Chapter seven

Applets
 Applet Basics
 Applets are small programs that are designed for
transmission over the Internet and run within a browser
or Applet Viewer tool(JDK)
 Applet does not have a main( ) method.
 applets use the interface provided by the AWT.(not I/O
console)
 Application vs. Applet
 Application
 Trusted (i.e., has full access to system resources)
 Invoked by Java Virtual Machine (JVM, java), e.g.,
 Should contain a main method, i.e.,
public static void main(String[])

 Applet
 Not trusted (i.e., has limited access to system resource to prevent
security breaches)
 Invoked automatically by the web browser
 Should be a subclass of class java.applet.Applet
 Examining a simple applet
 // A minimal applet.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class SimpleApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Java makes applets easy.", 20, 20);
}
}
Cont…
 This applet begins with two import statements:
 first imports the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) classes.
 Import statement imports the applet package.(This package contains
the class Applet. Every applet that you create must be a subclass of
Applet.)
 Inside SimpleApplet, paint( )is declared.
 defined by the AWT Component class (which is a superclass of Applet)
 must be overridden by the applet.
 It is called or invoked when :
 Each time the applet must redisplay its output.
 The applet begins execution
 Redraw its output
 The paint( )method has one parameter of type Graphics.
Cont….
 Inside paint( ), there is a call to drawString( ), which is a member
of the Graphics class.
 It has the following general form:
void drawString(String message, int x, int y)
 Message is the string to be output beginning at x,y.
 Graphics Coordinate
(0,0) x

height

y
width
Embedding Applet into HTML
 To execute an applet (in either a Web browser or the
appletviewer), you need to write a short HTML text file that
contains the appropriate APPLET
 For example :for the above applet code, HTML file that will
execute SimpleApplet is
<applet code="SimpleApplet" width=200 height=60>
</applet>
And you have to save it with SimpleApplet.html
 We can use stand-alone HTML file to execute an applet(both
the code and the html code).
Compiling and Running
 To compile
javac SimpleApplet.java
Produces SimpleApplet.class
 To run
 Open page SimpleApplet.htmlfrom web browser or
 Use appletviewer of JDK
appletviewer SimpleApplet.html
 The window produced by SimpleApplet, as displayed by
applet viewer, is shown in the following illustration:
 A Complete Applet Skeleton
 applets override a set of methods form Applet class // start or resume execution
These five methods can be assembled into the skeleton shown }
here: // Called when the applet is stopped.
// An Applet skeleton. public void stop() {
import java.awt.*; // suspends execution
import java.applet.*; }
/* /* Called when applet is terminated. This is the last
<applet code="AppletSkel" width=300 height=100> method executed. */
</applet> public void destroy() {
*/ // perform shutdown activities
public class AppletSkel extends Applet { }
// Called first. // Called when an applet's window must be restored.
public void init() { public void paint(Graphics g) {
// initialization // redisplay contents of window
} }
/* Called second, after init(). Also called whenever }
the applet is restarted. */
public void start() {
 Applet Initialization and Termination
 When an applet begins, the following methods are called in
this sequence:
1. init( )
2. Start( )
3. Paint ( )
 When an applet is terminated the following methods are
called in this sequence :
1. Stop ( )
2. destroy( )
 The Life-Cycle of Applet
 init()
 Called exactly once in an applet’s life.
 Called when applet is first loaded,e.g., when the
browser visits the web page for the first time.
 Used to initialize variables, read applet parameters,
start downloading any other images or media files, etc.
 start( )
 The start( )method is called after init( ).
 It is also called to restart an applet after it has been
stopped.
 start( ) is called each time an applet’s HTML document
is displayed onscreen.
The Life-Cycle cont….
 paint( )
 is called each time your applet’s output must be redrawn.
 has one parameter of type Graphics.
 This context is used whenever output to the applet is
required.
 stop( )
 is called when a web browser leaves the HTML document
containing the applet
• destroy()
 Called exactly once.
 Called when the browser unloads the applet.
 Used to perform any final clean-up.
 The stop( )method is always called before destroy( ).
The Life-Cycle cont….

init

start destroy
stop

start
 Code Example …
/* A simple applet that sets the foreground and msg = "Inside init( ) --";
background colors and outputs a string. */ }
import java.awt.*; // Initialize the string to be displayed.
import java.applet.*; public void start() {
/* msg += " Inside start( ) --";
<applet code="Sample" width=300 }
height=50> // Display msg in applet window.
</applet> public void paint(Graphics g) {
*/ msg += " Inside paint( ).";
public class Sample extends Applet{ g.drawString(msg, 10, 30);
String msg; }
// set the foreground and background colors. }
public void init() {
setBackground(Color.cyan);
setForeground(Color.red);
The output
 Color Control

Exaple : setColor(Color.RED); or
setColor(new Color(255,0,0));
 Font Class
 Fonts are specified with three attributes:
 font name:
Serif Sans-serif Monospaced Dialog DialogInput
TimesRoman Helvetica Courier
 font style:
PLAIN BOLD ITALIC
Styles can be combined: Font.BOLD|Font.ITALIC
 font size: a positive integer

 A font can be created as follows:

new Font(name, style, size)
Drawing Lines, Rectangles and Ovals
 public void drawLine( int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2 )
Draws a line between the point (x1, y1) and the point (x2, y2).
 public void drawRect( int x, int y, int width, int height)
Draws a rectangle of the specified width and height.
The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinates (x, y).
 public void fillRect( int x, int y, int width, int height )
Draws a rectangle of the specified width and height.
The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinates (x, y).
The rectangle is filled with the Graphics object's color.
 public void clearRect( int x, int y, int width, int height )
Draws a rectangle of the specified width and height.
The top-left corner of the rectangle has the coordinates (x, y).
In the current background color
Drawing Lines, Rectangles and Ovals
 public void drawRoundRect( int x, int y, int width, int
height, int arcWidth, int arcHeight )
 public void fillRoundRect( int x, int y, int width, int height,
int arcWidth, int arcHeight )
 public void drawOval( int x, int y, int width, int height )
 public void fillOval( int x, int y, int width, int height )
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/* g.setColor( Color.CYAN );
<applet code="Sample" width=300 height=50> g.fillRoundRect( 195, 40, 90, 55, 50, 50 );
</applet> g.drawRoundRect( 290, 40, 90, 55, 20, 20 );
*/
public class Sample extends Applet{ g.setColor( Color.YELLOW );
public void paint(Graphics g) { g.draw3DRect( 5, 100, 90, 55, true );
this.setBackground( Color.WHITE ); g.fill3DRect( 100, 100, 90, 55, false );

g.setColor( Color.RED ); g.setColor( Color.MAGENTA );

g.drawLine( 5, 30, 380, 30 ); g.drawOval( 195, 100, 90, 55 );
g.fillOval( 290, 100, 90, 55 );
g.setColor( Color.BLUE ); }
g.drawRect( 5, 40, 90, 55 ); }
g.fillRect( 100, 40, 90, 55 );
The output
Swing and AWT
 Swing and AWT

 GUI :Windowing systems that interact with the user are

often called GUIs. GUI is stands for graphical user
interface
 There are actually two sets of GUI components in Java:
1. The Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT)
in package java.awt
2. Swing
it is extension of awt
in package javax.swing
 Swing Vs. AWT
 Swing provides a richer set of components than AWT
 Swing provides additional components like JTable, JTree etc.
 Swing added functionality to AWT-replacement components.
 Swing components can change their appearance based on the
current “look and feel”.
 Swing do not rely on the underlying native GUIs.
 Swing components are lightweight (less resource intensive
than AWT).
 Swing is faster than awt.