WHITE PAPER

A closer look at the shared mobility

market in Europe, the UK and
CIS countries
Tips to expand your mobility business to a particular country. Сustomer
behaviour, payment preferences, licencing and costs of the mobility business
of each country.

Ridesharing/Carsharing Bikes & Scooter sharing

Taxi/Ride-hailing Delivery services

A mobility industry expert
The last few years have seen the rapid growth of a new kind of transportation: shared
mobility. This car sharing, electric scooters, and bike rental, which are now a common sight
in major cities, with companies moving aggressively to capture their share in a growing
market.

What if you want in on the action? Is it too late? Is the market already divided up? This
series of articles take a closer look at the shared mobility markets in nine European and
Central Asian countries. If you are considering working – or are already working – in the
shared mobility market, you will learn more about legislative requirements, fees, customer
behaviour, and the most promising areas of development.

Anthony Medica
Business Development Manager

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Table of content
Introduction 4

Poland 6

Germany 14

United Kingdom 23

Baltic States 32

Latvia 34

Lithuania 38

Estonia 43

Russia 47

Kazakhstan 55

Ukraine 61

Shared mobility market during the pandemic: things and 69

trends to watch in 9 European and CIS countries

Appendix. Licencing and costs of the mobility business 74

of each country

Sources 79

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Introduction

More and more people are increasingly comfortable with renting things, rather than
owning them outright. In fact, they hardly think of it as rental. Streaming services such as
Netflix and Spotify aren’t just glorified video rentals. They’re more of a subscription-based
library; for a monthly fee, they offer unlimited access to a vast catalogue of content.

Turns out people are alright with this, as long as it’s simple to access, always there, and,
importantly enough, easy to pay for. Mobility services took a page from this book and
applied it to transportation.

Their explosive growth suggests this has been a successful approach. Companies like
Uber and Bird have gone from total newcomers to household names in a matter of years.
Their success has inspired numerous competitors, some limited to local markets, some
nurturing global ambitions. So does this mean it’s too late to join the party?

Not necessarily. The market division is far from over, and there’s still room for more.
Market research, however, is more crucial than ever. With this in mind, we have prepared a
detailed overview of the mobility market in the UK and eight European and Central Asian
countries. We believe these countries are well-poised for future growth, and their markets
are open for outside competition.

Our overview describes the current situation, including legislation, costs, and existing
market players. It also considers some possible future developments. We’ve even
provided some recommendations for businesses who might consider working in this
country. And, of course, we also provide all the key stats and sources for further reference.

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Europe

Poland

Germany

United Kingdom

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Poland

The mobility industry in Poland has one noteworthy feature: at EUR 448 per month, its cost
of car ownership is one of the lowest in the European Union. The EU average is EUR 616 a
month. Moreover, the cost of car ownership is lower in rural regions is lower than in cities.
As a result, taxi services are cheaper and less developed outside larger cities.

In addition to hundreds of traditional taxi operators, Poland has several large foreign
ride-sharing companies: Uber, Bolt, iTaxi, Mytaxi, YandexTaxi, Gett, and others. Moreover,
several traditional taxi operators, such as Taxi Polska, PST, and MiniTaxi, are adding their
drivers to ride-sharing apps and launching their own apps. 58% of all Polish taxi drivers are
working with Uber. This all adds up to notable competition in the taxi market.

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Customer behaviour
Statista market outlook notes that in 2020, most people over 50 said they prefer the
traditional taxi services; people above the age of 64 rely exclusively on this service. Most
of them (78%) order their taxi by phone; 81% of people in this age group do not have any
taxi-hailing apps installed on their phone.

The most often-cited reason for this reluctance is security: they do not want to share their
payment card number and private data. When asked what they like about the traditional
taxi services, 50% of people appreciate the ability to order a taxi by phone and safety
provided by professional taxi drivers. As to the downsides, 48% cite higher prices, 36%
note the lack of information about the cost of the ride, whereas 27% mention they cannot
rate the driver and have no detailed information about the route.

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A 2018 research paper by Straal shows that 44% of users name lower prices as the main
advantage of the ride-sharing apps. 37% note the convenience of the cashless transaction:
this allows the passenger to leave the cab right after arriving at their destination, and the
driver does not have to look for change. The most popular cashless payment methods in
Poland are payment cards, followed by PayPal, Blik, and ApplePay.

36% of users appreciate knowing the cost of the ride before it begins; this allows them to
pick the cheapest one without worrying it will change during their journey.

As to disadvantages, 23% don’t like the fact that they cannot check their driver’s licence,
and 21% are bothered by handing over their personal data.

The statistically average Polish user of shared

mobility services

Age 18-29

The total income of their family above EUR 1100 per month

The average cost at the most popular about 7 EUR

bike rental service in Poland

The average monthly expenses on taxi- 15 EUR

hailing apps per month

The average monthly expenses on 31 EUR

shared mobility expenses

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Car sharing and micromobility
As of early 2020, different shared mobility companies operated in 70 cities across
Poland, counting 37 thousand vehicles (cars, mopeds, scooters, bikes). Their total reach is
estimated at 12 million people.

The largest players in the car sharing market are Panek, Traficar, MiiMove, innovgo!,
4Mobility, and Vozilla. innovgo! fleet consists solely of electric cars that can use the bus
lanes in traffic jams. Vozilla is local government company opened in Wroclaw, and it also
serves to test the technology behind electric and hybrid cars. Poland passed a law on
electric cars in 2017; it stipulates no less than 1 million electric vehicles on Polish roads by
2025. The state-owned electric companies are actively investing in building the necessary
infrastructure in large cities.

As to bike rental, Poland has two major players: Nextbike Polska, which has an 82% share
in the market, and BikeU. The total amount of rental bikes reaches 25 thousand, with their
users numbering more than 3 million.

The electric scooter market is still at its early stages. Legal framework is still in the works,
but some restrictions are already known: scooters will only be allowed on bike lanes, the
lower age limit for users will be 10 years, and the scooters will have a length limit of 1.25
metres.

Lime dominates the scooter market with 4500 units, followed by Bird with 2300 units and
Hive with 2100 vehicles.

Moped sharing grows slower than other sectors of micromobility, due to its seasonality. Six
companies offer about 2000 mopeds in 20 Polish cities. The main players are Blinkee and
Hop.City.

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Tips for businesses to expand into Poland
Alternative payment methods (APMs) and mobile payments are increasingly more popular
in Poland; about 15% of all people in Poland use them. However, not all micromobility
companies, including the international ones, use APMs such as PayPal or ApplePay.
Offering APMs for your micromobility or ride-sharing business helps you stand out and
achieve better conversion rates, especially if you’re focusing on a younger audience.

Shared economy in general and car-sharing in particular is rapidly gaining ground in

Polish cities. The government is actively encouraging it, developing the “smart city”
concept and expanding the necessary infrastructure, such as car-sharing parking spaces,
charging stations, and micromobility centres in large city. This, however, also means that
many micromobility projects are partially funded by local governments and/or have other
government subsidies. A commercial entity will find it hard to compete with them.

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Germany

Germany could well be named the most mobile country in the EU. As of early 2020,
Germans owned more than 42.4m cars, which breaks down to 1 car per 2 Germans. The
country is also well-renowned for its car industry, which accounts for 20% of its GDP. 1 out
of every 15 cars sold worldwide is made in Germany; 1 out of every 20 is on German roads.
This has pushed the total car ownership costs below the EU average at EUR 515 per
month.

This is bound to have its impact on the mobility market. Still, the country has more than
250 thousand registered taxi drivers and 21 thousand taxi companies; their combined fleet
reaches 55 thousand cars. Berlin alone counts more than 3200 taxi companies and 2500
self-employed drivers.

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 The traditional taxi companies that provide service by phone still
maintain a large share of the market, but the competition is fierce. No
single company controls more than 1% of the market.

The largest company TaxiFunk Berlin does not even have its own vehicles. It is operating
as a call centre, charging the drivers a commission for each passenger it forwards to
them. The small companies and self-employed drivers were also the hardest hit during the
pandemic lockdown. As a result, they are joining the ride-sharing apps at an increasing
rate.

The largest ride-sharing companies in Germany are Uber, FreeNow (formerly known as
MyTaxi), Taxi.de, Taxi.eu, MOIA (a subsidiary of Volkswagen) and BerlKönig. The last two
offer zero-emission vehicles with drivers.

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Customer behaviour
Globalfleet data suggests that, in addition to high levels of car ownership, 12% of all
employed Germans also have a company car. This helps explain the low demand for car-
sharing: just 3% of all Germans use it (the EU average stands at 6%.)

The pandemic and the lockdown has had some effect on German customer behaviour, but
it has been limited.

It’s not the only survey to suggest a rather conservative attitude towards the new mobility
services. A 2019 survey by German taxi app mytaxi shows that 78% of city dwellers have
never used a taxi-hailing app, car-sharing, or rental scooters, preferring their own vehicles
instead. 29% don’t even use the traditional taxi services.

There are also regional differences. A survey that measured the level of satisfaction with
ride-sharing apps found the highest level in Berlin (80%) and the lowest in Hamburg,
Düsseldorf and Cologne (64-67%). When listing the main disadvantages, the customers
note the lack of different payment options and receipts in their ride-sharing app. Other
common complaints include the drivers taking unfamiliar routes and overly aggressive
driving (one-fifth of all passengers note that their driver violated the traffic regulations).

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 The conservative attitudes also extend to payments. The most popular
cashless payment option in Germany is direct debit. Some car-sharing
apps have already introduced this option, in addition to payment
cards. The most popular alternative payment methods include PayPal,
ApplePay, and GooglePay.

Car sharing and micromobility

We’ve already shown that German customers are rather conservative. Still, there’s notable
potential for growth. In 2017, car-sharing services had just 350 thousand registered users;
in 2018, that number had surged to 2.46 million. As of 2020, Germany had a total of 226
car-sharing companies, their combined fleet reaching 25.4 vehicles.

The largest of these are Flinkster (4 thousand cars), SHARENOW (a merger between
car2go and DriveNow; it operates several thousand vehicles), Cambio (more than 3200
cars), Greenwheels (more than 400), stadtmobil (more than 390) and UBEEQO.

A notable mention is Sixt, a German car rental company. It was founded all the way back in
1912, which almost makes it a living fossil in the age of startups. Still, it has kept up with the
times; in addition to its car rental business, it has launched Sixt Share, its car-sharing app
and service.

There’s also P2P car-sharing, which is more of a niche market in smaller towns and rural
localities. It includes companies like SnappCar, Typo, and Getaway, with Drivy being the
market leader.

Rental scooters are a new sight in German cities: they only became street legal in June
2019, so the scooter rental market is still in its infancy. Within the first months, however,
more than 5 thousand rental scooters appeared in Berlin.

On the other hand, bicycle rental is well-established. Bike rental spots

or Fahrradmietstationen are available in the major railway stations and
are opened 24/7. They work much like car-sharing: the users register
online, deposit an initial payment, and pay as they go. The most
popular bike rental apps are Nextbike, CallaBike, and Metropolradruhr.

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Tips for businesses to expand into Germany
The main problem facing car-sharing companies in the German market is the fact that it
already has well-established and successful taxi services. Even before the arrival of Uber,
they were offering licenced taxi rides on their apps as well as the traditional service with
call centres which still remain popular.

Surprising the German customers is not easy, but the shared mobility
services are increasingly popular. Their success is based on several
factors: they offer additional services, they are easy to use, and they
keep the prices low.

The environmental regulations are an increasingly topical issue across the EU; this also
includes Germany. Hybrid, natural gas, and electric vehicles will become increasingly
popular in the next few years. The German government is working on – or, on several
occasions, has already implemented – a system of subsidies, tax cuts, and other green
energy incentives for businesses.

This means that green vehicles will be more than just a marketing move to grow customer
loyalty. They will also be more profitable, the high EV prices notwithstanding. Moreover,
electric vehicles are becoming more affordable year by year, even without the subsidies.

It is also worth noting that more than 65% of all Germans live in rural communities or in
towns with less than 100 thousand inhabitants. The low population density means that
regular bus services are often unprofitable and many routes are closed. They are replaced
with shared buses or minivans the passengers can request from an app, and this segment
of the shared mobility market has good potential for growth.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom may be a conservative country, yet it successfully combines its
deep-rooted traditions with innovative solutions and the latest in mobility technology. For
example, the UK had a long-standing ban on riding electric scooters, hoverboards, and
Segways in city parks and streets.

Still, as the technology became more widespread, it was partially lifted in summer of 2020.
The iconic London black cabs can be hailed on the street or ordered by phone, and they
can also be hired through an app. Car-sharing has been around for 20 years, provided
by a wide network of car clubs throughout the country. Being an island, Great Britain is
well-suited for implementing large-scale MaaS solutions. A single app can provide all
the transportation you need to get from one corner of the country to the other – or even
across the Channel.

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The British taxi market consists of two parts: licenced taxis and private hire vehicles or
PHV. The licenced taxis – these include the black cabs – have a meter and a set rate,
accept payment cards, are adapted for disabled use, can be hailed on the street, and can
use bus lanes. Private hire vehicles, as the name suggests, are privately owned vehicles
available for hire.

They don’t have a meter and can only be hired through an app or a call centre. The most
popular licenced taxi companies are TaxiappUK, Gett, Addison Lee, and London Lady
Chauffeurs, which offers taxis with female drivers. There are more than 15800 ride-sharing
companies in the UK working with PHV drivers. The largest of these are Uber, FreeNow,
Hopp, and Ola.

A total of 291.3 thousand taxis were registered in England and Wales in

2019; 76% of these were PHVs

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Customer behaviour
Brits believe a private car is a necessity which provides a notable level of freedom. The
cost of car ownership averages at EUR 540 a month or about 15% of the household
budget. This is more than food costs, municipal taxes, and mortgage payments.

A 2019 statistical release by UK Department for Transportation shows that Brits take
about 10 taxi rides a year, mostly when going to parties (47%). 14% note they take a taxi for
personal errands, and 12% use it to go shopping. 60% of Brits claim they only use a taxi
two times a year or less.

There are some heavy users, though.

The same release also notes that women use taxis more often than men; women over 70
use taxis twice as often as men the same age. People with lower income use taxis more
often (14 rides per year), albeit for a shorter distance. In total, 40% of all rides are between
3 and 8 km. The average duration of a taxi ride in London is about 20 minutes.

Customer satisfaction has been declining slowly over the years and now stands at about
66%. 70% note they are satisfied with the safety and availability, and this number is
growing. 52% note they are not satisfied with the costs, and this number is up as well.

As to payments, the UK already had a strong cashless sector, and that has only increased
during the pandemic. 73,2% use online banking, 67,5% prefer payment cards to cash,
19,8% are active users of mobile payments. APMs have a strong presence among young
British customers: 89% of them use PayPal, and 31% use ApplePay and GooglePay.

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Car-sharing and micromobility
The first British car-sharing company was Car City Club, which appeared all the way back
in 2000 (almost simultaneously with its US counterpart ZipCar). The market has now grown
to about 10 large car clubs with 350 thousand users and more than 5 thousand cars.

Half of the companies are based in London. The largest among them are Co-wheels,
DriveNow (also operating under the Share Now brand), Enterprise Car Club, Zipcar, the
van rental company Hertz 24/7, and E-Car Club which offers electric vehicles in 23 cities
across the UK. Moreover, the UK also has P2P car-sharing platforms, such as Hiya, Drivy,
and Tura. They offer more than 50 thousand privately owned vehicles for short-term rent.

After the ban on electric scooters was lifted in August 2020, dozens of scooter rental
companies rushed to the market: Bird, Bolt, Dott, Ginger, Helbiz, Lime, Link, Spin, Tier, Voi,
Wind, and Zipp, to name just a few. There’s also an advocacy group called CoMoUK that is
promoting shared transportation; it may help these businesses enter the British market.

More than 14 companies in London and other cities offer rental bikes. The largest
companies include Mobike, Nextbike, App-Bike, and Lime which offers electric bikes. It
is also worth noting that Transport for London runs its own rental bike scheme, known as
Santander Cycles.

The UK is one of the first countries to work on developing and

implementing a common standard for micromobility data. It will allow
different companies to share the data they collect using an open API.
This will integrate the micromobility services in a shared ecosystem
with all kinds of vehicles, including public transportation. Users will be
able to manage these services from one app. For example, they can
take a trip on a bus, pay for it with an app, and find the nearest scooter
to cover the last mile using the same app. This will be a truly multi-
modal and full-fledged MaaS service.

It’s not just a plan for the future. Businesses and non-commercial advocacy groups are
working with local governments to create these standards, and the UK already has several
successful examples. These include Whim in West Midlands and Maas Scotland.

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Tips for businesses to expand into the UK
As you might have noticed, the local governments have considerable authority over
transportation and mobility. This means that B2G solutions are very important for any
business trying to enter the UK mobility market. Here are some examples:

• adding new systems to the existing local transportation infrastructure, such as smart
traffic controllers on motorways;

• developing digital platforms for some specific areas and localities;

• building the infrastructure, such as EV charging stations and scooter rental points;

• working with local governments and CoMoUK to create local mobility centres.

Car-sharing is another area worth exploring. The pandemic has made

remote work increasingly common. A growing number of Brits no
longer use their car for their daily commute, but the cost of ownership
remains high. This makes car-sharing an increasingly attractive option.

There are regional differences. In larger cities, users prefer a service that allows them to
pick up and leave the car at any parking spot within a set area. In smaller towns, P2P car-
sharing and carpooling services are more popular. These services are poised for growth
throughout the country.

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The Baltic States

Latvia

Lithuania

Estonia

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The Baltic States

Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia are often grouped together as the Baltic States. There are
some good reasons for this: they all are rather small markets with similar infrastructure and
logistics. On the other hand, they do have their cultural, economic, and legal differences,
and they are developing in somewhat different directions.

For example, Latvia is developing the urban micromobility infrastructure. Lithuania’s strong
suit is sharing services. Estonia is renowned for its digital platforms and apps, which makes
sense as the country is the birthplace of Bolt and Skype.

Given their small size and similar yet different conditions, the Baltic States are a unique
testing ground for developing mobility services and technologies. Moreover, their
intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are well-poised for growth.

In September 2020, the Baltic and Polish governments signed a memorandum on

developing the 5G network and Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM), first proposed
by 29 European countries in 2017.

And it’s not just about signing a memorandum. The Baltic States are already laying the
foundations of the future MaaS system. The Latvian city of Jelgava is building its Smart City
system. It features a network of sensors which automatically evaluate the traffic and adjust
the traffic lights to ensure it runs smoothly.

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Latvia also has an information service called 1188 which provides detailed information
about buses, trains, and ferries, such as their timetables, costs, and route maps. The
Latvian authorities have already implemented some ITS solutions for public transportation,
mainly in Jelgava and Riga. It’s just a question of time until private ride sharing companies
and other mobility services are connected to them.

Lithuania has numerous ITS systems of its own. One of them is Vintra, a ride planning
system that compares public transportation with car rides and offers the best alternative.
The Vintra system includes all kinds of public transportation, such as buses, trains, ferries,
and planes. In 2017, the Lithuanian capital Vilnius introduced Trafi. It is an app that shows
the position of nearerst buses, Uber rides, shared bicycles, and scooters in real time. It
also shows traffic information, including traffic jams, and weather.

In 2016, the Estonian Road Administration (ERA) developed a plan to develop the existing
ITS and introduce new services. For example, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech)
has joined forces with Florida Polytechnic University to develop a self-driving shuttle called
Iseauto. This is the first autonomous vehicle in Estonia.

However, at this time, none of the Baltic States has a well-developed national ITS program
with a clear direction. It is a serious limitation for the mobility industry.

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Latvia

Latvians are driving fewer but newer cars than their Baltic neighbours: 380 vehicles per
1000 people. The average age reaches 13.9 years, whereas in Lithuania and Estonia it
stands at 16.7 and 16.9 years, respectively. The European average is 10.8 years.

Public transportation is more popular in Latvia than in Lithuania and Estonia. Urban
micromobility networks suffer from the lack of infrastructure and the often poor quality
of roads which can be unsuitable for electric scooters. A 2019 research commissioned
by Latvian State Roads suggests that just 4% of all Latvians use a bicycle for their daily
commute. Still, the situation is changing as the largest Latvian cities are now repairing their
roads and building the necessary infrastructure such as bike lanes, charging stations, and
bike parking.

According to Latvian public broadcaster LSM, in 2020, Latvia had about 600 taxi and
transportation companies; it also counted 7300 licenced taxi drivers.

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The average salary of a taxi driver reaches EUR 450-950 a month, and the average fare
stands at EUR 0.4-0.7 per kilometre.

In 2019, Latvia adopted new regulations that differentiate between taxis and private hire
vehicles. Taxis have yellow licence plates bearing letters TQ or TX (or EX for electric
vehicles). They also must have a meter, an identifying roof sign, and they can use the bus
lanes. The taxi licence is only valid in a single city or town.

Private hire vehicles include cars working with ride sharing apps such as Bolt, Yandex,
Freetaxi, and ClickTaxi; Uber is currently unavailable in Latvia. They have regular licence
plates, and they can only be hailed and paid using an app; taxis also accept cash
payments. The licence for self-employed drivers costs about EUR 60, does not expire, and
can be used throughout the country.

The largest car sharing aggregator in the Baltics is Sixt (operating as

SIA Transporent). The total amount of rental cars in the Baltics is more
than 6300 vehicles. The total turnover reaches EUR 30m, of which EUR
3.2m is in Latvia.

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Lithuania

Lithuania has seen a rise in car ownership in recent years, and it now
reaches 480 cars per 1000 people, almost the same as Estonia. It
remains costly, though: on average, Lithuanians spend 15% of their
income on their cars every month. The figure is somewhat lower in
Latvia and Estonia: 11%. The EU average is 10%.

The Lithuanian taxi market is the most liberal in the entire region. The largest companies
are Uber, Bolt, Smart Taxi, eTaxi, and Taxi.lt. New regulations mean that ride-sharing
companies without a taxi licence cannot use “taxi” as part of their name. The passing of
the regulations coincided with the re-branding of Taxify and Yandex.Taxi, now known as
Bolt and YandexGo, respectively.

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As of January 2020, the private hire vehicles must have a special sign on their front
and rear windshields. Other than that, the market is quite relaxed: they can accept cash
payments without a cash register. A receipt is only provided upon request within an hour.
The private hire licence does not expire, is valid throughout the country, and costs EUR 8.

Even though the licencing is simple, estimates suggest that up to 30% of all ride-sharing in
Lithuania falls in the grey area. The number of self-employed drivers is growing at a steady
pace, reaching more than 17700 people in 2020; it was 7300 in 2017. The average fare
in Vilnius stands between EUR 0.6 to 1 per kilometre, and the average monthly salary of a
taxi driver is EUR 450-1000.

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Estonia

Estonians have long been among the most enthusiastic car owners in Europe: 534
vehicles per 1000 people.

This does not mean, however, that there’s no interest in shared mobility solutions. The
Estonian taxi market shows rather strong division between the ride-sharing aggregators
and the classic taxi companies

The Estonian business portal arileht.ee reports that in 2020, the market
leaders were YandexGo and Bolt with a combined 50-60% market
share. The local operator TaxiGo has another 15%. There are more
than 10 taxi companies with call centers, such as Tulika, Tallink, and
Takso24. They occupy a more upmarket segment, but they also co-
operate with the ride aggregators; their market share reaches 30%.

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Licencing costs for a single taxi in Estonia include a driver’s licence (64 euros), service
card (38 euros) and a taxi licence (20 euros). The salary of a taxi driver stands between
590-1350 EUR a month, and the average fare is about 0.8-1 EUR per kilometre.

Estonia is renowned as a tech-savvy country, so it’s not surprising that ride-sharing apps
are popular. 70% of young people use them; more notably, 30% of seniors aged 65-74 in
Tallinn and 16% in entire Estonia also report using them. Estonian homegrown aggregator
Bolt is clearly the market leader in Tallinn with 63% of all downloads.

Another growing trend is carpooling, such as GreenShift: the driver picks up passengers
who cover some of the costs using an app. P2P car-sharing is popular as well: there are
services tracking the private hire vehicles using GPS. They can show the location and
technical condition of the car; they can also block the users if they haven’t paid their fare.
An interesting project is a four-wheel e-bike for urban bike-sharing.

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Tips for businesses to expand
into the Baltic States

As mentioned above, the Baltic States are often seen as a single market, and it makes
sense to treat them as such. A micromobility company should consider entering all three
countries at the same time, keeping in mind the local differences and legal requirements.
The trends are encouraging.

There is a strong demand for green transportation, there are government incentives for
using electric vehicles, and their infrastructure is constantly expanding. This suggests
there will be a steady growth market for products using electric scooters, e-bikes, and
electric cars.

The Baltics have a good growth potential for intelligent transportation systems. There’s
also a large number of qualified employees and creative projects working in the shared
mobility field and already familiar with the local requirements. What is lacking is funding for
promising projects, including funding from local governments.

Therefore, localised investments in promising Baltic start-ups may offer a better return on
investment than introducing existing products and business models, even if they work well
in other European countries.

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CIS Countries

Russia

Kazahstan

Ukraine

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Russia

The mobility market in Russia has seen strong growth in the last few years, which is due
to a number of factors. The capital cities (Moscow and Saint Petersburg) are nearing full
saturation in the taxi and car-sharing field. Therefore, large companies and ride-sharing
aggregators are actively expanding in other large cities and building their own multi-modal
transportation systems within their own ecosystem.

Large international operators are entering the market (such as DiDi in Kazan and Bolt
in St Petersburg), which means more competition. Moreover, the classic taxi call center
operators are still successful in smaller cities below 500 thousand people; the share of
grey market drivers remains high as well.

There are several reasons why shared mobility is an appealing solution. Many Russian
cities (with the exception of capital cities) have underdeveloped public transportation
networks. The average cost of car ownership is quite high: EUR 468 a month, and car
ownership remains low (an average of 308 cars per 1000 people).

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 47

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Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 50
 The market structure varies by city. YandexGo has a large market share
in cities above 500K people. Cities between 100K and 500K people are
split evenly between YandexGo, Vezet and Maksim. Cities below 100K
are dominated by Vezet and Maksim.

The market lost almost half of its value due to COVID-19 pandemic and strict lockdown
measures. It has, however, seen a relatively strong comeback by the end of 2020. Many
companies have switched to B2B and B2G services which remain underdeveloped as well
as cargo transportation and deliveries in the B2C segment.

For example, the St Petersburg company Taksovichkoff has developed its small cargo
delivery service Gruzovichkoff, which boosted its turnover by 18%. The local government
of Surgut got rid of its own cars, transferring its employees to a local taxi company and
saving EUR 500K a year.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 51

Car-sharing and micromobility
Currently Russia has 27 companies offering car-sharing services. Their total fleet reaches
39 thousand vehicles, 29 thousand of which are in Moscow. The largest operators are
Yandex Drive, Delimobil, BelkaCar, YouDrive.

The pandemic-related social distancing can have an impact on customer behaviour in the
future. Car-sharing may become more preferable than public transportation or taxi. It may,
however, be less preferable than a private car; the interest in car ownership has
been growing.

According to a Bank of Russia estimate, the ratio of people per shared car may increase
in the next few years, reaching the levels of Toronto (498 people per shared car), Madrid
(500) and New York (525). It is also estimated that, in seven years’ time, 10% of all new cars
in Russia (about 200K vehicles) will be purchased for use in car-sharing.

Bike and scooter rental, besides Moscow and St Petersburg, is also popular in southern
cities, such as Krasnodar, Stavropol, Rostov, and Sochi. Each of them has 18 to 25 rental
services, and up to 49% of people use bikes to commute to work.

Russia has about 30 scooter rental companies with the total of 35

thousand vehicles. Moscow has seen a 42% growth in scooter and bike
rental in June-September 2020, following the lockdown.

Within the next two years, Kazan plans to expand its bike and scooter rental network to 1.6
thousand locations, together with a corresponding infrastructure development. The single
largest problem facing micromobility companies, in addition to the lack of bike paths and
parking, is vandalism and theft. Losses in all Russia exceed EUR 1.65m per year.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 52

Tips for businesses to expand into Russia
Internet penetration rate is growing in Russia. This makes digital services and taxi apps
for smaller towns an increasingly attractive business. Another area of growth is apps
for booking buses and minivans, which already are popular in Germany. The federal
government is also working on developing and promoting the smart city concept across
Russia. This opens a growth opportunity for digital mobility and intelligent
transportation systems.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 53

Grow with Us
The road to new markets doesn’t have to be rough.

Expanding into new markets seamlessly is difficult, it’s no secret. But with the
right payment provider solution, scaling up can be simple.

ECOMMPAY is an international payment service provider and direct bank

card acquirer. We partner with e-Commerce clients worldwide to engineer
bespoke payment solutions, tailored with every unique use-case in mind.

Our payment gateway technology facilitates a seamless omnichannel

integration combining:

Acquiring capabilities

100+ payment methods

Mass payouts

We are headquartered in London and have six offices globally, with over
700+ payment experts ready to engineer and implement your optimal
payment solution.

With all this available to you, we’re ready to make your expansion strategy a
reality, no matter how ambitious.

GET IN TOUCH

www.ecommpay.com
Kazakhstan

Modern taxi services are relative newcomers in Kazakhstan. Services such as Uber,
Indriver, and Yandex.Taxi entered the country in 2016, followed by Bolt. Still, they’ve seen
rapid growth.

Kazakhstan enjoys a high Internet penetration rate (higher than in the

US), and the ride-sharing aggregators offered extremely low prices. As
a result, it took them just one year to gain the second place right after
public transportation. Taxis now account for a 23.9% share in Kazakh
passenger transportation market; at the same time, the number of
classic taxi companies has declined by 18%.

The biggest markets for taxi services are Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan which sees
about 40-60 thousand taxi rides per day, and Nur-Sultan (formerly Astan), the capital of
Kazakhstan. In 2015, a taxi driver in Almaty completed 15 rides per shift on average; the
number now stands at 30. Pay-time – the time paid from the moment the client orders a
taxi – has grown from 60% to 80%.

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Customer behaviour
Taxis are still a relatively novel service, and customer behaviour is still developing. This
means that costs remain the main issue, whereas safety may not be as important. A large
number of the private hire vehicles are aging Russian Ladas or Uzbek-made Daewoo
Nexias.

Kazakh customers tend to prefer more comfortable vehicles operated by Uber and
Yandex.Taxi for shorter trips. When travelling longer distances, they choose cheaper
services, such as InDriver. They offer a different pricing model: the customer marks the
sum they are willing to pay, and the driver chooses whether to accept it. About 55% of all
taxi rides are booked using mobile apps.

A large share of car-sharing users are business people who need to get around the city.
Another large category is young families who must share one car between both. The third
large group is foreigners on business trips or working in Kazakh companies.

According to 2018 data collected by Velocity.kz,micromobility services

are popular among car owners who need to cover short distances in
the city centre. Bike sharing and scooter rental users in Almaty are
aged 20-50, and 60% of them are men. 80% of all bikes and scooters
are rented by locals during the evening rush-hours to avoid the crowds
in public transportation. 20% of all clients are foreigners.

A recent trend is the growing popularity of companies focusing on transporting children to

kindergartens and schools. There are about a dozen of similar companies in Almaty and
Nur-Sultan, such as Baby Taxi, Kinder Taxi, School Bus, Safe Baby Taxi etc.

Car sharing and micromobility

The first car-sharing operator Anytime (part of Mikro Kapital Group) entered the Kazakh
market in 2018. A year later, more than 250 shared cars were available in Almaty, and the
number of their clients reached 55 thousand.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 59

The growth of car-sharing and micromobility services depends on the city local
governments. They offer free parking to car-sharing services and develops the biking
infrastructure. For example, in 2019 the mayors of the largest cities in Kazakhstan helped
develop the national micromobility development programme.

Another factor influencing the growth of shared transportation is the

relatively high cost of loans. Hiring a vehicle, bike, or scooter is often
cheaper than getting a loan to purchase it.

One more factor influencing the micromobility market is the local climate and geography.
For example, even though Almaty has more than 2m people, it has less rental bikes than
Nur-Sultan which has slightly more than 1 million people.

Almaty is located at the foothills, while Nur-Sultan lies at a flatland. Most of the rental bikes
in Almaty tend to be left in the lower part of the city in the evening, and the bike sharing
companies must pick them up and move uphill every day. Meanwhile, electric scooters
tend to overheat when moving uphill, especially in summer, which leads to breakages. It
should be noted, though, that these are not unique problems; all cities in a hilly area tend
to have them.

Tips for businesses to expand into Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is currently undergoing the entire evolution of micromobility services at a
much faster pace. This makes it easy to predict the next moves. To understand what will
be popular in a few years’ time, you only have to look at the development of micromobility
in Europe and Asia. Then, you can adapt the strategies and products popular elsewhere.

It should be kept in mind that Kazakhstan is a huge country: more than 2.72m sq km. This
makes it 6.3 times larger than Germany. The distances between towns and cities are large.
Moreover, much like in other countries around the world, Kazakhstan is cutting down on
unprofitable inter-city bus routes. This means that there is a good growth potential for
services such as P2P car-sharing and joint ride platforms.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 60

Ukraine

Ukraine is a unique market for mobility with a huge growth potential, even though – or
because – it suffers from contradictions and uneven development across the board.
There are Ukrainian companies working on unique solutions that cannot yet find a use
in the country. On the other hand, Ukrainian mobility companies are actively using and
implementing technologies that are still the subject of heated debate in the European
Union.

For example, a Ukrainian company has developed a platform that brings together charging
station owners and electric vehicle drivers. Users can book a charger, plan their route, and
enjoy other bonuses.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 61

However, Ukraine only introduced incentives and “green” licence plates for electric
vehicles in 2020. As a result, the number of electric vehicles in Ukraine remains low.
There is growth: sales went up by 40% in 2019, reaching 7700 units. Still, the necessary
maintenance and charging infrastructure is only available in the largest Ukrainian cities.

Ride-sharing aggregators see a strong growth. International companies

such as Uber and Bolt entered the market in 2016. They saw a warm
welcome from their users and, remarkably enough, taxi companies
who protested against ride-sharing aggregators in the EU countries.
Following their entrance, the Ukrainian lawmakers sped up their work
on the legislative framework for the taxi market. Much of it, however,
still remains in the grey area.

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Customer behaviour
2019 research shows that the most client-oriented taxi services in Ukraine are Uber, Uklon,
Bolt, Taksi 838 and Taksi 571. The leaders in safety and quality are Elit-taksi, Ekspress-
taksi, Taksi 571, Boss-taksi, and Uber. The most expensive taxi service in Kyiv is Elit-taksi,
the cheapest – Taksi 594, Avangard, and Premium.

A 2020 customer survey carried out by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology shows
that 36% of Ukrainians have had negative experiences with traditional taxi services. The
same survey also showed that 62% had a positive or very positive view on ride-sharing
aggregators. Just 4% have a negative view on ride-sharing apps. 42% note that the fares
are lower, and 44% appreciate the cashless payments.

A 2017 survey by Ukrainian car sales portal auto.ria.com suggests that Ukrainians do not
yet see any significant benefits in using car-sharing services. The main reason is cost:
hourly car rental fees are not significantly lower than a ride with ride-sharing aggregators.
28%, however, note that they would be interested in parking-to-parking short-term
rental, and 20% of city dwellers would consider car-sharing as alternative to private car
ownership. Car-sharing clubs are only attractive to 5% of respondents, and 9% note they
would be ready to rent out their own car.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 66

69.4% of Ukrainians live in cities; the majority of them prefer a private car. Average monthly
car ownership costs are low – about EUR 210 a month. Second-hand European cars are
affordable, too. As a result, shared mobility services are in limited demand.

Car-sharing and micromobility

Car-sharing services have been available since 2017. The market is dominated by two
large companies. There’s Mobilecar in Odessa whose entire fleet consists of Nissan Leaf
electric vehicles. They also own a network of 16 charging stations and rent their vehicles
as taxis for EUR 18 per day. The service only charges a time fee: EUR 6 per hour. There are
no additional charges per kilometre. However, the user must put UAH 1000 (EUR 30) on
their private account when making the first booking.

Germancar offers rental vehicles in Dnipro, Kyiv, Zaporizhzhia, Lviv, Kharkiv, Vinnytsia, and
Odessa. It’s also operating outside Ukraine in Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi, Prague, and Dubai.
The service charges a EUR 1.8 hourly fee and additional EUR 0.14 per kilometre. Its fleet
consists of Skoda Fabia, Renault Logan, and Ravon R2. The company is currently working
on its corporate car-sharing project with the projected fleet of 1000 vehicles. Germancar
estimates that more than 60% of large Ukrainian companies could adopt this business
model, with banks being among the first adopters.

Bike rental in Ukraine is more of a tourism service, rather than a serious mode of
transportation. Public transportation can compete with bike rental even in the centre of
Kyiv. The pandemic lockdown, however, has brought increased interest in bike rental. For
example: when Kyiv municipal bike rental operator Bikenow (formerly Nextbike) underwent
a rebranding in summer of 2020, it lowered its prices.

A 30 min rental now costs UAH 20 (EUR 0.6) instead of UAH 30. On the other hand, a
public transportation ticket costs just UAH 8 (EUR 0.24). The company plans to increase
the number of its rental locations to 2000. Bikenow also operates in Vinnytsia, Lviv,
Odessa, Kharkiv, and Ivano-Frankivsk.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 67

Tips for businesses to expand into Ukraine
For the next few years, the main driver of growth in Ukrainian mobility market will be
digital infrastructure solutions focusing both on end users and transportation business. A
promising area of investment is digital products for navigation, route planning, carpooling,
and transportation cost optimisation. This also includes consumer mobile apps and
intelligent transportation systems for businesses.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 68

Shared mobility market during
the pandemic: things and trends
to watch in 9 European and
CIS countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a transformative event both for technology and the
society. The shared economy is also growing and gaining strength. This global shift to new
service models has been driven by transportation systems and mobility. The main trends
in passenger transportation are effectiveness, safety, and speed while maintaining optimal
consumption of energy and time.

The pandemic did bring a sharp drop in transportation throughout the world, but it has
proved to be short-lived. Passenger car transportation has rebounded relatively quickly,
mainly due to digital solutions and products. We can already see the main trends and
drivers of this future growth.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 69

Developing the micromobility infrastructure
The pandemic has boosted urban cycling. 37 out of 94 major European cities and 17 out of
49 European capitals have developed programs that encourage biking. More than 1000
km of bicycle infrastructure has been built since spring of 2020, and another 1000 km are
being planned. The total amount of investments in cycling are above EUR 1bn.

Finland has been the most active country; their additional investments in biking
infrastructure reach EUR 7.76 per person. It’s followed by Italy (EUR 5.04) and France (EUR
4.91). The UK has spent EUR 4.8, and Lithuania EUR 2.61.

Clean air vs the pandemic: growth in electric vehicles

20 major cities throughout the world have announced their plans to phase out fossil fuel
vehicles by 2030 or earlier. Paris is aiming to make its centre fossil-fuel-free by 2030, and
Copenhagen is planning to start a gradual phaseout of diesel vehicles in 2022. London
will introduce zero-emission zones in the city centre by 2025; its Ultra system is already
working.

Electric vehicles see higher usage rates than private fossil-fuel cars. This means that their
total cost of ownership will soon be lower, as electricity costs less than fossil fuels and
their simpler construction means cheaper maintenance. Currently, electric vehicles make
up 1.8% of taxis and shared cars. Estimates suggest that the figure could reach 80% by
2040.

Future transformation of MaaS apps

Here’s another thing the pandemic has changed: our plans. The nearest future is less
predictable, and we often need to adjust or change our plans on-the-go. This includes
travel. It’s no coincidence that many shared mobility services are focusing on long-term
co-operation, trying to maintain a steady user base with subscription-based services.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 70

It would seem that a single MaaS super-app is just around the corner. It would allow
planning, booking and paying for all the rides in all kinds of transportation. This has not
happened, though. People are more cautious about the future. In six months time, they
may not need the service they have subscribed to. This means that the viability of long-
term shared business models remains unclear.

It is possible that MaaS apps will be the next step in the development of public
transportation maps. They would help choose the best routs between two points,
contactless payment for all kinds of urban transportation, including shared vehicles, as well
as parking, chargers, petrol stations, maintenance, and other travel costs, such as road
tolls.

This will open up new opportunities for the transportation business. No single operator
can cover the entire ecosystem. This means that new companies will be able to join the
open transportation systems, and customers will be able to choose the best solution for
them. It does not stop with transportation businesses: banks will be able to offer new
credit products. Insurance companies can prepare personalised products for each user,
based on their transportation preferences.

The competition between transportation services will become more local. It is unlikely
that any single country will have place for more than three global transportation platforms.
Within cities and towns, however, there will be place both for large companies and smaller
enterprises focusing on a specific business niche.

Recommendations for businesses

Payments are a very important part of any transportation business. The whole point of
micromobility is speed and ease-of-use, so payments should be as common and seamless
as possible.

When entering a new country, businesses should consider the local payment methods
popular in the region. They should also consider the specific requirements of shared
mobility services and their audience. Another thing to consider is the average fare. The
lower the payment, the more often users will choose their mobile e-wallet where they
store some money for small online purchases.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 71

For example, no matter the country, car-sharing services are most popular among young
urban professionals aged 25-35. They can pay both with the traditional bank cards and
alternative payment methods, such as PayPal, GooglePay, and ApplePay. Virtual cards
issued by fintech companies such as Revolut are also popular. Senior citizens who prefer
taxis are more comfortable with payment cards or direct bank transfers (using SEPA in
Europe). As to bike, scooter, and moped rental, they often use instant mobile payments
with a variety of e-wallets.

The most suitable payment method is key to increasing your conversion rate.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 72

Grow with Us
The road to new markets doesn’t have to be rough.

Expanding into new markets seamlessly is difficult, it’s no secret. But with the
right payment provider solution, scaling up can be simple.

ECOMMPAY is an international payment service provider and direct bank

card acquirer. We partner with e-Commerce clients worldwide to engineer
bespoke payment solutions, tailored with every unique use-case in mind.

Our payment gateway technology facilitates a seamless omnichannel

integration combining:

Acquiring capabilities

100+ payment methods

Mass payouts

We are headquartered in London and have six offices globally, with over
700+ payment experts ready to engineer and implement your optimal
payment solution.

With all this available to you, we’re ready to make your expansion strategy a
reality, no matter how ambitious.

GET IN TOUCH

www.ecommpay.com
Appendix. Licencing and costs of the
mobility business of each country

Poland
In 2018 and 2019, licenced taxi drivers in Warsaw and Krakow held several protests
against the ride-sharing apps, accusing them of unfair competition. At the time, there was
no legal framework regulating the ride-sharing apps. It was introduced in January 2020,
reaching a compromise between the ride-sharing apps and traditional taxi operators.

According to the new regulations, all drivers working with ride-sharing apps must have
a licence. It is issued by the local government, which means that working in a different
city requires a different licence. The same regulations made the licencing process
substantially easier and cheaper. The licence costs EUR 50-100, depending on its duration
and the municipality, which makes it one of the cheapest in Europe. The entire process,
including the necessary paperwork, the driver’s exam, taxi meter, and other expenses,
costs about EUR 950 for a single car.

The fine for transporting passengers without a licence is EUR 2300 for the driver. The
ride-sharing apps operating without a licence are fined EUR 9200, which is the average
annual salary for a taxi driver. Nevertheless, much of the Polish taxi market remains in the
grey zone. The traditional taxi services also don’t have a single, unified rate, even though
all cars on the market must have a meter. The average rate for 1 km in Warsaw is EUR
0.5-0.6/km for the ride-sharing apps and up to EUR 0.8/km for the traditional taxi services
(excluding the drop charge).

Germany
The current legislation was not made with mobility-as-a-service in mind, and there are
active discussions about changing it. The current Passenger transportation law, known
in German as Personenbeförderungsgesetz or PbefG, requires a special driver’s licence:
P-licence or Personenbeförderungsschein. It also requires drivers to return to their base
after each ride before accepting new passengers, which undermines the entire ride-

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 74

sharing business. That’s no accident; the law does not even acknowledge ride-sharing
services. This, coupled with relentless protests and lobbying from traditional taxi services,
means that Uber is only allowed to operate in six major German cities.

The minimum taxi fare is set by German federal states and cities; it currently stands
between EUR 1.5 and 3.8/km. For example, the minimum fare in Frankfurt (Oder) is EUR 1.6/
km, whereas the minimum fare at its better-known and wealthier namesake Frankfurt am
Main stands at EUR 3.5/km. This excludes the drop charge and any other surcharges. The
ride-sharing fares are on average 15% lower.

The pandemic has added additional costs for German taxi drivers. Things like
disinfectants, single-use face masks and other safety measures have added an additional
EUR 328 in expenses per month for a single car.

The average salary of a taxi driver is low by German standards: from EUR 1300 to EUR
2250 a month, depending on the region. On the other hand, the P-licence is cheap as
well: all the costs reach about EUR 200.

United Kingdom
The licencing costs and requirements differ for licenced taxis and PHVs, yet some things
apply to both. All licences are issued for 1 year and are valid in a limited area; they can
then be extended for an additional fee. The licenced taxi drivers have to pass an exam
showing their driving skills and knowledge of the neighbourhood; there’s also a medical
check-up. The licence costs about GBP 1200 or EUR 1320.

The PHV drivers don’t have to pass an exam, but they still need a licence that costs about
GBP 650 (EUR 715). They also need a separate licence for their car and a copy of their
ride-sharing operator’s licence. The licence fees differ by region and county and are set
by the local department of transportation. The local government sets the minimum rates
and the total number of licenced taxis for their region. The number of PHVs is not limited.

The rates differ by city, day of the week, and time of the day. The day rate for licenced
taxis reaches the equivalent of EUR 2.1/km in London, EUR 1.03/km in Liverpool, and EUR
1.35/km in Manchester. Notably enough, PHVs aren’t always cheaper. In fact, an Uber ride

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 75

in the rush hour can cost 1.7-2 times more than the traditional taxi cab with a meter due to
high demand surcharges and traffic jams.

The basic salary for London taxi drivers averages at GBP 33 thousand a year (EUR 3020
a month). PHV drivers in London have higher income: up to EUR 4500 a month. However,
they don’t enjoy the same social benefits and trade union membership that licenced taxi
drivers do.

Russia
Russia only requires licencing for regular transportation routes with more than 8
passengers. The taxi permits are issued by the regional or local transportation department
and are valid for 5 years. Both businesses and individuals can receive them. The driver
has to register as either an individual business or self employed and apply for the permit
online. It is free in Moscow; in St Petersburg and other cities, a small fee applies (EUR 2-3).

At the beginning of 2020, there were about 600K taxi drivers in Russia. The share of
grey market stands at about 16%, but it varies by region. The number is less than 10% in
Moscow; it reaches 25-50% in Krasnoyarsk. Other regions with high number of illegal taxi
drivers are Kalmykia, Adygea, and North Ossetia. In 2019, 441K taxi licences were active in
Russia, half of them being individual businesses. Moscow has 6 taxis per 1000 people, the
highest in country, whereas the Tuva Republic has the lowest: 0.6 taxis per 1000 people.

The average salary varies dramatically by region, from EUR 300 in cities with less than 100
thousand people all the way up to EUR 1100 in Moscow and St Petersburg. The driver must
pay about 20-30% of the total earnings to the aggregator and 30% for car hire.

The average fare also varies across regions; a taxi ride costs between EUR 5-12. As the
strictest lockdown measures were lifted, many ride-sharing aggregators noted a lack of
drivers as migrant workers had left the country. It is expected that the fares will rise by 10-
15% by the end of 2020 as taxi services try to recoup their losses during the
spring lockdown.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 76

Kazakhstan
Estimates suggest that up to 80% of the private hire market falls in the grey area; unofficial
data suggests that about 500 thousand people work in it. The legal ride-sharing apps
have decreased the grey market in small-to-medium cities. For example, legal private hire
vehicles have replaced almost all grey market drivers in Ust-Kamenogorsk. The number of
illegal drivers still remains high in large cities.

There is no separate licencing for taxi drivers. To become a legal private hire vehicle, the
driver has to register as an individual business. The registration is free and
available online.

There is a 2% tax for individual businesses. Another 3-5% goes to the partner whose
brand or business the driver is using; some of them, such as Yandex.Taxi, don’t co-operate
with individual drivers. 25% usually goes to the ride-sharing aggregator.

As a result, the driver usually receives 65-70% of the money earned. If the driver is hiring
the car from a taxi company, the average fee is about EUR 300 a month. Putting it all
together, the driver can earn about 400-800 EUR a month, depending on the region; this
is significantly higher than the average salary in Kazakhstan.

As of April 2019, app cars transporting passengers must have a cash register or a taxi
meter that can also issue receipts and transfer data. The fine for tax avoidance for private
drivers is about EUR 112.

The average cost of car ownership in Kazakhstan is low – about EUR 160 a month. This
translates in low taxi prices. In 2017, when ride-sharing companies were just gaining their
market share, the average fare for a ride up to 10km was below EUR 1. It has increased
since but still remains substantially lower than the neighbouring Russia. It is estimated that
Kazakhstan’s taxi market will continue growing by 14% in the foreseeable future, whereas
the fares will grow by 12%.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 77

Ukraine
The Ministry of Transportation and Ukrainian Taxi Association estimate that Ukraine
currently has about 220 private hire drivers. The share of grey market is even higher
than in Kazakhstan: more than 90%. The total volume is estimated at EUR 1.2bn, which is
several times higher than the official market. The taxi services are almost unregulated,
which brings losses both for the official taxi services and the government.

The legal framework that is currently being prepared would introduce a single register for
private hire vehicles and organisations using a patent cost system. The annual patent cost
is to be set at the annual minimal salary (currently EUR 140). The private hire vehicles won’t
be allowed to use special identifying signs. Drivers working with aggregators such as Uber
will not be legally seen as taxi drivers, but they still will be able to work legally.

The average fare in Kyiv is about EUR 0.2-0.3 per km. The total cost, however, isn’t usually
determined by the distance. Rather, it’s influenced by demand, length of time, and traffic.
The average salary, depending on the region and workload, can reach up to EUR 1000 a
month. It should be noted that several taxi services and aggregators do not limit the length
of driver’s shift.

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 78

Sources

Poland
https://insights.leaseplan.co.uk/fleet-management/cost-reduction/car-cost-index-2018/

https://movmi.net/shared-mobility-poland/

https://straal.com/newsroom/nearly-70-of-citizens-in-large-polish-cities-are-familiar-with-
car-sharing-mobility-as-a-service-report-publication/

https://www.globalfleet.com/en/wikifleet/poland

https://mobilne-miasto.org/en/

https://www.adlittle.com/en/rethinking-demand-mobility

https://www.mindtheproduct.com/how-we-built-a-ride-hailing-app-for-the-polish-
market/#:~:text=Based%20in%20Poland%2C%20iTaxi%20is,charge%20them%20for%20
the%20ride.

https://news.crunchbase.com/news/europes-warring-ride-sharing-startups-vie-for-elusive-
supremacy/

https://www.digitalpoland.org/assets/publications/mobility-as-a-service-pl/mobility-as-a-
service-pl-by-straal.pdf

https://www.jdm-recruitment.eu/ru/vse-o-taksi-v-polshe-ne-daj-sebya-obmanut/

https://polska.lv/info/centrs/ru/katalog/Informaciya/Prakticheskaya_informaciya/2_8/
Taksi_v_Polshe/45

https://poland-consult.com/polezno-znat/avtolyubitelyam/taksi-v-varshave.html

http://taxi-warsaw-pl.taxigator.ru/

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http://taxilife.ru/nationalnews/11081/

https://www.fakt.pl/pieniadze/zakupy/uber-czy-taxi-co-wola-polacy-badanie-2019/c364db8

https://www.bettertaxi.com/taxi-fare-calculator/warsaw/

https://www.statista.com/outlook/368/146/ride-hailing-taxi/poland?currency=krw#market-
marketDriver

https://poland-consult.com/praca/vakansii/rabota-v-taksi-v-polshe.html

https://www.schoenherr.eu/publications/publication-detail/a-new-reality-for-ridesharing-
apps-in-poland/

https://cleantechnica.com/2018/07/22/wroclaw-polish-shenzhen-electric-vehicles/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324877816_Evolution_of_Carsharing_in_Poland

https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-news/104902/polands-first-mobility-hub-to-
open-in-warsaw-business-district/

https://www.salaryexpert.com/salary/job/taxi-driver/poland

https://www.jpmorgan.com/merchant-services/insights/reports/poland

Germany
https://movmi.net/shared-mobility-germany/

https://berlinspectator.com/2020/06/23/germany-taxi-federation-and-uber-unhappy-with-
new-transportation-rules/

https://www.movingto-berlin.com/carsharing/

https://www.globalfleet.com/en/wikifleet/germany

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 80

https://www.mckinsey.de/~/media/McKinsey/Locations/Europe%20and%20Middle%20East/
Deutschland/News/Presse/2020/2020-05-07%20Consumer%20Sentiment%20Wave%20
5/200505_Consumer_Sentiment_Survey_Wave5_Germany.ashx

https://www.taxi-rechner.de/statistik/de-deutschland

https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36499/umfrage/taxitarife-in-deutschland-nach-
staedten/

http://www.derinnenspiegel.de/taxitarife/uebersicht/taxitarife1.php

https://www.taxi-times.com/taxi-ist-coronafit-und-zahlt-dafuer/

https://www.taxi-times.com/eckpunkte-pbefg-warum-keiner-zufrieden-ist/

https://www.ibisworld.com/de/branchenreporte/betrieb-taxis/334/

https://taxi-magazin.de/

https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/massive-einbrueche-bei-fahrdiensten-in-coronakrise-
berliner-taxigewerbe-in-sozialer-not/25788654.html

https://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/job/taxifahrer--was-verdienen-eigentlich-taxi-
fahrer--8125846.html

https://de.jobted.com/gehalt/taxifahrer

https://www.mystipendium.de/berufe/taxifahrer/gehalt

https://www.adac.de/news/carsharing-statistik-2020/#:~:text=Zu%20Beginn%20des%20
Jahres%202020,um%2060.000%20auf%20jetzt%20710.000.

https://www.carsharing.de/alles-ueber-carsharing/carsharing-zahlen/aktuelle-zahlen-daten-
zum-carsharing-deutschland

https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1067411/umfrage/verteilung-von-services-im-
bereich-der-mikromobilitaet-nach-serviceart/

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https://www.bussgeldkatalog.org/taxifahrer-werden/

https://www.taxi-times.com/neue-mobilitaet-ein-schwarzbuch-klaert-auf/

https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/merkel-autogipfel-101.html

https://www.taxi-times.com/78-prozent-der-deutschen-nutzen-keine-neuen-
mobilitaetsdienste/

https://www.presseportal.de/pm/82695/4134243

https://de.statista.com/prognosen/1021757/umfrage-zur-nutzungshaeufigkeit-von-taxis-in-
deutschland

https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/154574/umfrage/anteil-gewerblicher-pkw-in-
deutschland-nach-ausgewaehlten-haltergruppen/

https://www.destatis.de/Europa/DE/Thema/Verkehr/Mitfahrzentralen.
html;jsessionid=D2D58B643EF000CB7C4B7D169DF91FF0.internet8721

https://www.saatkorn.com/studie-taugt-der-firmenwagen-2019-noch-als-benefit/

The UK
https://www.glassdoor.co.uk/Salaries/london-taxi-driver-salary-SRCH_IL.0,6_IM1035_
KO7,18.htm

https://movmi.net/shared-mobility-uk-ireland/

https://www.globalfleet.com/en/wikifleet/united-kingdom

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges/
industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges#future-of-mobility

https://como.org.uk/

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https://urbanmobilitycompany.com/content/daily/ticket-to-ride-a-scooter

https://urbanmobilitycompany.com/content/daily/the-business-of-mobility-powering-the-
micromobility-clean-up-in-cities

https://urbanmobilitycompany.com/content/daily/micromobility-and-data-standards-the-
implications-within-europe

https://www.creds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/CREDS-Shared-mobility-comm-report-WEB.
pdf

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/
expenditure/bulletins/familyspendingintheuk/financialyearending2018

https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/analysis-will-car-sharing-replace-vehicle-
ownership

https://www.adlittle.de/en/rethinking-demand-mobility

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_
data/file/833569/taxi-and-phv-england-2019.pdf

https://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/business/taxis/driver-vehicle-and-operator-licences/
how-much-does-private-hire-vehicle

https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/taxis-and-private-hire/licensing/private-hire-driver-licence

https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/taxis-and-private-hire/licensing/apply-for-a-taxi-driver-licence

https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/taxis-and-private-hire/licensing/private-hire-vehicle-licence

https://www.numbeo.com/taxi-fare/in/London?displayCurrency=EUR

https://londonlovesbusiness.com/heres-when-a-black-cab-is-cheaper-than-uber/

https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/taxis-and-minicabs/taxi-fares

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https://www.taxi-point.co.uk/single-post/2018/08/07/Taxi-minicab-PHV-Uber-Whats-the-
difference

https://files.data-economy.ru/Docs/taxi_07102019.pdf

https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-news/97929/ultimate-guide-to-car-sharing-car-clubs-
and-ride-sharing

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/de/Documents/consumer-business/
Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20crisis%20on%20consumer%20behavior.pdf

The Baltic States

https://www.itsinternational.com/its5/feature/its-baltic-states-rise

https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-baltic-states-join-forces-on-5g-connected-and-
automated-mobility-15903

Latvia
https://bnn-news.com/cc-riga-city-councils-rules-distort-the-taxi-service-market-137382

https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/306132-izmainas-autoparvadajumu-likuma-ari-pasazieru-
komercparvadajumiem-ar-taksometru-2019

http://atd.lv/lv/pakalpojumu-tarifi

https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/ekonomika/simt-masinu-dikstave-par-ko-rigas-taksometru-
parka-vaditajs-ir-pateicigs-covid-19.a363548/

https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/ekonomika/visiem-iznakt-no-enas-vid-saks-parbaudit-ar-
bolt-un-yandex-taxi-platformam-stradajosus-taksometru-vaditajus.a364358/

https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/taksometru-biznesa-aizvien-aizdomas-par-lielu-
pelekas-ekonomikas-dalu.a370291/

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http://alviksa.lv/ru/tarifi

https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/308934-ar-ko-atskiras-balto-un-dzelteno-numurzimju-
taksometri-2019

http://atd.lv/lv/pasa%C5%BEieru-komercp%C4%81rvad%C4%81jumu-ar-taksometru-vieglo-
automobili-vad%C4%ABt%C4%81ja-re%C4%A3istr%C4%81cija

https://zagranportal.ru/latviya/transport-latviya/taksi-v-latvii.html https://emigranto.ru/
evropa/latviya/uslugi-taksi-v-gorodax-latvii.html

https://www.sixt.lv/sixt-jaunakas-zinas/baltijas-finanses-2019/

https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/ikdienai/kam-var-sudzeties-ja-taksometrs-neatbrauc-
solitaja-laika.a251009/

http://veloplans.lv/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Velo-petijums_15012020.pdf

https://www.rdpad.lv/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/%C4%AAstermi%C5%86a-RP-Gehl-
Atzinums-LV-01.03.19.pdf

https://www.pwc.com/lv/lv/news/tiek-laists-klaja-latvija-pirmais-mobilitates-petijums.html

https://www.algas.lv/salaryinfo/transports-parvadajumi-logistika/taksometra-vaditajs

Lithuania
https://sumin.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/atnaujintos-taksi-ir-pavezeju-veiklos-taisykles-ka-butina-
zinoti

https://www.delfi.lt/verslas/mano-eurai/kainu-statistika-isverte-is-koju-panevezyje-brangiau-
nei-vilniuje.d?id=78612431

https://www.vz.lt/paslaugos/2020/01/03/taksi-ir-pavezeju-automobiliai-tures-buti-pazymeti-
specialiu-zenklu

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https://www.vz.lt/transportas-logistika/2020/08/19/yandextaxikeicia-pavadinima-zada-
daugiau-pokyciu

https://www.respublika.lt/lt/naujienos/lietuva/kitos_lietuvos_zinios/pavezejams_patvirtinti_
reikalavimai_taksistams_tik_sypsena_kelia/

https://www.tv3.lt/naujiena/verslas/1029575/taksi-vairuotojai-piktinasi-pavezejams-
naujosios-taisykles-ne-motais

https://www.mzirafos.lt/taksi-vilniuje-paslaugos-kaip-keliauti-mieste-pigiausiai/

http://www.ivilnius.lt/transportas-mieste/taksi/

https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/eismas/7/1100770/seimas-patvirtino-naujus-reikalavimus-taksi-ir-
pavezejimo-paslaugu-teikejams

https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/fc27e880e5a111e99f05bdf72918ad4e

https://ltsa.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/keliu-transportas-5/taksi-ir-pavezejimo-paslaugu-teikimas

https://ltsa.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/leidimus-pavezetojams-ir-taksistams-isduos-ltsa

https://www.govilnius.lt/suplanuokite-kelione/transportas/dalijimosi-automobiliu-paslauga-
vilniuje

https://madeinvilnius.lt/verslas/vilniaus-rinka/automobiliu-dalijimosi-bendroves-kasdien-
dezinfekuos-automobilius-klientams-dalins-apsaugines-priemones/

https://www.15min.lt/gazas/naujiena/gatve/dalijimasis-automobiliais-kur-pigiau-o-kur-
patogiau-221-1180776?copied

https://apklausa.lt/f/lietuvos-taksi-imoniu-kokybe-br37nc7/answers.html

https://www.regitra.lt/lt/atviri-duomenys/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 86

https://www.statista.com/statistics/452070/lithuania-number-of-cars-per-thousand-
inhabitants/

https://www.manoalga.lt/salaryinfo/transportas-pervezimas-logistika/taksi-vairuotojas

https://www.businessmaas.com/apps/trafi-is-revolutionising-city-traffic/

Estonia
https://arileht.delfi.ee/news/uudised/taksoplatvormi-looja-taksoari-trendidest-
kas-keeleoskuseta-aafriklased-taksoroolis-on-probleem-ning-miks-hinnad-
tousevad?id=91180057

https://www.eesti.ee/et/erinouetega-tegevusalad/transport/soidukikaardi-taotlemine/

https://auto.geenius.ee/rubriik/uudis/koik-mida-pead-teadma-esimest-novembrist-
apitaksod-seaduslikud-aga-muutused-suured/

https://www.kantaremor.ee/pressiteated/taksoappide-uuring-noored-pigem-toksivad-
vanemad-helistavad/

https://auto.geenius.ee/rubriik/uudis/tallinnas-alustas-uus-teenus-mis-aitab-toole-soitjatel-
autot-jagada/

https://www.carcops.ee/rendiauto-gps/

https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-baltic-states-join-forces-on-5g-connected-and-
automated-mobility-15903

https://forte.delfi.ee/news/auto/statistikaamet-eesti-on-euroopa-liidu-uks-autostunumaid-
riike?id=83724167

https://www.palgad.ee/salaryinfo/transport-logistika/taksojuht

https://tehnikamaailm.ee/artikkel/roheidufirmade-konkursi-powerup-eesti-finalistid-
selgunud

Payment Solutions to Grow Your Business 87

Russia
https://ac.gov.ru/files/content/24166/rynok-taksi-2019-pdf.pdf

https://www.regberry.ru/malyy-biznes/kak-poluchit-razreshenie-na-taksi

https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2020/09/21/13260631.shtml

https://iz.ru/957842/timur-khasanov/vse-taki-roskosh-rossiianin-platit-za-mashinu-bolshe-
chem-anglichanin

https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2020/07/28/13168771.shtml

https://www.dp.ru/a/2020/08/24/Peterburgskie_taksi_uhodja

https://www.autostat.ru/news/44351/

https://vc.ru/transport/145660-agenty-perestroyki-kak-i-pochemu-budet-menyatsya-rynok-
taksi-v-rossi i

https://movmi.net/russia-shared-mobility-region/

https://vc.ru/transport/143636-rynku-taksi-nuzhen-vtoroy-silnyy-igrok-pochemu-vladelcy-
taksoparkov-i-eksperty-zhdut-prihoda-servisa-didi-v-rossiyu

https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2020/08/25/837655-v-rossii-nachal-rabotat-
kitaiskii-agregator

https://www.dp.ru/a/2020/08/14/CHuzhie_sani

https://cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/27931/bulletin_20-03.pdf

https://moskvichmag.ru/gorod/kolichestvo-poezdok-na-prokatnyh-velosipedah-s-iyunya-
po-sentyabr-vyroslo-na-42/?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_
campaign=velosipedisty-zahvatyvayut-gorod.&fbclid=IwAR0EtxLR21eNcSfQetg1ngtpmkW6
p3mD8RAgZYubQJZCJUweCQwrY27z9us

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https://www.m24.ru/articles/gorod/20082020/156999?utm_source=CopyBuf

https://www.business-gazeta.ru/news/476032

Kazahstan
https://the-steppe.com/mneniya/trud-ne-iz-legkih-kak-ya-mesyac-rabotal-voditelem-uber-v-
kazahstane

http://yapartner.kz/rejting-po-zarabotkam-kz-za-18-25-aprelja-2019-goda/

https://liter.kz/yandeks-taksi-teper-stal-yandeks-go/

https://kursiv.kz/news/biznes/2020-05/kazakhstanskiy-rynok-legalnykh-taksi-za-mesyac-v-
rezhime-chs-prosel-na-84

https://mk-kz.kz/economics/2019/12/25/aktivney-vsekh-v-kazakhstane-uslugami-taksi-
polzuyutsya-almatincy-4060-tysyach-zakazov-v-sutki.html

https://forbes.kz/auto/kak_onlayn-servisyi_taksi_pomenyali_ryinok_v_kazahstane/

http://www.arrivo.ru/kazahstan/taksi-v-kazahstane.html

https://mk-kz.kz/economics/2019/01/22/v-kazakhstane-reshili-vyvesti-iz-teni-sferu-taksi.html

https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/taksi-budut-proveryat-postah-transportnogo-
kontrolya-409844/

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