1. Origin of paddy: south east Asia/indo Burma.

2. Botanical name of rice: oryza sativa

3. Family of Rice: gramineae/poaceae
4. Chromosome number in rice: 2n=24
5. Inflorescence of rice: panicle, which has 6 stamens.
6. Orzya sativa is evolve from oryza nivara (2n=48)
7. Oryza sativa genome : AA
8. Rice is considered as Stable food of Asia.
9. Maximum hybrid rice cultivated in china.
10. Water requirement in rice for overall growth: 1250 mm.
11. 5000 littre water requirement to produce 1 kg rice.
12. Oryza sativa has 3 varietal types:
13. Indica: grown in india, also called tropical rice
14. Japonica : grown in japan, also called subtropical rice
15. Javanica : grown in indonasia, wild rice
16. Lodging does not occur in japonica spp of rice.
17. Rice contains about 70% carbohydrate and 6-7% protein.
18. Rice protein is called oryzein.
19. Protein percentage in rice bran 12-15%
20. Critical stage for irrigation- booting stage.
21. Rice field submerged in 5 cm deep water.
22. Test weight of rice 25 gm and basmati rice 21gm.
23. Fruit type is caryopsis.
24. Lemma & palea is called hull.
25. Stem of rice called as clum.
26. Rice is a self pollinated crop, C3 and short day crop.
27. Climate for rice: hot and humid.
28. Rice provides about 22 per cent of the world’s supply of calories and
17% of the proteins.
29. In kharif, dry nursery of rice gives higher yields compared to wet
nursery.
30. Lysine content in rice- 4 %
31. Seed multiplication ratio: 1:80 (Varieties)
1:100 (Hybrids)
32. Temperature for rice cultivation-

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 33. Minimum/base : 10-12⁰C
34. Optimum : 30-32⁰C
35. Maximum : 38-40⁰C
36. Average temp : 21-37⁰C
37. Blooming temp : 26.5-29.5⁰C
38. For ripening : 20-25⁰C
39. Panicle initiation : 20-22⁰C
40. clay loam is best for rice cultivation
41. 4-6 or 5.5-6.5, both are suitable for rice cultivation.
42. CRRI : central rice research institute, cuttack ( Orissa) 23 april 1946
43. IRRI : international rice research institute, los banos, phillippines,
1960
44. Dehusked rice is called as brown rice.
45. 18% silicon is found in hull of rice.
46. Rice bran oil percentage: 18-20%.
47. Fat percentage in rice: 2-2.5%.
48. Polishing percentage in rice: 2%
49. Hulling percentage in rice: 66%
50. Husk percentage in rice: 33%
51. Milling percentage in rice: 50-55%
52. Harvesting index of rice: 0.40
53. The gene responsible for dwarfness is Dee-Gee-Woo-gene.
54. IR-8 = dee-gee-woo-gene x peta.
55. IR-8 introduced in India in 1966.
56. TN-1 variety introduced in india by G. V. Ghalam from international
rice research institute in 1964.
57. Jaya = TN-1 X T-141 (miracle rice).
58. Aroma in rice is due to 2-Acetyl-1 Pyrroline.
59. IW/CPE for rice crop-1.20
60. Gap filling is done in paddy field 7-10 days after transplanting.
61. Seed rate of rice-
62. In Broad casting: 100 kg/ha.
63. In Drilling method: 60 kg/ha.
64. Dapog method: 1.5-3.0 kg/m2.
65. SRI / Medagasker method: 6-7 kg/ ha.

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 66. Hybrid rice: 15 kg/ha.
67. Spacing for rice planting-
68. Transplanting : 20 x 10 cm
69. Hybrid : 20 x 15 cm
70. SRI/ medagasker : 8 x 8 inch / 25 x 25 cm
71. Nursery area for rice planting:
72. Wet method: 1:10 m2
73. SRI method: 1: 100 m2
74. Dapog method: 1:250 m2
75. Seedlings become ready to transplant:
76. Kharif : 20-25 day after sowing
77. Rabi : 30-35 day after sowing
78. Depog : 12-14 day after sowing
79. SRI method : 10-12 day after sowing
80. Depog method is a soil less method which is introduced from manila
Philippines.
81. SRI method from Madagascar, Developed by hennary di leley in 1980,
Firstly adopted by TNAU in India.
82. Hulling: removal of hull.
83. Puddling: it is a process of destruction of soil aggregates by
mechanical force in soil with excessive moisture content and reduced
the percolation loss.
84. Milling : polishing of rice ( thus loss of Vit-B)
85. Parboiling : hydrothermal process (treated by hot water) for
conservation of Vit-B12
86. Bushing: Ploughing on field after direct sowing for getting suitable no.
of plants.
87. NPK ratio for rice – 120:60:60
88. Rice uptake nitrogen in both from- ammonia and nitrate.
89. NH4 released from paddy field.
90. Respiration in rice plant by aeren chyma cell.
91. Nitrogen use efficiency in rice 30-40%.
92. Nitrogen fixation by BGA in rice field 20-25 kg/ha.
93. Hybrid rice Developed by Y.L. Ping in 1970 at china.
94. Hybrid rice introduced in india-1994.

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 95. Super rice Developed by G.S. Khush.
96. Lunishree variety is known as super rice.
97. Khaira disease in rice caused by Zn deficiency.
98. It first reported by Y.L. Nene in 1966 at pantnagar.
99. Managed by Znso4 0.5%
100. Khaira disease also called iron rust.
101. Browning in rice caused by iron toxicity.
102. Phalguna variety of rice is tolerance to iron toxicity.
103. White eye disease in rice caused by iron deficiency.
104. Origin of maize: Mexico
105. Botanical name of maize: Zea Mays
106. Family of maize: gramineae/poaceae
107. Chromosome number of maize: 2n=20
108. Maize is C4 plant and non-tiller plant.
109. Maize is a cross pollinated crop due to protoandry.
110. Protein in maize is called zein(10%)
111. Oil percentage in maize- 4%.
112. Germination type of maize– hypogeal type.
113. White bud in maize caused by zinc deficiency.
114. Male part is known as tessel and female part is known as silk.
115. Removal of male part is known as De-tesseling.
116. Maize is an indicator plant for Zn deficiency.
117. Maize is a back bone of America.
118. Bihar is a leading state in rabi maize.
119. In maize yellow colour due to crypto-xanthin.
120. Maize is known as queen of cereals.
121. Opaque-2 gene presents in quality protein maize (QPM) varieties.
122. Water requirement in maize: 600-800 mm.
123. Maize is a short day plant.
124. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) established the first
Coordinated Crop Improvement Project on maize (CCIPM) in 1957. In
1963 it was renamed as All Indian Coordinated Maize Improvement
Project (AICMIP).
125. It was further upgraded to Directorate of Maize Research (DMR) in
January 1994. On 9th February, 2015 DMR was upgraded to ICAR-

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 Indian Institute of Maize Research (ICAR-IIMR) to further
consolidate the maize research programme in the country. The
headquarters of ICAR-IIMR was shifted from New Delhi to Ludhiana in
2016.
126. Seed multiplication ratio of maize: 1:80 (Varieties)
1:100 (Hybrids)
127. Flint corn (Zea Mays indurata) cultivated in India.
128. About 95% of production in USA is dent corn (Zea mays indentata).
129. Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) is a sweetest among all corn.
130. Pop corn (Zea mays everta) When heated to 170°C, the grain swellsand
burst and turning inside out. At this temperature, the water held in
the starch turns to steam andthe pressure causes the explosion.
131. Seed rate for maize-
132. Composite variety: 15-20 kg/ha.
133. Kharif: 15-20 kg/ha.
134. Baby corn: 25 kg /ha.
135. Hybrid: 20-25 kg/ha.
136. Fodder maize: 40-45 kg/ha.
137. Origin of wheat: south west Asia
138. Botanical name of wheat: Triticum astivum ( bread wheat)
139. Family of wheat: Gramineae/poaceae
140. Chromosome number of wheat: 2n=42
141. Basic chromosome num of wheat: 7
142. Wheat is a C3, self pollinated, long day plant.
143. Cool and moist weather loving crop.
144. Ph for wheat cultivation: 6 to 7.5
145. Wheat is a Staple food of world.
146. Wheat is known as King of cereals.
147. Wheat and mustard intercropping ratio 9:1
148. Harvesting index of wheat: 40-50%
149. Spacing for wheat sowing: 22.5 x 10 cm
150. Germination type in wheat: hypogeal.
151. Fruit type of wheat: caryopsis.
152. Inflorescence of wheat: head/ear/spike.
153. Zigzag axis called as Rachis.

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 154. Spikelets are composed flower called florats.
155. Water requirement in wheat: 500- 600mm.
156. Number of irrigation required in wheat: 6.
157. IW/CPE ratio of wheat:0.90
158. wheat storage moisture percentage : 10-12%
159. Moisture content at harvesting stage in wheat: 25-30%
160. Shelling percentage of wheat : 60%
161. Triticale is a man made cereal which is cross of wheat x rye ( by
rimpu,swidon,1875).
162. Gene found in wheat – Rht-1,2.
163. First variety of triticale is DT-46.
164. Larma rojo all three rust of wheat resistant variety.
165. Seed multiplication ratio of wheat: 1:20
166. Goojo method is used for production of hybrid seed in wheat.
167. Indian institute of wheat and barley research, karnal, Haryana (1965*)
168. Seed rate for wheat sowing-
169. Dibbling method: 25-30 kg/ha.
170. Normal sowing: 100 kg/ha.
171. Late sowing: 125 kg/ha.
172. Temperature for wheat cultivation-
173. Mimimum/base : 4⁰C
174. Optimum : 20-22⁰C
175. Maximum : 32⁰C
176. Temperature for vegetative stage is 16-22ºC. Temperature above 22ºC
decreases the plant height.
177. Sowing depth of wheat: 3-4cm
178. Tall wheat sowing depth: 8-9 cm
179. Test weight of wheat is 40 gm and phalaris minor 2 gm.
180. Critical stage for irrigation is CRI after 21 DAS. Discovered by B.L.
Bhardwaj.
181. Objectional weed of wheat: convolvulus arvensis.
182. Absolute weed of wheat: Chenopodium album (bathua).
183. Norin- 10 is dwarfing gene in wheat which is discovered by Dr. N.E.
Boulaug in 1962.

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 184. Phalaris minor is a mimicary weed of wheat. Earlier controlled by
isoproturon, now a days it is controlled by solfosulforen.
185. Common herbicide for wheat is 2, 4-D.
186. Bio-fertilizer use in wheat: Azotobacter (Non-symbiotically)
187. Triticum. aestivum (2n=42): Mexican dwarf wheat, 87% area covered
by T. aestivum, evolved by Dr. N.E. Borlaug. It is also called as Bread
wheat. Most suited for chapati and bakery. It is cultivated throughout
India
188. T. vulgare (2n=42): tall wheat for rainfed condition, typical wheat for
alluvial soil.
189. T. durum (2n=28): Marconi wheat, best for drought condition, used for
suji purpose, covered 12% of total wheat. It is best suited for
preparation of noodles, vermicelli, etc.
190. T. dicocum (2n=28): emmer wheat called as winter / spring wheat,
used for uppumav purpose, mainly grown in south india, only 1 %
covered of total wheat area.
191. T. spherococum (2n=14) : Indian dwarf wheat
192. T. monococum (2n=14): Einkon wheat
193. Seminal roots of wheat: temporary and responsible for nourishment to
plant in early stage.
194. Crown roots of wheat: permanent and appeared after tillering
stage(20-22 DAS)
195. Critical phases of wheat for irrigation are:
196. CRI: 20-25 DAS
197. Second most critical stage: Flowering
198. Third important stage: jointing and milk stages
199. Problematic mono-cot weeds of wheat are: Phalaris minor – (Canary
grass), Avena fatua (Wild oat), Polypogan monspliensis.
200. Origin of barley: south east Asia
201. Botanical name of barley: Hordeum vulgare
202. Family of barley: gramineae/poaceae
203. Chromosome number of barley: 2n=14
204. Barley mostly used in the malt production.
205. Moisture percentage in malt : <14%
206. Inflorescence of baley: spike/head/pearl.

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 207. Barley seed called: cariyopsis
208. Pearl barley is used for kidney disorder.
209. Lugdi is a fermented drink developed by hull less barley grains.
210. Barley is a Rabi cereal crop.
211. In barley Protein - 11.5%, carbohydrate - 74%, fat - 1.3%, crude fibre -
3.9%, ash - 1.5%.
212. Soil requirement Barley is tolerant to salinity and alkalinity, but,
sensitive to acidity. Drained, fertile deep loam
213. Soil pH 7-8.
214. Barley grown in high N soils.
215. Seed rate of barley-
216. Irrigated condition – 75-80 kg/ha.
217. Rainfed – 100 kg/ha.
218. Late sowing: 100-120 kg/ha.
219. Spacing for barley sowing: 22.5x10 cm
220. Sowing depth of barley: 5 cm
221. Water requirement for barley is 200-300mm.
222. ORIGIN of sorghum: south east asia
223. Botanical name of sorghum: sorghum bicolor
224. Family of sorghum: poaceae/gramineae
225. Chromosome number of sorghum: 2n=20
226. Sorghum is a King of coarse cereals.
227. First hybrid of sorghum: CSH-1 (1964)
228. HCN free variety of sorghum: sirsa-20
229. Inflorescence of sorghum: panicle
230. Sorghum is Poor in lysine and rich in leucine.
231. Biofertilizer used in sorghum: azospirillum (symbiotically associative)
232. Sorghum is a C4, often cross pollinated crop, short day plant.
233. Seed multiplication ratio of sorghum: 1:100
234. Minimum/base temperature for germination of sorghum: 7-8⁰C
235. Optimum temperature for sorghum: 27-32⁰C
236. Sorghum is known as camel crop because it has capacity to withstand
against drought condition.
237. Green fodder contain HCN (dhurin,prussic acid) toxic compound for
animal.

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 238. HCN present in early stage (40-50 DAS) in upper leaves.
239. Protein % in sorghum: 10-12%
240. Water requirement for sorghum: 400-600 mm.
241. Drought and salinity tolerant variety of sorghum: CSH-9
242. Sorghum For fodder purpose harvested at Knee stage.
243. High dose of sorghum caused pellagra disease (Vit-B deficiency)
244. Limit of HCN: 0.5%
245. Ratooning technique: Harvest the main crop leaving 15 cm stubbles.
246. Spacingfor sorghum: 45 x 15 cm or 45 x 10 cm.
247. Sorghum sowing at 5 cm depth.
248. Seed rate of sorghum: normal- 10-12 kg/ha, for fodder perpose- 40-
45kg/ha.
249. Triticale is a Man made cereal.
250. First wheat x rye occurred in Scotland during 1875.
251. The name Triticale first appeared in Germany in 1935.
252. There are Octaploid, tetraploid, hexaploid cultivars in triticale. Of
which, hexaploid is mostcommonly used. Hexaploids of wheat and rye
are called primary hexaploid.
253. Inflorescence: Majority of triticale cultivars are awned.
254. The seed rate of triticale is 75 – 100 kg/ha.
255. Depth of sowing should be 8 to 9 cm.
256. Origin of pearl millet: Africa
257. Botanical name of pearl millet:pennisetum typhodium.
258. Family of pearl millet: poaceae/gramineae
259. Chromosome number of pearl millet: 2n=14
260. Pearl millet is a Highly drought tolerant among all cereals.
261. In pearl millet Cross pollination due to protogyney.
262. Other names of pearl millet: cattle millet, spike millet, candle millte,
cumbu.
263. Grain contains 12.4% of moisture, 11.6% of protein, 5% of fat, 67% of
carbohydrates and 2.7% of minerals.
264. In pearl millet Lowest water requirement among all cereals(25cm or
250 m)
265. Cumbu is a Warm weather crop.
266. Germination in cumbu: hypogeal type.

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 267. Pearl millet is Sensitive to water logging and acidic soil.
268. Pearl millet Considered as a poor man’s food.
269. First hybrid of pearl millet: HB-1 (1965) ( tift 23A x bill 3B)
270. Spacing for pearl millet:45 x 15 cm
271. Pearl millet is a Mineral rich cereal.
272. Moisture percentage at harvesting stage in pearl millet: 20%
273. Moisture percentage at the time of storage in pearl millet: 10-12%
274. P. purpureum - Elephant grass
275. Seed multiplication ratio of pearlmillet: 1:200
276. Seed rate of pearl millet: 4-5 kg/ha
277. Seed rate of pearl millet for fodder: 10-12 kg/ha
278. Spacing of pearl millet:45 x 12-15 cm
279. Sowing depth of pearl millet: 2-3 cm
280. Origin of soybean: China
281. Botanical name of soybean: glycine max
282. Family of soybean: leguminaceae ( fabiaceae)
283. Chromosome number of soybean: 2n=40
284. Sub family of soybean: pepilionaceae
285. Fruit type of soybean: pod
286. Inflorescence of soybean: raceme
287. Soybean is a C3 , short day, self pollinated.
288. In Soybean Epigeal germination.
289. Soybean Grow well in warm and moist climate.
290. Iodine no. of soybean oil is 140.
291. Rhizobium japonicum strain is inoculated with soybean.
292. In soybean Moisture percentage at harvesting stage 16-17%
293. In soybean Moisture percentage at storage 13-14%
294. Beany teste in soybean due to sulphur.
295. Other name of soybean: wonder crop, yellow jewel, Poor Man’s Meat,
Boneless Meat.
296. Madhya Pradesh is known as soya state.
297. Lycine is highly present in soybean protein.
298. Soybean oil has first rank in vegetable oil source.
299. First nodule is visible in 10 day after sowing in soybean crop.

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 300. Soybean cannot be consumed as a pulse due to presence of
lipoxidase.
301. Soybean is a Cheapest source of vegetable protein 40% + Oil rich 20%.
302. Soybean contains poly unsaturated fatty acid linolic & oleic acid.
303. Nitrogen fixation in soybean: 40kg/ha.
304. Seed multiplication ratio of soybean: 1:16
305. For soybean- minimum temp.- 5C, optimum – 30C, max.- 40C
306. Ph required For soybean: 6.0-7.5
307. Storage moisture percentage for soybean: 8-10%
308. ORIGIN of sugarcane: south East Asia.
309. Botanical name of sugarcane: saccharum spp.
310. Family of sugarcane: gramineae/poeace
311. Chromosome number of sugarcane: 80,120
312. Soil ph of sugarcane: 6.5-7.5
313. Inflorescence of sugarcane: arrow
314. Noble cane developed by T.S. venketruman.
315. Artificial ripening of cane by glyphosine, CCC and Polaris.
316. Brix reading in sugarcane 18-20%.
317. Sugarcane is a C-4 plant, perennial plant, long day plant, tropical
crop.
318. Upper 1/3 part of cane and 10 month old plant is used for planting
because it contains higher nitrogenous and glucose which helps for
better germination.
319. Glucose present in upper part of plant and sucrose present in lower
part of plant.
320. Sugar industry is the largest agro-based industry next only to textiles
in India.
321. Sugarcane bowl of world: Cuba
322. Water requirement of sugarcane: 2200 mm.
323. Sugarcane is a Heavy feeder crop.
324. Zero tillage is practiced in sugarcane.
325. Indian cane : saccharum sinensis (Chinese cane), saccharum barberi
(Indian cane)
326. Tropical cane: saccharum officinarum (noble cane)
327. Wild cane: saccharum robustum
328. Indian institute of sugarcane research, luckhnow, 1952.
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 329. Sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,1912.
330. Sugarcane breeding institute, Regional Centre Karnal, 1932
331. Temperature for sugarcane-
332. Ripening temp : 12-14C
333. Optimum temp : 28-32C
334. Formative stage : 26.5C
335. Seed rate of sugarcane-
336. Setts: 3 budded 35000-40000 setts/ha.
337. 2 budded 80000 setts/ha.
338. 1 budded 120000 setts/ha.
339. Spacing for cane- 75-90 x 45 cm.
340. Planting season of sugarcane:
341. Autum: oct- nov (north india,12 months)
342. Eksali: jan-feb (north india,12 months)
343. Adsali: july - aug (south india,18 months)
344. Sugarcane sowing methods-
345. Flatbed method: in north india, sowing depth 8-10 cm.
346. Ridge and Furrow method: in south india, depth 10-15 cm.
347. Trench method: prevent to lodging.
348. Partha method: in south india.
349. Spaced method: used single budded setts.
350. Winter nursery method: used 3 budded setts.
351. Rayangan method: used for gap filling.
352. Skip furrow method: combine method of flat bed and trench method.
353. Pit method: used in sloppy field with pit size 20-30 cm.
354. Irrigation stages in sugarcane-
355. Germination stage: 0-60 DAP
356. Formative stage: 60-130 DAP ( most critical stage)
357. Grand phase: 130-250 DAP
358. Maturity phase: 250-365 DAP
359. Tying: bind stems together.
360. Earthing up: plant root covered by soil to prevent logging. Done in 45
DAP.
361. Logging: nutrient status of plant.
362. Treshing: removing dry leaves from crop.

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 363. Blind hoeing: weeding after sowing and before germination.
364. Arrowing: inflorescence of cane is arrow and process of emerging is
called arrowing.
365. Water lodging: crop fall down due to excessive water.
366. Crop lodging: crop fall down due to high wind velocity.
367. Logging term given by H.F. clament.
368. Bagases: used for fuel and paper making.
369. Molasses: for Alcohol production. The yield of molasses is
approximately 3.0 percent per ton of cane.
370. Press mud: reclamation of acidic soil. (due to lime contain)
371. Gasohol: petrol (80%) + alcohol (20%)
372. Origin of pigeon pea: Africa
373. Botanical name of pigeon pea: Cajanus cajan
374. Family of pigeon pea: leguminaceae / papilionaceae
375. Chromosome number of pigeon pea: 2n=22
376. Germination type of pigeon pea: hypogeal.
377. Protein in pigeon pea: 21-25%
378. Inflorescence of pigeon pea: axillary raceme
379. Other name of pigeon pea: Red gram, Congo pea, no eye pea, Arhar,
tur.
380. Deep rooted system in pigeon pea crop.
381. Pigeon pea is an Often cross pollinated crop.
382. Pigeon pea is a C3, short day plant,
383. 1 gram of protein=1 gram of carbohydrate.
384. Stems are woody, branchy can go up >4m
385. Pigeon pea is a Hardy crop, most drought tolerant crop.
386. Harvesting index of pigeon pea, lowest among cereals 19%
387. Storage moisture percentage of pigeon pea: 10-11%
388. Test weight of pigeon pea: 72g
389. Fruit type of pigeon pea: pod
390. Edible part of pigeon pea: seed
391. Water requirement of pigeon pea: 300-350 mm

392. Cajanus cajan var. flavus (tur) is a –

393. Short duration

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 394. Pods are light colored with 3-4 seeds
395. Annuals, yellow flowers, fewer plain pods
396. Plant hight 2-3 metre
397. Early maturity (100-150 days)
398. No red vines present.
399. Flowering in Dec. – Feb.
400. Pod maturity at different time.
401. Cultivated in Southern India
402. Cajanus cajan var. bicolor (arhar) is a-
403. Long duration, flowers yellow with purple streak
404. Std petals bears red veins on dorsal side
405. Pods are dark colored with 5-7 seeds
406. Cultivated in northern India
407. Flowering Sep. – Nov.
408. Pod maturity at same time (syncronization)
409. Plant hight 5-6 metre.
410. Late maturity (150-180 days)
411. It is also found suitable for forage, as cover crop, shade and hedge.

412. Temp. Required to pigeon pea at Germination: 30-35C, Vegetative

growth: 20-25C, Flowering and pod development: 14-18C, At
maturity: 35-40C
413. Origin of black gram: India(central Asia)
414. Botanical name of black gram: Vigna mungo
415. Family of black gram: leguminaceae
416. Chromosome number of black gram: 2n=22
417. Inflorescence of black gram: Auxiliary racemes
418. Other name of black gram: urd bean.
419. Germination type of black gram: epigeal
420. Test weight of black gram: 36-39g
421. Black gram is a Self pollinated, C3, short day plant.
422. Black gram is a Mainly tropical plant
423. Fruit type of black gram: pod
424. Edible part of black gram: seed
425. Water requirement to blackgram: 250-300 mm

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 426. Protein% in black gram: 24%
427. Seed multiplication ratio of black gram: 1:40
428. Seed rate of black gram: 20-25 kg/ha
429. Optimum temperature required for black gram: 27-30C
430. Origin of green gram: Central asia
431. Botanical name of green gram: : Vigna radiate
432. Green gram is Commonly called as Mung bean
433. Third important crop of pulses next to Chickpea &PP
434. Green gram plant Deep rooted
435. Seed multiplication ratio of green gram: 1:40
436. Origin of chick pea: India, south West Asia.
437. Botanical name of chick pea: cicer arietinum
438. Family of chick pea: leguminaceae/papilonaceae
439. Chick pea fruit is known as Pod.
440. Germination of chick pea: hypogeal.
441. Chromosome number of chick pea: 2n=14,16
442. Critical stage of chick pea: pre flowering and pod development.
443. Post borer is a most important pest of gram.
444. Gram seed sowing 8-10 cm due to avoid wilt disease.
445. Other name of chick pea: Gram, Bengal gram, chana.
446. Protein in green gram: 21%
447. Green gram is Known as king of pulse crops.
448. Gram is an important source of Fe, Ca, Niocin.
449. Blood purify factor is present in gram.
450. Germinated seed of gram is used for scurvy disease.
451. The sour taste of leaves due to presence of malic acid (90-96%) and
oxalic acid (4-10%)
452. Chick pea is a long day and self pollinated crop, C3 plant.
453. Tap root system
454. Water requirement of chick pea: 300-350 mm
455. Seed multiplication ratio of chick pea: 1:10
Desi (cicer arietinum) is a-
456. Desi is small seeded
457. Angular shaped edge
458. Shape like chickens head

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 459. 90% of the world‘s cultivated
460. C.N. 2n=14
461. Test weight: 140-200g
Kabuli ( cicer kabulium) is a
462. Kabuli, large and round seeded with white pale cream seed coat
463. Duration 90-180 days
464. CO 2, CO 3, CO 4 are 90days
465. C. N. 2n=16
466. Test weight: 340-375g

467. Temperature required to chick pea: 15-20C

468. Seed rate of chick pea-Early: 75 -80 kg/ha, Late: 80-100 kg/ha.
469. depth of sowing of chick pea: 8-10 cm
470. spacing required for chick pea: 30x10 cm
471. Nipping: Plucking the apical buds of the crop at about 30 to 40 DAS is
done to stop the apical growth.
472. Nipping promotes the lateral branching, plants to become more
vigorous and produce more vigorous and produce more flowers and
pods and yield per plant is increased.
473. The chemical is used for nipping TIBA (tri iodo benzoic acid) 75ppm.
474. Also it can be done by flock of sheep.
475. Origin of pea: Mediterranean region of Europe & West Asia
476. Botanical name of pea: pisum sativum
477. Family of pea: leguminaceae/papilonaceae
478. Chromosome number of pea: 2n=14
479. Germination type of pea: hypogeal
480. Other name of pea: pea, matar (Hindi)
481. Inflorescence of pea: axillary raceme
482. Annual herbaceous well developed tap root system plant
483. Maturity of pea is measured by Tendrometer
484. Protein in peaa: 22-23%
485. Test weight of pea: 100 g
486. pea is a C3, long day, self pollinated
487. Water requirement to pea: 300-350 mm
488. Storage moisture of pea: 10-11%

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 489. Seed multiplication ratio of pea: 1:19
490. Seed rate of garden pea: 100-120 kg/ha
491. Seed rate of field pea: 70-80 kg/ha
492. Depth of sowing of pea: 5-7 cm
493. Origin of groundnut: Brazil
494. Botanical name of groundnut: Arachis hypogeal
495. Family of groundnut: leguminaceae/fabiaceae
496. Chromosome number of groundnut: 2n=40
497. Epigeal germination in groundnut.
498. Ground nut is a Self pollinated, C3 plant, short day plant.
499. Groundnut Grain known as kernel.
500. Other name of groundnut: monkey nut, peanut, earth nut, manilanut.
501. Groundnut pod is called “lomentum”
o It contains 45% oil and 25% protein.
o Shelling percentage in groundnut is 70%
502. Nitrogen percentage in groundnut cake 7-8%
503. Pegging stage comes after 55 day after sowing.
504. Bitterness of seed due to Aflatoxin. It produced spergilus flavus group
of fungi.
505. The gynophores of groundnut are positive gravitation movement in
soil.
506. Groundnut is geocarpic crop.
507. Calcium is most important element for groundnut pod formation.
508. Pods development without kernels is known as popping.
509. Test weight of groundnut: 200-250 grams
510. Seed multiplication ratio of groundnut: 1:8
511. Temp. required to groundnut: 21-27C
512. Origin of mustard: china
513. Botanical name of mustard: brassica spp.
514. Family of mustard: cruciferae
515. Test weight of mustard: 3-5 gram
516. Brassica rapa: yellow rape (toria)(2n=20)
517. Brassica compestris: sarson
518. Brassica napus: rapeseed(2n=38)
519. Brassica carinata: ethiopian mustard(2n=34)

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 520. Brassica juncea: brown mustard(Indian)(2n=38)
521. Eruka sativa: taramira
522. Seed rate of mustard: 5-6 kg/ha
523. Origin of linseed: south east asia
524. Botanical name of linseed: linum usitatissimum
525. Family of linseed: linaceae
526. Chromosome number of linseed: 2n=30
527. Seed rate of linseed: 25-30 kg/ha
528. Spacing of linseed: 30x 5 cm
529. Linseed is also known as flex.
530. Flex is used for sport material.
531. Linseed is a rabi season crop.
532. Linseed is called as oilseed cum fiber
533. Protein in linseed: 36%
534. Test weight of linseed: 10 grams
535. Seed multiplication ratio of linseed: 1:50
536. Origin of sunflower: Mexico
537. Botanical name of sunflower: helianthus annul.
538. Family of sunflower: compositeace (asteraceae)
539. Chromosome number of sunflower: 2n=34
540. Inflorescence of sunflower: capitulum
541. Oil content in sunflower: 35-45%
542. Highest PUFA containing crop is sunflower
543. Sunflower is a day neutral crop.
544. Storage moisture percentage of sunflower: 9-10%
545. Seed multiplication ratio of sunflower: 1:50
546. Seed rate of sunflower: 5-8 kg/ha
547. Spacing of sunflower: 45 x 30 cm
548. Origin of safflower: Ethiopia
549. Botanical name of safflower: carthamus tinctorious
550. Family of safflower: compositeae (Asteraceae)
551. Chromosome number of safflower: 2n=20
552. Fruit type of safflower: achene
553. Inflorescence of safflower: capitulum
554. Seed rate of safflower: 15-20 kg/ha

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 555. Spacing of safflower: 30 x 20 cm
556. Safflower oil is best for heart patients
557. Safflower crop is known as fencing/ border crop.
558. PUFA percentage in safflower: 78%
559. Safflower contains 32-36% oil
560. 41% linolic acid in safflower.
561. Seed multiplication ratio of safflower: 1:60
562. Origin of cotton: India
563. Botanical name of cotton: gossypium spp.
564. Family of cotton: malvaceae
565. Chromosome number:
566. Desi cotton: 2n=26
567. American cotton: 2n=52
568. Cotton is known as white gold.
569. Also known as back bone of textile industry.
570. Cotton is a King of appraisal fiber.
571. Cotton is a Deep rooted crop.
572. Cotton is a C3, Self pollinated, day neutral.
573. Epigeal germination in cotton.
574. Cotton fiber length is measured by arealometer.
575. Cotton is a Hardy crop most drought tolerant crop.
576. Seed multiplication ratio: 1:50
577. Bt- cotton is discovered by Japanese scientist Eshivata in 1901.
578. In bt-cotton cry-1 gene responsible.
579. Cry-1 gene also known as ammien gene.
580. Cry-1 gene produced a protein against spotted bollwarm.
581. Bt (bacillus thurogensis) is a soil bacteria.
582. Seed rate of cotton-
583. Desi cotton: 10-12 kg/ha
584. American: 15-20 kg/ha
585. Hybrid: 2-3 kg/ha.
586. Bt. Cotton: 1.5-2.0 kg/ha.

587. Spacing of cotton:

588. Desi cotton: 60 x 15 cm

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 589. American: 60 x 30 cm
590. Hybrid: 120 x 45 cm
591. Bt cotton: 100 x 100 cm
592. Ultra narrow row: 19 x 19 cm

Temperature required in cotton:

593. For germination: 16⁰C
594. For vegetative growth: 21-27⁰C
595. Cotton can tolerate temperature upto 43⁰C
596. Origin of jute: India
597. Botanical name of jute: corchorus spp.
598. Family of jute: tiliaceae
599. Chromosome number of jute: 2n=14
600. Other name of corcorus capsularis: white jute, tita
601. Hardy plant, tolerant water logging.
602. Seed rate of corcorus capsularis 6-8 kg/ha.
603. Seed rate of corchorus olitoris; 4-6 kg/ha,
604. Jute fiber is called as bast.
605. Jute is also known as golden fiber.
606. Jute fiber is obtained from secondary phloem of stem.
607. Retting of jute is a microbial process.
608. Retting is completed within 7-9 days compared to 18-21 days required
under conventional whole plant retting.
609. Slow moving water is best for retting.
610. Temperature for retting 34⁰C
611. Seed multiplication ratio of jute:1:100
612. Origin of tobacco: central America
613. Botanical name of tobacco: nicotiana tobacum
614. Family of tobacco: solanaceae
615. Chromosome number of tobacco: 2n=48
Nicotiana tobacum:
616. Plant height 150-250 cm
617. Used for smoking and chewing purpose.
618. Cultivated in light soil
619. Nicotine content is 0.5-5.5%
620. Large and narrow leaf
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 Nicotiana Rustica:
621. Small in hight 90-150 cm
622. Nicotine content is 3.5-8.0%
623. Used for hookah and chewing.
624. Cultivated in heavy soil.

625. Tobacco is a tropical crop.

626. Soil ph for tobacco: 5.5-6.5
627. Temperature for germination of tobacco: 20-22⁰C
628. Seed rate of tobacco: 2-3 kg/ha.
629. Topping: removal of upper part of plant.
630. De-suckering: removal of lateral branches.
631. Priming: removal of mature leaves.
632. Curing: in this process most of the moisture of leaf is removed to get
required colour, texture and aroma in product. Flue curing is related
to cigarette.

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