Anexo 1: rephrasing

Page 2: adjectives

Page 3: present perfect

Page 4: past simple; used to; past perfect

Page 5: future time

Page 6: relative sentences

Page 7: modal verbs

Page 8: passive

Page 9: conditions; wishes

Page 10: reported speech

Page 11: reporting verbs

Pages 12, 13, 14: infinitive and gerund

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Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (adjectives)

1. The coffee is too hot to drink.

The coffee is not cold enough to drink.

Nicole can’t join the police force because she’s very short.
Nicole is too short to join the police force.

He is so tired that he cannot go on working.

He is too tired to go on working.

The shoes were so expensive that I didn’t buy them.

The shoes were too expensive for me to buy.

2. He’s a terrible driver.

He drives terribly.

3. She is taller than her brother.

Her brother isn’t as tall as her.

4. Sally behaves better than Sue.

Sue is not as well behaved as Sally
Sue is less well behaved that Sally.

5. She is the quickest typist of all.

No other typist is as quick as her.
She’s quicker than any other typist.

6. The news was shocking to us.

We found the news shocking
We thought the news was shocking.
We were shocked by the news.

7. It was difficult for him to do the crossword.

He had difficulty (in) doing the crossword.
He found it difficult to do the crossword.
He could hardly do the crossword.

8. I’ve never seen such a boring film.

It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
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Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (present perfect)

1. We started working here three years ago.

We have worked here for three years.

They first met ten years ago.

They have known each other for ten years.

2. The last time I saw him was a week ago.

I haven’t seen him for a week.

3. It’s a long time since he (last) called us.

He hasn’t called us for a long time.

4. I’ve never eaten pizza before.

It is the first time I’ve eaten pizza.

5. I’ve never read such a good book.

It’s the best book I’ve ever read.

6. She hasn’t phone yet.

She still hasn’t phoned.

7. I don’t remember Helen’s phone number.

I have forgotten Helen’s phone number.
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Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (past simple + used to + past perfect)

1. When did you last meet him?

When was the last time you met him?

2. I can’t remember when I last laughed so much.

I can’t remember the last time I laughed so much.

3. When did she buy the car?

How long ago did she buy the car?
Ho long is it since she bought the car?

4. Sarah doesn’t have as much free time as when she was single.
Sarah used to have more free time when she was single.

5. Barry finished his homework before the film started.

By the time the film started Barry had finished his homework.
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Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (future time)

1. Have you got any plans for later?

Are you doing anything later?

2. The match starts at 8 p.m.

By 8.15, the match will have started.

Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (relative sentences)

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WHO (used for people); WHICH (used for things and animals); WHEN (used for time reference); WHERE (used for place reference)

1. Mr Jones is the doctor. He helped my father.

Mr Jones is the doctor who helped my father.

2. That’s the hotel. We stayed there.

That’s the hotel where we stayed.

3. The building where I work caught fire yesterday.

The building in which I work caught fire yesterday.
The buidling I work in caught fire yesterday.

THAT replaces who or which. Who, that or which can be OMITTED. (when there is a noun or pronoun between
the relative pronoun and the verb)

4. The clock does not work. I bought it yesterday

The clock (which / that) I bought yesterday does not work.

WHOSE (expresses possession)

5. The castle appears in this tale. Its towers are so old.

The castle whose towers are so old appears in this tale.

6. I wonder who owns this car.

I wonder whose car this is.

Relative sentences with PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

7. I didn’t get the job. I applied for it.

I didn’t get the job which I applied for.

COMMAS (extra information, not essential information)

8. Mr Jones is very popular in the school. He teaches science.

Mr Jones, who teaches science, is very popular in the school.

REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

9. The woman drinking tea over there is my mother.

The woman who is drinking tea over there is my mother

MORE EXAMPLES

10. She inherited some money; she gave most of it to charity.

She inherited some money, most of which she gave to charity.

Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (modal verbs)

1. It isn’t necessary (for you) to do the ironing today.

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There’s no need to do the ironing today.

You don’t have to do the ironing today.
You don’t need to do the ironing today. (don’t need to = needn’t)

2. It wasn’t necessary for her to buy a dress for the party.

She didn’t have to buy a dress for the party.
She didn’t need to buy a dress for the party.
(We don’t know if she bought one)

3. It wasn’t necessary for the watchman to leave all the lights on, but he did.
The watchman needn’t have left all the lights on.

4. Was it necessary for Ann to leave the party that early?

Did Ann have to leave the party that early?

5. You are allowed to smoke outside.

You can smoke outside.

6. You are not allowed to smoke in hospitals.

It is forbidden to smoke in hospitals.
You mustn’t smoke in hospitals.

7. Would you mind if I used your phone?

May / Might I use your phone?

8. I’ll carry that bag for you.

Would you like me to carry that bag for you?

9. Perhaps / It’s possible that she is living in Rome. (probably)

She may be living in Rome. (may = might)

10. He will probably pass his driving test.

He is likely to pass his driving test.
It is likely that he will pass his driving test.

11. You’d better stop smoking. (You’d better = you had better)
It would be a good idea for you to stop smoking.
You should stop smoking.
If I were you, I would stop smoking.
I advise you to stop smoking.

You should talk to your mother about it.

It’s time you talked to your mother about it
It’s time for you to talk to your mother about it.

12. Let’s go shopping in town.

What about going shopping in town?

13. I didn’t tell Ann about it and I regret it.

I should have told Ann about it.

14. I’m sure she’s sleeping.

She must be sleeping.

15. I’m sure she hasn’t left.

She can’t have left.

Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (passive)

1. They served dinner.

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Dinner was served.

2. Who wrote Romeo and Juliet?

Who was Romeo and Juliet written by?

3. They are serving dinner.

Dinner is being served.

4. They have served dinner.

Dinner has been served.

5. They had served dinner.

Dinner had been served.

6. They will serve dinner.

Dinner will be served.
(will, can, could, may, might, would, should, ought to, have to, must, used to)

7. They will have served dinner by 23.00.

Dinner will have been served by 23.00

8. They are going to serve dinner.

Dinner is going to be served.

9. I don’t like people shouting at me.

I don’t like being shouted at.

10. They offered me a good job.

I was offered a good job.
A good job was offered to me.
(ask, give, lend, offer, order, pay, send, show, teach, tell)

11. She insisted that the chidren (should) tidy their room
She made the children tidy their room.
The chidren were made to tidy their room.

12. They say that this house dates back to the 12th century.
It is said that this house dates back to the 12 th century.
This house is said to date back to the 12th century.
(say, believe, consider, expect, hope, know, report, suppose, think, understand)

People believe that this sword belonged to King Arthur.

It is believed that this sword belonged to King Arthur.
This sword is believed to have belonged to King Arthur.

13. They want someone to clean the windows. (A professional person does some work for us; we
arrange for someone to do something for us)
They want to have the windows cleaned.

David arranged for the builder to build a shed. = David had a shed built.

14. Someone broke into his house. (Unpleasant things, accidents, misfortunes)
He had his house broken into = His house was broken into.

15. You need to have your hair cut

Your hair needs cutting.

16. Anna’s birthday is on 24th November = Anna was born on 24th November.
Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (conditions + wishes)
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1. If you come home early, we’ll go to the cinema.

We’ll go to the cinema as long as you come home early.
We’ll go to the cinema provided that you come home early.

2. If you don’t study, you’ll fail the test.

Unless you study, you´ll fail the test.

3. Eat your soup; otherwise you can’t have any dessert.

If you don’t eat your soup, you can’t have any dessert.

4. Take your umbrella; it might rain later.

Take an umbrella in case it rains later.

5. You’d better go home. (You’d better = you had better)

If I were you, I would go home.
He advised me to go home.
You should go home

6. I only go to work because I need the money.

If I didn’t need the money, I wouldn’t go to work.

7. I need the money; that’s why / , so I go to work.

If I didn’t need the money, I wouldn’t go to work.

8. She went home early because she was exhausted.

If she hadn’t been exhausted, she wouldn’t have gone home early.

9. She was exhausted; that’s why / , so she went home early.

If she hadn’t been exhausted, she wouldn’t have gone home early.

10. I am sorry that I can’t help you.

I wish I could help you. (I wish = if only)

11. I am sorry I didn’t work hard enough last year.

I wish I had worked hard enough last year.

12. I regret having hit the dog on the head. (= I regret hitting the dog…)
I wish I hadn’t hit the dog on the head.
I shouldn’t have hit the dog on the head.

Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (reported speech)

 Quotation marks disappear.

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 Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change.

 Demonstrative pronouns change.
 Adverbs of time and place change.
 Verbs change

statements

1. “I need some help,” she said.

She said that she needed some help.

2. “I wrote two letters to her,” he said.

He said that he had written two letters to her.

3. “I must leave,” he said.

He said that he had to leave.

4. “I’ll see you here tomorrow,” Sue said to me.

Sue said that she would see me there the next day.
Sue said to me that...
Sue told me that...

Other introductory verbs: agree (estar de acuerdo en que), claim, complain, deny, exclaim,
inform, promise, recommend, suggest

questions

5. “Where do you live?” he asked.

He asked where I lived.

6. “Do you live in Athens?” He asked

He asked if I lived in Athens.

7. Other introductory verbs: wonder, want to know, enquire

Remember: whether = if

commands / orders (órdenes)

8. “Write this story again!” the editor said to the new reporter.
The editor told the new reporter to write the story again.

requests (peticiones)

“Will you take the photos back to the office?” the photographer said to his assistant.
“Would you mind taking the photos back to the office?” the photographer said to his assistant.
“Could you take the photos back to the office?” the photographer said to his assistant.

9. “Will you take the photos back to the office?” the photographer said to his
assistant.
The photographer asked his assistant to take the photos back to the office.

Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (reported speech, other reporting verbs)

1. “You stole my purse, Jill!” said Paula.
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Paula accused Jill of stealing (having stolen) her purse.

2. “Yes, I gave your secret away,” she said.

She admitted (to) giving away my secret.
She admitted that she had given away my secret.

3. “You should see a lawyer.” = “If I were you, I would see a lawyer.” = You’d better…
She advised me to see a lawyer.

4. “Yes, I’ll help you.”

He agreed to help me. (agree to do something = quedar en hacer algo)
“Yes, it was a very dull lecture,” she said.
She agreed that it had been a very dull lecture. (agree = reconocer)

5. “I’m sorry I didn’t send you the letter”, she said

She apologized for not sending me the letter.

6. “Please, please don’t hurt her.”

He begged me not to hurt her. (beg = suplicar)

7. “Well done for getting a place at university,” Jordan said to me.

Jordan congratulated me on / for getting a place at university.

8. “No, I didn’t steal the company’s money,” the manager said.

The manager denied stealing (having stolen) the company’s money.
The manager denied that he had stolen the company’s money.

9. “You simply must let me pay for the meal,” he said.

He insisted on paying for the meal.
“You must apply for the teaching post,” he said to me.
He insisted on me (my) applying for the teaching post.
“I’m absolutely sure that I gave you the keys, Sarah.”
Simon insisted that he had given Sarah the keys.

10. “Would you like to come to Paris with me?” he said to her
He invited her to go to Paris with him.

11. “Shall I open the door?” (Would you like...?)

He offered to open the door.
“Let me carry that bag for you, Amy.”
Steve offered to carry Amy’s bag.

12. “Leave the cat alone!”

She ordered me to leave the cat alone.

13. “Of course, I’ll pay you.” (honestly)

He promised to pay me.
“I’ll never forget our anniversary again,” he said.
He promised that he would never forget their anniversary again.

14. “Perhaps it would be better to go out in the afternoon”, Sharon’s mother said.
Sharon’s mother recommended that we went out in the afternoon.
She recommended going out in the afternoon.
Sharon’s mother recommended us to go out in the afternoon.

15. “No. I won’t go with you.”

He refused to go with us. (refuse = negarse)

16. “Remember to ring Ann.” = “Don’t forget to ring Ann.”

She reminded me to ring Ann.

17. “Why don’t you call me tomorrow?” he said.

He suggested that I called him the following day.
“Let’s order a pizza.” (Why don’t we...?)
He suggested ordering a pizza.
He suggested that we order a pizza.

18. “Stop crying or I’ll punish you.”

He threatened to punish me if I didn’t stop crying.

19. “Don’t go near the rocks.”

He warned me not to go near the rocks. (warn = advertir, avisar)
Anexo 1 _ Rephrasing (infinitive + gerund)
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1. Smoking is not allowed here.

They do not allow anyone to smoke here.
It is not allowed to smoke here.

2. Dad didn’t allow me to drive his car.

Dad didn’t let me drive his car.

3. I’d rather stay in tonight.

I’d prefer to stay in tonight.

I would rather not see this film.

I would prefer not to see this film.
I don’t really want to see this film.

Sarah prefers to ski rather than ice-skate.

Sarah prefers skiing to ice-skating.

4. Remember to post this letter.

Don’t forget to post this letter.

5. Temperature is measured by a thermometer.

A thermometer is for measuring temperature.

Infinitive & gerund

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1. In the end, Laura chose to study Economics.

2. She ordered me not to switch on the TV.
3. The company finished doing safety tests.
4. If you don’t leave immediately, you risk not catching your plane.

When one verb follows another, the second verb can be the –ing form (=gerund) or the to-
infinitive. It depends on the first verb.

Verb + to-infinitive

Verb + object + to infinitive

• Encourage (animar)
• Force (obligar)
• Invite
• Order (ordenar)
• Persuade (convencer)
• Remind (recordar)
• Teach
• Tell
• Warn (advertir, avisar)

Verb (+ object) + to infinitive

• Ask (pedir)
• Beg (suplicar)
• Expect (esperar)
• want

We wanted to stay longer.

We wanted them to stay longer.

Verb + -ing
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Other uses

• To-infinitive is also used:

• After adjectives
• To express purpose
• After too & enough (the little girl was not tall enough to
reach the shelf)
• -ing is also used:
• As the subject of the sentence
• After prepositions
• Infinitive without to is used:
• After modal verbs
• After make (the way you make me feel)

remember, forget, regret

• She never remembers to turn off the computer after work.
(the act of remembering comes before the main activity)

• She remembers visiting Africa for the first time.

(the act of remembering comes after the main activity)

stop
• We stopped to look at the view. (in order to)
• John has stopped learning French. (stop = finish)

When you learn a new verb, check in a dictionary to see whether it is followed
by the –ing form or an infinitive with or without to.