BOND FORMATION IN TERMS OF

ATOMIC PROPERTIES OF
MOLECULES COMPOUNDS IN
RELATION TO THEIR STRUCTURE
For General Chemistry 1/Grade 12 (STEM)
Quarter 2 / Week 7

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 FOREWORD

Self-Learning kit (SLK) is designed to help STEM students

understand that things us are made up of different atoms that
have been bonded together. The bonding of this atoms is one of the
most important processes in chemistry which allows the different
molecules and combinations atoms to form and return makes live
comfortably; understand how atoms combine to form
familiar compounds, such as water and carbon dioxide. Most
students probably enjoy taking a nice dip in a lake, ocean, or pool
during hot summer days, but they have probably never thought
about how hydrogen and oxygen combine to form the crisp
cool waves they splash around in; understand that all compounds
that make up us and other living things are called biochemical
placed in four
compounds. classes:
They are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
acids. All of these compounds in living things are molecular
compounds. These molecular compounds form between nonmetallic
elements that are held together by covalent bonds.

This self – learning kit will serve as a guide on how to draw the
Lewis structure of ions. It will be your aid as you learn different
strategies to get the valence electrons and arrange the Lewis
structure of ions.

Lastly, the SLK focuses on the discussion about the determination

of molecular geometry for simple compounds using Lewis structure
and VSEPR theory. It includes sample problems, practice exercises
and post evaluation to help you understand better on the topic.

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LESSON 1 Lewis Structure Determination

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to:
K – Describe the concept of octet rule.
S – Draw the Lewis structure of simple compounds.
A – Recognized the significance of Lewis structure in reactions and
formation of a chemical bond.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
• Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11ESIId-g)70)

I.WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:
A. Using the periodic table, complete the table below by providing the
following
a.) total number of electrons
b.) the number of energy level (n)
c.) the number of valence electron.

3
 Total Electron Number of Number of valence
Element
if neutral energy level (n) electrons
C 6 2 4

Cl 17 3 7

Mg 12 3 2

O 8 2 6

Ca 20 4 2

Li 3 2 1

S 16 3 6

N 7 2 5

K 19 4 1

B. Using the periodic table, determine the number of valence electron of the
following groups.
1. Group 13
2. Group 14
3. Group 18
4. Group 2
5. Group 15

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II.WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

The Lewis Structure

Electrons are located further outside of the nucleus of an atom (see atoms
of Na and F below). When atoms combine to form compounds, the first sub-
atomic particles in the atom to interact are the electrons. The result of these
electron interactions is called chemical bonds. These chemical bonds are called
ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bond result from a transfer of electrons from one
species (usually a metal) to another (usually a nonmetal or polyatomic ion). On
the other hand, covalent bond result from a sharing of electrons by two or more
atoms (usually nonmetals). This idea was the basis for the formation of the Lewis
structure proposed by Gilbert Newton Lewis.

Na F

The Bohr diagram of Sodium and Fluorine. The blue dot is the neutron,
yellow is the proton, and the red dot are the electrons.
Lewis structure or the electron-dot structure utilizes the valence electron
and represented by a dot. Take note that the valence electrons are located in
the outermost energy level (n) and these are the ones that will interact first during
a chemical reaction. As discuss, elements tend to give off or accept electron to
be stable or to be a noble-gas configuration statement is commonly known as
octet rule.

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Lewis structure for monoatomic element:

Example 1. For monoatomic atom the following are corresponding Lewis

structure
a. Mg Mg since Mg belong to group 2, its valence electron is 2.

b. F F since F belong to group 17, its valence electron is 7.

The table below make it easier to identify the number of valence electrons
corresponding with respect to a group. In addition, based on the valence
electron, we can also predict the charge or the oxidation number/state of the
elements. It’s worth noting that metals tend to give off electrons to be stable and
once it gives off, it becomes a positive charge. In contrast, non-metals tend to
accept electrons to be stable and becomes a negatively charge.
Take note that the valence electron of transition metals varies and will not
be included here. This is due to the overlapping of atomic orbitals.

Group No. Valence Electron/s Number of Oxidation No.

Dots
1 1 1 +1
2 2 2 +2
3 – 12 - - -
(Transition
metals)
13 3 3 +3
14 4 4 ±4
15 5 5 -3
16 6 6 -2
17 7 7 -1
18 8 8 0

You might be wondering why the oxidation number of group 18 or noble

gases is equal to zero. This is due to stability; the energy level of each noble gases
is already fully filled by electrons. That is why noble gases are highly unreactive
and does not want to give off or accept electrons in forming a chemical bond.
In addition, noble gases usually they exist in nature as monoatomic.

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Lewis structure for Binary ionic compound

Example 2. For binary ionic compound, the following are corresponding Lewis
structure.
- The Lewis structure of NaF,
a.NaF notice that as it become an ionic
compound, the Na gives 1
Na F Na F electron and F accepts 1
electron. These makes + and –
charges on Na and F
respectively.
b.CaCl2 - The Lewis structure of CaCl2, notice
Ca has 2 valence electrons and Cl has
+2 7. Ca must give all of its valence
Ca Cl Ca Cl electron to be stable and Cl needs 1
electron to become stable. To
2 accommodate, another Cl is need.
Cl That is why the chemical formula is
CaCl .
There are ions that contains covalent bonds, covalent bond contains
shared electron and is represented by a line. This in order for the atoms to satisfy
its octet. One line (─) also known as single bonds shares 2 electrons, 2 lines (═) or
double bonds shares 4 electrons, and triple bonds (≡) shares 6 electrons.
Lewis structure for polyatomic ions:

There are ions that contains non-metals with a charge, these are called a
formal charge. It should be noted that since it contains non-metal electrons are
being shared and forms a covalent bond.
Example 3. For polyatomic ions, the following are the steps in determining the
Lewis structure.

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 For CO3-2
1. Determine the total valence electron (VET). Using the formula,
VET = ∑ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 where VE = valence electrons

CO32- 2 is added since the total charge is

negative 2. Negative charge
VET = (1 x 4) + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 means, electron is being added.
Consequently, if the charge of the
For C For O polyatomic ion is positive, it should
be deducted. Positive means
2. Determine the number of bonded electrons (BE), assuming
electrons all remove.
are being are single
bond.
Since there are 3 possible single bonds, each can
BE = 6
O C O accommodate 2 electrons.
- In identifying the central atom, one must consider
O electronegative value, the least value is the central in
this case C is least electronegative than O (consult a
book for values).
3. Count the number of required electrons (RE) needed to fulfill its octet. Just
copy the line structure in 2,

C needs 2 electrons (6 electrons are

O C O already shared)

O Each O needs 6 electrons (2 electrons are

already shared)

Therefore, RE = (6 x 3) + (1 x 2) = 20
4. Calculate the available electrons (AE) using the formula;
AE = VET – RE = 24 – 20 = 4
5. Determine the number of bonds. Using the formula;
No. of bonds = (BE – AE)/2 = (6 – 4)/2 = 2/2 = 1 bond
6. Therefore, the Lewis structure.

-2 O -2
-2 O C O C O
O C O

O O
O

Partial bracket represents the partial charge of CO3-2. There are also 3 possible structure, but
are just resonance, meaning the double bond shift its electrons to another atoms.

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III.WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:
Determine the Lewis structure of the following:

a. Cl
b. NaBr
c. H2O
d. F2
e. O3
f. CN-
g. PO4-3
h. N2
i. NH4+
j. Ca

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 Answer Key
Pre-activity/Pre-test
A.
Total Electron if Number of energy Number of valence
Element
neutral level (n) electrons

C 6 2 4
Cl 17 3 7

Mg 12 3 2

O 8 2 6

Ca 20 4 2

Li 3 2 1

S 16 3 6

N 7 2 5

K 19 4 1

B.
(1.) 3, (2.) 4, (3.) 8, (4.) 2, (5.) 5

Post Test

a. Cl Cl f. CN- C N j. Ca Ca
O
b. NaBr g. PO4-3
Na Br -3
O P O
c. H2O
H O H
O
d. F2 h. N2 N N
F F

e. O3 i. NH4+ H
+
O O O

H N H

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 SYNOPSIS

This student learning kit deals about Lewis structure of ions. A Lewis
structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a
molecule. Learning about Lewis structure is easy especially that there are different
strategies in getting the valence electrons.

So join us, as we dive in through the world of Lewis structure of ions.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Author: MARIA CRISTINA M. SALASALAN. A graduate of

Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Jose Rizal Memorial
State University in 2010. Finished Continuing Professional
Education (CPE) at Villaflores College in 2015. Finished her
Complete Academic Requirement for Master of Arts in
Science Teaching at Negros Oriental State University.
Currently working at Department of Education, a teacher
II, connected at Crisostomo O. Retes National High School
Senior High.

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 LESSON 2
Octet Rule in the Formation of Compounds

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:
K: Describe ionic and covalent bond;
S: Apply octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds;
A: Realize the importance of chemical bonding.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Apply octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-76)

I.WHAT HAPPENED

Hi everyone! I am your friend, May! Before we start our

lesson about octet rule, let's review a bit. Atoms are
composed of protons and neutrons that live in the
nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus in energy
PRE-ACTIVITIES/
levels. PRE-TEST
The periodic table is an organized way of
categorizing all the elements. Remember that the letter
in each square of the periodic table is an abbreviation
of the element. The number up above the letter is the
atomic number and also the number of electrons. The
number under the letter is the atomic mass. This is an
example on how to read the Elements on the Periodic
Table.

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 Activity 1 : Cross into my WORLD.

Direction: Read the clues below to -fill in the crossword puzzle

with the correct words. Write your answers on your notebook.

COMPOUNDS

Covalent Bond
Lone Pair
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Electronegativity
Atom
Proton
Electron
Neutron

https://worksheets.theteacherscorner.net/make-your-own/crossword/crossword.php

13
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Chemical bond is a lasting attraction

between atoms, ions or molecules that
enables the formation of chemical
compounds. There are two types of chemical
bond and forces that bind molecules
together, these are

Types of Bonding
A. Ionic bond also called electrovalent bond, A bond that forms when the
valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to
another atom. The atom that loses the electrons becomes a positively charged
ion (cation), while the one that gains them becomes a negatively charged ion
(anion). The

formation of ionic bonds.

Anion

Cation

Figure 1. ionic bond: sodium chloride, or table salt

https://www.britannica.com/science/ionic-bond

Ionic bonding results in compounds known as ionic, or electrovalent,

compounds, which are best exemplified by the compounds formed between
nonmetals and the alkali and alkaline-earth metals. Ions are so arranged that the
positive and negative charges alternate and balance one another, the overall
charge of the entire substance being zero.

B. Covalent bond also called a molecular bond. It is a chemical bond that

involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. It forms when the bonded
atoms have a lower total energy than that of widely separated atoms. The
electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance
of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons.

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 Figure 2. A Polar covalent bond
https://www.britannica.com/science/covalent-bond

Octet Rule
American chemist Gilbert Lewis (1875 - 1946) used this observation to
explain the types of ions and molecules that are formed by other elements. He
called his explanation the octet rule.

Octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the observation that
main group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight
electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble
gas. The rule is especially applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the
halogens, but also to metals such as sodium or magnesium. It refers to the
tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. When
atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable
compounds.

The valence electrons can be counted using a Lewis electron

dot diagram as shown at the right for carbon dioxide. The
electrons shared by the two atoms in a covalent bond are
counted twice, once for each atom. In carbon dioxide each
oxygen shares four electrons with the central carbon, two
(shown in red) from the oxygen itself and two (shown in black)
from the carbon. All four of these electrons are counted in
both the carbon octet and the oxygen octet. Atoms of metals
tend to lose all of their valence electrons, which leaves them
with an octet from the next lowest principal energy level.
Atoms of nonmetals tend to gain electrons in-order to fill their
outermost principal
energy level with an octet.

https://media-public.canva.com/kkDnw/MAD059kkDnw/1/tl.png

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There are two ways in which atoms can satisfy the octet rule:

1. By sharing their valence electrons with other atoms.

2. By transferring valence electrons from one atom to another.

An exception to an octet of electrons is in the case of the first noble gas,

helium, which only has two valence electrons. This primarily affects the element
hydrogen, which forms stable compounds by achieving two valence electrons.
Lithium, an alkali metal with three valence electrons, is also an exception to the
octet rule. Lithium tends to lose one electron to take on the electron configuration
of the nearest noble gas, helium, leaving it with two valence electrons.

Single Bonds
A single bond is when two electrons--one pair of electrons--are shared
between two atoms. It is depicted by a single line between the two atoms.
Although this form of bond is weaker and has a smaller density than a double
bond and a triple bond, it is the most stable because it has a lower level of
reactivity meaning less vulnerability in losing electrons to atoms that want to steal
electrons.

Example:
Below is a Lewis dot structure of Hydrogen Chloride has 1 Hydrogen atom
an 1 Chlorine atom. Hydrogen has only 1 valence electron whereas Chlorine has
7 valence electrons. Each atom gives out 1 electron to share with each other;
thus, making a single bond. HCl is a covalent compound, with hydrogen and
chlorine sharing an electron each. This way, hydrogen achieves a fully filled 1s
orbital and chlorine also achieves the octet. Hence HCl is a covalent compound
that fulfills the octet rule.

The Hydrogen atom in black has one valence

electron. The chlorine in red has 7 valence
electrons. Together the hydrogen gets to
borrow one electron from chlorine to full its
tiny orbital and chlorine gets to borrow one https://media-
electron from hydrogen to fill its larger orbital public.canva.com/kkDnw/
MAD059kkDnw/1/tl.png
(octet rule)
Double Bonds
A Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each
other. It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule. This
type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable; this is due to its
greater amount of reactivity compared to a single bond.
Example:

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 At the right is a Lewis dot structure of Carbon
dioxide. Carbon dioxide has a total of 1 Carbon atom
and 2 Oxygen atoms. Each Oxygen atom has
6 valence electrons whereas the Carbon atom
only has 4 valence electrons. Carbon needs 4 more
valence electrons. Since each Oxygen atom has 3
lone pairs of electrons, they share 1 pair of electrons
with Carbon.
https://media-public.canva.com/kkDnw/MAD059kkDnw/1/tl.png
Triple Bond
A Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in
a molecule. It is the least stable out of the three general types of covalent
bonds. It is very vulnerable to electron thieves!

Example:
Acetylene has a total of 2 Carbon atoms and 2 Hydrogen
atoms. Each Hydrogen atom has 1 valence electron
whereas each Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons.
Each Carbon needs 4 more electrons and each
Hydrogen needs 1 more electron. Hydrogen
shares its only electron with Carbon to t a full
valence shell. Now Carbon has 5 electrons.
Because each Carbon atom has 1electrons--1
single bond and 3 unpaired electrons-- the two
Carbons can share their unpaired electrons
forming a triple bond.

https://media-public.canva.com/kkDnw/MAD059kkDnw/1/tl.png

17
 Figure 2. Periodic Table
https://sciencenotes.org/periodic-table-of-elements-hd/

18
 Activity 2: Eight is Enough!

A molecular compound is usually composed of two or more nonmetal

elements. They are named with the first element first and then the second element
by using the stem of the element name plus the suffix -ide.

Directions: The following are common molecular

compounds.
Complete the table below with the needed details. Write
your answer/s on your lecture notebook.

Number 1 is given for you. You may refer your answers on

Figure 2. Periodic

Table on page 8.

No. Formula Valence Apply Octet rule

Electrons
(each element)

1 H2O

H= 1(2)= 2 O
= 6 https://media-
public.canva.com/kkDnw/
MAD059kkDnw/1/tl.png
2 SO2

S= O=

3 N2O3
N=
O=

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 4 NH3

N = H=

5 PCl3
P=
Cl=

Activity 3: Please follow my RULE, My Octet Rule!

Directions: TRUE or FALSE: Write True if the following statement is true and
False if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers in notebook.

1. Atoms will gain or lose valence electrons to obtain an octet.

2. Atoms with eight (8) valence electrons follow the octet rule.
3. All elements in group 8A (18) of the periodic table obey the octet rule.
4. Only atoms with exactly eight (8) electrons follow the octet rule.
5. Elements in group 2A (2) of the periodic table will gain two electrons to form
an octet.
6. Atoms can only gain electrons to obtain an octet.
7. During the formation of the compound NaCl, one electron is transferred from
a sodium atom to a chlorine.
8. Elements in group 2A (2) of the periodic table will lose two (2) electrons to
form an octet.
9. A piece of metal consists of closely packed cations surrounded bymobile
valence electrons.
10. Chlorine atom gains seven electrons when it becomes an ion.

20
 Activity 4: Real-life Bonding!

Direction:
On your lecture notebook, draw a real-life scenario or situation in which the
concept of ionic or covalent bonding is demonstrated. Below your illustration,
write at least five sentences describing your output and explaining how the
situation is related to the concept of the type of chemical bond you chose.

For example, you choose the concept of covalent bonding and you will draw
a scene where two cats sharing a piece of bone.

Grading Rubrics:

10 5 3

Neatness The illustration was The illustration was

and well well presented
Presentation presented The illustration was well but most of the
. and all the presented information
information and most of the was difficult to
is easy to information is understand.
understand easy to
understand.

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 Understanding The illustration
The illustration The illustration
demonstrates
demonstrate demonstrates
some
s a thorough a very good
understand
understanding understanding
ing of the
of the chosen of the chosen
chosen
concept. concept.
concept.

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Multiple Choice: Answer the questions that follow and w rite the letter of the
correct answer on your notebook.

1. A rule that states that atoms are most stable when they have a full shell of
electrons in the outside electron shell.

A. Octet Rule C. Golden Rule

B. Hund;s Rule D. All of the above

2. According to the Octet Rule, atoms of elements react with each other in order
to attain electrons in their outermost energy level or shell.
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

3. The valence electrons of representative elements are

A. In s orbitals only.
B. Located in the outermost occupied major energy level.
C. Located closest to the nucleus.
D. Located in d orbitals.

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4. How do you find the number of valence electrons in an atom?

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/56439d87b2dc60986cf78d07/valenceelectrons-octet-rule
A. use the atomic number C. Use the Group Number
B. mass - atomic number D. Use the period number

5. Which of the following is not true with regards to the octet rule?
A. It refers to an important chemical rule of thumb
B. It refers to an important principle that the atoms which bonded
share eight outer electrons have
C. It states that the atoms like to have six electrons only in their full outer shells

D. Two notable exceptions to the octet rule are helium and hydrogen

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ANSWER KEY

Activity: Cross into my WORLD

Activity: Eight is Enough!

24
 SYNOPSIS

This Self Learning Kit (SLK) focuses on the application of octet rule
in the formation of molecular covalent compounds.
Octet rule states that atoms tend to form compounds in ways that
give them eight valence electrons. When atoms have fewer than
eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable
compounds. Thus, an atom continues to form bonds until an octet
of electrons is made.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

JESSA MAE PONTIṄELA- DICEN, Graduated from

Saint Paul University-Dumaguete with the degree of
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in General
Science as Cum Laude last 2007. She graduated
Master of Arts in Education Major in General
Science from Foundation University Dumaguete
last 2016. Currently, she is Senior High Teacher at
Bolocboloc High School, Sibulan, Negros Oriental.

25
 LESSON 3 Chemical Formula of Molecular Compounds

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:
K - Define molecular compounds.
S - Write formula of molecular compounds.
A – Recognize the use of molecular chemistry in terms of
reactivity.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

- Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic

elements of the representative block. (STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-77)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

Activity 1: Unlocking of Words

Direction: Identify what word/s is being described by the

following statements. Write your answers on your lecture

An electrically neutral group of two or

more atoms held together by chemical
M E C E S
bonds, it is distinguished from ions by their
lack of electrical charge.

26
 M L C A R Used to describe elements that are
covalently bonded and to distinguish the
compounds from ionic compounds

O M O D S

A chemical element that mostly lacks the

characteristics of a metal, it tends to have
O N T L S a relatively low melting point, boiling point,
and density.

It consists of the chemical symbols for the

M L C A R
constituent elements followed by numeric
subscripts describing the number of atoms
of each element present in the molecule.
F M L A

Chemical bonds are generally divided into two fundamentally different types:
ionic and covalent. In reality, however, the bonds in most substances are neither
purely ionic nor purely covalent, but lie on a spectrum between these extremes.
There are two types of compounds the ionic and covalent or molecular
compounds. Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions, charged
particles that form when an atom (or group of atoms, in the case of polyatomic
ions) gains or loses electrons. Ionic compounds are (usually) formed when a metal
reacts with a nonmetal (or a polyatomic ion).

• A cation is a positively charged ion

27
 • An anion is a negatively charged ion.

Covalent or molecular compounds form when elements share electrons in a

covalent bond to form molecules. Molecular compounds are electrically neutral.
Covalent compounds are formed when two nonmetals react with each
other. Since hydrogen is a nonmetal, binary compounds containing hydrogen
are also usually covalent compounds.

• Metal + Nonmetal —> ionic compound

• Nonmetal + Nonmetal —> covalent compound
• Metal + Metal —> metallic compounds

Figure 1 Periodic Table

Source: https://www.quora.com/How-can-we-identify-elements-as-metal-or-non-
metals

28
 Activity 2: Classify Compounds

Direction: Write IC if the following compounds are Ionic

Compounds and CC if they are Covalent Compound.

No Chemical Formulas Type of Compounds

1. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

2. Potassium iodide (KI)

3. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3)

4. Magnesium bromide (MgBr2)

5. Lithium hydride (LiH)

6. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

7. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

8. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3)

9. Hydrogen chloride (HCl)

10. Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)

29
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Let’s Read...

Molecular Compounds

Molecular compounds are inorganic compounds that take the form of

discrete molecules. It is used to describe elements that are covalently bonded
and to distinguish the compounds from ionic compounds. Examples include such
familiar substances as water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

So what holds the atoms of a molecule together?

Rather than forming ions, the atoms of a molecule share their electrons in such
a way that a bond forms between pairs of atoms. In a carbon dioxide molecule,
there are two of these bonds, each occurring between the carbon atom and
one of the two oxygen atoms (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Space filling model of carbon dioxide molecules consist of a ccentral

carbon atom bonded to 2 oxygen atoms.

Larger molecules can have many, many bonds that serve to keep the
molecule together. In a large sample of a given molecular compound, all of the
individual molecules are identical.

30
Binary Covalent Compounds Between Two Nonmetals.

Naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds is similar to naming

simple molecular compounds. The first element in the formula is simply listed using
the name of the element. The second element is named by taking the stem of
the element name and adding the suffix -ide. A system of numerical prefixes is
used to specify the number of atoms in a molecule. This prefix is not used for the
first element’s name.

Notice that the mono- prefix is not used with Chlorine in the first compound, but is
used with the oxygen in both of the first two examples.
Two nonmetals combine to form a covalent or molecular compound (i.e.,
one that is held together by covalent bonds which result from the sharing of
electrons).

Table 1. Lists of numerical prefixes.

1 mono-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-

31
 The prefix chosen for an element must correspond to the numerical
subscript on that atom. For example, in the compound N2O3, there are 2 nitrogen
atoms and three oxygen atoms. The compound, therefore, is called dinitrogen
trioxide. Note that the oxygen on the right side of the compound gets the –ide
suffix.

In many cases, two elements can combine in several different ways to make
completely different compounds. For instance, carbon can share electrons with
one oxygen to make CO (carbon monoxide), or with two oxygens to make
CO2 (carbon dioxide). For this reason, it is necessary to specify how many of each
element is present within the compound. The formula is written with the more
electropositive element (the one further to the left on the periodic table) placed
first, then the more electronegative element (the one further to the right on the
periodic table).

Table 2. Lists of Molecular Compounds

32
 Activity 3: The CORRECT Formula.

Direction: Write the correct formula of molecular compounds

formed by the nonmetallic elements.

No. Chemical Formula Formula

1. Sulfur tetrachloride

2 Diphosphorous pentoxide

3. Sulfur dioxide

4. Chlorine monoxide

5. Oxygen difluoride

6. Dinitrogen pentasulfide

7. Chlorine monoiodide

8. Dinitrogen trioxide

9. Phosphorus trichloride

10. Dinitrogen tetroxide

11. Nitrogen dioxide

12. Carbon tetrachloride

33
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on your notebook.

1. It is used to describe elements that are covalently bonded and to distinguish

the compounds from ionic compounds.
A. Molecular Compounds C. Chemical Formula
B. Ionic Compounds D. All of the above
2. Which of the following covalent molecules is the best illustration of typical
properties of substances with simple molecular covalent structures?
A. Water B. Hydrogen C. Iodine D. Sulfur

3. What is the chemical name for the compound with the formula Na2S?
A. sodium fluoride C. magnesium sulfide
B. lithium oxide D. sodium sulfide

4. Which of the following has the chemical formula of carbon tetraflouride?

A. CF B. CF2 C. CF3 D. CF4

5. What is the formula of tetra phosphur heptaflouride?

A. PF6 B. P2F6 C. P4F6 D. P4F6

34
SYNOPSIS

This Self Learning Kit (SLK) focuses on the

writing formula of molecular compound. ANSWER KEY
Molecular compound is usually composed
of two or more nonmetal elements. It can
Activity 1: Unlocking of Words
be named with the first element first and
then the second element by using the stem
of the element name plus the suffix -ide.
Numerical prefixes are used to specify the
number of atoms in a molecule.
Writing chemical formulas are
very important when trying
to find information about a chemical
compound because they provide what
elements are present and also the Activity 2: Classify Compounds
proportion of the atoms of elements found 1. IC 2. IC 3. IC 4. IC 5. IC
in a chemical substance or compound. 6. CC 7. CC 8. CC 9. CC 10. CC

Activity 3: The CORRECT Formula

1. SF4 2. P2O5 3. SO2 4. ClO
5. OF 6. N S 7. ClO 8. N O
POST2 TEST2 5 2 3

9. PCl3 10. N2O4 11. NO2 12.CC l4

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D 5.D
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

JESSA MAE PONTIṄELA- DICEN, Graduated from

Saint Paul University-Dumaguete with the degree of
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in General
Science as Cum Laude last 2007. She graduated
Master of Arts in Education Master Major in General
Science from Foundation University Dumaguete last
2016. Currently, she is Senior High Teacher at
Bolocboloc High School, Sibulan, Negros Oriental.

35
 LESSON 4 Lewis Structure of Molecular Covalent Compounds

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

K - Describe Lewis Dot Symbols

S - Draw Lewis structure of some molecular compounds.
A - Recognize the use of Lewis structure in chemical reactions.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds

(STEM_GC11CB-IId-g- 78)

36
 I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/ PRE-TEST

Activity No 1: Meet the Nobles!

Direction: Study the table below and answer the guide questions below.

Element Atomic Electron Configuration

Symbol Number
He 2 1s2

Ne 10 1s2 2s22p6

Ar 18 1s2 2s22p63s23p6

Kr 36 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
Xe 54 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104f145s25p6

Rn 86 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104f145s25p65d106s26p6

Guide Questions:

1. What group in the periodic table do the elements listed in the table belong?
2. How many valence electrons do noble gases have?
3. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of an element Xe.

Lewis Dot Symbols

Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols.
The number of valence electrons of a main block element is usually equivalent to
its group number. For instance, Oxygen is a Group 16 element thus it has 6 valence

37
 electrons. The Fluorine atom contains 7 electrons because it is in Group 17.
Magnesium has 2 valence electrons because it belongs to Group 2.

Lewis dot symbol consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element. The dots are placed on the four sides
of the symbol-top, bottom, left and right- and each side can accommodate up
to two electrons. It is recommended that we spread out the dots as much as
possible.

Figure 1. Lewis Dot Structure

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/pearliejoy29/valence-
and-lewis-dot-structure

Activity 2: Draw with LEWIS.

Direction:
Fill-out the table below with correct answers. The first one is done
for you. Write your answers on your activity notebook.
Name of the Symbol Group Number Lewis Dot Structure
Element
Boron B 3
Oxygen
Neon
Sodium
Carbon
Nitrogen
Calcium
Iodine

38
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Writing Lewis Structures

Lewis structures, also known as Lewis dot diagrams are diagrams that show
the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that
may exist in the molecule. It can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule,
as well as coordination compounds.
It was named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who introduced it in his 1916. It extends
the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to

represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.

Lewis structures show each atom and its position in the structure of the
molecule using its chemical symbol. Lines are drawn between atoms that are
bonded to one another (pairs of dots can be used instead of lines). Excess
electrons that form lone pairs are represented as pairs of dots and are placed
next to the atoms.

Although main group elements of the second period and beyond usually
react by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons until they have achieved a valence
shell electron configuration with a full octet of (8) electrons, hydrogen (H) can
only form bonds which share just two electrons.
The following guidelines are used in writing the Lewis structure of covalent
molecules:

39
1. Determine the total valence electron, considering overall charge.
Use the periodic table to help you determine the number of valence
electrons in each atom. For an anion, add one electron to the total for each
negative charge. For a cation, subtract one electron from the total for each
positive charge. Do not worry about keeping track of which electrons come from
which atoms. Only the total number is important. Use the formula:

VET = ∑ 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 + 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵. 𝑵𝑵𝒐𝒐 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝑵𝑵𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 where VE = valence electrons

2. Determine the number of bonded electron (BE), assuming all are single bond.
Chemical formulas are often written in the order in which the atoms are
connected in the molecule or ion. The formula HCN, for example, it tells you that
the carbon atom is bonded to the H and to the N. In many polyatomic molecules
and ions, the central atom is usually written first, as in CO32- and SF4. Remember
that the central atom is generally less electronegative than the atoms surrounding
it. In other cases, you may need more information before you can draw the Lewis
structure.

Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the
molecule. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the
electrons. It increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a
group.

3. Count the number of required electrons (RE) needed to fulfill its octet. Just
copy the line structure in 2.
Keep in mind that a hydrogen atom has only a single pair of electrons
around. In addition, Boron can only have 6 electrons as octet.

4. Calculate the available electrons (AE) using the formula;

AE = VET – RE

5. Determine the number of bonds. Using the formula;

40
 No. of bonds = (BE – AE)/2.

Note, if the value is negative, it means that the central atom is an

expanded octet or accommodate more than 8 electrons. In addition, add 2
electrons in the central atom if -1, 4 electrons if -2, and 6 electrons if -2.

6. Draw the Lewis Structure

Note, use dots. If the number of bonds is negative, fulfill first each atom to
its octet before adding electrons as an expanded octet.

Use one or more of the unshared pairs of electrons on the atoms bonded
to the central atom to form double or triple bonds.

Example 1: Determine the Lewis Structure of PCl3

1. Determine the total valence electron (VET). Using the formula,

VET = ∑ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 where VE = valence electrons

Phosphorus = 5 x 1 = 5

Chlorine = 7 x 3 = 21
VET = 26
2. Determine the number of bonded electron (BE), assuming all are single
bond. Phosphorus is the least electronegative and is the central atom

P is the central atom and each line is equal

to 2 electrons

Therefore: BE = 6

3. Count the number of required electrons (RE) needed to fulfill its octet. Just
copy the line structure in 2,

P needs 2 electrons (6 electrons are already

shared)
41
 Each Cl needs 6 electrons (2 electrons are already
shared)
Therefore, RE = (6 x 3) + (1 x 2) = 20

4. Calculate the available electrons (AE) using the formula;

AE = VET – RE = 26 – 6 = 20

5. Determine the number of bonds. Using the formula;

No. of bonds = (BE – AE)/2 = (20 – 20)/2 = 0 bond

6. Therefore, the Lewis structure. Just add dots and satisfy each element to its
octet

Lewis Structure of PCl3

Example 2: Determine the Lewis Structure of SF 4

1. Determine the total valence electron (VET). Using the formula,

VET = ∑ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 where VE = valence electrons

Sulfur =6x1=6
Fluorine = 7 x 4 = 28

VET = 34

2. Determine the number of bonded electron (BE), assuming all are single bond.
Sulfur is the least electronegative and is the central atom

2 electrons each single bond

Therefore: BE = 8

42
3. Count the number of required electrons (RE) needed to fulfill its octet. Just
copy the line structure in 2,

S is already and octet (shares 8 electron)

Each F needs 6 electrons (2 electrons are already
shared)
Therefore, RE = (0) + (4 x 6) = 24

4. Calculate the available electrons (AE) using the formula;

AE = VET – RE = 34 –24 = 10

5. Determine the number of bonds. Using the formula;

No. of bonds = (BE – AE)/2

= (8 – 10)/2
= -2/2 = - 1 bond (add 2 electrons at the central atom)

Note, if the value is negative, it means that the central atom is an expanded octet or
accommodate more than 8 electrons. In addition, add 2 electrons in the central atom if -
1, 4 electrons if -2, and 6 electrons if -2.

43
 6. Therefore, the Lewis structure.

Since expanded octet, fulfill first each atom by

adding dots and then add the central atom with
2 electrons. Notice that S contains now 10
electrons, 8 electrons shared as single bonds, and 2
lone pair electrons

Activity 3: Give the Valence Electrons.

Direction:
Copy the box on your lecture notebook. Indicate the valence electrons and
write the Lewis Dot Structure of the following:

H F N
# of Valence # of Valence # of Valence
electrons electrons electrons

1. Li 2. F 3. N

Ar C I
# of Valence # of Valence # of Valence
electrons electrons electrons

4. Ar 5. C 6. I

44
 Activity 4: Writing Lewis Structures

Direction:
Write the correct Lewis Structure of each of the following:

Compounds Lewis Structure

1. SO4

2. C2H6

3. NO

4. HF

45
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

A. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following refers to the diagrams that show the bonding between
atoms of a molecule and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the
molecules?

A. Octet Rule C. Covalent Bond

B. Lewis Dot Structure D. Ionic Bond
2. The number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen in the Lewis
structure of OF2 molecule is?

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
3. Which of the following elements can only form one (1) bond in a Lewis
structure?
A. C B. H C. O D. N

4. This is a Lewis Dot structure of:

A. NF B. NF2 C. NF3 D. NF4

5. It refers to the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It increases
from left to right across a period and decreases down a group.

A. Electronegativity C. Valence Electrons

B. Polarity D. Formal Charge
B. True or False: Write the T if the following statements is correct and F if not.
6. The central atom in the compound SF6 should be fluorine.

7. Lewis dot symbols indicate the number of electrons of the inner shell.

8. Oxygen has 8 valence electrons.

9. Lewis dot structures cannot be drawn for molecules with more than two atoms.
10.Methane (CH4), Hydrogen is the central atom.

46
 ANSWER KEYS
Activity No 1: Meet the Nobles!

1. Group 8a/8
SYNOPSIS 2. 8 valence electrons
3.
Activity No 2: Draw with Lewis.

Lewis structures can help visualize

the valence electrons of atoms and
molecules, whether they exist as lone
pairs or within bonds. Knowing the Lewis
structure of an atom allows you to know
how it will bond and how many bonds it Activity No 3: Give the Valence
Electrons
will form. This knowledge eventually can
allow us to understand the shapes of
molecules and their chemical
properties. The purpose of drawing a
Lewis dot structure is to identify the lone
electron pairs in molecules to help
determine chemical bond formation. Activity No 4: Writing Lewis Structures

Post Test:

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5.A

True or False
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False

JESSA MAE PONTIṄELA- DICEN, Graduated from Saint

Paul University-Dumaguete with the degree of Bachelor
of Secondary Education Major in General Science as
Cum Laude last 2007. She graduated Master of Arts in
Education Master Major in General Science from
OBJECTIVE: Foundation University Dumaguete last 2016. Currently,
she isyou
At the end of the lesson, Senior High
should Teacher
be able to: at Bolocboloc High School,
Sibulan, Negros Oriental.

47
 LESSON 5 Molecular Geometry (VSEPR Theory)

K: Explain molecular geometry;

S: Predict the molecular geometry of simple compounds using valence
shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory; and
A: Recognize the importance of understanding the molecular geometry of
a molecule.

LEARNING COMPETENCY: (STEM_GC11CBIId-G-81)

Describe the geometry of simple compounds.

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:

Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice in your
notebook.

1. Which of the following refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in

a molecule?
A. Lewis dot structure B. Lewis dot symbol
C. Molecular geometry D. Valence shell
2. The outermost shell is called .
A. anion B. cation
C. octet D. valence

3. All of the following are the expected bond angles in any molecule EXCEPT
.

A. 60° B. 104.5°
C. 10.9.5° D. 120°
4. Which of the following has a nonbonding pair of electrons around the central
atom?
A. CO2 B. CH4 C. NH3 D. SF6

48
5. Molecular shape of a molecule is determined by .
A. the attraction of electron pairs in the bonded atoms
B. the attraction of protons in the bonded atoms
C. the repulsion of electron pairs in the bonded atoms
D. the repulsion of protons in the bonded atoms

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

◆ Molecular Geometry

◆ Valence-Shell Electron Pair

Repulsion (VSEPR) theory

Adapted from:
https://www.thoughtco.com/intr
oductionto-molecular-geometry-
603800

DISCUSSION:
In the previous lessons, you have learned about valence electrons,
covalent bonding, and Lewis structure or Lewis dot structure of a molecule. Your
knowledge on those topics are necessary in discussing molecular geometry.
What is molecular geometry? How does Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulson (VSEPR) theory helps in predicting the molecular geometry of a
molecule?
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional structure of atoms in a
molecule. Physical and chemical properties of molecules are affected by its
geometry. It can be predicted using Lewis structure and VSEPR theory.

◆ VSEPR theory states that to minimize repulsion, each group of the

outermost electrons stays away as possible from each other. Thus,
results to five electron group arrangement.

49
 ◆ Electron Group may comprise of a single bond, a double bond, a triple
bond or a lone pair.

With VSEPR theory, we can systematically predict the geometry of

molecules. To do this, it is easier to divide the molecules into two categories
based on the presence or absence of lone pairs in the central atom. The five
basic electron group arrangement is summarizing in table 1.

Table 1. Five Basic Electron Group Arrangement

Number of Electron Name of Electron Group

Groups Geometry

2 Linear
3 Trigonal planar
4 Tetrahedral
5 Trigonal Bipyramidal
6 Octahedral
Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry
_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)
/Che mical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Geometry_of_Molecules

Molecules with No Lone Pairs in the Central Atom

Electron Type of Lewis Structure Ideal Angle Molecular
Group Molecule Geometry

2 AX2 180° Linear

X=A=X

3 AX3 X 120° Trigonal planar

A
X o X
120

50
 X
4 AX4 A 109.5° Tetrahedral
X o XX
109.5
X
o
90
X Trigonal
5 XA 90°, 120°
AX5 o
120 X bipyramidal
X

X
X X
6 AX6 A 90° Octahedral
X X
X
To make it simple, we will consider molecules with only two elements, A, as
the central atom and X, as the terminal atom. These molecules have the
general formula of AXm, where m is an integer 2-6. Table 2, shows the possible
arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom.
Table 2. Geometry of Molecules With No Lone Pairs in the Central Atom

(Adapted from https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-molecular

geometry 603800 )
Molecules with One or More Lone Pairs in the Central Atom
Molecular geometry of molecules having one or more lone pairs around
the central atoms are affected by the presence of the three repulsive foces.
These repulsive forces are between bonding pairs(BP), between lone pairs (LP),
and between bonding pair (BP) and lone pair(LP). According to VSEPR theory,
generally, repulsive forces decreases in the following order:

LPvs LP Repulsion > LP vs BP Repulsion > BP vs BP Repulsion

Based on the order of repulsive forces, lone pairs repel other pairs more strongly
than bonding pairs and thus resulted to a distorted bond angles from those of the
ideal geometry.

In addition, it is important to note that the overall arrangement of electron

pairs in molecules having one or more lone pairs around the central atom differ
from that of molecular geometry. The electron arrangement in the central atom
is described interms of the bonding pairs and the lone pairs while the molecule’s
geometry is described interms of the bonding pairs only.

51
 Table 3. Geometry of Molecules with One or More Lone Pairs in
the Central Atom (A=Central atom; X=Terminal atom; E=Lone pairs)
Electron Number Number Type of Lewis Ideal Molecular
Group of of lone Molecule Structure Bond Geometry
bonding pairs Angle
pairs
120°
3 2 1 AX2E X
A
o X
(119°) Bent
120

109.5° Trigonal
A
4 3 1 AX3E X X
X (107.5°) pyramidal
107.3o

109.5°
4 2 2 AX2E2 X
O
X
(104.5°) Bent
104.5 o

X 180°,
5 4 1 AX4E A
X 120° See-saw
X (173.1°,
X
101.6°
X
90°,180°
5 3 2 AX3E2 A
X
(87.5°, T-shaped
X <180°)
X

5 2 3 AX2E3 A 180° Linear

X

X
X X 90° Square
6 5 1 AX5E A
X X (84.8°) pyramidal

X X Square
6 4 2 AX4E2 A 90°
X X planar

(Adapted from: https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-molecular-geometry-

603800 ) Note: Structures were created using ChemBioUltra

52
 To predict the molecular geometry, perform the
following steps:
Example 1. Using VSEPR theory, predict the molecular geometry of carbon dioxide
(CO2).
1. Determine the total number of valence electron (VE) in a molecule.

CO2 (valence e- of carbon =4 ; valence e- of oxygen = 6)

VE= (1 x 4 e- )+ (2 x 6e-)
=16 e-

2. Draw the skeletal structure of the molecule and determine the bonded electrons
(BE). Note: Central atom (1 bond=2e-)
-
2e
BE= 2 bonds O----C -- O
bond
-
= 4e
C---O bond

3. Calculate the available electrons(AE) for distribution.

AE= VE- BE
= 16e- - 4e-
= 12 e-
4. Determine the required electrons (RE). To determine RE, distribute the e-(as dot) in pair
so that each atom has 8e- except for hydrogen with only 2e- in its valence shell.
.. .. ..
-
: O----.C.----O:
RE= 16e
.. ..
5. Get the difference (D) of AE and RE.
◆ If the final answer is negative, determine the number of bonds to be added that will
connect the central atom and any of the terminal atoms.

53
◆ If the difference is positive, add it to the central atom (as dot) in pair
and will be counted as lone pair.
◆ If the difference is zero, whatever structure written in step 4, that will
be carried up to the determination of molecular geometry.
D= AE-RE
= 12e- - 16e- = -4e-
◆ Since the answer is negative, we will calculate for the # of bonds.
(Note: In calculating # of bonds, do not include the negative sign. It is just an
indicator on what will be the next step after getting the difference.)
- 1 bond 2 bonds
=
No. of bonds= 4e 2e-
.. .. .. .. ..
: :
.. .. ..
O ----C ---- O ..
O C .O.
6. Count the number of electron groups around the central atom
and the corresponding e – group arrangement.
Electron group= 2(2 bonding pairs; 0 lone pair) { linear }
7. Count the number of nonbonding electrons or lone pairs around the
central atom. { E= 0 }
8. Count the number of terminal atoms (X) around the central atom
2 O atoms (X=2)
9. Write the type of molecule { AX2E0 or AX2 }
10. From the table, determine the molecular shape corresponding to
the type of molecule.
*Since the type of molecule is AX2, therefore the molecular is linear.
.. ..
..
O C .O.
(Adapted from Silberberg, Martin S., 2006)
Note: Structures were created using ChemBioUltra

54
Example 2. Using VSEPR theory, predict the molecular geometry of
Nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.
NF3 (Valence e- of : N= 5; F=7)
1. VE= (1 x 5e-)+ (3 x 7e-)= 26e-
-
2e F
2. BE=3 bonds =6e F N
bond

3. AE = VE - BE
= 26 e- - 6e- =20e-

- .. .. ..
4. RE= 20e
.F. N .F.
.F
.
5. D= AE - RE
= 20e- 20e- = 0 Since the difference is 0, we will proceed directly to
step 6.
6. Electron Group = 4 (tetrahedral)
*Take note, electron group may or may not be the same as the
molecular geometry.
7. E (Lone pair) = 1
8. X (Terminal atoms)= 3 (3 F atoms)
9. Type of molecule (AX3E)
10. Molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal.

.. N ..
.F. .F.
..
..

.F.
..

Note: Structures were created using ChemBioUltra

55
Example 3. Using VSEPR theory, predict the molecular geometry of
BrF3. (Valence e- : Br= 7; F=7)
1. VE= (1x7e-) + (3x7e-) = 28 e-
-
2e F Br F
2. BE=3 bonds bond =6e

F
3. AE= VE-BE = 28e- - 6e- = 22e-

.. .. ..
.F.
-
4. RE= 20e .F. Br
.F.
5. D= AE - RE = 22e- - 20 = 2e- Since D is positive, it will be added as
lone pair around the central atom.
-
.. .. .. add 2 e .. ..
Br .F. .F. Br .F.
.F.
.F. .F.
6. Electron Group = 5 (Trigonal bipyramidal)
7. E = 2
8. X = 3
9. Type of molecule = AX3E2
10. Molecular Geometry =T-Shaped
..
F
..
..

Br
..

.F.
..

Note: Structures were created using ChemBioUltra

56
 Practice Exercise

Direction: Answer the following questions in your notebook. Show the step by step
process.
Using VSEPR theory, predict the molecular geometry of the following
molecules of the following:
A. Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4;
B. Ammonia, NH3;
C. Sufur trioxide, SO3; and
D. Xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4
Ans: A Tetrahedral B. Trigonal pyramidal C. Trigonal planar D. Square
planar

Good job!

III.WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice in
your Notebook. Show the step by atep process if applicable.

1. Which of the following best describes the geometry of xenon

tetrafluoride?
A. linear B. square planar
C. square pyramidal D. trigonal bipyramidal

2. Which of the following best describes the geometry of SO3?

A. square planar B. square pyramidal
C. Trigonal planar D. t-shaped

57
3.Which of the following molecules whose geometry is based on lone
pairs?
A. CH4 B. H2O
C. SF6 D. SO3
4.The geometry of BrF3 is based on ___________________ _.
A. 3 bonds B. 3 bonds, 1 lone pair
C. 3 bonds, 2 lone pairs D. 3 lone pairs
5.What are the bond angles of PF5?
A. 90° and 109.5° B. 90° and 120°
C. 107° and 109.5° D. 109.5° and 120°
6. According to VSEPR theory, repulsive forces increases in the
following order __________________________________ _.
A. bond pair - bond pair < lone pair -lone pair < bond pair
- lone pair
B. bond pair - bond pair < bond pair - lone pair < lone pair
- lone pair
C. lone pair - lone pair < bond pair - lone pair < bond pair -
bond pair
D. lone pair -lone pair < bond pair - bond pair < bond pair
- lone pair
7. The following molecules are correctly matched with its
corresponding molecular geometry EXCEPT
_________________________________.
A.CCl4 - tetrahedral B. H2O - bent
C. NH3 - trigonal planar D. SF6 - octahedral
8. The molecular geometry of SF4 is
__ .
A.pyramidal B. see-saw
C. square planar D. t-shaped
9. How many unshared electrons are there in the central atom
of H2O?
A.zero B. one
C. two D. three

58
10. The molecule has six bond pairs and no lone pair. What is the
geometry of the molecule?
A.Octahedral B. square planar
C. Trigonal bipyramidal D. T-shaped

59
REFERENCES:
Ionic Bond: https://www.britannica.com/science/ionic-bond

Covalent Bond: https://www.britannica.com/science/covalent-bond

Octet Rule:
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SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ANSWERS KEY
Molecular geometry affects the physical Pre-test
and chemical properties of molecules. It is 1. C
determined through Lewis structure and VSEPR 2. d
theory. 3. A
Molecules are divided into two: the first 4. C
group of molecules have no unshared electrons 5. C
around the central atom while the second
group have unshared electrons. The overall Post-test
geometry of molecules are affected by the
presence of unshared electrons in the central 1. B
atom. 2. C
3. B
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 4. C
Agustina C. Omaguing, is a graduate 5. B
of Bachelor of Science in Chemistry at Negros 6. B
Oriental State University (NORSU). 7. C
Also, she earned her Education 8. B
units at Foundation University, and 9. C
completed her academic 10. A
requirements in Master of Arts in
Science Teaching at NORSU. Currently, she is a Senior
High School teacher at Valencia National High School.

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