A short piece of metal / Perno. Tubo cañon.
POWDER: A dry substance in the form of BULLET: A small piece of metal that you fire
very small grains / Polvo. from a gun / Bala.
ROUND: Shaped like a ball, in a circular CARTRIDGE: A metal or plastic tube
movement / Redondo, circular containing explosive and bullet / Cartucho.
SHELL: The hard outer covering that CASE: Box container; Law or crime by a law
encases certain organisms / Concha. court / Caso, casquillo.
SIGHT: The power or ability to see, an CHAMBER: An enclosed space / Camara.
aiming device / Vista, mira. EASE: Make easier; make better / Facilidad,
TENDENCY: A probability that you will naturalidad.
develop / Tendencia.
 MODAL REVIEW:

CAN / WAS OR WERE GOING TO / BE UNABLE TO / HAD

BETTER

Can is used to show possibility.

EXAMPLES:

You can see the whole city from this tower.

Mark can jog tonight if he finishes work early

Was / were going to is used to show past intention.

EXAMPLES:

I was going to call you, but I didn’t have time.

We were going to go to the beach, but it started to rain.

Be unable to is used to show inability or incapability.

EXAMPLES:

Ed has lost his watch and is unable to find it.

The sound was too low, so we were unable to hear the tape clearly.

Had better is used to give advice.

EXAMPLES:

We had better call off the soccer game tonight.

It’s starting to rain. You’d better take your umbrella.
 GET – PASSIVE

Get - passive is used to refer to an action that happens to something or

someone.

EXAMPLES:

The house will get finished eventually

John and Sue got married last Saturday.
Rome didn’t get built in a day.
Larry has gotten accepted by Smith University.

INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PERFECT

A present perfect tense in direct speech should be charged to the past

perfect in indirect speech.

EXAMPLES:

Pam: Have you ever been to Paris, Paul?

Paul: No, I’ve never been there.
(later)

Dan: What did Pam ask you?

Paul: She asked if I had ever been to Paris.

Kirk: I haven’t finished this report yet.

(later)

Sara: Has Kirk finished his report?

Pete: No, he said he hadn’t finished it yet.

Lee: How many times have you seen this movie?

Rick: I’ve seen it four times. I really like it.
(later)
Judy: Rick, What did Lee asked you?
Rick: He asked how many times I’d seen the movie.

BOOK 23

LESSON 1
BE COMPOSED OF: To be made up / LUNG: One of pair of organs used in
Estar compuesto de. breathing / Pulmon.
COMPRESS: To press together / MATTER: What a thing is made of,
Comprimir. material / Material.
CONSIST: To be made up of / Consistir. MOLECULE: The smallest possible part
CONVERT: To change into / Convertir. of a compound / Molecula.
EVAPORATE: To change into vapor / NITROGEN: An odorless, colorless
Evaporar. gaseous chemical element / Nitrogeno.
EXERT: To make a strenuous effort / OXIGEN: An odorless, colorless gaseous
Ejercer. chemical element; essential for life
EXHALE: To breath out / Exhalar. processes and to combustion / Oxigeno.
EXIST: To have material or spiritual PARTICLE: A piece of matter of
being / Existir. negligible size though with others
EXPAND: To increase in size, extent / attributes a mass / Particula.
Expandir. SEA LEVEL: The mean level of the
FLOAT: To remain suspended in the sea’s surface / Nivel del mar.
surface / Flotar. SOLID: Relatively firm or compact /
INHALE: To draw air into the lungs / Solido.
Inhalar. SPACE: Distance, area between things /
MELT: To change from solid to liquid / Espacio.
Derretir. STATE: A set of circumstances,
OCCUPY: To seize possession or to characterizing a person or thing,
keep control of / Ocupar. Condition / Estado, condicion.
PRESS: To exert force / Presionar. STEAM: Water as converted into vapor /
SURROUND: To enclose / Rodear. Vapor.
ATMOSPHERIC: Of the atmosphere / VACUUM: A space from which most of
Atmosferico. the air or gas has been taken / Vacio.
TINY: Extremely small / Muy pequeño VAPOR: Visible particles of moisture
ALTITUDE: The height of something floating in the air as fog / Vapor.
above the earth’s surface / Altitud. VOLUME: Amount of space occupied in
ATMOSPHERE: Air surrounding the three dimensions / Volumen.
earth / Atmosfera.
ATOM: The smallest particle / Atomo.
BAROMETER: A device that measure
atmospheric pressure / Barometro.
CARBON DIOXIDE: Gas produced in
respiration / Bioxido de carbono.
ELEMENT: A fundamental or essential
part of a whole / Elemento.
FORM: Appearance, shape / Forma.
GAS: A fluid substance which tends to
expand indefinitely / Gas.
HYDROGEN: Highly flammable
gaseous element / Hidrogeno.
LAYER: A coating or sheet of material /
Capa.
 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS NOUN MODIFIERS

A participle is a verb form which can be used either in a verb phrase or

as an adjective. The present participle ends in -ing. The past participle
ends in -ed, -d, -t, -n o -en.

EXAMPLES:

The weather which is boiling produces steam.

(present participle used in a verb phrase)

Boiling water produces steam.

(present participle used as an adjective)

He opened the envelope which had been sealed.

(past participle used in a verb phrase)

He opened the sealed enveloped.

(past participle used as an adjective)

In a participle-noun combination, the noun receives the primary stress ( /

), and the participle receives the secondary stress ( ^ ).

EXAMPLES:
^ /
We walked for a mile in the pouring rain.
^ /
The bank will return your cancelled checks!
 REVIEW OF QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS

Question-word questions are used to ask for specific information, such

as a time, a name, a location, or a reason. They begin with one of the
“question words”: who, whom, which, what, whose, when, where,
why, and how.

EXAMPLES:
Where’s the party?
Who’s invited?
How many people will be there?
What time does the entertainment start?
When are you going?

PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS OBJECTIVE

COMPLEMENTS

A present or past participle can be used after a direct object to modify

the direct object. The direct object and participle will follow the verb
catch, discover, find, keep, or leave. (Note: The verb catch does not
ordinarily take a past participle as a complement.)

A present participle is used when the direct object performs an action. A

past participle is used when the direct object receives the action.

DIRECT
SUBJECT VERB PARTICIPLE
OBJECT

We Found the other guests waiting for us.

He Kept his fear of heights hidden.

LESSON 2
APPLY: To put, spread on / Solicitar. PROCEDURE: The act or method of
CARRY ON: To engage in / Continuar proceeding in an action / Procedimiento
COLLAPSE: To fall down, to fall into SAFETY: A being safe; Security /
pieces / Derrumbe. Seguridad
COLLIDE: To come into violent contact, SEQUENCE: The coming of one thing
crash / Chocar, colicionar. after another / Secuencia
CRUSH: To press with force so as to SERIES: Number of similar things or
break or put out of shape / Estrujar, persons arranged in a row or coming one
comprimir. after the other / Sucesion, serie
ELEVATE: To lift up, raise / Elevar. STEP: A single movement of the foot, as
EXPOSE: To reveal, exhibit / Exponer in walking / Paso
INFECT: To contaminate or cause to VEIN: Any blood vessel carrying blood
become disease / Infectar. to the heart / Vena
INVESTIGATE: To search / Investigar VICTIM: Someone or something that
PROCEED: To carry on some action / suffers a lost / Victima
Proceder. WOUND: An injury in which tissue is
RESTRICT: To keep within limits / cut / Lesion, Herida
Restringir. BY THE TIME (THAT): Expression, to
WOUND: An injury in which tissue is say what happened during a time / A la
cut / Lesion, herida. hora que
AWARE: Knowing, concious / DURING THE TIME (THAT): A
Advertido period in which something happened /
CONSCIOUS: Able to feel and think / Durante el tiempo (que)
Conciente FIRST OF ALL: Expression, to explain
CONTINUOUS: Going on without what happens mainly / Antes
interruption / Continuo que todo.
FIRM: Solid; Hard; Not moved easily /
Firme
INITIAL: Of, or at the beginning / Inicial
SOMEWHAT: To some extent or degree
/ De alguna forma
STEADY: Regular, uniform, constant in
behavior / Firme, estable
UNCONSCIOUS: Deprived of
consciousness; Not aware / Inconsciencia
WHENEVER: At whatever time / En
cualquier momento que
ARTERY: Any of the blood vessels that
carry blood away from the heart / Arteria
BANDAGE: A strip of cloth used to
cover an injury / Benda
COLLISION: A clash or conflict /
Colision, choque impacto
FIRST AID: Emergency treatment for
injury / Primeros auxilios
FRACTURE: A breaking or break, of a
bone / Fractura
 REVIEW OF THE IMPERATIVE FORM

The second person imperative is used to give commands, instructions, and

directions. The simple form of the verb (the bare infinitive) is used. The
negative imperative is formed with do not or don’t.

ANSWER THE PHONE

answer
the phone, please
don’t
(You) the victim.
move
two blocks straight ahead.
go

ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME

Adverb clauses of time show the chronological relationship of one action to
another. They usually modify the verb of the main clause but can also modify
the whole sentence. Most follow the main clause and are not separated from it
by a comma.

EXAMPLE: Please lock the door when you leave.

Others precede the main clause and are followed by a comma.

EXAMPLE: When you leave, please lock the door.

Adverb clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: as,

after, before, now, that, until, when, while, whenever, since, and as soon
as.

THE GERUND AS A NOUN MODIFIER

A gerund is a verbal noun ending in –ing. It can be used before another noun
to describe that noun’s purpose.

EXAMPLE: a fishing boat = a boat for fishing

In a gerund-noun combination, the gerund receives the primary stress ( / ); the
other noun receives a weaker stress called third stress ( \ ).
/ \
EXAMPLE: typing paper = paper for typing
 LESSON 3

CORRESPOND: Communicate by OPPOSITE TO: Facing, across from /

mail / Corresponder (por correo). Enfrente de, contrario.
CONVERGE: To meet, to come together NORTHEAST: The compass direction
/ Converger. midway between north and east, an area
DIRECT: To guide / Diriguir. of the country / Noreste.
DISTRIBUTE: Give out; scatter / PREVIOUS: Past, before / Previo.
Distribuir, repartir. SECONDARY: Second in order or rank /
ENDORSE: To write your name, usually Secundario.
on the back of a check or money order / ARROW: Symbol used to indicate
Endosar. direction / Flecha.
FOLD: To bend or turn something so that CORRESPONDENCE: Mailed
one part lies over or against another / communication, similarly, agreement /
Pleguar, doblar. Correspondencia.
GO OVER: To review / Revisar. DESTINATION: The place toward
INTERSECT: To cross / Intersecar. which one is going or sent / Destino.
LOOK IN ON: Make a brief visit to / ISLAND: Land surrounded by water /
Visitar. Isla.
TRANSPORT: To carry / Transportar. MEANS: A way of accomplishing or
IN THE MEANTIME: During this achieving something, method / Método.
time / Mientras tanto. ROUTE: Line of travel / Ruta.
RUN SHORT OF: Use almost all, not TRACK: Path / Vereda, vía.
having enough left / Estar corto de. TRAY: Flat receptacle with raised
BENEATH: Below / Debajo de. edges / Bandeja, charola.
BY MEANS OF: Using, trough the use ZIP CODE: A number which is the part
of / Por medio de. of an address and which helps the post
BY WAY OF: Via / Por vía de. office deliver the mail more efficiently /
FORWARD: To move forward means to Código postal.
move straight ahead / hacia delante.
MEANWHILE: During this time /
Mientras tanto.
SOUTHEAST: To or toward the
southeast, coming from the southeast /
Sureste.
SOUTHWEST: To or toward the
southwest, coming from the southwest /
Suroeste.
THROUGHOUT: In every part, from
beginning to end / De principio a fin.
NORTHWEST: To or toward the
northwest, coming from the northwest /
Noroeste.
ON TOP OF: On the top part of
something / Encima de…
 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION.

Prepositions which indicate place or location:

at beside near over

above between next to throughout
among in on under
behind in back of on top of underneath
below in front of opposite
beneath inside

Prepositions which indicate direction of movement:

around from on through

as far as in onto to
away from into out (of) toward (s)
down off past up.

THE SUFFIX – WARD.

The suffix -ward (s) is used to form adjectives and adverbs which
indicate a direction in time or space.

EXAMPLES: northward, southward, eastward, westward

upward (s), downward (s), backward (s).

THE SUFFIX –ERN

The suffix –ern indicates that something occurs in or is situated in a certain

direction. It is added to nouns to form adjectives.

EXAMPLES: northern, southern, eastern, western.

 INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

When a statement or question in the present perfect progressive tense is

reported, two changes occur:

1. The tense of the verb changes from the present perfect

progressive to the past perfect progressive.

EXAMPLES: Jim said, “Ann has been teaching French.”

Jim said that Ann had been teaching French.

Jan asked, “Have you been working here long, Ed?”

Jan asked Ed if he had been working here long.

2. First and second person pronouns change to the third Person

(unless someone is reporting his own words).

EXAMPLES: Ken said, “I’ve been trying to lose weight.”

Ken told me that he had been trying to lose weight.

Kay said, “I’ve been trying to reach you, Jan”.

I told Jan I had been trying to reach her.

HE TOLD ME THAT THEY HAD BEEN WORKING ALL DAY.

Verb in the sentence Verb in the sentence that

originally spoken: tells what was said:

have/has been _______ ing had been _______ ing

hasn't/haven't been____ing hadn't been ______ing

LESSON 4
ADVANCE: To go forward / Avanzar. INFANTRY: Foot soldiers, that branch
AIM: Control direction / Apuntar. of the army which is composed of foot
DEMONSTRATE: To show / soldiers / Infantería.
Demostrar. MARKSMAN: One who is very
DEPRESS: Push down / Presionar. proficient in the use of weapons /
GIVE OUT: Distribute, emit / Distribuir Tirador.
GIVE UP: Surrender, stop doing / Darse MARKSMANSHIP: The quality of
por vencido, desistir. being a marksman / Cualidades de un
GO ON WITH: Continue / Continuar. tirador.
IMPROVE: Make better / Mejorar. PHASE: A stage in growth or
INSPECT: Look at or examine development / Fases, etapas.
thoroughly / Inspeccionar, examinar. PROGRESS: Development / Progreso.
INTERFERE: To get in the way of SQUAD: The smallest unit of military
another, to put oneself in a matter that personnel / Escuadra, patrulla,
does not concern one / Interferir. partida.
OUGHT TO: Used to express TARGET: Object aimed at / Blanco.
expectation about the present or future / EXPERT: Highly skilled person /
Deberia. Experto, perito , experimentado.
PROGRESS: Move forward / Progreso.
SHOULD: Used to express present or
future expectation / Deberia.
SHOULD HAVE: Used to express
expectation about past. / Deberias haver.
ACCURATE: Exact, precise / Preciso
AWFULLY: Very / Muy, tan.
BARELY: Almost not, by a very little /
Escasamente.
ELEMENTARY: Basic /
Elementalmente.
EXPERT: Skilled / Experto.
IMMEDIATE: Instant, without delay /
Inmediato, próximo.
INTERMEDIATE: Middle / Intermedio.
LEVEL: Position, height / Parejo, a
nivel, igual.
ACCURACY: Correctness, precision /
Precisión, exactitud.
ARTILLERY: Large guns, that branch
of the army that is involved with large
guns / Artillería.
EFFORT: An attempt to accomplish
something / Esfuerzo, empeño.
EVENT: A special happening, an
occurrence / Suceso, acontecimiento.
FAILURE: Lack of success / Fracaso,
falta, descuido.
 THE PREFIX PRE-

The prefix pre- indicates an action or condition which happens or

comes before another action or condition. When a word begins with
the same letters as the prefix, a hyphen is usually placed before the
word.

USING SHOULD , OUGHT TO , AND SHOULD HAVE

TO EXPRESS EXPECTANCY

Should and ought to are used to express what we suppose is

happening now or will probably happen in the future.

EXAMPLES:

I mailed the package yesterday.

You should get it tomorrow.

We ordered dinner 20 minutes ago.

The waiter ought to be bringing our food soon.

Should have is used to express expectation about actions or

conditions in the past.

EXAMPLE:

The flight left Miami on schedule.

It should have landed in New York.
 REVIEW OF ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Adverbs of degree are used to emphasize or limit adjectives or other

adverbs. The following adverbs of degree are placed in front of
the word they modify:

a little entirely much scarcely

absolutely extremely nearly so
almost fairly only somewhat
awfully far quite such a (n)
barely hardly rather too
completely just really very

One adverb of degree differs from these: Enough follows the

adjectives or adverb it modifies.

EXAMPLES: I thought the test was fairly easy.

Al found the exam extremely difficult.
He must not have studied hard enough.
The students did rather well on their tests this
morning.

SUFFIXES –ANCE / -ENCE

The suffixes –ance and –ence can be added to verbs to form

nouns which name an act, condition, or quality.

EXAMPLE: accept + -ance = acceptance

(the act of accepting).

exist + -ence = existence

(the condition of existing).
BOOK 24

LESSON 1
ABUNDANT: Great plenty, more than PURE: Clean, free of contamination, not
enough / Abundante. mixted with anything / Puro.
ACCESS: The right to enter / Acceso. REFINE: To make pure / Refinar.
ACTUAL: Existing in reality / Actual, RELATIVELY: In a comparative way /
verdadero. Relativamente.
ACTUALLY: Existing in fact / SOLIDIFY: To make or become solid /
Realmente. Solidificar.
ALLOY: A mixture of metals / Aliacion. SOURCE: A place or origin, starting
BRASS: A yellowish metal, an alloy of point / Fuente.
copper and zinc / Laton. STEEL: A strong alloy made of iron and
BRONZE: An alloy of copper and tin / carbon hard, tough alloy of iron with
Bronce. carbon / Acero.
CARBON: A nonmetallic chemical TURN INTO: To change into /
element found in all organic compounds / Convertirse en.
Carbon. UTILIZE: To use / Utilizar.
CEMENT: A powdered which hardens VARY: To change / Variar.
upon drying when mixed with water, any VARIOUS: Of different kinds / Variado.
adhesive substance / Cemento.
COMPARATIVELY: In a comparative
way in relation to something else /
Relativamente.
CONCRETE: A mixture of cement,
sand, water, and rocks / Concreto.
CONSTRUCT: To build / Construir.
ERECT: To build / Eregir.
EXTENSIVE: Covering a wide area, a
lot of, having wide extent / Extenso.
FIXED: Fastened, nor movable or
changeable / Fijado, permanente.
IRON: A metallic chemical element, the
most common of all metals / Hierro.
LIQUEFY: To become a liquid / Licuar
(Pasar de estado solido a liquido).
MINE: A place where metals are dug
from the earth / Mina o excavar.
MINERAL: Material found in the earth /
Mineral.
ORE: Rock from which metal is obtained
/ Mineral en bruto.
ORIGIN: The begining, starting point /
Origen.
OVERALL: Total, Including everything
/ Sobre todo.
POUR: To cause a liquid or powder to
flow out of its container, dump out /
Vertir.
 THE GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT

Some verbs in English are followed by a gerund or a gerund phrase. The

gerund is the verb form which ends in –ing. The gerund is used as a noun.

TYPE OF SUBJECT VERB GERUND (PHRASE)

SENTENCE

Affirmative I put off studying until today.

She practices speaking English every day.
They considered inviting Mary.

Negative I don’t like wearing glasses.

He doesn’t miss being with his family.
They don’t mind helping the police.

I like not wearing glasses.

She regrets not being with her family.
They deny not helping the police.

Interrogative Do you like playing the guitar?

Did he continue studying French?
Can they begin working on the report now?

This is a partial list of verbs which can be followed by a gerund.

allow enjoy postpone resist

anticipate escape practice start
appreciate finish put off stop
begin imagine quit suggest
can’t help keep recall tolerate
consider like recommend understand
continue mind regret
deny miss remember
discuss permit report
THE SUFFIX –FY / -IFY

The suffix –fy or –ify is added to some nouns and adjectives to make
verbs. The suffix expresses the meaning of “to make or become”. *Note
the spelling changes.

EXAMPLES:

*beauty / beautify *glory / glorify *pure / purify

class / classify just / justify *simple / simplify
*clear / clarify *liquid / liquefy solid / solidify
*electric / electrify person / personify *terror / terrify
*false / falsify

REDUCING AN ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIME TO A MODIFYING

PHRASE

An adverb clause of time is introduced by conjunctions such as after,

before, since, until, when, whenever, and while. It can be reduced to a
modifying phrase if the subject of the main clause and the subject of the
adverb clause of time are the same. This is done by omitting the subject
of the adverb clause and by changing the verb in the adverb clause to
the –ing form. If the verb BE is present in the adverb clause, it’s also
omitted ( * ).

EXAMPLES:

I feel sleepy whenever I study after dinner.

I feel sleepy whenever studying after dinner.

Before we opened the door, we heard a loud noise.

Before opening the door, we heard a loud noise.

Could you walk after you fell off the horse?

Could you walk after falling off the horse?

While you were* in Germany, did you hear the news?

While in Germany, did you hear the news?
 LESSON 2
CONCENTRATE: To direct one's FUSELAGE: The body of an airplane /
atention toward one thing / Concentrar. Fuselaje.
CROSS-CHECK: To check correctness INSTRUMENT: A thing by means of
by using two different sources of which something is done / Instrumento.
information / Cruzar, tachar, marcar. MASK: A covering to conceal or protect
CROSS OFF: To cancel as by drawing the face / Mascara.
lines across / Tachar, eliminar. MISSILE: An object, as a spear, bullet,
CROSS OUT: To cross a line over / desing to be launched to a target / Misil.
Tachar, borrar. NEEDLE: A small pointed piece of steel
DISCARD: To get rid of as no longer with a whole for thread / Aguja.
useful / Descartar. PANEL: Asection for instruments,
DIVE: To plunge headfirst into water / controls etc, a list of persons summoned
Bucear, hecharse un clavado. for jury duty / Tablero, jurado.
FEAR: Being afraid / Temer, miedo. PRECAUTION: Care taken in advance /
IGNORE: To pay no attention to / Precaucion.
Ignorar. PROPELLER: A device having two or
MANEUVER: Planned moves of an more blades in a revolving hud for
army, aircraft, of ships, a skillful move / propelling a ship or aircraft / Propulsor,
Maniobrar, maniobra. Helice.
NAVIGATE: To plot a course or rute / RUNWAY: A landing strip for aircraft /
Navegar. Pista (de despegue).
PROPEL: To move forward / Propulsar, TAIL: The hind, last, inferior part of
impulsar. anything / Cola.
BUMPY: Rough, not smooth / Desigual, TURBINE: An engine driven by the
con irregularidades. pressure of a liquid or a gas / Turbina.
PRECISE: Accurately stated / Preciso. VELOCITY: Speed in which something
AIRCRAFT: Any machine for traveling runs / Velocidad.
through the air / Aeronave. WINDSCREEN: Screen to protect from
ALTIMETER: An instrument for wind / Parabrisas.
measuring altitude / Altimetro. WINDSHIELD: A glass screen in front
ATTITUDE: A bodily posture showing of, to protect from wind / Parabrisas.
mood, action, etc. / Posicion, actitud. WING: Either of the paired organs of
AVIATION: The science of flying flight of a bat, bird, plane / Ala.
airplanes / Aviacion. GO RIGHT: work smoothly / Marchar
COCKPIT: The part of aircraft where en orden.
pilot sits / Cabina del piloto. GO WRONG: have problems, not
COMPASS: An instrument with two working in a properly / Ir mal.
pivoted legs for drawing circles for KEEP TRACK OF: Being able to
measuring / Compas. follow without losing information, sight /
DISASTER: Any happening that causes Mantenerse informado, seguir la pista.
great harm or damage / Desastre. LOSE TRACK OF: Not being able to
FLAP: Anything flat and broad hanging follow something / Perder el rastro.
loose at one end / Aleron.
 THE PREFIX CO-

Co- is a prefix which has the meaning of “joint” and “together with.”
Sometimes co- appears as com-, con-, or col- like in the words compress,
contain, and collect.

ONE USE OF THE GERUND

A gerund or gerund phrase can be the object subject of a sentence and

may appear before the verb. It can be made negative by placing the word
not before the gerund. If there’s a subject of the gerund, it must be in the
possessive* form.
EXAMPLES:
Eating too much candy is bad for your teeth.
Not getting enough sleep will make you feel tired at work.
Johnny’s* fast driving caused him to lose his license.

ANOTHER USE OF THE GERUND

A gerund or gerund phrase can be the subject of a sentence and may

appear after the verb in an anticipatory-it construction.
EXAMPLES:
It’s been a pleasure meeting you.
(means the same as)
Meeting you has been a pleasure.
It hasn’t been fun climbing this mountain.
(means the same as)
Climbing this mountain hasn’t been fun.

ONE MORE USE OF THE GERUND

A gerund or gerund phrase may be used as the object of a preposition. It

can be made negative by placing the word not before the gerund. If there’s
a subject of the gerund, it must be in the possessive* form.
EXAMPLES:
Thank you for being my friend.
We were happy about not having homework.
When he spoke to the soldiers, the colonel insisted on their*
standing at attention.
 TAG QUESTIONS

Tag questions are short questions which are attached to statements. Affirmative
statements have negative tag questions. Negative statements have affirmative
tag questions.

Tag questions can have a rising intonation or a falling intonation. Each kind
of intonation expresses something different. Tag questions with a rising
intonation are used to seek confirmation – the speaker is not certain about the
information. Tag questions with a falling intonation are used to seek
agreement – the speaker is certain about the information and wants you to
agree with him.

SUBJUNCTIVE THAT NOUN CLAUSE AFTER

ANTICIPATORY -IT

A noun clause which follows an anticipatory-it construction has

the verb in the subjunctive mood.
Anticipatory-it Subjunctive noun clause
Adjective
advisable
best I be on time.
better you do the work.
compulsory he not fail the exam.
It’s critical (that) she remain in class.
essential the book be studied.
important we report to the chief.
mandatory they go to the meeting.
necessary
required
urgent
LESSON 3
ACCUMULATE: To collect or bring RESERVOIR: A place for storing
together / Acumular. liquids / Tanque, cisterna.
ADAPT: To make changes so as to be SOIL: Dirt / Tierra.
suitable for different conditions / Adaptar. VISCOSITY: The thickness or glumness
PENETRATE: To enter, cut, or force the or a liquid / Viscosidad.
way into, through something / Penetrar. WELL: A hole bored into the earth to get
CONDENSE: To change from vapor to water, oil, or natural gas / Pozo.
liquid, shorten / Condensar.
DISSOLVE: To make or become liquid,
melt, to change into a solution / Disolver.
ESPECIALLY: For a particular
purpose / Especialmente.
SATURATE: To fill completely with
the most it can absorb, soak / Saturar.
VAPORIZE: To change into vapor /
Vaporizar.
LOOK INTO: To investigate / Buscar.
SATURATED: Filled completely /
Saturado.
SCIENTIFIC: Dealing with science;
based on scientific method / Cientifico
ORDINARY: Usual, common /
Ordinario.
EVENTUALLY: Happening at last as a
result / Eventualmente.
EXCEED: To go beyond / Exceder.
EXCESS: An amount by which
something exceeds / Exceso.
PRINCIPAL: Main, major, most
important / Principal.
EXCESSIVE: Exceeding the usual
number / Excesivo.
FERTILE: Fruitful, productive / Fertil.
FLUENT: Speaking or writing in an
easy, smooth manner / Fluído.
FOR INSTANCE: For example / Por
ejemplo.
GRAVITY: The force which pulls
objects toward the earth / Gravedad.
MOISTURE: Dampness / Humedad.
PRECIPITATION: Rain, snow, hail,
sleet / Precipitar.
PRINCIPAL: The head of a school /
Director.
PRINCIPLE: A basic truth or fact /
Principio.
PRIOR TO: Earlier, before / Prioritario
 TENSES INDICATING FUTURE

A future addition or condition is expressed with will or be going to. When

there´s certainty about a future action, the simple present tense or the
present progressive may also de used. Time expressions often accompany
these last tenses to clarify time.

will depart
The train is going to depart At 2:30 p.m.
departs
is departing

TO- INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT

An infinitive is the word to + the simple form of a verb. An infinitive may

be used as a noun. In the pattern illustrated below, an infinitive or an infinitive
phrase is used as a direct object. Note the negative form of the phrase.

Subject Verb Direct Object

Infinitive Phrse
Mr. Crane likes To go to the movies.
Jerry is planning To cook dinner tonight.
The students will need To do their homework.
Louise Has decided Not to watch TV.
Monty Promised Not to spend all his money.
The men Agreed Not to fight.

This is a partial list of verbs which are followed by an infinitive. The verbs
with an asterisk (*) may also be followed by a gerund or gerund phrase.
Afford Choose hesitate offer Seem
agree continue hope plan start
aim decide intend prefer Tend
appear demand learn prepare Threaten
arrange determine like proceed Try
ask expect love promise Volunteer
attempt fail manage refuse Wait
begin forget mean regret Want
bother happen need remember Wish
care hate neglect request

PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE IN

INDIRECT SPEECH

When direct speech with a past perfect or past perfect progressive

tense is changed to indirect speech,
(1) The tense doesn´t change
(2) "That" may be added (it´s optional)
(3) Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change, for
example, “you” may be changed to “me”,
“your” to “my”
(4) In questions, the word order changes from question to statement
(verb/subject order)
(5) In yes/ no questions, add “if” or “whether”
Ed: I´d worked in a bank before I came to
DIRECT this job
Ann: I´d Been swimming before Sam called
SPEECH Ron: Where had Kim studied English before
she came here?
Pam: Had you met Mr. Wong before?
Ed said (that) he'd worked in a bank before he
INDIRECT came to this job.
Ann said she'd been swimming before Sam
SPEECH called.
Ron asked where Kim had studied English
before she came here.
Pam asked me if/ whether I had met Mr. Wong
before
 TROUBLESOME ENGLISH

Advice/Advise

Advice and advise are sometimes confused wit one another they and sound
almost alike.

Advice is a noun which means a "recommendation" or an "opinion” given one

person to another person on how to act or behave.

EXAMPLES:

I asked the teacher for his advice on improving my

pronunciation.

The advice he gave me was very helpful .

My mother gave me advice bout raising children.

Advise is a verb which means "to give advice" to someone.

EXAMPLES:

Can you advise where to buy a good used car?

The doctor advised to stop smoking.

We were advised to study hard for the test.

 LESSON 4

ADMIT: To permit to enter or use; to INTESTINE: The tube carrying food the
state or agree to the truth of something / stomach; gut / Intestino.
Admitir. SURGEON: a doctor who cures by
ENSURE: To make sure; protect / cutting into patients to remove or repair
Asegurar. diseased organs or tissue / Cirujano.
ANYPLACE: Anywhere / Cualquier SURGERY: A medical operation /
lugar. Cirugía.
ASSURE: To make sure; promise / UNIT: A single thing; part; a group
Asegurar. working together for a purpose / Unidad
BREAK DOWN: To go out of working VISION: sight: the ability to see / Vision.
order; separate into different kinds / X-RAY: A photo made with x-rays /
Descomponer, dividir. Rayos-x.
INJECT: To force a fluid into ORGAN: A part of an animal or plant
something, like a vein, with a special which has a special function; a musical
needle (syringe) / Inyectar. instrument which has a keyboard and
CONFINE: To restrict to a certain whose sounds are produced by pipes /
space / Confinar. Organo.
CURE: To get rid of an illness / Curar MANNER: A method, way / Forma,
DIGEST: To change food taken into an manera.
absorbable form / Digerir. DISEASE: A sickness; illness /
DISMISS: To make or allow others to Enfermedad.
leave, fire from place of employment / DISMISSAL: Permission to leave /
Autorizacion para retirarse, despedir. Salida.
FLUCTUATE:To change irregularly / EYESIGHT: Vision / Vision.
Luctuar. FAITH: Belief; trust, confidence / Fe.
PULL THROUGH: To recover; live / GUARD AGAINST: Foresee and
Recuperarse prevent / Cuidarse de.
RECOVER: To regain / Recuperar. ERRATIC: Irregular / Erratico.
GET DOWN: To reduce / Disminuir, HUMAN: Having the qualities
bajar. representative of people / Humano.
GET OVER: To recover; get well / IN CHARGE OF: Have the care or
Visitar, Recuperarse. control of / A cargo de.
RECOVERY: A regaining of something DIGESTIVE: Relating to, digestion /
lost; a return to health / Recuperación. Digestivo.
SKULL: The bony framework of head / MILD: Not harsh; opposite of severe /
Cráneo. Medio.
BRAIN: The organ of the body in the STABLE: Unchanging; opposite of
upper part of the head which controls erratic / Estable.
thought and feeling / Cerebro TYPICAL: Usual; common;
CHART: A sheet of information tables representative / Típico.
diagrams: / Carta, tabla. UNDER GO: To experience / Pasar por.
DIGESTION: The process of digesting /
Digestion.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOME-, ANY-, AND NO- COMPOUNDS

The indefinite pronouns something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone,

and anybody can be used in questions.

EXAMPLES:

Did Al put something in his car?

Did you see someone/somebody in the lab?
Would you like anything to drink?
Did you speak to anyone/anybody about your problem?

The indefinite pronouns something, someone, somebody, anything,

anyone, anybody, nothing, no one, and nobody can be used in affirmative
sentences.

EXAMPLES:

Ed put something in his desk.

I saw someone/somebody in the library.
You may choose anything you want from the menu.
Anyone/anybody in that office can help you.
Nothing you say will change my mind.
No one/nobody wants to do the assignment.

The indefinite pronouns anything, anyone, and anybody can be used in

negative sentence.

EXAMPLES:

Joe didn’t bring anything to wear for cold weather.

I don't want anyone/anybody to know I’m leaving.
INDEFINITE ADVERBS: SOME-, ANY-, AND NO- COMPOUNDS

The indefinite adverbs someplace, somewhere, anyplace, and, anywhere

can be used in questions.

EXAMPLES:

Would you like to go someplace/somewhere after dinner?

Are you going anyplace/anywhere this weekend?

The indefinite adverbs someplace, somewhere, anyplace, anywhere, no

place, and nowhere can be used in affirmative sentences.

EXAMPLES:

John went someplace/somewhere trhis morning.

Sit down anyplace/anywhere when the show begins.
Ed’s going no place/nowhere during his vacation.

The indefinite adverbs anyplace and anywhere can be used in negative

sentences.

EXAMPLES:

I feel ill, so I won't go anyplace/anywhere tonight.

VERBS OF PERCEPTION + BARE INFINITIVES OR PRESENT
PARTICIPLES

Certain verbs of perception and their objects are followed by the bare
infinitive (the simple verb form without "to") or the present participle (the
-ing form of the verb). The bare infinitive is used to emphasize
completion of the action. The present participle is used to emphasize the
duration of the action.

These verbs follow the pattern:

Feel look at observe *smell

Hear notice see watch

listen to

*The verb, smell can be used only with the present participle form.

EXAMPLES:

We saw him run/running across the field.

I didn't hear Bill knock/knocking at the door.

Did you notice the doctor go/going into the room?

Can't you smell the cookies baking in the kitchen?

 THE SUFFIXES –ENT/-ANT

We can add the suffixes –ent/-ant to some verbs to make adjectives. They
express “that has, shows, or does”.

EXAMPLES:

-ent -ant

absorb/absorbent assist/assistant

*converge/convergent *observe/observant

depend/dependent *please/pleasant

differ/different *rely/reliant

*excel/excellent resist/resistant

insist/insistent *tolerate/tolerant

*neglect/negligent

*Note the spelling change.