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216 viewsModule - Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 57
Mi
aC
“PLUMBING AND
SANITARY SYSTEMS
CENTER for the DESIGNED
ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS
2iF House of Architects T
2 Matulungin St, Barangay Central
Diliman, Quezon City
Telefax 436-1549 / e-mail [email protected]
FEBRUARY ~ JUNE 2005 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
4. OVERVIEW
4.1, Definition of Plumbing
1.1.4. the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings
for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them
2. water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property
3. pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’
1.2, History
1.2.1. Plumbing Practice in the Philippines
+ In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila,
‘Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United
States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila
in 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was
formally organized
t ‘+ Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was enacted and
placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila
) 5 In 1954, the Thied Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1965, became
22m >
é R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines" upon ratification of President Ramon ;
a Magsaysay. A <°
Ss + On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by -
Rs NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacafiang:
+ Before Martial Law in 1872, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code
of the Philippines” was passed with the "National Plumbing Code of 1959" as referral code
N in full text
+ Tho Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of
1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4
Of RA. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
1.2.2. 22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code
1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of
pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to
backflow or back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in
sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent
with proper performance and cleaning
4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent
dangers from explosion through overheating.
5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect
its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a
lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal
hygiene,
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed
fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against
fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned,
9. Al piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from defective
workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-
sealed trap.
11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of
air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Februan-une 2005, =P vet
J PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent’clogging and the
return of foul air to the building
19. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.
14, Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or
their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.
18, Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods
and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or
appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system,
16, No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of
building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as.
a septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
19, Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master
Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of
structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through
fixture usago.
22, Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or
sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
1.3. COMPONENTS of the PLUMBING and SANITARY SYSTEM
‘+ WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
© cold water system
© hot water system
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
PLUMBING FIXTURES
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
© sanitary piping
‘0 _ ventilation system
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
4.4. The Water cycle
+ Three major phases
+ Evaporation
+ Condensation
+ Precipitation
“this process reflects the general cycle
water takes in the plumbing system
EX} roce on save
5 waver Tate (aaresten sean srnara)
| BB merous star
February June 2008 =P vez PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
4.5. Components & Flow in Water Systems
S UP PL Y ~ DISTRIBUTION USH Ss
Water Mains, aS Plumbing |
Storage Tanks — Fixtures \//
n
SOURCE COLLECTION
Gravity,
Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs |<
[TREATMENT <- DISPOSAL petri
Treated water — Sewage Plants, ;
returned to the Natural sone end
original source Purification lorm Sewers
a 1,8. Water Functions Diagram
See
Bao ee ee
SUPPLY
Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always be only in one direction (Irom supply 10
disposal)
‘The two sides should always be carefully separated from each other
2. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
2.4, Sources of water for domestic use
[source | conection: ‘ADVANTAGES | DISADVANTAGES.
I Collected from roofs of | Waier is soft & pure and | Only a source during the
buildings and special | is sutabe forthe hot | wet season:
Rain Water water sheds and stored | water supply system
in cisterns or ponds;
Storage becomes @
breeding place for
mosquitoes;
FebraryJune 2005, Pp ves PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Cistem water for
drinking should be
boiled, chlorinated or
otherwise sterilized
Roofs may not be clean
‘Obiained from
Easy to acquire;
Contains a large
ponds, lakes amounts of bacteria,
and rivers organic, & inorganic
substances;
Usually in large
quantities;
Natural SuttaceiWater ‘Used for inigation, Purification & treatment
industrial purposes and, | is necessary
when treated, for
‘community water supply
source Collection advantages ‘disadvantages
Ground Water
‘Obtained from
underground by
‘means of
mechanical &
manual
equipment;
Usually has an abundant
supply:
Way have an organic
matter & chemical
elements;
treatment is suggested;
From springs and wells
and is the principal
Requires less treatment
because of natural
Character of ground
water, ils hardness,
| source of water for filtering depends upon the nature
domestic use in most and condition ofthe soil
| rural areas and rock through which it
asses or percolates
2.2. Water Treatment
2.2.1. Water Quality Problems and Their Correction
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS ‘CORRECTION
Acidiy Entrance of Corrosion of on- | Raising alkaline
‘oxygen and ferrous pipes content by the
carbon dioxide introduction of a
neutralizer
Rusling & clogging of | (sodium silicate) |
steel pipes |
| Hardness Presence of Clogging oF Boling
magnesium and pipes
| calcium salts
. Impaired Use of an ion
laundry and exchanger
‘cooking (2e0iite process)
Turbidity Sitormud in Discoloration Filtration
| surface orin cog ufefyon
February June 2008 Plecufesian via PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
(round Bad tasle ]
Color Presence of Discoloration of Oxidizing Titer
tron and fixtures and laundry
| manganese
[Pollution Contamination — Disease Chlorination |
by organic matter or
| sewage |
2.2.2. Treatment and Purification
‘OBJECTIONABLE ELEMENT REASONS FOR TREATMENT
Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness
Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to plumbing,
stains clothing, ete
Salt Bad taste, highly comrosive
iron! Stains clothing & plumbing fodures, interferes with
water softeners, ron bacteria clogs pipes
Pathogenic Gems Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis
e Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains clothing
‘Algae _| Badtaste & odor |
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide Aeration
Suspended matenal Coagulation & Setling Process
Bacteria e Chemicals & Sand fitration
_ Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide Aeration
‘Suspended Material ‘Coagulation & Settling Process
Bacieria ‘Chemicals & Sand fitration
[Calcium & Magnesium ‘Addition of water softeners
[ron Tron Filters
[Sulfur [ Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs Disinfection aa.
Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration
2.2.3, Five Basic Methods of Purification of Water for Community Use
1. Aeration. spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough
surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
Finn? ,€0agulation & Precipitation- addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the
bey /apon 7°" water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which
precipitates readily, The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of,
3. Filtration- water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles. Special elements are sometimes addod to remove
paricular objectionable elements
4. Sedimentation- ihe seting process", where water is lef in a large basin for along period of
time. The sediments denser than water sink to the ground while those lighter float to the
surface. The sediment-iess water at the center of the basin is then removed:
5. Ghlorination- water is injected with hypo-chlorte or chlorine gas to kil the harmful bacteria.
2.3. Wells and Pumps
2.3.1. 5 basic types of Wells (Well Construction)
Feruarydune 2005 -* ves PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
1. Dug Well
‘most common type
usually dug manually
dug around 15 meters deep
also referred to as the shallow well
© dug with driven
point attached to
the pipes
used for driling
oil
can reach
depihs of 1000m
2. Bored Wet 3. ed Wel
Suen ae
using an auger affect existing t
foundations in
Used only where ground tt
is relatively soft
¥ i i
4. orver Wa 5. ite Wel
February-June 2005, PLUMBING AND SANITARY SysTEMS
2.3.2. Locating a Well
2 most common sources of Contamination
4. Septic Tank leach fields
2. Livestock feediots 2
Location must not be less than 5 ft. away from such pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
‘The deeper the well, the better! (allows natural filtration)
© Non-corrosive brass well
screens
+ Brass well screens with
wrapped around rocks
and stones.
‘+ Rocks and stones with
non-corrosive metal
casing
Februarystune 2005, PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
2.3.4. 2 Basic Types of Pumps
| Piston Pumps Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
| water's drawn
in with only 1 motion) or
uy
story suake
Double Action
(water is drawn
in with either stroke)
‘Working principie is similar to the double action piston pump but the
p contraption makes use of two cylinders and two rods. There are also
Duplex or Twin Piston Pum® | ‘wo openings each for suction and discharge, connecting to larger arms
for a greater flow of water
Centrifugal Pumps Waters drawn info the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force
Nite
906 ELEVATION EMDELEVATON
February-June 2005 a vee PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
2.3.5. Other Types and Classifications of Pumps
1. Reciprocating Pumps:
{piston pumpsthat operate | Stroke position
j with controlled speed. The | connecting rod.
discharge from a
reciprocating pump is :
pulsating and changes Bit
‘only when the speed of Ast
the pump is changed.
Sometimes an air
‘chamber is introduced to
regulate the pulsation
2, Jet Pumps
+ Jet pumps are centrifugal
pumps typically used for
drawing water up from a well
‘+ Deep well jet pumps are used
in high volume applications
‘Shallow well jet pumps are
used for residential wells
Convertible Jet Pumps can
| be used for deep wells and
| shallow wells
+ Miniature jet pumps are used
for small applications,
3. Rotary Pumps (no picture)
‘+ Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
‘= Rotary pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
+ Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids
. Submersible Pumps (no picture)
‘* Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other
media storage receplacie
‘* Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to be
submersible
[5 Sump Pumps (no picture)
| © Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be pumped
| away from a particular area
‘= Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number of styles of
Dumps thal are used to pump out collected fuid
©. Turbine Pumps.
+ Turbine Pumps are
centrifugal pumps
used for large
applications because
of their multiple
impetters
* Turbine Pumps can
discharge up to 2000
GPM
2.4, Water Tanks & Cisterns
2.4.1. Gravity Supply Tanks (Overhead Water Tanks)
* Used in the Overhead Feed or Downfeed System
‘© Main Components: PLUMIING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
‘Supply Pipe
intet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
2.4.2. Pneumatic Water Tanks
© Used in the Air Pressure System
© Used with a pump
vo aunene
Roar wiye gM Pune
/ actuating 2n
aviamatic Sten
gate valve chuck valve
PROUMATIC TANK pump Molor suction TARR
Prem ciny
MAIN
2.4.3, Types of Hot Water Tanks
‘Small hot water tank
wy (30-60 cm in diameter;
> | not more than 180em in
length)
Range Boiler
Made of galvanized
steel sheet,
copper or stainless ste!
D = 30.em. to 60 cm.
L= Not more than 180 em
Large hot water fank
Nf (60-130 cm in diameter;
| ‘not more than § min ot Water out Thames
length) Relat vabe
Made ofheavy duty
material sheets applied
{| storage Boiter | with ust proof paint
From standard metal
gauge, working
pressure limit is [STORAGE TANK HEATER
[os
Febrvarysune 2005 =? PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
2.8. Controls & Valves
2.5.1. Function of Valves
2.5.2. Control of the water system
© Start or shut down a system
+ Regulate pressure
© Check backflow
© Control the direction of water
2.5.3. Rules Regarding Location of Valves
‘© Locate & distribute valves in such a manner that
they can isolate a certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before each branch)
© Locate valves where they are not too visible, while
still remaining accessible to users
2.5.4. Types of Valves
a.k.a. Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
‘completely apen the waterline (does not
Control flow of water),
Best suited to the main supply and pump
lines wherein operation is infrequent
2 Types
Gate Valve
| The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
The Double Disc Valve
Controls the flow of water with a movable T
spindle
Globe Valve
Can reduce water pressure
Only one side of the valve is an inlet 1
Februny-June 2005 (ep ven PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
STypes.
‘The Plug Type Disc Valve
‘The Composition Disc Valve
Check Valve
Main function is to prevent reversal of
flow (backflow) in the line
4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve
‘The Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve
February-June 2005 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
| Horizontal Check Valve
Operates in the same manner as globe
valve (disc & seat design)
preyene: Used to make a 90° tur in a line
Reduces number of joints
| Located at the lower end of the pumps
eecivane Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of
the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve"
Used on water systems, heating systems,
Safety Valve compressed air lines & other pipe lines
with excessive pressure
2.5.5, Basic Types of Faucets/Bibbs
ion | Operates by the
Compression i
eee compression of a soft
Packing upon a metal sheet
Februarysiune 2005, <= ves PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Operates with a round
tapering plug ground to ft a
Coyeatt metal sheet
“Hose bibb"- has grooves
fifor a hose
Ball Faucet | Constructed with a bat
connected to the handle
2.6. Defects in Water Distribution Systems
A 28.4, Water Hammer
* a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or
; | automatically thus causing a change in pressure.
‘+ the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle
2 * this can be prevented by providing extension pieces to act as air cushions
2.6.2. Back Siphonage *
‘+ _ the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel
into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe
‘+ ‘Back Flow’ the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or substances into the distributing
pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.
2.6.3. Expansion and Contraction
* due to changes in temperature, pipes can expand and contract, thus damaging the pipe
and/or the concrete wall
‘+ to avoid this, an air space must be provided between the pipes and poured concrete
2.6.4. Friction Head loss
‘© friction occurs when liquid flows through a pipe and makes contact with the pipe enclosures
this friction reduces the speed of water
- there is greater friction head loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number
of valves and fittings
2.7. Classification of Public
Water Distribution
Ths
canes aS
2.7.1._ Direct Pressure
Distribution
‘© Waters obtained
through a large
intake installed on econo wat
the lake basin &
extended into deep water
‘* Components:
© Water basin
‘+ Receiving well
+ Filtration plant
2.7.2. Indirect Pressure Distribution
* Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water (‘deep well"
construction) PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
‘+ Involves individual special mechanical equipment
2.8. Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System
2.8.4
2.8.2.
2.8.3,
2.8.4.
2.8.5.
28.6.
2.8.7.
‘Service Pipe- pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the building
served
Water Meter- device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes
through the water service
Horizontal Supply Main- the principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter
from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken
Riser- a water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more to convey water into
pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.
Fixture Branch- the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-
distributing pipe
Controls & Valves- used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system
Storage Tanks
2.8. Types of the Cold Water Distribution Systems (within buildings)
Upfeed System
Water is provided by the
city water companies
using normal pressure
{rom public water main
Meter Sop
Water Meter
GC ae
Air Pressure System
(Pneumatic)
+ When pressure
supplied by city water
supply is not strong
enough
+ Compressed
used to raise and push
| water into the system,
FebruarysJune 2005
air is
[& PLUMMING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Veer rtat tom nat wate 9. Sa
Downfeed /
Overheadfeed /
Gravity System
‘Water is pumped into a
large tank on top of the |
building and is
distributed to the fitures
by means of gravity.
1
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES.
i Upfeed System
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks. 1. Pressure from water main is inadequate fo
| ‘supply tall buildings.
| 2. Water supply is affected during peak load
es | hour.
‘Air Pressure System
7 With compact pumping unit 1. Water supply is affected by loss of pressure |
2. Sanitary due to air tight water chamber. inside the tank in case of power interruption. |
3. economic (smaller pipe diameter)
4. less inital construction & maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves as
purifying agent
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of about 10
slores intervals. J
Overheadfeed System 5 piste
1. Waters not affected by peak Toad hour. 1. Waters subject to contamination
2. Not affected by power interruptions. 2. High maintenance cost.
3, Time needed to repiace broken parts does | 3. Occupies valuable space.
not affect water supply. | 4. Requires stranger foundation and other
structure to carry additional load of tank and
water.
Febnuarylune 2005, =P vt PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
2.10. Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings)
With a continuing network
of pipes to provide constant |
circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own
& does not need any pump
for circulation
Hot water is immediately
drawn form the fixture any
Upfeed time
and Gravity
Return System | Provides economical
circulating return of unused
hot water
Eliminates water wastes
Larger pipe is installed at
the top of the riser & the
diminishing sizes passes
through the lower
| floors of the building
ot water rises on to the
highest point of tne
plumbing system and
travels to the fixtures via
gravity (closed pipe
system)
‘overhead feed &
gravity return system’
Downfeed and
Gravity Return | Water cistrbution is
System dependent on the
expansion of hot
water & gravity.
Larger pipe is installed
at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper
floors of the building
For a more efficient
Pump Circuit | circulation of hot water to
System the upper floor levels of
Multi-storey buildings,
February-June 2005 Nap oe BING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Pu
241. Water Tanks & Cistems
(sample tables of hot water consumption and working loads)
2.11.1. Hot Water Consumption
Ne KIND OF BUILDING ~~ GALLONS PER
| __ PERSONS PER HOUR
© (ofice suraings 4105
“L [ Schoo! Builgings 203
‘Apariment Buildings 3 8
~ ' Bio 10
< Factories 4106
> Residential 10
2.11.2. Working Load of Hot Water Systems
Y KIND OF BUILDING ‘AVERAGE WORKING LOAD
(| Scioo!, Office & Industral types 25%
> [Apariments & Residences a 35%
S\ [Hotels & Restaurants 50%
:
Be 2.11.3. 2 Types of Water Heating Systems
> 1. Hot Water Space Heating System - Water is confined within a system at low
g temperature
2, Hot Water Supply System - Not a closed system which operate on much higher
Maes aero
S212, Protection of Hot Water Tank:
1. System Relief Valve - Used for Hot Water Space Heating System
2 Temperature & Pressure Relief - Used for Hot Water Supply System
‘Xs. Fire protection system
K
iy
IN 3.1, Supplying Water for Fire Protection Systems
es 2.1.4, The Elevated Water Tank- wales punped up othe tank and preserved foremergenoy
uses. The tank should not be connected to the water distribution line of the building
3.1.2. The Underground Water Reservoir - a cistern. Waier is usually provided from the main
water line, but is sometimes collected rain water
eS?
February-June 2005 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
3.2, Types of Standpipe Fire Protection Systems:
+
] No Tanger being ullized in new
| buildings
How it works: a standpipe is
‘connected to the exterior of the
building (max height = 1200 mm)
Dry Standpipe
System
‘The standpipe is 2 pipe installed
in buildings not as part of the
water supply
‘or waste disposal system but CONNECT TO
| rimarly for use as water (ESS
ee 0 FIRE HOSE
conveyance in case of fire
How it works: a piping network
(line is directly connected to the
main water line) connects to all
levels of a building (at least 1
standpipe on each level)
‘The number of wet standpipes
shall be determined so that all
Wet Standpipe portions of the building are within
System 6.00 meters of a nozzle attached
to a hose 23 meters long
The minimum diameter for a wet
standpipe is 51mm for those less
than 15 meters form the fire
service connection. For those
‘more than 15 meters from the fire
service connection, the minimum
diameter is 63mm
How it works: a piping network
(line is directly connected to the
main water line) connects to all
Wet Standpipe levels of a building (at least 1
‘System with Siamese | standpipe on each level);
Connection additionally, a Siamese
‘connection is located outside the
building for additional water
supply (connects to fire truck
hose)
«in the interest of safety (to avoid contamination), the
‘cross connection between the fire protection line and
the water line should be equipped with a gate valve
and two check valves.
3.3. Water & Water Supply for Fire Fighting c
Febnuarjsune 2005 ee v-19 CONBI MATION WET g Dey
NER HEAD
on) free
: valve cap x }O2 wn =
rem es
Re pee J
lB mo
yy 23m abo
phe |
ee
Fire ty a eee re :
kes ’ oe
Beek ft teen
=a om hf,
F bn, Bin ave
45M, > ire PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
3.4. Sprinkler System
‘+ al present many cites and locates, and even fire aoe ae
insurance companies require new buildings to |
integrate an automatic sprinkler network into their ee fee et
uty systems
+ the most expensive of fire protection systems but the a
most effective earl ay
‘+ two types of sprinkler systems of}
© automatic wet- lines are constantly filed with i
water ae) :
© automatic dry- valves and censors tigger the | » me
water to fil up the lines at the slightest hint of ia
fire
3.5. Sprinkler Heads
3.5.1. Spacing of Sprinkler Heads.
KIND OF BUILDING]
COVERAGE OF ONE
SPRINKLER HEAD
Tight Hazard Occupancy 20 square meters
Extra hazard Occupancy 10 square meters.
3.5.2, Types of Sprinkler Heads ee
i
1. upright- used above piping when
piping is exposed; this type is safer
against damage
co ae
ize
| 2. pendent- projects through a finished
ceiling when piping is concealed
3.6. Special Installation Requirements
‘Atleast one fire department connection on each frontage
‘A master alarm system vaive control for all water supplies other than fire department connections
Special fire walls between protected areas
‘Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste water
4. PLUMBING FIXTURES.
44, Definition
+ Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid, and water-carried
‘wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to
4.2. Classifications
Soil -Water Closets, Urinals, Slop Sinks :
‘Scullery Kitchen Sinks, Laundry Tubs, Bar Sinks
ents -Lavatonies, Bathtubs, Shower Baths, Bidets, Jacuzzis, FoovSitz Tub,
‘Shower Receptors, Floor drains, Shower Compartments
Pn. ep vt 424
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
SOIL FIXTURES
1. Water Closets
Setting:
Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Water closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m
Types:
‘According to Type of Flushing ‘According to Flush Tank | According to Mounting
4. Flush Tank water closets Types 1. Floor Mounted
| 2. Direct Flush
| = Flushing action can be obtained | 2. Close Coupled Flush Tank
directly
connected into the bow! 4. High Flush Tank
Valve (DFV) water closets | 1. Integral Flush Tank
from a flush valve 3. Low Flush Tank
2. Wall Hur
Februarysiune 2005,
According to Flushing Action
Wash Down
- Flushes through a simple wash down action
- Discharges waste into a trapway located at the
front of the bow!
~ Has a bulge on the front
Has a small amount of standing water
= Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest
Reverse Trap
= Flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway
= Trap located at the front, hence the term “reverse”
Siphon Jot
= Has a larger trapway making it less likely to clog
= Quieter flushing action
= Retains a large amount of standing water
Siphon Vortex
=~ Less noisy and very efficient
+ Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion
followed by a complete flush down
+ Retains a large amount of standing water
Direct Flush Valve
= flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bow!
a
v.21 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Other Types of Water Closets
Se
Washout
Sections of a Typical Water Closet
S&S
‘Sample Table of Minimum Requirements for Water Closets
(for complete tables refer to the National Plumbing Code)
| pccuPaNcy MIN WO KIND & NO.OF USERS
| [Dweling or Apartment 1 Family
7 Tor 1-20 persons
2 for 21-50 persons
Elementary Schools
sitet os 1 Per additional 50 persons
7 per 1-100 males
2 per 101-200 males
| |ssembly Places 5 Leet eS
|| (Theaters and Auditoriums- perste
Hees as 4 per 51-100 females
| toreublie uss 8 per 101-200 females
1 Per additional 500 males over 400
: 2 er additional 300 females over 400
7 per 10 males
Dormitories 1 per 8 females
1 per additional 25 males, 20 females
February une 2008 (=P viz PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
per 1-10 persons
for 11 -25 persons
for 26 - 50 persons
for 51 - 75 persons
for 76 - 100 persons
per additional 30 persons in excess of
100
Industrial
sonora
2. Urinals
‘Types of Urinals
‘+ Wall-hung- the most common type of urinals, these are mounted to
the wall and are equipped with direct flush valves and integral or
exposed traps,
‘© Pedestal- the most expensive type, these urinals rest on a pedestal,
and makes use of direct flush valves and integral traps.
+ Through- market versions come in the form of a tub. Local versions
can come in different forms, usually with a perforated water filed pipe
and with drains at the fioor level and traps underground.
© Stall- large, "tall" urinals built to the wall. Not recommended patti Ore STA reel
because large surface is more prone to fouling. Usually with direct i
flush valves but older versions have overhead tanks.
Setting regulations for individual urinals:
Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m
Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m
Flushing:
+ Flushing trough urinals shall be done through automatic flushing
tanks. (NPC 408.1)
* Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a
predetermined quantity of water.
‘+ No manually controlled flushoreter valve shall be used to flush group
urinals. (NPC 408.2)
‘Sample Table of Minimum Requirements for Urinals.
(for complete tables refer to the National Plumbing Code)
‘OCCUPANCY MIN.# KIND & NO. OF USERS
Schoo:
Elementary 1 per 75 males
Secondary 1 per 35 males
1 per 1-100 males
2 per 101-200 males
Office or Public Building 3 per 201-400 males
4 per 401-600 males
1 For each additional 300 males
A per 1-100 males
‘Assembly Places 2 er 101-200 males
(Theaters and auditoriums) | 3 per 201-400 males
~ for public use) 4 er 401-600 males
1 For each additional 500 males
5 1 Per 25 males
erecta 1 per 50 males in excess of 150
Industrial and Commercial ° 0 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
3. Slop Sinks
- Where janitors clean & leave their mops
- Made of pre-cast concrete, cast iron enamel, or concrete with tiles
4.22. SCULLERY FIXTURES
4. Kitchen Sinks.
Matorials:
Cast Iron Enamel Configurations:
* Formed Steel Coated with ‘* Single, Double or Triple Well
Porcelain Enamel ‘+ Shallow or Deep Well
* Stainless Steel
2. Laundry Tubs
Materials:
© Cement or Cement with
Tiles
+ Porcelain
3. Bar Sinks
4, Lavatories
Types:
‘c. Counter/Pullman Lavatory
e i . elk
flush — selfsimming ‘under-counter
Lavatories.
February June 2005, bana v-24 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
4.23. Bathing Fixtures
1. Bathtubs
2. Whirlpool! Baths - with removable panel of
sufficient dimension to access pumps
3. Bidets — fixture that appears ike a water closet but
is more like a tub. It is used to clean private parts
after using the water closet
Standard Setting:
‘+ Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
‘+ Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0,75 m -
4, Jacuzzis - Luxury type bathtubs
5. Floor Drains
= With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes
‘ or the waterway equal to the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece
~ Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and
with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor
4 6. Shower Receptors
Loyal teh = | Receptor floor shall drain not iess than 2% slope or more than 4% slope.
Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door.
For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.
7. Shower Compartments
~ Metal or alternative enclosures of shower
~ Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.60 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing @
762 mm diameter circle.
- This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m
with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails.
~ Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.
5. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Bidet
5.1. Sanitary Piping Layout
5.1.1. General Rules in designing the Sanitary system
‘+ The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point
of the Sanitary system
* Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically so
as to ensure efficiency
5.1.2. Subsystems of the Sanitary System
1. Waste Collection System
2. Ventilation System
5.2. Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Vent Pipe - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap seals,
Trap - a filing or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal
which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
‘Sewage or wastewater through it
Stack - the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending through one or more
stories and extended thru the roof.
Branch - any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
House / Building Drain - part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system, which receives
the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to
the house sewer outside of the building
February Jung 2005 =P via PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
House / Building Sewer - extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face
of the foundation wall of a building o the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge,
and conveying the drainage of one building ste.
6.3. Principles of Waste & Soil (EXCRETA)
.s Roughing-in
5.3.1. Changes in Direction of Sanitary drainage Lines
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
= use 45° wye branches; combination wye - 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings
of equivalent sweep
Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
+ 45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
Horizontal to vertical change in direction
= use 45° or 60° vye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or
sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fitings of equivalent sweeps.
- No iting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used (L., sanitary cross)
+ Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2)
sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose ere 51, 64, 76,
89, 102, 114, 127, & 152mm dia)
6.4, Sanitary Drainage Lines
5.4.1. Unit of Measurement of Sizes of Sanitary drainage Lines
+ The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the amount of waste it carries.
+ Alavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu ft per
min), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit (F.U,)
+ The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of required trap.
+ For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, air
Conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture units shall be allowed for every
0.083 Lis of flow.
5.4.2. Maximum Trap Loading
[TEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT
32mm
38 mm
51mm
76mm
102 mm
Exception: On self-service laundries.
5.4.3, Discharge Capacity
TTEM NO. LITERSISEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT
1 Up to 0.47 Lis (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2
ea] 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6
Notes:
1. Capacity over 3.15 L/s shail be determined by the Administrative Authority.
February June 2005 a v-28 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
2. For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, air
Conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture units shail be allowed for every
0.063 Lis of flow.
3. 19pm = 0.063 Lis
5.4.4, Minimum Siope of Sanitary Drainage Lines
= Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe ~ 2% or 20mmim (14" per foot).
- Exception: Where itis impracticable due to depth of street sewer, adverse structural
features and regular building plans, pipes with a 102 mm diameter or larger may have @
slope of not less than 196 or 10mmim, approved by the Administrative Authority
5.6. Traps & Interceptors
5.5.1. Types of Penmissible Traps
Used for lavatones, Kitchen
sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly used for
‘the
ihe Conmpon Bel tap: P-trap: nickel, chrome plated
brass,
Galvanized malleable
‘copper, & PVC, seer “oF
COMMON P-TRAP
not
| oven
Water seal is about twice
| The Deep Seal P-Trap the size of The common P- om
trap bee
ues
Used for fixtures such as om
slop sinks that are usually
‘built ow in the ground,
leaving very litle space for a
‘The Stand Trap foundation & a trap
| Serves as a water seal &
structural support for the
fixture
Has a large diameter (around
0.16 m) and lengths ranging
from 0.20 to 0.32m
Seen Used for fixtures that
discharge large amount of
water (bathtubs, shower or
| floor drains) hes
DRUM TRAP
Februsylune 2008 oe vr PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Used within the line of house
‘The Running Trap drain
RUNNING TRAP,
stm pee ie lm) lA
5.5.2. Requirements / Regulatichs
+ Each plumbing fixture, excepting those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an
approved-type waterseal trap.
+ Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and
the vent)
* One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks or laundry tubs or
lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same room, where their waste outlets are not
more than 0.75 m apart
5.5.3. Size of Traps
* The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which itis connected.
+ Eachsfxture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than
102 mm (excep! where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for
special conditions,
FebmuarJune 2005, ed v-28 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
5.5.4. Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures
TEM ] FIXTURE TRAP & TRAP [DRAINAGE FIXTURE]
NO. ARM SIZE UNITS
1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets [38mm 2
a) Floor Drains 51mm 2
4 Shower, single stall 51mm 2
5 Sink (residential) by 38 mm) 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap |) 51. mm 3
7 Wash Basin (single) 32mm 1
8 Water Closet (private installation) 76mm 4
9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6
5.5.5._ Installation of Traps
+ The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60
1m in length
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
{Except for water closets and similar ficures)
[TRAP ARM DIAMETER PISTANCE TO VENT
a2 mm O76 m
38 mm TOT m
i mm 152m
76 min 183m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
‘Note: Inno case shall the trap distance be less than 2 times the diameter of the trap arm.
‘+The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge of
vent) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
‘+ For trap arm 76 mm dia. or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater
than 22 % °.
5.5.6. Industrial Interceptors (clarifiers) and Separators
* Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or
undesirable matters from normal wastes that permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to
discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of not less than 152
mm deep.
Each interceptor shall be properly vented,
Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any establishment which discharges.
wastewater with considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers, etc. shall drain through a
screening device and thence into a grease interceptor.
* Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning machinery or machine parts shall be
adequately protected against storm or surface water and shall drain into an interceptor which
will separate oll and grease before the effluent reaches the public stream.
February-Jung 2005, faa v-29 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
6.8. Clean-outs
5.6.1. Requirements / regulations
+ clean-outs are required at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line. at each
‘un of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length, and at every 15 m (50
ft) of total developed length ora fraction thereof
* additional ciean-out shall be provided on a horizontal ine with an aggregate offset angle
exceeding 135°
+ clean-outs are also required inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building
drain and extended to grade.
‘+ clean-outs are not required on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is
serving sinks or urinals, nor on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or
less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
5.6.2. Sizes of Clean-outs
‘+ Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe served
‘SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS
PIPE CLEANOUT. PER 25.4MM
38 mm 38mm 11-12
‘Bt mm 738mm 112
64mm G4 mam 8
76 mm 64mm 8
402 mm & larger 8o mm 8
6.6.3. Installation of Clean-outs
* Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the direction of flow or at right angles to the
direction of flow except in the case of a wye branch,
* Each 90" clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye fitting or an approved fitting of
equivalent sweep.
‘+ Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of not less than 305 mm; those 51
mm or more shall have a front clearance of 450 mm,
* Clean-outs in underficor piping shall be extended to or above finish floor or shall be extended
outside the building when there is less than a 450 mm vertical clearance or 750mm horizontal
clearance to the means of access.
‘+ _ No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be located more than 6.1m from an
access door, trap door or craw hole,
6.7. Vents & Venting System
5.7.4. Definitions
\Venttilation- Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric
pressure inside the system
Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals,
‘Asgust Noveber 2004 mai v.30 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
5.7.2. Vents
Main Typé
the ‘backbone’ ofthe entre
sanitary
system
Connected to the Main Soil &
Waste Stack
Main Soll & Waste Vent | +52 oon whore waste
does not travel through
Continues to the roof, the
portion penetrating the roof is
called the Vent Stack
| Through Roof (VSTR)
the principal artery of the
venting system to which vent
branches are
‘connected.
Main Vent
Soil & Waste Vent
8 ive instal o vent
i fur Ve tat cones wih
tnavdual Vent or Back | Pe vent atom cho the
fire sevod or eminaas in
teepen a
pommeoeES oP va Other Types:
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
Unit, Common
or Dual Vent
an arrangement of venting
0 installed that one vent
pipe serves two (2) traps.
Roliof Vent
stacks.
| a vertical vent line that
provides additional
Circulation of air between the
drainage and vent systems
or acts as an auxiliary vent
on a specially designed
system such as a
“yoke vent" connection
between the soil and vent
ReUer VENT
‘August-November 2004
ves2 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERV:
aos
as ‘7TH FLOOR
| from a soil or waste stack |
x 4 Ie
Yoko or Byes | pe spove ie aorans
prasad os
porate it
ce
Siete ees
ean
extreme (highest) fixture
crea Very connects to the vent stack.
eerie
[ 4rle
‘August November 2004
ve33 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
a vertical vent connection on eer
a horizontal soil or waste aa
pipe branch at a point
downstream ofthe last
fixture connection ieterere
and tuming to a horizontal
Looped Vent | line above the highest
overflow level ofthe highest
fixture
connected there
Used in spaces without
Partitions
that portion ofa vent pipe
Wet Vent through which wastewater
also flows through
Dry Vent a vent that does not carry iquid or waler-borne wastes,
I @ pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room fo the
Local Vent outer air.
commonly used in bathrooms without windows
Sichivent the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain
‘connected to the stack
the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and
Vent Stack from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end
above the roof is called Vent Stack
‘Through Roof (VSTR)
5.7.3. Requirements / Regulations
* Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure through venting,
© Vents are not required on a primary seltling tank interceptor which discharges through a
horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be
properly tapped and vented,
* Vents are not required for traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved
type receptor.
5.74._ Size of Vents
+ The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture
units connected thereto.
+ The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm (1-1/4") nor less in size than
cone-ralf (12) the diameter of the drain to which tis connected.
‘Augusttovember 2004 ep vse PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
6.7.5. Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS
‘+ All horizontal or branch vents shail be free from drops or sags & shall be graded and
connected to drip back by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
‘Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest level rim of the fixtures served
before offsetting horizontally,
+ Allvent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the roof or shall be reconnected to the
soil or waste stack vent at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof" (VSTR) shall
be increased one (1) pipe size above the connection between the stack vent and the
horizontal vent.
+ Two Q) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be served by a common vertical vent
pipe connected to an approved double branch fiting
fees VENT TERMINATION
77°} © VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above the roof nor less than 300 mm.
| from any vertical surface nearby.
of] + ‘+ Each vent opening shall terminate:
Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window,
Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street boundary lines.
* Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part ofthe roof that is used for human
activities and shall extend not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS
Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys above the building drain shall be
served by a parallel vent stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal
at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at ground level and at every fifth floor levels
with a "yoke vent" at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch connection to the stack
and at the nearby vent stack above the same floor to provide a relief vent.
‘+The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than either the soll stack or the vent stack,
whichever is smaller
* The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed 1.0 m above the floor level and, by
‘means of a wye branch at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch serving that
floor.
5.8. Sanitary System Defects
5.8.1. Trap Seal Loss
* Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate ventilation of
traps
* Attributed to the following conditions:
‘Siphonage- self-siphonage or momentum siphonage creating a
‘vacuum that breaks trap seal
Back Pressure- excessive pressure at the lowest branch causing trap
seal to look for opening
Evaporation- caused by changes in temperature
Capillary Attraction. foreign objects in the traps absorbing trap seal
Wind Effectse strong winds through the vent system forcing water out oe
of the trap
§.82._ Retardation of flow eee
+The effect of atmospheric pressure andlor gravity due to inefficient ventilation
August November 2004 ap v.35 58.3,
5.9. Indirect Waste Piping
Indirect Waste Pipe
5.10.
5.104
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
Deterioration of Materials
Due to excessive amounts of acid created by a substantial amount of Hydrogen in the
system. An effective vent system wil allow the release of Hydrogen, subsequently preventing
acid formation.
a pipe that does not connect directly
with the drainage system but conveys.
liquid wastes by discharging into a
plumbing fixture, interceptor or (Float Orato
receptacle directly connected to the
drainage system
House Drain Appliances
Grease Traps
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the drainage or sewer system in
Quantities that can effect line stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage
disposal
For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters, cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotels,
hospitals, sanitarium, factories or school Kitchens. A grease trap is not required for individual
ddweling units
Basic operational procedure is separation of grease from liquid by contact with colder
temperature
No grease trap shall be installed for facility that has an approved rate of flow of more than
3.4 liters per second (54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 Lis (20.74 gpm).
Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not less than 51 mm in depth or the
diameter ofits outiet, whichever is greater.
No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease interceptor or grease trap.
2.Main Types of Grease Traps
Earth Cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap
Grease Trap Capacity
TOTAL # OF FIXTURES REQUIRED RATE GREASE RETENTION
CONNECTED ‘OF FLOW, CAPACITY
1 76U min, 18 Kg
2 95 U min, 23 Kg
3 132 U min. S2Kg
a 1890 min, 45 Kg
Wola:
The total capacity of fixtures discharging info the grease trap shall nal exceed (wo
‘and one-half times (2-1/2 x) the certified L/m flow rate of the grease trap. (NPC 1011.4)
5.10.2. House Traps
Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall of the building
‘Aust November 204 = v.36 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
Clean out
Arve see
Wat =
ay | sSa[] een
5.10.3. Drain Tiles
+ Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the basement walls & foundation
‘+ Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation where water is collected: drain
tiles are connected to the house drain or sump pit
5.10.4. Garage Traps
aka. garage catch basin
Operating Principles:
~ _ trap is fled with water & located at the lowest
point of the garage so it can collect and
separate all wastes, such as grease, gas, cil,
etc
5.10.5. Back Flow Valves
‘© Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely
‘occurrence of back flows
+ Similar to check valves
5.10.6. The Sewage Ejectors
‘= Pumps the wastes up from the sump pit to
the sewers (which are usually higher than
basement levels)
5.11. Private Sewage Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL PHASE - the final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and water-
carried wastes are brought to vatious disposal outlets
‘August-Novernber 2004 es ves PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
5.11.1. Septic Tanks
‘+ Awatertight covered
receptacle designed and
constructed to receive the
discharge of sewage from a
building sewer, separate solids
from the liquid, digest organic
matter and store digested
solids the clarified liquids to
discharge for final disposal
+ SLUDGE - solid organic matter
that are denser than water and
settle at the bottom of the
septic tank
© SCUM - lighter organic material
that rise to the surface of the
water
Consent
© EFFLUENT - liquid content of
sewage Cena crave
SECTION
Bactoria in septic tank to ericourage decomposition
Aerobic bacteria: relies on oxygen fo Sunive
* Anaerobic bacteria: can survive In places without oxygen
Septic Tank Design Criteria
+ PLANS: should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, and other
pertinent data
+ QUALITY OF DESIGN: shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum accumulations.
+ MATERIALS: constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive corrosion or
decay, and shall be watertight. Common materials are cement or prefabricated cast iron
+ COMPARTMENTS:
~ first compartment not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2
‘cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
~ Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank; minimum of 4
‘cum liquid capacity. In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment may be not less than 1.5 m in length.
~ maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect the sludge and
make it easly accessible from the manhole
+ MANHOLES: Septic Tank should have at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min
dimension; one over the inlet, the other over the outlet. Wherever first compartment
‘exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.
+ SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS: Inlet and Outlet pipes
should have a diameter size not less than the sewer pipe, while Vertical legs of inlet and
Outlet pipes should have a diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6
mm,
‘+ LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET: Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at
least 304.8 mm below the water surface. Invert ofthe inlet pipe shall be at a level not less
than 50.8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.
VENT DIAMETER: should be equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
AIR SPACE: Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth. Cover of septic tank
shall be at least 60.8 mm above the back vent openings.
+ PARTITION (between compartments): shall be of solid durable materials extending
101.6 mm above the liquid level
August. November 2004 ee ves PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
STRUCTURE: Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa
CAPACITY: The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or
apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate
for various building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures;
whichever is greater.
* LOCATION: Septic tanks should not be located underr
least 15 meters from the water distribution system.
h the house, and should be at
5112. Sewers
3 Classifications of Waste Water
* Grey Water or Area Water
= waste water with the exception of human wastes:
* Black Water
water with solid and liquid human wastes
‘+ Storm Water
= rainwater only
Classification of Sewers
* Combination Public Sewers
- Oldest variety
= Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
* Storm Sewers
= Carries only rainwater collected from the storm
Grain or from the streets
~ Terminates at natural drainage areas (ie. lakes, rivers, and water reservoirs)
~ Require manholes to serve as clean-outs and to make sewers accessible for inspection
‘and repair built at depth of about 2 to
3m; with a diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 meters
© Sanitary Sewers
= Carries regular sanitary wastes only
~ Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for treatment
= Built at a depth of 3 meters
2 Types of Sanitary Sewers
© Tributary Sewers
~ Termination points of individual units or structures
- Usually round shaped, with diameters between 0.60 to 1.2 meters
- Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often installed by the curd line, before the street
+ Intercepting Sewers
-a.ka, ‘collecting sewers’
Termination points of tributary sewers
-Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30 meters in depth
-Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters
Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%
Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and
Pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the
waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant
cercutan
ow
: aig Requirements / Regulations
- Drainage pipes of ll buildings shail be connected to the public sewer. When not
available, they shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system.
Public sewer may be considered as not being availabe ifitis more than 61 meters from
‘any proposed bulding or exterior drainage facility
- Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private sewage disposal system may
not be connected to a new public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary
August November 2004 <= v.38 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
condition is evident, and when there is no sufficient grade or fall existing to permit
proper drainage flow by gravity to the public sewer.
Damage to Public Sewer or Private Sewage Disposal System
= Itis unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags, flammable, poisonous,
explosive liquids or gases, oils, grease, and other things whatsoever which would
cause damage to the public sewer or private disposal system
= No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into any excreta drainage system.
= No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under drain system shall be
Connected to the excreta building sewer leading to a public sewer main,
- No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a private or public sewage
disposal system.
Size of Sewer
= The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of the total
umber of fixture units drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller than
160mm in diameter, nor less in size than the building drain.
Installation of Sewer
~ Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a uniform slope of not less than 2%
‘or 21 mmim toward the point of disposal
- Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer, structural features or to
‘adverse arrangement of building, to obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm
in diameter may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mmim), while those 203mm in
diameter and larger may have a slope of not less than 0.5% (5.3 mmim)
No building sewer shall be installed less than 0.6 meter from the outer face of any
building foundation, nor less than 0.3 meter below the finish surface of the ground.
- Location of building sewer in relation to other services is shown below.
© 0.60 m from any building or structure
© 15.2 m from water supply wells
© 15.2 m from streams ee
© 0.30 m from domestic supply pipes
0.0.30: from public water main 0
Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not
approved for use within a building shall not be laid in the same
trench as water pipes unless the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3 pes
meter above the top of the sewer or drainage pipe (NPC
1208.1.1);
or the water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at one side of the common trench
with a minimum horizontal distance of at least 0.3 m from the sewer or drain pipe (NPC
1208.12)
120
oe BLDS SEWER
-Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved
‘for use within a building shail be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or drain
ore ep va both directions.
5.11.3, Disposal Fields
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for structures with large adjacent
‘open fields” then insert this picture:
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3 meters away from sewer line in
Design Criteria
AREA: dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated sewage flow rate,
Whichever is greater, and; the type of soil found in the excavation.
DISTANCE TO WATER TABLE: No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.6 m of the
water table. Fi
WITH SEEPAGE PIT: Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit excavation
and the pipe extending from such points to the seepage pit shall be watertight.
5.11.4. Seepage Pits
‘A loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the discharge of a septic tank:
designed to permit effluent to seep through pit bottom and sides
Design Criteri
CAPACITY: based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character and porosity of the
‘surrounding soil
STRENGTH: Brick lining shall have a minimum compressive strength of 17225 kPa.
MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS: served through a distribution box or shall be connected in series
bby means of a watertight connection. The outlet shall have a vented leg fiting extending
304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.
SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT: Circular in shape with
‘excavated diameter of not less than 2.2 m
and to be lined with clay or conerete brick.
5.11.5. Cesspools
Design Criteria
TEMPORARY PERMITS:
= Temporary expedient pending the
construction of a public sewer, so long as
itis established that a public sewer will be
available in ess than 2 years and the soil
‘and ground water conditions are favorable;
~ As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an existing cesspool;
~As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or temporary uses.
5.11.6. Privies
Oldest form of disposal of organic waste. Consists of a vault constructed of concrete for
the collection of raw sewage
‘August November 2008
faa!
vat PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES.
6.11.7. Commercial / industrial Special Liquid Waste Disposal
Design Criteria
REQUIREMENTS:
nen liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of grease, garbage,
flammable wastes, sand, or other ingredients which may affect the operation of a private
sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall be installed,
DISPOSAL: Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank or other primary
system or into a separate disposal system.
512, General Gui
Location of Sewage Disposal System
ines for Private Sewage Disposal Systems
MIN.HoRZoNTAL | BLDG | SEPTIC SEEPAGE PIT
DISTANCE INCLEAR | SEWER | TANK | DISPOSALFIELD| GR CecspooL
REQUIRED FROM
Buildings or
a) |peuaee oem | 1.8m 24m 24m
Property ine adjoining a
oe Clear 1.5m 15m 24m
3__| Water supply wells 162m | 152m 305m 48.7 m
4 | Streams 162m | 152m 152m 305m
5 | Trees : 3m : 3m
Seepage pits or
CHR? - 1.5m 16m 37m
7. | Disposal fieid 1.5m 12m 1.5m
On site domestic
Seer o3m | 1.5m 1.8m 15m
Pressure public
$ | Water main ou a pu) om
543. Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)
‘Sewage Treatment Plans are now being used for large developments in lieu of septic tanks or
municipal sewages. STPs perform the same general function of septic tanks in decomposing
sewage. However, STPs make use of mechanical equipment and usually consist of 1 large
basin.
‘August-Noveniber 2008
fees)
veae PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
Some typical features of an STP:
An aeration system within the
‘ank, ee
cee eee : —
ase: ef] tee
-Ashidge waste pump that atisin Sh ' |
ciatying, me
-Adecanter, :
- Blowers; eae Ettwent
Afuly electronic conto system, Reo
= = Su
Aersion | Submertie see,
ait, Wearreeyig a
PREREACT ZONE | MAINREACT ZONE
2 Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage Treatment
aT
he Activated Sludge Process
Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must pass through
First Phase- gets rd of heavy materials with the use of three diferent fiter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertlizers
Produces water witn 99-09.5% purty
Raw ae
1. Grit Chamber }~=—=—=—-—-—-—--| 2. Coarse screen house
fae
4. Incinerator
3. Fine screen house
5. Activated sludge tank
8. Power House be Aerating | 417 Clarifier > outlet
ba.
yo Ca 11. Chemical
9. Drier house ——} extractor }¢$———
house house)
J t 13. Vacuum
12.Warehouse power
house
he Trickling Filter Process
a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’
Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
Produces water with 95% purity
Requires a large ground area for its building
‘August-November 2004 = vas PLUMBING AND SANITARY SERVICES
SEWAGE DISTRIBUTED
REVOLVING Aerie
‘ARMS
6. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
6.1. Rainwater Pipes
644
612.
Downspouts or conductor pipes, Gutters
Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
- Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth of rainfall per hour falling
Upon a given roof area in square meters. Normally a102 mmihr rainfall intensity is used
around Metro Mania,
- Guller Sizes are also dependent on the slope of the horizontal pipe.
= Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least
the same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe, except that the ratio ofits side.
dimensions shall not exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used for downspouts.
= Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high
hydrostatic pressure, they shall be installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate
branch from the roof to the ground level.
Roof Drains
~ Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending 102 mm above the
surface ofthe roof, with @ minimum total net inlet area of 1 ~ % mes the area of the outlet
pipe to which itis connected
~ Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a total net inlet area not less.
than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe to which the drain is connected.
- Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made watertight by the use of C.l
