Presentation by GROUP 5 Science, Technology and Society
Chapter 5:
The Nano World
NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY is the branch of technology that deals with the
manipulation and study of matter at the nanoscale. It covers all types of
research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter
on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale.
Nanotechnology is "convergent"
Chapter 5: The Nano World
3 DIMENSIONS
Dimension involves tangible objects which include materials,
devices, and systems.
Dimension deals with the passive and static objects i.e.,
nanoparticles that have properties different bulk objects,
even if they have the same composition.
Dimension is direct nanotechnology which refers to materials
structured at nanoscale components.
Chapter 5: The Nano World
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How It
Background: Started?
The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and
nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard
conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting
nanometers. at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech)
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and on December 29, 1959, long before the term
application of extremely small things and can be used across nanotechnology was used.
all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics,
materials science, and engineering. NanoWorld was founded in 2000 with venture capital
and strong financial background in Neuchatel,
Switzerland, by CEO Manfred Detterbeck,
NanoWorld is the global market microsystems engineer, master of business and
engineering.
leader for tips for scanning probe The company closely collaborates with the IMT (Institute
microscopy (SPM) and atomic force of Microengineering at the EPFL, one of the two Swiss
Federal Institutes of Technology), the CSEM (Swiss
microscopy (AFM).
Center of Electronics and Microtechnology) and the
University of Neuchâtel.
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1 2
Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is
In 2002, NanoWorld acquired the trademark a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter.
and the technology from Nanosensors
(company) considered a "giant" in the AFM There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
probe industry. On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one
meter would be the size of the Earth
3 4
Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the ability to Today's scientists and engineers are finding a wide
see and to control individual atoms and molecules. variety of ways to deliberately make materials at the
The microscopes needed to see things at the nanoscale nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced
were invented in the early 1980s. Once scientists had properties such as higher strength, lighter weight,
the right tools, such as the scanning tunneling increased control of light spectrum, and greater
microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope chemical reactivity than their larger-scale
(AFM), the age of nanotechnology was born. counterparts.
Application of NANOTECH
In medicine, nanotechnology has numerous applications in the
development of more effective drugs. Assisted by the view of molecules
afforded by X-ray lasers, biological mechanisms can be simulated to
destroy a cancer cell while it is treated by drug-bearing nanoparticles.
Nanobots, or molecular-scale workers can employ molecular processes
within cells.
Chapter 5: The Nano World
Application of NANOTECH
Water purification systems containing nanomaterials and utilizing new membrane
technologies containing variable pore-sized filters (i.e., the forward-osmosis
membrane technology of Hydration Technologies) are now available (Jadhawar, 2004).
Nanoparticles are also used to prepare heat-resistant and self-cleaning surfaces.
Nanoparticles of silicon dioxide or titanium.
Dioxide can also make a surface repel water.
Zeolites are silicon oxides and aluminum oxides that have specific nanoporous cage.
Chapter 5: The Nano World
Application of NANOTECH
In agriculture, novel techniques of nanotechnology applications are
applied to breed crops with higher levels of micronutrients to Detect
pests and to control food processing (Heckman, 2005).
Chapter 5: The Nano World
Application of NANOTECH
Bionanotechnology can support cleaner production methods and provide
alternative and renewable energy sources.
Nanotechnology helps in energy consumption.
Nanoscale chemical reagents or catalysts are smaller yet they increase
the rate of chemical reactions.
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Challenges of NANOTECH
The environmental effect of mineral-based nanoparticles found in
cosmetics, paints, clothing, and other products are questioned as they go
through sewerage treatment plants untreated due to their undetectable
size.
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Carbon nanotubes used in the manufacture of memory storage,
electronics, batteries, etc. were found to have unknown harmful
impacts to the human body by inhalation into lungs comparable to
asbestos fiber 11.
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Risk assessment should include the exposure risk and its probability of
exposure, toxicological analysis, transport risk, persistence risk,
transformation risk, and ability to recycle.
Chapter 5: The Nano World
Microscopic tools:
Using tools like the scanning electron microscope,
transmission electron microscope, and field ion microscope,
scientists were able to view at the nanoscale as early as the
1930s. The scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic
force microscope are the two most recent and significant
advancements in microscopy.
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Microscopic tools
STM
It is an imaging technology that produces ultra-high
resolution images at the atomic scale. Two IBM
scientists named Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
created STM in 1981.
They won the Physics Nobel Prize five years after their
invention.
STM was the first technique developed in the larger
class of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) imaging
modes.
Microscopic tools
AFM- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
It is a high-resolution non-optical imaging technique
first demonstrated by Binnig, Quate and Gerber in
1985.
AFM enables precise and non-destructive
measurements of a sample surface's topographical,
electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, mechanical, etc.
properties with extremely high resolution in air, liquids,
or ultrahigh vacuum.
Microscopic tools
Electron Microscopes (EM)
Use electron beams instead of visible light, enabling
resolution of features down to a nanometer. S
everal different types of EMs exist, including
Scanning Electron Microscopes(SEM), Transmission
Electron Microscopes (TEM), and Scanning
Transmission Electron Microscopes (STEM).
Carbon nano metals
Carbon nanomaterials are unique because
of their nontoxic nature, high surface
area, easier biodegradation, and
particularly useful environmental
remediation.
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Carbon nano metals
Carbon nanomaterials are getting more
and more attention due to their superior
physicochemical properties that can be
exploited for advanced treatment of
heavy
metal-contaminated water.
Chapter 5: The Nano World
Carbon nano metals
Carbon nanomaterials namely carbon
nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene, graphene
oxide, and activated carbon have great
potential for removal of heavy metals from
water .
Chapter 5: The Nano World
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History about carbon nano materials:
September 1985, a team of scientists discovered a previously unknown pure carbon molecule,
C60, which they dubbed buckminsterfullerene. The name was chosen because the geodesic
domes of Buckminster Fuller provided a clue that the molecule’s atoms might be arranged in
the form of a hollow cage. The structure, a truncated icosahedron with 32 faces, 12
pentagonal and 20 hexagonal, has the shape of a soccer ball. Nicknamed buckyballs, this first
known stable molecular form of carbon not only opened up a new field of organic chemistry
but also, through the development of carbon nanotubes, a new field of materials science. In
1996, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the
discovery of the fullerenes.
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History about carbon nano materials:
Sumio Iijima is a Japanese physicist and inventor who was the first to clearly
describe the formation of carbon nanotubes and imagine their potential.
Iijima’s 1991 discovery and subsequent work sparked a revolution in
nanotechnology, which uses materials measured in nanometers (one billionth
of a meter). Now, nanotechnology is becoming ubiquitous in modern life, with
use in electronics, cars, medical devices and many more applications.
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History about carbon nano materials:
It is a material made of a single layer of
Graphene was discovered in carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal
2004 by Andre Geim and lattice. Being a million times thinner than a
human hair, it is the thinnest object ever
Konstantin Novoselov, who created. Not only is graphene lightweight
received the Nobel Prize in and flexible, it is also the world's strongest
material, being 200 times stronger than
Physics for this in 2010. steel.
Types of Carbon nano metals/materials
01 Carbon nano Tube
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical molecules that
consist of rolled-up sheets of single-layer carbon atoms
(graphene). They can be single-walled (SWCNT) with a
diameter of less than 1 nanometer (nm) or multi-walled
(MWCNT), consisting of several concentrically interlinked
nanotubes, with diameters reaching more than 100 nm.
Their length can reach several micrometers or even
millimeters. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique
qualities, such as high surface-to-volume ratios, increased
conductivity and strength, biocompatibility, ease of
functionalization, optical properties, and so on.
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Types of Carbon nano metals/materials
02 Fullrenes
Fullerenes are molecular allotropes of carbon,
exhibiting a wealth of interesting phenomena due to
their π-electron nature that can be easily
manipulated by chemical means. The large
curvature of the conjugated π-electron systems of
these hollow spheres has facilitated a rich chemical
behavior allowing the synthesis of many different
derivatives thereby making the fullerene family a
versatile building block of materials of importance in
physics, chemistry, and biology.
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Types of Carbon nano metals/materials
03 Graphene
Graphene is the name for a single layer
(monolayer) sheet of carbon atoms that are
bonded together in a repeating pattern of
hexagons. This sheet is only one atom thick.
Monolayers of graphene stacked on top of
each other form graphite. Since a typical
carbon atom has a diameter of about 0.33
nanometers, there are about 3 million layers
of graphene in a 1 mm thick sheet of
graphite.
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Types of Carbon nano metals/materials
04 NanoNano diamonds
Nanodiamond is the term used to describe diamond particles so small
that they are measured in nanometers, or billionths of a meter.
Nanodiamonds are very, very small and diamond is pure carbon in its
hardest state.
These tiny diamonds can be created through several methods
including the explosive detonation of a carbon producing explosive.
Their size typically ranges from 3-5 nm to 100 nm.
Nanodiamond is typically used in specialty coatings, lapping and
polishing applications, and as an additive in polymer processing.
Nanodiamond material has widely been used as an additive to
lubricating oils to reduce friction between moving parts to increase
utility. New applications are for data storage and the delivery of
drugs to the body.
Presentation by GROUP 5 Science, Technology and Society
Types of Carbon nano metals/materials
05 Quantum based carbon dots
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new type of nano-
carbons that are currently favored over semiconductor
quantum dots (QDs) because of their solubility, low
toxicity, eco-friendliness, and cheap and facile synthesis
giving desired optical characteristics.
As of now, CQDs have been used in various applications
such as in bioimaging, biosensing, electrochemical
biosensing, drug delivery, gene delivery, photodynamic
therapy in the treatment of cancers, pharmaceutical
formulations, and treating inflammation
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Issues
and
Concerns
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Environmental
Effects
Lower recovery and recycling
rates Environmental implications of
other life cycle stages are not
Lack of trained engineers and clear
workers causing further
concerns.
High-energy requirements for
Environmental implications of synthesizing nanoparticles
other life cycle stages are not causing high-energy demand
clear
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Evidences:
cosmetics medicines
batteries electronics
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Environmental
Concerns
Behavioral and physiological Can travel to brain, bind to lipids,
changes in water fleas associated and cause production of oxidative
with increased risk of predation and stress compounds when fished
reproductive decline exposed to 1 ppm concentration
Oxidative damage in largemouth
bass with same mechanism of
action found beneficial for their use
in drug delivery
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Nano
Technology
The miniature size of nanomaterials and
the way their surfaces are modified to
increase the ease with which they can
interact with biological systems - the very
characteristics that make them attractive
for applications in medicine and industry -
makes nanomaterials potentially damaging for
humans and the environment.
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iIf discrete nanometer diameter particles were
01 Nanoparticles may damage the 05 deposited in the nasal region, they completely
lungs
circumvented the blood/brain barrier, and travelled
up the olfactory nerves straight into the brain
Nanoparticles can get into the
02 body through the skin, lungs and inhaled carbon nanotubes can suppress the immune
digestive system 06 system by affecting the function of T cells, a type
of white blood cell that organises the immune
The human body has developed a system to fight infections.
tolerance to most naturally occurring
03 elements and molecules that it has
some forms of carbon nanotubes could be as
contact with. It has no natural
immunity to new substances and is
07
harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient
more likely to find them toxic. quantities
nanoparticles have been shown
04 to lead to brain damage in fish
and dogs
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Zinc Oxide
Nanoparticle Nano Materials
Nanomaterials are usually considered to be materials
Sunscreen Cosmetics
Gas sensor Food packaging with at least one external dimension that measures
Electronics Paint 100 nanometres or less or with internal structures
measuring 100 nm or less. They may be in the form of
Concern: particles, tubes, rods or fibres
toxic to algae and water fleas
Aluminum Silver
Nanoparticle Nanoparticle
Sunscreen
Additive
Scratch- resistant coatings Poultry Production
cosmetics Concern: Disinfectants
can enter bloodstream
Concern: cause zebrafish embryos to develop with head
high levels of exposure caused growth delay in corn, abnormalities
cucumber, soybean, carrot and cabbage crops increase the problem of antibiotic resistant superbugs
Nano
Zinc Oxide Hydroxyapatite
Surface coatings
Food stabilizer
Concern: Concern:
toxic when ingested
cause lesions in liver, heart, stomach and potentially toxic can be absorbed and
pancreas enter cells
Titanium Dioxide
Titanium Dioxide Carbon- based
Brightener
Whitener can be harmful as asbestos if inhaled in
Concerns: sufficient quantities, can cause
Damage DNA mesothelioma
Disrupt function of the cells can cross the blood-brain barrier and
interfere with defense activities of immune cells
alter cell functions
provoke inflammation
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PHILIPPINES
In the Philippines, nanotechnology can be applied in making sources of
renewable energy accessible to many, developing medicine that would
address serious diseases, improving the state of agriculture, and more.
There are also existing and ongoing research studies funded by the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) on the possible application
of technology, as well as on Nano-Metrology and Education and Public
Awareness.
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PHILIPPINES
Nanoscience and nanotechnology, which study and use very small objects, are
applicable to all other scientific disciplines, including chemistry, biology, physics,
materials science, and engineering. The potential of nanotechnology has been
acknowledged by the Philippines and as such was able to develop a technological
roadmap on how the technology will develop and affect the lives of the Filipinos.
ENERGY AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENT NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS
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In 2009, the Department of Science Several funded projects funded by
01 and Technology (DOST) of the
Philippines formally acknowledged the
03 the DOST, aimed to utilize
nanomaterials produced from the
field of nanotechnology as one of the naturally-occurring minerals
priorities for Research and
Development
The applications of nanostructured the spread of nanotechnology in the
02 solar energy devices were pursued in a
collaborative effort from the top
04 curriculum is necessary to produce
essential human resources, and
universities in the country and DOST. procure the appropriate equipment
to upgrade existing laboratories
focusing on nano research.
Presentation by Timmerman University | 2023
The Department of Science and Technology-
Philippine Council for Advanced Science and
Technology Research and Development (DOST-
PCASTRD) has prioritized the following industries:
semiconductor, information technology, energy,
agriculture, medicine, and environmental protection.
University of the Philippines Los Baos' strengthened
nanotechnology programs include:
a nanosilica-based fertilizer that speeds up
tomato germination and growth
fruitect® coating technology that extends
the shelf life of highly prized fruits like
mango and papaya
nanoencapsulated plant growth regulators
that speed up coffee, banana, and cassava
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germinationby
and root development.
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Thank
You!
