Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

Name: Rahul Kumar

Group Members: W Kumar
Manish Jangir

HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMODYNAMICS LAB

Experiment No.: 3

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

2022
Date: 27 October
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

AIM:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and study the effect of fluid
velocity on the heat transfer coefficient.

APPARATUS:

THEORY:

The shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) are a type of heat exchanger used in a vast
industrial and chemical process; that’s why its design is typical and highly developed.
Figure1 illustrates a conventional shell-and-tube heat exchanger as a shell with stationary
heads at each end. A guide rod and baffle spacers are fastened to tube sheets inside the shell
at each end of the exchanger to support the baffles and tubes. Two major types of STHE
depend upon the number of inlets and outlets for shell-side and tube-side flows. If there is
one inlet and one outlet for both hot and cold fluid flows called single-pass STHE; otherwise,
it has called multi-pass STHE. The baffles number inside the shell increases the efficiency of
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

the STHE. The baffles disturb the fluid flow, and the flow tends to be turbulent and increases
the heat transfer per unit of time.

[1] Figrue1: - Shell and tube heat exchanger

If the flow direction in the shell and tube heat exchangers are the same, then be called parallel
flow. If the flow direction is opposite, it is known as counter flow. In the shell and tube heat
exchanger, the hot fluid flow inside the tube, and cold fluid flow outside the tube (inside the
shell). The hot fluid is more viscous as compared to the cold fluid. If the hot fluid flows
outside the tube, it damages both the tube and the shell. So, the hot fluid flow inside the tube
damage only the tube.

[2] Figure2: - Flow inside shell and tube heat exchanger

 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

When fluid enters the plate, it disperses on the plate, providing more surface area for heat
exchange. In this experiment, the co-current flow means the hot and cold fluid flow in the
same direction. (See in the figure2)

Heat Transfer Correlation: -

Generally, heat transfer for a fluid flow on the fixed solid surface is expressed with the help
of a dimensionless term called Nusselt number. Nu denotes it.

𝑁𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒, 𝑃𝑟)

and Nusselt number expressed as

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ ℎ𝐿

𝑁𝑢 = = =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘/𝐿 𝑘

Where ℎ is the convective heat transfer coefficient of the flow, 𝐿 is the characteristic length,
and 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity of the fluid.

For a fluid flow over a fixed surface, the heat transfer profile or temperature profile is the
only function of 𝑅𝑒 and 𝑃𝑟.

𝑁𝑢 = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑅𝑒 𝑎 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 𝑏

The value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 depends on the flow rate of the fluid, i.e., on the laminar and turbulent
flow. The heat transfer coefficient can be calculated from the overall heat transfer coefficient
U, which is given by
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

1 1 1 ∆𝑥
= + +
𝑈 ℎ ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Where, ℎ is the hot fluid heat transfer coefficient and ℎ𝑜 Is the cold fluid heat transfer
coefficient, the thermal conductivity of the metal plate used in STHE, is 𝑘𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 And ∆𝑥 is
∆𝑥
the thickness of the plate. The material of a heat exchanger is fixed means is
𝑘𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

constant for STHE. If the flow rate of cold fluid is fixed, then the resistance due to cold fluid
remains almost constant. Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient will only depend upon the
value of the hot fluid heat transfer coefficient. Then the above equation can be written as

1 1 𝑚
= +𝐶 = 𝑎+𝐶
𝑈 ℎ 𝑢

1
Where C is constant. The intercept of the plot of𝑈 𝑣𝑠 1/𝑢𝑎 will provide the value of C, which

is then used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient from the above equation.

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the hot fluid pump to a specified flow rate, and then gauge the hot fluid's
temperature differential between intake and outflow.
2. Adjust the dual temperature indicator cum controller to the desired temperature for the
incoming hot fluid. The ideal setpoint range is between 60 and 80 ºC.
3. Provide the plate heat exchanger with a minimum of 100 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 cooling water
supply. This will guarantee a temperature difference of at least 2-3 ºC. Throughout the
experiment, maintain this flow rate.
4. Turn on the heater's power source and scream until the hot liquid reaches a
temperature of the set point temperature (60 to 80 ºC).
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

5. Alter the hot fluid circulation pump's speed to modify the pace at which hot fluid
flows through the heat exchanger. Only after reaching a steady state should this step
be performed.
6. We must close the valve below the predetermined volume container for a specific
height to measure the oil flow rate. We can determine the velocity of the heated fluid
and its volumetric flow rate by timing how long it takes to reach a given height.
7. Carry out step 6 a minimum of six more times.

OBSERVATIONS:

Specification of heat exchanger:

1. Shell side:
• Inside diameter of shell (D) = 5 𝑐𝑚
• Baffle spacing = 5 𝑐𝑚
• Number of tube passes = 1
2. Tube side:
• Number of tubes (N) = 19
• Inside diameter of tube (d) = 0.3 𝑐𝑚
• Pitch (triangular) = 0.8 𝑐𝑚
• Length (L) = 22 𝑐𝑚
3. Area of measurement flask = 42.17 𝑐𝑚2
4. Distance between two marked points = 25 𝑐𝑚

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TEST FLUID

1. Density (𝜌) = 0.835 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

𝐾𝐶𝑎𝑙 1000∗𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑙
2. Specific heat (𝐶𝑝 ) = 0.648 = 0.648 = 0.648
𝑘𝑔 ºC 1000∗𝑔 ºC 𝑔 ºC

𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙 1000∗ 𝐶𝑎𝑙 10−4 𝑐𝑎𝑙

3. Thermal conductivity (𝑘) = 0.109 ℎ𝑟 𝑚 ºC = 0.109 3600 𝑠∗100 𝑐𝑚 ºC = 3.02 ∗ 𝑠 𝑜𝐶
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

4. Viscosity (𝜇) = 2.94 𝑐𝑝

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Mass
Time flowrate
Required to Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet through
fill a fixed Volumetric temperature temperature temperature temperature single
Obs. volume Flowrate of hot fluid of hot fluid of cold fluid of cold fluid channel
No. (𝜽), 𝒔 (𝒗), 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 (𝑻𝟏 ), ºC (𝑻𝟐 ), ºC (𝑻𝒄𝟏 ), ºC (𝑻𝒄𝟐 ), ºC (𝒎̇), 𝒌𝒈/𝒉𝒓
1 2.77 152.24 76 72.3 26.7 28.7 457.63

2 3.54 119.12 78.4 74.2 26.7 28.7 358.09

3 4.48 94.13 78.4 73.7 26.7 28.7 282.95

4 5.29 79.72 77.2 72.5 26.7 28.5 239.63

5 7.1 59.39 76.7 71.7 26.7 28.5 178.54

6 9.9 42.60 74.5 68.5 27 28.5 128.04

CALCULATION:

𝜋𝑑2 3.14∗ 0.32

1. Cross-sectional area of tube (𝑆) = = = 0.09 ∗ 4.4 = 0.071 𝑐𝑚2
4 4

2. Heat transfer area (𝐴𝑖 ) = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑁 = 3.14 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 22 ∗ 19 = 393.96 𝑐𝑚2

𝐶𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑃 𝜇 0.648 ∗ 2.94 𝑐𝑝
𝑔 ºC
3. Prandtl number of hot fluid (𝑃𝑟 ) = = 10−4 𝑐𝑎𝑙
= 6308.34
𝑘 3.02∗
𝑠 𝑜𝐶

𝑉
5. Volumetric flow rate (𝑣) = 𝜃

3600
6. Mass flow rate of the hot fluid (𝑚̇) = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌 1000

𝑣
7. Velocity of hot fluid through single tube (𝑢) = 𝑆∗𝑁

8. Amount of heat transferred: 𝑄 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝 ∗ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

9. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD):

10. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD):

(𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) − (𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 )

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
(𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 )
𝑙𝑛 ( )
(𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 )
𝑄
11. Overall heat transfer coefficient (𝑈𝑖 ) = 𝐴 ∗𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
𝑖

̇
12. 𝑎 = slope of plot of 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝑼𝒊 ) 𝑣𝑠 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒎)
𝟏
13. ℎ𝑜 will be obtained from intercept of plot of 𝑼 𝑣𝑠 𝒎̇𝒂
𝒊

1 1
14. ℎ𝑜 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 2.19∗10^−5 = 45662.1

1 1 1
15. ℎ = 𝑈 − ℎ
𝑖 𝑖 𝑜

𝐷∗𝑢∗𝜌
16. Reynold's Number: 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

ℎ𝑖 ∗𝐷
16. 𝑁𝑢 = = 0.17 ∗ 𝑅𝑒 𝑎 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 = 0.37
𝑘

𝑁𝑢 ∗𝑘
17. ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS RESULTS

Obs. Overall heat

Amount of
No. transfer
heat 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒅
(𝒉𝒊 )
coefficient
transferred LMTD Reynold's
𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍
(𝑸), 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒉𝒓 (∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 ), ℃ (𝑼𝒊 ), 𝒉𝒓 𝒎𝟐 ℃ 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑼𝒊 ) 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒎̇) number 𝒉𝒓 𝒎𝟐 ℃
1 1056.57 46.42 2079.92183458 3.31805 2.66051 160.2585 197.9929
2 938.48 48.56 1765.93681791 3.24698 2.55399 125.4000 170.8974
3 829.85 48.30 1569.96955498 3.19589 2.45171 99.0884 148.3784
4 702.78 47.10 1363.50572683 3.13466 2.37954 83.9161 134.2963
5 557.04 46.44 1096.07228063 3.03984 2.25173 62.5234 112.5596
6 479.39 43.71 1002.27501261 3.00099 2.10736 44.8400 92.2054
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

GRAPH:

1. Plot the graph of 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑼𝒊 ) 𝒗𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒎̇).

1 1
2. Plot the graph of 𝑼 𝒗𝒔 (𝒎̇)
𝒊
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

RESULT:

The slop of graph of 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑼𝒊 ) 𝒗𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒎̇) = 𝟎. 𝟔

Waterside heat transfer coefficient (𝒉𝒐 ) = 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟐. 𝟏

CONCLUSIONS:
• Reynold's number increases as we increase the flow rate of hot fluid (See in the
calculation table). It is happening because as the flow rate increases, the flow tends to
be turbulent from the laminar.
• With the increasing flow rate of hot liquid, the heat transfer increases because the
amount of hot fluid passed on the surface of the Tube has increased per unit of time.
• With increasing flow rate, the overall heat transfer coefficient is also increasing, so
we can say that heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient are directly proportional. In
other words, the amount of heat transfer and overall heat transfer coefficient is
directly proportional to the volumetric flow rate of hot fluid.
• The outlet temperature of the cold stream increases more quickly with a larger flow
rate of the hot stream because the amount of heat transfer has increased.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:

[3] The simple design of a shell and tube heat exchanger makes it the best cooling solution
and heat stabilizer for various applications. Also, the chemical process which requires higher
pressure could be quickly done in shell and tube heat because the smaller diameter of the
tube provides higher pressure. Some applications of shell and tube heat exchangers are the
following: -
• They can be used to chill or heat other mediums, such as swimming pool water or
charged air, with the correct choice of materials.
• One of the most popular applications is the cooling of hydraulic fluids, Chemicals,
and oils.
 Heat Transfer In shell and tube heat Exchanger

• Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically simple to maintain and clean, especially
in models with a floating tube bundle.

REFERENCES:

[1] [Link]
[Link]

[2] [Link]
6291a81011f2/79946581-ff9d-46e2-9034-50283f9678b1/FullHD/labeled-diagram-of-shell-
[Link]

[3] [Link]
[Link]

[Link]