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Introduction To Statistics

The document provides an overview of statistics and key statistical concepts. It defines statistics, describes descriptive and inferential statistics, and defines key terms like population, sample, and simple random sample. It recommends three textbooks for further reference on probability, statistics, and statistical methods for engineering.

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Ryan Delica
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91 views

Introduction To Statistics

The document provides an overview of statistics and key statistical concepts. It defines statistics, describes descriptive and inferential statistics, and defines key terms like population, sample, and simple random sample. It recommends three textbooks for further reference on probability, statistics, and statistical methods for engineering.

Uploaded by

Ryan Delica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Textbook/References

1. Principles of Statistics for Engineers


and Scientists by William Cyrus
Navidi
2. An introduction to Statistical
Methods and Data Analysis (8th Ed.)
by Lyman R. Ott
3. Introduction to Probability and
Statistics for Science, Engineering,
and Finance by Walter A.
Rosenkrantz
Prepare for the ff. questions:
1. What is Statistics?
2. What is the significance of Statistics in
the engineering profession?
3. Define:
a. Population
b. Sample
c. Simple random sample
Engineering
Probability and
Statistics
STATISTICS
• It is concerned with the
presentation and interpretation
of chance outcomes that occurs
in a planned or scientific
investigation.
STATISTICS

• It is defined as the field of study


concerned with the collection,
analysis, and interpretation of
uncertain data.
TYPES OF DATA

• Numerical data – representing


counts or measurements.

• Categorical data – are data


that can be classified
according to some criterion
and category names are
assigned to the sample items.
TYPES OF DATA
Example:
The table below shows the results of cyclic loading tests
on concrete-filled tubular column to H-beam welded
connections wherein several test specimens were
loaded until failure. Which data are numerical, and
which data are categorical?
STATISTICS

• Any recording of information ,


whether numerical or
categorical is referred to as
an observation.
Statistical Method

• Are those procedures used in


the collection, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation
of data.

• Categorized as:
➢ Descriptive statistics
➢ Inferential statistics
Descriptive Statistics
• Comprises those methods
concerned with collecting and
describing a set of data so as to
yield meaningful information, and;
• in no way draws inferences or
conclusion concerning a large set
of data
Descriptive Statistics
Example...
Suppose that a set of measurements
representing the total precipitation in the
resort area of Lake placid during the month
of July has been recorded for the past 30
years.

Any value describing the data, such as


the average precipitation for July during
the past 30 years or the driest July in the
past 30 years, is a value in the field of
descriptive statistics.
Inferential Statistics
• Inferential Statistics or statistical
inference comprises those
methods concerned with the
analysis of a subset of data
leading to predictions or
inferences about the entire set
of data.
Inferential Statistics
Example:
If the average precipitation for
July in this area was 3.3cm during
the past 30 years and we make a
statement that next July we can
expect between 3.2 to 3.4 cm of
rain, we are generalizing and
thereby placing ourselves in the
field of statistical inference.
Examples:

Classify the statement as


Descriptive or Inferential statistics
1. As a result of recent cutbacks by oil-producing
nations, we can expect the price of gasoline to
double next year.
2. At least 5% of all fires reported last year in a
certain city were deliberately set by arsonists.
3. As a result of a recent poll, most Americans
favor building additional nuclear power plants.
Population
• It is the entire collection of
objects or outcomes about
which information is sought.

• The number of observation in


the population is defined to be
the size of the population.
Sample
• A sample is a subset of a
population, containing the
objects or outcomes that are
actually observed.
• Samples that are representative
of the population.
Sample
• For example, in attempting to determine
the average length of life of a certain
brand of a light bulb, it would be
impossible to test all such bulbs if we are
to have any left to sell. Exorbitant costs
can be a prohibitive factor in studying
the entire population. Therefore, we must
depend on a subset of observations from
the population to help us make
inferences concerning that same
population. This takes us into theory of
sampling.

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