Atoms, Bonds and Groups
Moles and Equations
108 Marks
1. (a) A student carries out a titration to find the concentration of some sulfuric acid.
The student finds that 25.00 cm3 of 0.0880 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide,
NaOH, is neutralised by 17.60 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH used.
answer = ................................... mol
[1]
(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 used.
answer = ................................... mol
[1]
(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sulfuric acid.
answer = ................................... mol dm–3
[1]
(b) After carrying out the titration in (a), the student left the resulting solution to
crystallise. White crystals were formed, with a formula of Na2SO4•x H2O and a
molar mass of 322.1 g mol–1.
(i) What term is given to the ‘•x H2O’ part of the formula?
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[1]
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(ii) Using the molar mass of the crystals, calculate the value of x.
answer = ...................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
2. The element strontium forms a nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, which decomposes on heating as
shown below.
2Sr(NO3)2(s) → 2SrO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(i) Using oxidation numbers, explain why the reaction involves both oxidation and
reduction.
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[3]
(ii) A student heats 5.29 g of Sr(NO3)2 and collects the gas at room temperature and
pressure, RTP.
2Sr(NO3)2(s) → 2SrO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Calculate the volume of gas, in dm3, obtained by the student at RTP.
Molar mass of Sr(NO3)2 = 211.6 g mol –1.
answer = ............................... dm3
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
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3. In the sixteenth century, a large deposit of graphite was discovered in the Lake District.
People at the time thought that the graphite was a form of lead.
Nowadays, graphite is used in pencils but it is still referred to as ‘pencil lead’.
A student decided to investigate the number of carbon atoms in a ‘pencil lead’. He
found that the mass of the ‘pencil lead’ was 0.321 g.
(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of carbon atoms in the student’s pencil lead.
Assume that the ‘pencil lead’ is pure graphite.
answer = .................................................. mol
[1]
(ii) Using the Avogadro constant, NA, calculate the number of carbon atoms in the
student’s ‘pencil lead’.
number of carbon atoms = ........................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
4. The Group 2 element barium, Ba, is silvery white when pure but blackens when
exposed to air.
The blackening is due to the formation of both barium oxide and barium nitride. The
nitride ion is N3–.
(a) Predict the formula of:
barium oxide ............................... barium nitride ...............................
[2]
(b) A 0.11 g sample of pure barium was added to 100 cm3 of water.
Ba(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(i) Show that 8.0 × 10−4 mol of Ba were added to the water.
[1]
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(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen, in cm3, produced at room temperature
and pressure.
volume = ................................................. cm3
[1]
(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of the Ba(OH)2(aq) solution
formed.
concentration = ......................................... mol dm−3
[1]
(iv) State the approximate pH of the Ba(OH)2(aq) solution.
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[1]
(c) A student repeated the experiment in (b) using a 0.11 g sample of barium that
had blackened following exposure to the air.
Suggest why the volume of hydrogen produced would be slightly less than the
volume collected using pure barium.
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[1]
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(d) Describe and explain the trend, down the group, in the reactivity of the Group 2
elements with water.
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[5]
[Total 12 marks]
5. Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation
below.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
7.50 × 10–3 mol CaCO3 reacts with 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl.
(i) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl required to react
with 7.50 × 10–3 mol CaCO3.
answer = ................................................. cm3
[2]
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(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of CO2 formed at room temperature and pressure.
answer = ................................................. cm3
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
6. Calcium and its compounds, have properties typical of Group 2 in the Periodic Table.
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, reacts with acids such as nitric acid.
A student neutralised 2.68 g of CaCO3 with 2.50 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3.
The equation for this reaction is shown below.
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(i) Determine the amount, in mol, of CaCO3 reacted.
amount = ............................................... mol
[2]
(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of CO2 produced at room temperature and
pressure.
volume = ............................................... cm3
[1]
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(iii) Calculate the volume of 2.50 mol dm–3 HNO3 needed to neutralise 2.68 g of
CaCO3.
volume = ............................................... cm3
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
7. Rubidium forms an ionic compound with silver and iodine. This compound has a
potential use in miniaturised batteries because of its high electrical conductivity.
The empirical formula of this ionic compound can be calculated from its percentage
composition by mass: Rb, 7.42%; Ag, 37.48%; I, 55.10%.
(i) Define the term empirical formula.
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[1]
(ii) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
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8. Chlorine can be prepared by reacting concentrated hydrochloric acid with
manganese(IV) oxide.
4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) → Cl2(g) + MnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(a) A student reacted 50.0 cm3 of 12.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid with an excess of
manganese(IV) oxide.
(i) Calculate how many moles of HCl were reacted.
answer = ................................ mol
[1]
(ii) Calculate the volume of Cl2(g) produced, in dm3.
Under the experimental conditions, one mole of Cl2(g) occupies 24.0 dm3.
answer = ................................ dm3
[2]
(b) In this reaction, chlorine is oxidised.
Use oxidation numbers to determine what is reduced.
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[2]
[Total 5 marks]
9. This question looks at the reaction of sodium with water and with oxygen.
A chemist reacted 0.0500 mol of sodium with water to form 50.0 cm3 of aqueous
sodium hydroxide.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
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(i) What mass of Na was reacted?
mass = ............................... g
[1]
(ii) Calculate the volume of H2, in dm3, that would be produced at room temperature
and pressure, r.t.p.
1 mol of gas molecules occupies 24.0 dm3 at r.t.p.
volume = .......................... dm3
[2]
(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of NaOH that was formed.
concentration = ................... mol dm–3
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
10. Sodium reacts with excess oxygen to form sodium peroxide, Na2O2.
Na2O2 is used in laundry bleaches. When added to water a reaction takes place
forming an alkaline solution and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
(i) Construct a balanced equation for the formation of sodium peroxide from sodium.
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[1]
(ii) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium peroxide with water.
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[1]
(iii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for a molecule of H2O2. Show outer electrons
only.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
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11. Barium metal can be extracted from barium oxide, BaO, by reduction with aluminium.
6BaO + 2Al→ 3Ba + Ba3Al2O6
Calculate the mass of barium metal that could be produced from reduction of 500 g of
barium oxide using this method.
answer = ............................... g
[Total 4 marks]
12. Water, ammonia and sulphur dioxide react together to form a compound A which has
the following percentage composition by mass:
N, 24.12%;
H, 6.94%;
S, 27.61%;
O, 41.33%.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound A.
[2]
(ii) Suggest a balanced equation for the formation of compound A from the reaction
of water, ammonia and sulphur dioxide.
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[1]
[Total 3 marks]
13. A student carried out two experiments using chlorine gas, Cl2(g).
(a) In the first experiment, the student bubbled chlorine through 120 cm3 of an
aqueous solution of 0.275 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).
The equation for this reaction is shown below.
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)
Under the reaction conditions, 1 mole of Cl2(g) occupies 24.0 dm3.
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(i) What is meant by the term the mole?
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[1]
(ii) How many moles of NaOH were in the 120 cm3 volume of NaOH(aq)?
answer ....................... mol
[1]
(iii) Calculate the volume of Cl2(g) that was needed to react with the NaOH(aq)
used.
answer ...............................
[2]
(iv) What is a common use for the solution that the student prepared?
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[1]
(b) In the second experiment, the student repeated the procedure in (a) but with hot
concentrated sodium hydroxide. A different reaction took place in which sodium
chlorate (V) was formed instead of NaClO.
Suggest the formula of sodium chlorate (V).
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[1]
[Total 6 marks]
14. Antimony is found naturally in a number of minerals including stibnite. Stibnite typically
contains 5% of Sb2S3. Antimony can be obtained by reducing Sb2S3 with scrap iron.
Sb2S3 + 3Fe → 2Sb + 3FeS
(i) How many moles of Sb2S3 are in 500 kg of a typical sample of stibnite containing
5% by mass of Sb2S3?
molar mass of Sb2S3 = 340 g mol–1; relative atomic mass of Sb = 122
KKKKKK mol
[2]
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(ii) Calculate the mass of antimony that could be obtained by processing 500 kg of
stibnite.
mass = KKKKKK kg
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
15. Calcium oxide neutralises acids such as nitric acid. A student neutralised 1.50 g of
CaO with 2.50 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3. The equation for this reaction is shown
below.
CaO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) How many moles of CaO were reacted?
KKKKKK mol
[2]
(ii) Calculate the volume of 2.50 mol dm–3 HNO3 needed to exactly neutralise
1.50 g of CaO.
volume = KKKKKK cm3
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
16. The nitrate ion, NO3–, in Ca(NO3)2 contains both covalent and dative covalent bonds.
(i) What is the difference between a covalent bond and a dative covalent bond?
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[1]
(ii) Calcium nitrate decomposes on heating to form calcium oxide, oxygen and
nitrogen(IV) oxide, NO2.
Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.
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[1]
[Total 2 marks]
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17. Aqueous silver nitrate can be used as a test for halide ions. A student decided to carry
out this test on a solution of magnesium chloride. The bottle of magnesium chloride
that the student used showed the formula MgCl2.6H2O.
The student dissolved a small amount of MgCl2.6H2O in water and added aqueous
silver nitrate to the aqueous solution.
(i) What is the molar mass of MgCl2.6H2O?
molar mass = ...................... g mol–1
[1]
(ii) What would the student see after adding the aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq)?
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[1]
(iii) Write an ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
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[2]
(iv) Using aqueous silver nitrate, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between
chloride, bromide and iodide ions.
How can aqueous ammonia be used to distinguish between these three ions?
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[3]
[Total 7 marks]
18. In 2000, the mass of CO2 emitted in the UK was equivalent to 1 kg per person in every
hour.
(i) Calculate the volume of 1 kg of carbon dioxide. Assume that 1 mole of CO2
occupies 24 dm3.
volume = .......................... dm3
[2]
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(ii) The UK has set a target to cut CO2 emissions by 60% of the 2000 value by 2050.
Calculate the reduction needed in the volume of CO2 emissions each hour per
person if the target is to be met.
answer: ........................... dm3
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
19. To prepare the aqueous calcium chloride, the student added the exact amount of
calcium so that all the hydrochloric acid had reacted. She used 50 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm–3 HCl.
(i) How many moles of HCl had she used?
[1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of calcium that she used.
[2]
(iii) The student added some more calcium and she was surprised that a reaction still
took place.
• Explain this observation.
• Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
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[3]
[Total 6 marks]
20. A student reacted 1.44 g of titanium with chlorine to form 5.70 g of a chloride X.
(i) How many moles of Ti atoms were reacted?
[1]
(ii) How many moles of Cl atoms were reacted?
[2]
(iii) Determine the empirical formula of X.
[1]
(iv) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between titanium and chlorine.
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[1]
[Total 5 marks]
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21. A student had a stomach-ache and needed to take something to neutralise excess
stomach acid. He decided to take some Milk of Magnesia, which is an aqueous
suspension of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2.
(a) The main acid in the stomach is hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), and the unbalanced
equation for the reaction that takes place with Milk of Magnesia is shown below.
.....Mg(OH)2(s) + .....HCl(aq) → .....MgCl2(aq) + .....H2O(l)
Balance the equation by adding numbers where necessary in the unbalanced
equation above.
[1]
(b) The student’s stomach contained 500 cm3 of stomach fluid with an acid
concentration of 0.108 mol dm–3. The student swallowed some Milk of Magnesia
containing 2.42 g Mg(OH)2. He wondered whether this dose was sufficient to
neutralise the stomach acid.
Assume that all the acid in the stomach fluid was 0.108 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid.
(i) How many moles of HCl were in the 500 cm3 of stomach fluid?
[1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of Mg(OH)2 necessary to neutralise this stomach fluid.
[3]
(iii) Determine whether the student swallowed too much, too little, or just the
right amount of Milk of Magnesia to neutralise the stomach acid.
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[1]
[Total 6 marks]
22. Bromine forms three compounds with phosphorus. The compounds have the molecular
formulae PBr3, PBr5 and P2Br4.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term molecular formula.
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[1]
(ii) PBr3 can be prepared by heating bromine with phosphorus, P4.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
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[1]
(iii) Compound A is one of the three bromides of phosphorus above. It has the
following percentage composition by mass: P, 16.2%; Br, 83.8%.
Use this percentage composition to calculate the empirical formula and to
determine the identity of compound A.
empirical formula ......................................
identity of compound A ......................................
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
23. Nickel makes up 25% of the total mass of a fifty pence coin. A fifty pence coin has
mass of 8.0 g.
(i) Calculate how many moles of nickel atoms are in a fifty pence coin.
answer ...........................mol
[2]
(ii) Calculate the number of atoms of nickel in a fifty pence coin.
L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
answer ............................... atoms
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
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