HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE DESIGN FOR FLOOD CONTROL IN KALAWAIG

CREEK AT BONGBONGON, BARANGAY SUMPONG, MALAYBALAY CITY,

BUKIDNON

ALO, AJ GWEN LIMOCON

COROTAN, JAEN EUDSON APOR
DELAUTA, LORRAINNE CLAIRE BULALHOG
LAVALLE, DYLYN BALANUECO
MODEQUILLO, JAMES ANDREW ALPAS
PADERNAL, CATHLEEN PILLERIN

UNDERGRADUATE CAPSTONE PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CENTRAL MINDANAO
UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2022
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
Musuan, Maramag Bukidnon

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

APPROVAL SHEET

The capstone project proposal attached hereto entitled. “HYDRAULIC

STRUCTURE DESIGN FOR FLOOD CONTROL IN KALAWAIG CREEK AT
BONGBONGON, BARANGAY SUMPONG, MALAYBALAY CITY,
BUKIDNON” (Research No.20839) prepared and submitted by AJ GWEN L.
ALO, JAEN EUDSON A. COROTAN, LORRAINNE CLAIRE B. DELAUTA,
DYLYN B. LAVALLE, JAMES ANDREW A. MODEQUILLO, CATHLEEN P.
PADERNAL, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering is hereby endorsed.

ENGR. GLADYS G. SILABAY

Chair, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:

ENGR. ERIC L. CENABRE

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:

ENGR. PAULINO R. REOMERO

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:

Recommending Approval:

ENGR. MA. CATHERINE Q. ARCA, PhD Date:

Chair, Dept. of Civil Engineering

ENGR. EINSTINE M. OPISO, PhD Date:

Research Coordinator

Approved:

ENGR. CHERYL F. DALEON, PhD Date:

Dean

JUPITER V. CASAS, PhD Date:

Director for Research
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

One of the capstone project researchers is AJ

Gwen Limocon Alo. She is the eldest of two
children of Mr. Alex P. Alo and Mrs. Jean L. Alo.
She was born in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, on
December 8, 1999. She currently resides in
Salang Homes Subdivision, Natid-asan,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. She graduated from
Laligan Elementary School in Laligan, Valencia
City, Bukidnon, in 2012. She completed Junior
High School at Bukidnon National High School in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon,
in the year 2016. For her Senior High School, she took Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand at Central Mindanao University
Senior High School and graduated in 2018. In her tertiary education, she took
up Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering - Major in Transportation
Engineering at Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan,
Maramag, Bukidnon and graduated in the year 2022.

She is a member of the Civil Engineering Student Society (CESS), and

a member and 4th-Year Representative of the Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers Student Chapter (PICE-CMUSC) in 2021-2022.

She attended seminars such as STAAD Pro Tutorial and Workshop,

Gearing Up & Bouncing Back: New Normal Preparations by the Office of
Student Affairs (OSA), Career Guidance Webinar by the Guidance and
Counseling Center, Marketing Me Live and Virtual Career or Jobs Fair by the
Office of Admissions, Scholarships, and Placement (OASP), and exCEed
2022: Strengthening the Foundations for Future Filipino Civil Engineers held
in May 2022. She also has some experience with AutoCAD and QGIS.

iii
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

One of the capstone project researchers is Jaen

Eudson Apor Corotan. He was born on July 13,
1999 in Poblacion, San Fernando and currently
resides in P-1, Kiara, Don Carlos, Bukidnon. He
is the youngest son of Eduardo Corotan Sr. and
Eva Corotan. He took his primary education at
Kiara Elementary and then he transferred to
Alapan 2-A Elementary School where he
completed his elementary years in 2012. He
took his secondary education at Alapan 2-B National High School until Grade
9 and then he enrolled in Grade 10 at Bocboc National High School (Kiara
Annex) where he graduated as valedictorian in 2016. In his Senior High
School, he took Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
strand at Central Mindanao University and graduated in 2018. In his tertiary
education, he took up Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering – Major in
Geotechnical Engineering at Central Mindanao Unversity, University Town,
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon and graduated in the year 2022.

The author's extra-curricular activities include being a member of

Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Central Mindanao University Student
Chapter, and being a member of Civil Engineering Student Society,

He also attended seminars such as STAAD Pro Tutorial and Workshop

and Gender and Development (GAD) Seminar.

iv
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

One of the capstone project researchers is

Lorrainne Claire Bulalhog. Delauta. She is the
only child of Mr. Christopher G. Delauta and Mrs.
Fe B. Delauta. She was born on November 8,
1999 at Libertad, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte
and raised at Cabadbaran City, Agusan del
Norte. She finished her primary school in North
Cabadbaran Central Elementary School on 2012
and completed her Junior High School at
Mindanao Institute in Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte on the year 2016.
For her Senior High School, she took the Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM) strand under the Academic track at Northern
Mindanao Colleges in Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte last April 2018. In
her tertiary education, she took up Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering -
Major in Structural Engineering at Central Mindanao University, University
Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon and graduated in year 2022.

The researcher was also the secretary of Philippine Institute of Civil

Engineers – CMU Student Chapter in academic year 2020-2021 and 2021-
2022. She was also a member of Civil Engineering Student Society from year
2018 to 2022.

The researcher’s major enabled her to learn various numerical

calculations and structural analysis software like the following: GNU Octave,
Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program (GRASP), Structural Analysis
and Design (STAAD), and SAP2000. She had also attended webinars hosted
by the university offices like Career Guidance Webinar from Guidance and
Counselling Center and Marketing Me Live by Office of Admissions,
Scholarships, and Placement (OASP).

v
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

One of the capstone project researchers is Dylyn

Balanueco Lavalle. She is the eldest daughter of
Mrs. Fe B. Lavalle. She was born in Maramag,
Bukidnon on May 20, 1999, and currently resides
in New Visayas, Don Carlos, Bukidnon. She
finished basic school in Bocboc Central
Elementary School in Bocboc, Don Carlos,
Bukidnon in 2012. She graduated from Bocboc
National High School in Bocboc, Don Carlos,
Bukidnon, in her junior year of high school in 2016. In 2018, she completed
her senior high school education at Central Mindanao University Senior High
School. In her tertiary education, she took up Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering – Major in Water Resources Engineering at Central Mindanao
University, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, in the year 2022.

Her extra-curricular activities include being a member of Civil

Engineering Student Society (CESS) and Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers – Central Mindanao University Student Chapter (PICE-CMUSC).

The seminars and webinars she had attended are the Gender and
Development (GAD) Seminar, Career Guidance Webinar, Marketing Me Live
Webinar, Online Discussion on Chastity and Relationship, and Structural
Analysis and Design Program (STAAD Pro) Training Workshop.

vi
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

One of the capstone project researchers is

James Andrew Alpas Modequillo. He is the
eldest son of Mr. Nelson C. Modequillo and Mrs.
Imelda A. Modequillo. He was born on October
11, 2000 in Poblacion, Kibawe Bukidnon and
presently residing at Purok-3, Kianggat,
Dangagan, Bukidnon. He graduated his
kindergarten course on 2005 in Sunbeam
Learning Center at Poblacion, Dangcagan,
Bukidnon. For his primary school course, he graduated at the top of his class
on 2012 in Kianggat Elementary School at Kianggat, Dangcagan, Bukidnon.
In his secondary course, he graduated salutatorian on 2016 in Dangcagan
National High School at Poblacion, Dangcagan, Bukidnon. For his senior high
school, he graduated with honors in Central Mindanao University – Senior
High School on 2018. In his tertiary education, he took up Bachelor of Science
in Civil Engineering – Major in Transportation Engineering at Central
Mindanao Unversity, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon and
graduated in the year 2022.

His extra-curricular activities include being a member of Civil

Engineering Student Society, a member of Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers – Central Mindanao University Student Chapter, and a member of
Central Mindanao University DOST Scholars Society from 2018 to 2022.

His attended seminars include Structural Analysis and Design (STAAD)

Seminar, Patriot Scholar Seminar by the Department of Science and
Technology, and Gender and Development (GAD) Seminar.

vii
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

One of the capstone project researchers is

Cathleen Pillerin Padernal. She was born on
November 11, 1999 in Valencia City, Bukidnon.
She is the eldest daughter of Mr. Ronilo G.
Padernal and Mrs. Angelica P. Padernal. She
currently resides at Carmenville Subdivision,
Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. She
graduated from primary school in 2012 at San
Isidro College, Impalambong, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon. She completed her Junior High School in 2016 in the same school.
On her Senior High School she took the Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics (STEM) strand at Central Mindanao University Senior High
School and graduated in 2018. In her tertiary education, she took up Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering – Major in Water Resources Engieering at
Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon
in the year 2022.

Her extracurricular activities include being a member of the Civil

Engineering Students Society (CESS) and Treasurer of the Philippine Institute
of Civil Engineers – Central Mindanao University Student Chapter (PICE-
CMUSC) in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022.

The training and webinars she attended are Career Guidance Webinar
and Online Discussion on Chastity and Relationship by CMU Guidance
Counseling Center, Marketing Me Live Webinar of CMU-OASP, PICE-XUSC’s
We Conduit Training, and Structural Analysis and Design Program (STAAD
Pro) Training Workshop.

viii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the authors are very grateful to God Almighty for
giving them life and providing them with the strength, inspiration, guidance,
and good health required to complete their capstone study.
Sincere respect and gratitude are extended to the following people who
in one way or another, have contributed in making this study possible.
To Prof. Gladys G. Silabay, capstone adviser, for providing the authors
invaluable supervision, support, kindness, and insightful comments and
suggestions throughout the course. To the panel members, Dr. Paulino R.
Reomero and Engr. Eric L. Cenabre for the knowledge and wisdom they have
imparted. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under their
guidance. To the faculty and staff of the Civil Engineering Department,
especially to Dr. Leoncio Mariano Acma, Dr. Catherine Arca, and Engr.
Jemima Perodes for their time, expertise, and assistance.
To Christleen Builders, Malaybalay CDRRMO headed by Chief Alan
Comiso, Engr. Ruben Aba-a and Engr. Michael Chatto of DPWH Engineering
Office, for their time and effort in aiding the authors with their field surveys and
preparations.To the respondents of this study, for being approachable and
cooperative and for spending their time in answering the authors' questions.
To the beloved families of the authors, Mr. & Mrs. Alex P. Alo,
Mr. & Mrs. Eduardo J. Corotan, Mr. & Mrs. Christopher G. Delauta, Mrs. Fe B.
Lavalle, Mr. & Mrs. Nelson C. Modequillo, and Mr. & Mrs. Ronilo G. Padernal,
for their unconditional love, patience, understanding, guidance, and support –
physical, emotional, and financial.
To their friends and classmates, Ara, Sweetzel, Crystal, Angelica,
Toni, Cards, Jemuel, and Evets for their moral support and company. To
Jagape family, for welcoming the researchers in their humble abode during
their preparations. To AJ, Jaen, Lorrainne, Dylyn, Andrew, and Cath for the
teamwork, cooperation, and shared memories.

ix
 Once again, the authors want to express their gratitude for your
invaluable support and assistance in completing this study.
TO GOD BE ALL THE GLORY!

AJ GWEN L. ALO DYLYN B. LAVALLE

JAEN EUDSON A COROTAN JAMES ANDREW A. MODEQUILLO

LORRAINNE CLAIRE B. DELAUTA CATHLEEN P. PADERNAL

x
 ABSTRACT

Kalawaig Creek, located in Bongbongon, Barangay Sumpong, is one of

the major flood prone areas in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. The suggested
solution to the mitigation of flood in Kalawaig Creek is the proposal of a
hydraulic structure design that, if implemented, can reduce the magnitude of
the flood effect in the area. The study aimed to investigate the flood hazards
in Kalawaig Creek through combined hydrologic modeling, hydraulic
modeling, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Specifically, it aimed
to: (1) assess the water flow that contributes to flooding; (2) determine the
probable height of flooding using a Rational Method and HEC-RAS
simulation; and (3) propose a hydraulic structure design and its cost estimate.
The methodology involved the assessment of the relationship between
rainfall and creek discharge using 30-year rainfall data and a hydrologic
model. Results indicated that the reasons for flooding are heavy rainfall,
outflow from nearby hills and mountains, and the residents are not practicing
proper waste disposal. Subsequently, the proposal for flood control has been
simulated by the HEC-RAS (Hydrological Engineering Centre – River Analysis
System), a one-dimensional hydraulic modeling program. Accordingly, The
discharge capacity, Qcapacity, of the structure equal to 19.367 m3/sec is 82.24%
larger compared to the creek’s actual discharge, Q actual, which is equal to
3.439 m3/sec, therefore it is adequate to let a large volume of water to pass
through in the designed area provided that it does not exceed the discharge
capacity of the structure. Based on the data acquired, a levee with a 7-meter
width along the riverbed and a 10-meter width across the top of the structure
was designed. The left bank levee has a gabion structure inside the river and
the right bank retaining wall has a grouted riprap on the inner riverside. The
estimated cost of materials, labor and equipment rental throughout 160
calendar days is Php 7,309,645.11.

xi
 © 2022
Aj Gwen Limocon Alo
Jaen Eudson Apor Corotan
Lorrainne Claire Bulalhog Delauta
Dylyn Balanueco Lavalle
James Andrew Alpas Modequillo
Cathleen Pillerin Padernal

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

xii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

APPROVAL SHEET ii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ix

ABSTRACT xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES xvii

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study 2

1.3 Significance of the Study 2

1.4 Scope and Limitation 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6

2.1 Sustainable Urban Drainage 6

2.2 Rational Method 7

2.3 Hydrologic Engineering Center – 7

River Analysis System (HEC-RAS)

METHODOLOGY 12

3.1 Procedural Framework 13

3.2 Preparation of Equipment 14

xiii
 3.3 Data and Methods 14

Determination of Maximum Flood Discharge using 14

Rational Formula

Determination of Discharge Capacity using 15

Manning’s Equation

Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS 17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18

4.1 Assessment of Water Flow in Kalawaig Creek 18

4.2 Estimating Flood Peak Discharge 19

4.3 Estimating Average Velocity and Discharge Capacity 20

4.4 Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS 23

4.5 Proposed Hydraulic Structure Design 24

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29

REFERENCES
31
APPENDICES
33

xiv
 LIST OF TABLES

Tables Title Page No.

1 Values of “c” for use in rational formula 15

2 Values of Manning’s Coefficient, n 16

3 Allowable mean velocity 16

4 Summary of design parameters and discharge criteria 21

xv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Title Page No.

1 Flood hazard map of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon 3

2 Vicinity map and location of the study area 4

3 Intersection of Kalawaig Creek and Sawaga River 5

4 The methods in developing a solution 12

5 The capstone project procedural steps 13

6 Upper portion of Kalawaig Creek at Station 0+000 18

7 Results of Atterberg limits test and sieve analysis 19

8 Catchment area of Kalawaig Creek generated using QGIS 20

9 Designed section to carry the estimated actual discharge 22

10 Final design for flood control structure in Kalawaig Creek 24

11 Top view of the proposed hydraulic structure with span of 80m 25

12 Detailed drawing of the left side of the structure 25

13 Detailed drawing of the concrete foundation 26

14 Detailed drawing of the gabion 26

15 Detailed drawing of the geotextile fabric between the gabion 27

and the soil backfill

16 Detailed drawing of the right side of the structure 27

17 Detailed drawing of the foundation for the riprap wall 28

xvi
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page No.

A Itemized Budget 34

Laboratory Testing Fee

Operating Expenses

B Test Result on Sieve Analysis 35

Test Result on Liquid and Plastic Limit 36

C Letter to Malaybalay City-LGU 37

Letter to City Planning and Development Office 38

Letter to CDRRMO-Malaybalay 39

D Cross-section and hydraulic model generated through 40

AutoCAD and HEC-RAS

E Program of Works 50

F Detailed drawing of development plans 51

G Documentation 52

xvii
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Philippines, because of its geographic location, is particularly

vulnerable to natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tropical cyclones, and floods, making it one of the world's most disaster-prone
countries (World Bank, 2005). In the province of Bukidnon, flooding has
become a regular occurrence. Two powerful tropical cyclones have hit some
parts of Bukidnon in the last ten years. Heavy rainfall or precipitation events
are typically responsible for typhoon-induced floods and landslides in the
province. These hydrological catastrophes cause severe damage to houses,
buildings, infrastructure, and livelihood that leave a devastating traumatic
experience to humans (Abendaño M., Racente J., and Barroso J., 2020).
Kalawaig Creek is a stream located in the Province of Bukidnon,
Northern Mindanao, Philippines. High floods have also been observed in
Kalawaig Creek when it receives more water than usual (for example, through
rainfall). Intense rainfall recently (on October 5, 2021) caused floods in
Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, causing
overflowing in the bridge and causing damage to residences in the area.
Malaybalay City must take urgent measures to manage floods since they
have a variety of consequences and might obstruct development activities.
Flood control projects are essential in preserving lands from natural
calamities such as river floods. Several flood control measures are available,
broadly classified as structural projects, which rely on various types of
hydraulic structures and nonstructural projects (Siviglia A., Stocchino A., and
Colombini M., 2009). The purpose of this study is to contribute to flood
mitigation in Kalawaig Creek by providing an acceptable hydraulic structure
design that, if implemented, can reduce the magnitude of the flood effect in
Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.
 2

Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to investigate the flood hazards in Kalawaig Creek at

Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City through combined hydrologic
modeling, hydraulic modeling, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. Assess the water flow that contributes to flooding;
2. Determine the probable height of flooding using a Rational Method and
HEC-RAS simulation; and
3. Propose a hydraulic structure design and its cost estimate.

Significance of the Study

This study proposed a hydraulic structure as one of the flood control

measures to be implemented in Kalawaig Creek in Bongbongon, Brgy.
Sumpong, Malaybalay City. This barangay is prone to devastating floods,
which harm both people and properties.

Scope and Limitation

In the province of Bukidnon, flooding has become a regular

occurrence, especially in Malaybalay City (see Figure 1). Kalawaig Creek at
Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City was chosen for this capstone
project, located between Latitude +8.169263 and Longitude +125.128287
(see Figure 1). It is the upstream area from which water flows to Purok 5,
Barangay 9, then to the Sawaga River in Casisang, Malaybalay City (see
Figure 2). The scope of this research is limited to finding the cause/s of
flooding in Kalawaig Creek at Bongbongon, Barangay Sumpong, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon, and the development of a hydraulic structure for flood control
and a cost estimate to alleviate the area's existing flooding issues.
 3

Figure 1. Flood hazard map of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

Source: https://lipad-fmc.dream.upd.edu.ph/layers
 4

START OF PROJECT

END OF PROJECT

Figure 2. Vicinity map and location of the study area

 5

Figure 3. The marked area indicates intersection of Kalawaig Creek and

Sawaga River.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on the different capstone projects conducted by

foreign and local researchers, all of which substantially impact the variables
included in the capstone project. It focuses on several factors that aided in the
development of this study. This capstone project primarily focused on flood
mitigation in Kalawaig Creek by developing a feasible hydraulic structure
design that, if implemented, will reduce the magnitude of the flood effect in
Bongbongon, Barangay Sumpong, Malaybalay City. This study's literature
comes from books, journals, articles, electronic resources such as PDF and
E-book, and other existing studies that deal with flood control systems, flood
management assessment, hazard mapping, prevention and mitigation,
hydraulic structures, design, and flood control models.

Sustainable Urban Drainage

Before getting into the specifics of the various studies, the researchers
would like to start by explaining what a sustainable urban drainage system is.
In the article “Sustainable Urban Drainage” (n.d.), it was mentioned that
sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) have been developed to improve
drainage and reduce the volume of surface runoff in urban areas. Additionally,
it was said that SUDS can be more effective than conventional drainage
methods because they reduce runoff, thereby reducing the risk of flooding,
improve water quality, and are in keeping with the environment and the needs
of the local community. Meanwhile, according to Malamis and Folini (2016),
the control of surface runoff is a key element toward urban sustainability. This
can be achieved either by collecting rainwater for recycling through harvesting
with the advantage of the reduced water demand or by the installation of non-
piped solutions to urban drainage known as Sustainable Urban Drainage
Systems.
 7

Rational Method

For decades, hydraulic structures have been designed using the

rational method for determining peak flood discharges. Despite the method's
popularity, little emphasis has been made on enhancing the selection of runoff
coefficient (McEnroe et al., 2009). Although onsite runoff control is an
essential aspect of sustainable urban drainage schemes, determining the
maximum runoff flow rate from a catchment with onsite runoff controls is still
debatable. Runoff controls lead to more problems by splitting the catchment
into multiple sub-catchments, each of which feeds into its own runoff control,
which dynamically regulates the imperviousness of the watershed. The
Rational Method is the most widely used approach for determining maximum
flow rates in urban drainage infrastructure design, although it is incapable of
handling such scenarios. Nonetheless, from the standpoint of urban drainage
planning, it offers benefits over alternative techniques in terms of theory
(Wang & Wang, 2018).

Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System (HEC-RAS)

The Hydrologic Engineering Centre (HEC) of the US Army Corps of

Engineers created HEC-RAS, a hydraulic model package (USACE, 2001).
The HEC-2 computer model was first created in 1964 to aid hydraulic
engineers working on river channels and floodplains. HEC-2 program was
modified to use on the Windows operating system in 1990, due to increased
use of this operating system, and was renamed HEC River Analysis System
(RAS). This graphical software was developed in Visual Basics and benefits
computational algorithms of FORTRAN. HEC-RAS software is used for
modeling unstable flows in rivers, calculating delivered sediment load, and
water quality analysis, in addition to computing one-dimensional profiles of
water surface in stable rivers. The water surface elevation above a base
altitude for the given river cross-sections, as well as the flow velocity, are the
key output variables of this analysis. At each designated cross-section, the
 8

discharge can be progressively changed (quasi unstable flow) (Ellen 1998).

The analysis tool may handle whole river networks as well as individual
sections. Apart from subcritical situations, it is also feasible to represent mixed
and supercritical circumstances (Jones et. al. 1998, Limerinos 1970, Chow
1959).
Mangulabnan, J.A., et al. (2013) conducted a study on addressing
flooding problems through systematized remote monitoring and manipulation
of flood pumping stations and mapping solutions. Based on the interviews
conducted by the team, some pertinent issues identified were the clogging of
waterways due to the increasing amount of garbage, the uncoordinated urban
planning, and the lack of early warning related to flooding situations. To
address these problems, HERMES: Flood Monitoring and Early Warning
System provide early warning, flood alerts, detecting clogged waterways, and
keeps track of the water pumping station performance. Rapid prototyping
methodology used in developing the system following four phases:
requirements planning, user design, construction, and cutover.
In order to find the optimal quantity of water over time that should cross
each gate of each tank to minimize the global flood arriving downstream of the
river wherein the area needed to be protected, Bencheikh, G., et al. (2017)
proposed a flood decrease strategy based on the graph theory to manage the
control of the water storage and release from reservoirs along the river in
China. This study presented a flood decrease strategy to control a river
system equipped with flood diversion areas. This strategy on network flow
modeling is coupled with a hydraulic simulator to simulate water transfer. Its
effectiveness on the Bastillac area for flood events with different
characteristics and a 100 years flood case report ensures a soft downstream
flow peak and a reduced impact.
In a study by Demir, V., and Ozgur, K. (2015), flood hazard maps were
prepared for the Mert River Basin, Samsun, Turkey, by utilizing Geographic
Information System (GIS) and Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis
System (HEC-RAS). In this river basin, human life losses and significant
property damages were experienced in the 2012 flood. The preparation of
 9

flood risk maps employed in the study includes the following steps: (1)
digitization of topographical data and preparation of digital elevation model
using ArcGIS, (2) simulation of flood lows of different return periods using a
hydraulic model (HEC-RAS), and (3) preparation of flood risk maps by
integrating the results of (1) and (2). Based on the results, it was observed
that floods could be prevented in this region by adding levees and regulation
of river bottom. Otherwise, most of this flooded area ought to be forested and
kept as a park area. HEC-RAS and GIS software utilization proved helpful in
the analysis of flood control programs in the area.
In an ecological flood control system study conducted by Gao, C., Liu,
J., and Wang, Z. (2013) in Phoenix Island of Huzhou, China, stated that there
were four steps they indicated to develop ecological flood control systems
that prevent floods and retain the ecological functions of water bodies: (1)
Adjusting the water system layout will maintain the integrity and mobility of the
water system and enlarge WSR, with the full consideration of ecological
landscapes; (2) Determining the controlled water levels for different
frequencies can provide references for the construction and operation of
wetlands, shipping, and appropriate ecological landscapes; (3) Flow directions
and residence time are the two essential aspects of mobility. They decide the
location of the landscapes and ensure water quality; (4) Verification of flood
control is helpful to plan specific projects and choose measures according to
flood control demands and ecological requirements.
Handajani, N., et al. (2018) used temporary storage called polder to
overcome flooding in the Mojokerto area in Indonesia caused by the Sadar
river. Polders are a low plot of land surrounded by embankments or
embankments that function to avoid contact with water from outside areas
other than those manually flowing to control flooding. The method used in this
study is the collection of hydrological data, data analysis, simulating the
system with several alternative volumes that can accommodate in the polder.
Alternatives made 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 95% of the flood
discharge plan for a 25-year return period (Q25). Based on the results,
polders control floods in the Sadar river watershed. From the analysis of the
 10

system, the polder can control flooding in the Sadar River area by
accommodating 95% of the discharge plan (Q25).
Jocson, J.C., Florencondia, N.T., and Subia, G.S. (2019) conducted a
study that aimed to investigate the flood prevention and mitigation initiatives of
Cabanatuan to gain information that served as the basis for the development
and integration of flood prevention and mitigation initiatives in the City. The
researcher used the descriptive research design with a questionnaire as the
primary tool to gather information from the 110 barangay residents and
officials, Local Government Units (LGU), and Cabanatuan City Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Office officers (CCDRRMO) of the city. The
following are some of the findings of the study conducted: a) Cabanatuan City
is vulnerable to flooding; b) heavy and prolonged rainfall, clogged river,
canals, creeks, and streams, lack of preventive infrastructure and facilities,
and poor implementation of waste management system were the possible
leading causes of flooding in Cabanatuan City; and c) the flood prevention
and mitigation initiatives as to control over the river and control over the land
were moderately implemented while other mitigation measures that the City
Government had done were implemented correctly.
Closed Flood Barriers (CFDs) can detect floods and address them by
closing off the structure while maintaining economic efficiency by not using
any form of electricity as studied by Munyaneza et al. (2013) through
extensive and intensive research on the possible flood control methods via
hydraulic structures on Nyabugogo River. The researchers proposed a Self-
Closed Flood Barrier (SCFD) as they have concluded that it is the most
suitable flood control program after analysis on the factors that cause flooding
in Nyabugogo River. The structure was an effective flood control mitigation
structure while maintaining low cost and maintenance properties.
A study by Huang, P.H. (2014) aimed to address the flooding in
Snoqualmie, Washington, in the United States of America. Huang, P.H.
(2014) proposed standard flood control methods such as dry-flood proofing
with box barriers and sandbags. The researcher also proposed two
sustainable and suitable solutions to the flooding in the area through research
 11

and analysis. The proposed methods were restoring floodplain habitats and
detention ponds/bio-swales.
Cipollini et al. (2021) developed a risk framework for design and risk
assessment that is generic, consistent, and structure-based. The framework
linked the hydraulic response of the hydraulic structure with the statistical
distribution of hydrological processes. The researchers used two
methodologies to create and evaluate the framework for flood mitigation on an
offline reservoir, including a reduced routing model and a Monte Carlo
procedure, both of which are based on hydrodynamic simulation.
The study of Abendaño et al. (2020) assessed and analyzed the
Manupali watershed's hydrologic response through flood hazard maps,
hydrologic, and hydraulic models. Through the use of a geographical imaging
system, high-resolution digital elevation model, land cover, and hydro-
meteorological data for the area, the researchers generated a hydrograph
model simulation that concluded that the flooding in nearby communities in
Manupali Watershed caused by the increase in return period of the water in
the area.
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes and presents the methods, procedural

framework, preparation of equipment, and the data and methods to develop
the hydraulic structure's design for flood control in Kalawaig Creek at
Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

This capstone project’s step initially starts defining the problem, which
is the flooding at Kalawaig Creek, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City. The next
course of action is researching legitimate sources regarding the problem. The
third one would be to specify the requirements needed to solve the problem,
which will then lead to evaluating the results gathered to develop a solution to
the problem. See figure 4 below.

Figure 4. The methods in developing a solution

 13

Procedure in the development of the Kalawaig Creek flood control structure.

The researchers used this procedural framework to meet the objective

of this capstone project which is to develop a feasible hydraulic structure
design that, if implemented, will reduce the magnitude of the flood effect in
Kalawaig Creek. The researchers started by conducting a soil investigation,
including soil testing of samples collected in Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. The researchers determined the most appropriate
flood control structure based on the data gathered. This structure must resist
the flow of water and be suitable for the soil type in the area. They estimated
the design's cost. The researchers then summarized all they have learned,
including the data they have gathered to develop the design over the last
eight months, including manuscript writing, final defense, and capstone
project submission. See Figure 5 below.

PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 5. The capstone project procedural steps

 14

Preparation of Equipment

In determining the following results for the soil tests listed in the
procedural framework, ASTM D6913 / D6913M - 17 Standard Test Methods
for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis for
Grade Analysis and ASTM D4318 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit,
Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils for the Atterberg Limits. The
samples were collected from Bongbongon, Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon and tested at Allied Material Testing Laboratories located in Brgy.
Laguitas, Malaybalay City.

Data and Methods

Determination of Maximum Flood Discharge using Rational Formula

Runoff analysis can be performed using a variety of methods. In this
study, the rational formula was used to estimate the flood peak discharge in
Kalawaig Creek. Determinations of the drainage area, time of concentration,
average storm intensity, and rational coefficient which can be seen on Table 1
page 15, are necessary in estimating peak flow. The runoff coefficient can
have a substantial dependence on both the IDF function and the time of
concentration of the catchment, the runoff coefficient can take on values
greater than one, and the peak runoff rate is underestimated by assuming a
constant rainfall intensity of duration equal to the time of concentration (Chin,
2019). The formula for rational method is shown in Eq. 1 below:

(Eq. 1)

Where;
Qactual = maximum flood discharge (m3/s),
c = dimensionless runoff coefficient,
i = rainfall intensity within time tc (mm/hr); and
A = catchment area (km2).
 15

The rainfall intensity is obtained from RIDF of PAGASA Sypnotic Rainfall

Station. The formula is given as shown in Eq 2:

(Eq. 2)

Table 1. Values of “c” for use in rational formula

Surface Value Proposed
Concrete or Asphalt pavement 0.9 – 1.0

Bituminous Macadam and Double Bituminous 0.7 – 0.9

Surface Treatment (Sandy to Clay)

Gravel Surface Road and Shoulder 0.3 – 0.6

Residential Area – City 0.3 – 0.6
Residential Area – Town & Village 0.2 – 0.5
Rocky Surface 0.7 – 0.9
Bare Clay Surface (faces of slips, etc.) 0.7 – 0.9
Forested Land (sandy to clay) 0.3 – 0.5
Flattish Cultivated Areas (not flooded) 0.3 – 0.5
Steeped or Rolling Grassed Areas 0.5 – 0.7
Flooded or Wet Paddies 0.7 – 0.8

Determination of Discharge Capacity using Manning’s Equation

The Manning’s equation is an empirical equation that applies to uniform
flow in open channels. It is a function of the channel velocity, flow area and
channel slope. The values to be used for Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
are shown in Table 2 on the next page. Manning’s Equation is expressed as
given in Eq. 3 below:

(Eq. 3)
 16

Where;
Qcap = discharge capacity (m3/s),
n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (refer to Table 2),
A = Cross-sectional area of flow (m2),
S = Canal gradient; and
R = Hydraulic radius (m) = A/P; (P = wetted perimeter)

To check for the velocity given by Eq. 4:

(Eq. 4)

The value of V should be less than the maximum allowable velocity of

concrete equal to 3.00 m/s as shown in Table 3. Hence, the discharge
capacity can be calculated as Qcap = A x V.

Table 2. Values of Manning’s Coefficient, n

Surface/Description Range
(iii) Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually
steep, trees and brush along banks submerged at high flood:
a. Bottom of gravel, cobbles and few boulders 0.040 – 0.05
b. Bottom of cobbles, with large boulders 0.050 – 0.07

Table 3. Allowable mean velocity

Range of Mean
Material
Velocity (m/s)
Concrete 0.6 – 3.0
Asphalt 0.6 – 1.5
Stone or block masonry 0.6 – 1.8
Dry compact gravel or clay 0.6 – 1.0
Coarse-grained sand or gravelly sandy soil 0.3 – 0.6
Sand or sandy soil with considerable large clay content 0.2 – 0.3
Fine-grained sandy soil or silt 0.1 – 0.2
 17

Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS

The Hydrologic Engineering Centre’s River Analysis System (HEC-
RAS, version 5. 0. 1), a one-dimensional, hydraulic-flow model developed by
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), was used for the study. The
HEC-RAS program was designed specifically for application in floodplain
management and flood-insurance studies to evaluate floodway encroachment
and to simulate estimated flood inundation (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
2006). HEC-RAS uses a number of input parameters for hydraulic analysis of
the stream channel geometry and water flow. These parameters are used to
establish a series of cross-sections along the stream. In each cross-section,
the locations of the stream banks are identified and used to divide into
segments of left floodway, main channel, and right floodway. At each cross-
section, HEC-RAS uses several input parameters to describe shape,
elevation, and relative location. Some of these are the following:
● River station (cross-section) number.
● Lateral and elevation coordinates for each (dry, unflooded) terrain point.
● Left and right bank station locations.
● Reach lengths between the left floodway, stream centerline, and right
floodway of adjacent cross-sections.
● Manning’s roughness coefficients.
● Geometric description of any hydraulic structures, such as bridges,
culverts, and weirs.

HEC-RAS assumes that the energy head is constant across the cross-
section and the velocity vector is perpendicular to the cross-section. After
defining the stream geometry, flow values for each reach within the river
system. The channel geometric description and flow rate values are the
primary model inputs for the hydraulic computations (Eric T. 1998, Islam and
Sado 2000). Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-section,
the goal of the standard step method is to compute the water surface
elevation at the adjacent cross-section (Hicks and Peacock 2005, Jhonson et.
al. 1999).
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Assessment of Water Flow in Kalawaig Creek

The upstream portion of Kalawaig Creek is located in Bongbongon,

Brgy. Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. This area is prone to flooding
especially when there is heavy rainfall. In an interview with CDRRMO,
barangay officials, and residents, the major cause of flooding was continuous
rain with high intensity that would last for hours. Another constituent of the
strong water flow aside from heavy rain are runoffs from the nearby hills and
mountains (e.g. Agnayahon). Kalawaig Creek in Bongbongon is the only body
of water that catches all water runoff that originated from nearby locations of
higher elevation. The researchers also observed improper waste disposal
practiced by the residents living in the area. See Figure 6.

Figure 6. Upper portion of Kalawaig Creek at Station 0+000

 19

Estimating Flood Peak Discharge

The results of the soil tests are presented in Figure 7 in which the soil
in Kalawaig Creek was classified as clayey soil. The maximum flood
discharge or the actual discharge in Kalawaig Creek was calculated using the
rational formula. Based on Table 1 (see page 15), the proposed values for
dimensionless runoff coefficient in the rational formula for forested land
(sandy to clay) is 0.3-0.5 and in this study the value for c used is 0.5. The
value for rainfall intensity within time tc based on the derived equation (refer to
Eq. 2, page 15) from PAGASA is 3.76 mm/hr. The catchment area of 6.58
km2 was determined using QGIS as seen in Figure 8 on the next page. Given
all these values and substituting it to Eq. 1 (see page 14), the maximum flood
discharge is 3.439 m3/sec

Figure 7. Results of Atterberg limits test and sieve analysis

 20

Figure 8. Catchment area of Kalawaig Creek generated using QGIS

Estimating average velocity and discharge capacity

Manning’s equation was used to calculate for the average velocity

and discharge capacity. Based on Table 2 (see page 16), values for
Manning’s Roughness Coefficient “n” for mountain streams, no vegetation in
channel, trees and brush along banks submerged at high flood; bottom of
 21

gravel, cobbles, and few boulders ranges from 0.040 – 0.05 and has an
average value of 0.045. The cross-sectional area of flow is 6.88 m2, canal
gradient is 0.0265 m/m, and the hydraulic radius is 0.69 m. Using Eq. 4 (see
page 16), the velocity is 2.817 m/s which is less than the allowable maximum
velocity for concrete of 3.0 m/s (refer to Table 3, page 16) therefore it is safe.
Given all these values and substituting it to Eq. 3 (see page 15), the discharge
capacity of the structure is 19.367 m3/sec.

Table 4. Summary of design parameters and discharge criteria

DESIGN PARAMETERS
Structure Type Flood Control
Starting Station 0 + 000
Ending Station 0 + 080
Length of Water Course 80.00 m
Highest Point Invert Elevation H1 2.120 m
Lowest Point Invert Elevation H2 0.000
Channel Slope S 0.02650 m/min
Runoff Coefficient c 0.50
Rainfall Intensity (from PAGASA) I 3.76 mm/hr
Drainage Catchment Area A 6.58 km2
Manning's Roughness Coefficient n 0.0450
Designed Depth D 1.00 m
Designed Bottom Width B 7.00 m
Designed Opening Width W 10.00 m
Channel Side Slope θ 56.31 deg
Allowable Maximum Velocity Vmax 3.00 m/s
DISCHARGE CRITERIA
Maximum Flood Discharge Qactual 3.439 m3/s
Discharge Capacity Qcapactiy 19.367 m3/s
Since Qcapacity > Qactual Therefore, the design section is adequate.
 22

Table 4 on the previous page shows the summary of design

parameters and discharge criteria. Based on this criteria, Qcapacity = 19.367
m3/sec is greater than Qactual = 3.439 m3/sec. Therefore, the designed section
with depth = 1m, bottom width = 7m and opening width = 10m as shown in
Figure 8 below, is adequate to carry the estimated actual discharge of 3.439
m3/sec.

Figure 9. Designed section to carry the estimated actual discharge

 23

Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS

The hydraulic analyses of this study were carried out using HEC-RAS
software. The processing step involved exporting to the HEC-RAS software
and introducing the parameters required to run the flood simulation. The first
parameter that was introduced was the one related to the roughness
coefficient (Manning's roughness coefficient), which has been calculated to be
0.045 and is the same for each station in the cross-sections. For hydrological
data, the actual discharge capacity or maximum flood discharge was
calculated to be 3.439 m3/s using the rational formula as expressed in Eq.1
(see page 14). The simulation was computed with steady flow data, and the
boundary condition was set for normal depth with a value of 0.02650 m/min.
The x, y, points corresponding to survey points in the river cross section are
necessary for input in HEC-RAS this cross was generated through AutoCAD
(see Appendix D). This is where we can observe the water level in each
station in a constant flow situation in HEC-RAS. Q and Manning's are two of
the parameters needed to fully achieve the level of water discharged that the
researchers solved using the rational method to get the steady flow of water.
The results of the HECRAS river station were then utilized to build a suitable
design of a flood control structure to help manage the flood in the research
area.
 24

Proposed Hydraulic Structure Design

Based on the data collected through the initial survey, assessment, and
analysis using rational method and HEC-RAS, the researchers came into a
unified consensus to design the final hydraulic flood control structure which is
a compound structure consisting of a levee with gabions and riprap as
retaining wall. It was designed to contain the quantity of water that enters the
creek during instances of heavy rains that is the main cause of flooding in the
said area based on data gathered by the researchers during the initial survey
process.

Figure 10. Final design for flood control structure in Kalawaig Creek

The flood control structure designed by the researchers covers the

entirety of the 80-meter span addressed by the project as seen in Figure 11
on the next page. The structure has a height of 5 meters. It is divided into two
components with one component on each side of the creek. The left side of
the creek is equipped with a levee on the outer side with gabions on the side
facing the creek. The right side of the creek is equipped with a retaining wall
on the outer side with a grouted riprap on the side facing the river. The backfill
to be used in the construction of the hydraulic flood control structure is
composed of supplemental backfill of the same soil type as well as materials
excavated from the riverbed for economic reasons.
 25

Figure 11. Top view of the proposed hydraulic structure with span of 80m

The levee for the left side structure (as shown in Figure 12) is to be
made out of concrete 200 mm thick 12. It is reinforced with 12mmΦ slant and
horizontal bars both spaced at 400mm. It is laid out on the soil backfill with a
layer of gravel in between the two layers for stability and reinforcement. The
face of the levee is equipped with weep holes made from 75mmΦ PVC pipes
and placed on the levee spaced at 2 meters and arranged in a staggered
manner. The crown of the levee is 1m wide and is made out of the same
material as the face of the levee.

Figure 12. Detailed drawing of the left side of the structure

 26

The levee is secured into the ground with a concrete foundation with
dimensions 300mm by 300mm. It is reinforced with 6-16mmΦ horizontal bars
secured by 10mmΦ stirrups spaced at 200mm. See Figure 13.

Figure 13. Detailed drawing of the concrete foundation

The other side of the left structure is made out of 5 layers of 1m by 2m

by 1m gabions (refer to Figure 14). The researchers chose gabions as the
component for this side due to the weight and protection that it provides which
reinforces the structure more. The gabion is made from large rocks enclosed
in a metal cage.

Figure 14. Detailed drawing of the gabion

 27

A thin layer of geotextile fabric is placed between the gabions and the
soil backfill. This is to ensure that no water will pass through the gabion
structure from the river which will decrease the stability of the soil backfill and
the entirety of the structure. See Figure 15.

Figure 15. Detailed drawing of the geotextile fabric between the gabion

and the soil backfill

For the right side of the structure for the flood control structure of the
creek, it is designed to have a retaining wall on the outer side and a grouted
riprap on the creek side. The grouted riprap is designed to be 0.3m thick. It is
placed on the soil backfill after a layer of graded gravel for additional stability
and reinforcement. It is equipped with weep holes made out of 75mmΦ PVC
pipe spaced at 2 meters and staggered every row. See Figure 16.

Figure 16. Detailed drawing of the right side of the structure

 28

The riprap wall is secured with a foundation 400mm by 500mm in

dimension made from concrete (refer to Figure 17). It is placed over a layer of
lean concrete for stability. The foundation is reinforced with 6-16mmΦ
horizontal bars secured with 10mmΦ stirrups spaced at 200mm. The
foundation is attached to the riprap structure with a splice made out of
concrete reinforced with 3-12mmΦ horizontal bars spaced at 400mm.

Figure 17. Detailed drawing of the foundation for the riprap wall

The outer side of this structure is a retaining wall also equipped with
weep holes of the same dimensions as that of the creek side face. It is made
out of concrete 200mm thick and is reinforced with 12mmΦ slant and
horizontal bars both spaced at 400mm. It is equipped with weep holes with
the same dimensions as that of the riprap wall. The entire hydraulic structure
covers the whole span of the study area and has uniform materials used all
throughout the section. See Appendix F.
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the conclusions derived from the findings of this study
on the Hydraulic Structure Design for Flood Control in Kalawaig Creek at
Bongbongon, Barangay Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon are described.
The conclusions were based on the objectives, gathered data, and study
results. The implications of these findings and the resultant recommendations
will also be explained. Recommendations were based on the objectives of the
study.

Conclusion

Based on the results and discussion of the study, the following conclusions
were drawn:
1. The upstream part of Kalawaig Creek is located in Bongbongon, Brgy.
Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon is prone to flooding, especially
during heavy rains. In interviews with CDRRMO, barangay officials and
locals, the main cause of the flood was hours of heavy, continuous
rain. In addition to heavy rainfall, another element of heavy water flow
was the outflow from nearby hills and mountains (e.g., Agnayahon)
since Kalawaig Creek in Bongbongon is the only body of water that
collects all the outflows of water from nearby highlands. It was also
observed by the researchers that the residents are not practicing
proper waste disposal.
2. The discharge capacity, Qcapacity, of the structure equal to 19.367
m3/sec is 82.24% larger compared to the creek’s actual discharge,
Qactual which is equal to 3.439 m3/sec, therefore it is adequate to let a
large volume of water to pass through in the designed area provided
that it does not exceed the discharge capacity of the structure. The
highest water level recorded based on the HEC-RAS hydraulic model
 30

was found at Station 0+080 with its height 0.8m from the river bed, thus
the structure’s NGL was based on that elevation.
3. The researchers had decided to design a levee along the research
scope in Kalawaig Creek. The levee designed has a width of 7 meters
along the river bed and 10 meters across the top of the structure. It has
a height of 5 meters with varying volume of backfill depending on every
station’s bank elevation. The left bank levee has a gabion structure
inside the river and the right bank retaining wall has a grouted riprap on
the inner riverside. The list of items included in the Program Of Works
(POW) are the following; Moving in, site work (clearing and surveying,
earthworks such as structure excavation and embankment), flood
control, slope protection, and drainage structures (reinforcing steel,
gabions, grouted riprap with 0.30m thick), PPE, Billboards, and Site
Office, and finally moving out. The estimated cost of materials, labor
and equipment rental throughout 160 calendar days is Php
7,309,645.11.

Recommendations

From the results and above-mentioned conclusions of the study, the

researchers recommend the following:
1. Future researchers can continue the study and develop a plan to reach
the box culvert.
2. Investigate the soil profile of the study site.
3. Use three-dimensional (3D) hydraulic modeling to predict and visualize
water flow in real-world conditions.
4. Barangay residents and officials should strictly implement the
regulations of Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 that causes clogging of hydraulic structure
which will add to flooding.
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APPENDICES
 34

Appendix A

Itemized Budget
Each group member contributed Php 1,000, for a total budget of Php
6,000, excluding transportation costs. The budget period is from February 21,
2022, to May 15, 2022. The laboratory testing and operations expenses are
listed below (see Table 2), for a total cost of Php 7,457.00. The laboratory test
was performed in Allied Material Testing Lab - Malaybalay Branch.

Laboratory Testing Fee

Test Cost (Php)

Grain Size Analysis 367.00
Atterberg Limits 360.00
Total 727.00

Table 2. Capstone project’s laboratory tests.

Operating Expenses

Cost (Php)
Paper Presentation 470.00
Meal 2,730.00
Field Data Collection 100.00
Transportation 3,000.00
Other Materials 430.00
Total 6,730.00

Table 3. Capstone project’s operating expenses.

Total: 727 + 6,730= Php 7,457.00

 35

Appendix B

Test Result on Sieve Analysis

 36

Test Result on Liquid and Plastic Limit

 37

Appendix C

Letter to Malaybalay City LGU

 38

Letter to City Planning and Development Office

 39

Letter to CDRRMO-Malaybalay
 APPENDIX D

Cross-section and Hydraulic Model generated thorugh AutcoCAD and HEC-RAS

HEC-RAS generated hydraulic model for Station 0+000

AutoCAD generated cross-section for Station 0+000
HEC-RAS generated hydraulic model for Station 0+020
AutoCAD generated cross-section for Station 0+020
HEC-RAS generated hydraulic model for Station 0+040
AutoCAD generated cross-section for Station 0+040
HEC-RAS generated hydraulic model for Station 0+060
AutoCAD generated cross-section for Station 0+060
HEC-RAS generated hydraulic model for Station 0+080
AutoCAD generated cross-section for Station 0+080
 50

APPENDIX E

Program of Works
 51

APPENDIX F

Detailed drawing of development plans

 52

APPENDIX G

Documentation