Post-Tensioning Design

Concepts and Procedures

Post-Tensioned Multi-Story Building

Dr Bijan O Aalami
Professor Emeritus,
San Francisco State University
Principal, ADAPT Corporation

www.adaptsoft.com Post-Tensioned Parking Structure

M lil
Multi-level
l parking
ki structures
Column supported multistory
One-way beam and slab design
building
Two-way flat slab design
Post-Tensioned mat foundations can
reduce
d th
the ffoundation
d ti thi
thickness
k tto Post-Tensioned
P T i d groundd supportedd
as much as 50 % slab (SOG) is the largest
application of post-tensioning in
USA

POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

¾First use in USA in late 1950s ¾ Slabs reinforced with grouted tendons
are widely used in many parts of the
¾ Today, millions of square meters of post-
world
t
tensioned
i d floor
fl systems
t in
i satisfactory
ti f t
service worldwide
 DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED
BUILDINGS
1 PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS

TOPICS COVERED

1 – Preliminary considerations ™Material selection

2 - Load path ¾ Concrete
3 - Structural system ¾ Non-prestressed reinforcement
¾ Prestressing
4 – Modeling of Post-Tensioning
T d
Tendons
™Sizing of members
5 – Selection of Post-Tensioning
g
Design ™Durability considerations
6 – Rules for tendon layout ¾Corrosion
7 - Tendon stressing ¾Fire
8 – Analysis methods and limitations ¾Wear
9 – Design values
10 - Member design
11 - Post-elastic
P t l ti reserve off strength
t th
12 – Structural Detailing
13 – Checks for Compliance with
Applicable Building Code

1 PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS 1 PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS

™ Sizing of members ™ Durability considerations

¾ Corrosion
¾ Fire
RECOMMENDED SPAN/DEPTH RATIOS ¾ Wear
PTI Design Manual

Continuous Simple
p MINIMUM COVER TO REINFORCEMENT FOR
Spans Spans
PRESTRESSED FLOORS
Roof Floor Roof Floor
One-way solid slabs 50 45 45 40 Minimum Minimum
Member and Condition Cover Cover
mm inch
Two-way solid slabs (supported 45- 48 40 - 45
on columns only)
Concrete cast against and permanently 75 3.0
Two-way waffle slabs exposed to earth
40 35 35 30

Beams
.
35 30 30 26 Concrete slabs and joists exposed to
earth or weather 25 1.0
One-way joists 42 38 38 35
Concrete not exposed
p to weather or in
contact with ground:
(i) Slabs and joists 20 0.75
Note: The above ratios may be increased if calculations (ii) Beams primary reinforcement 38 1.5
verify that deflection, camber, and vibrations are not (iii) Ties and stirrups 25 10
1.0
objectionable
ACI 318
 1 PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS 1 PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS

™ Durability considerations
SELECTION OF COVER AND POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM
¾ Corrosion BASED ON THE EXPOSURE ZONING
ZONE
Determine
D i theh zoning
i exposure off the
h DURABILITY DESIGN I II/CC- I III/CC- II
location to corrosive elements ELEMENT SI American SI American SI American

f'c Hard rock 28 N/mm ² 4000 psi 28 N/mm ² 4000 psi 31 N/mm ² 4500 psi

Lightweight 28 N/mm ² 4000 psi 30 N/mm ² 4250 psi 33 N/mm ² 4750 psi
Air % ( ¾” aggregate) 4 4 5 + 1- ½ 5 + 1-½ 6 + 1- ½ 6 + 1- ½
(1)

W/C Ratio (maximum) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40

Reinforcing Cover and
Protection: Slab Top 25 mm 1” 40 mm (3) 1 - ½” EC(3) 40 mm EC 1 - ½” EC
Slab Bottom
20 mm ¾” 20 mm ¾” 20 mm (2) ¾” (2)
- - - (2)
Beam 400 mm 1 ½
½” 100
00 mm 1 ½
½” 00 mm ((2)) 1 ½
100 ½”
- - (2) -
Columns 40 mm 1 ½” 40 mm 1 ½” 40 mm 1 ½” (2)
Ties only
Walls 20 mm ¾” 20 mm 20 mm (6) 1” (5)
¾”
Min. PTI
P/T Tendons Specification Encapsulated
p Encapsulated
p

Silane Sealer (4) Roof Only All Floors All Floors

Notes:
(1) Air content may be reduced 1% for f'c >34MPa (f'c >5000psi).
( ) Use of epoxy coated (EC) reinforcement in beams, columns, and for bottom
(2)
reinforcement in slabs, to be in accordance with the practices of the Engineer of Record.
(3) Corrosion inhibiting admixture in lieu of epoxy coated reinforcement optional.
(4) 40% solids Silane Sealer; may be deleted if 5 % minimum silica fume is used in
slab concrete.
(5) Exceeds cover requirements of ACI 318 - 89.

DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED
BUILDINGS
1 PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS

TOPICS COVERED ™ Durability considerations

1 – Preliminary considerations ¾ Fire
2 - Load path
p
SUGGESTED CONCRETE
- COVER THICKNESS FOR SLABS
PRESTRESSED WITH POST-TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT
3 - Structural system
Restrained or Cover Thickness
Thickness, mm.
mm for
Aggregate Type
Unrestrained Fire Endurance of
4 – Modeling of Post-Tensioning Tendons
1 hr 1.5 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
Balanced loading
Unrestrained Carbonate
Equivalent loads Siliceous
-
-
-
-
38
38
50
50
-
-
Lightweight - - 38 50 -
Discrete tendon modeling -
Post-Tensioning and hyperstatic actions Restrained Carbonate - - 20 25 32
Siliceous - - 20 25 32
Lightweight - - 20 25 32

5 – Selection
S l ti off Post-Tensioning
P tT i i D Design
i
Parameters Restrained or
Aggregate Type Cover Thickness, in. for
Unrestrained Fire Endurance of
Post-tensioning system, amount, shape
1 hr 1 5 hr
1.5 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
andd di
distribution
t ib ti
Unrestrained Carbonate - - 1.50 2.00 -
Siliceous - - 1.50 2.00 -
Lightweight - - 1.50 2.00 -
6 – Rules for tendon layout
Profile R t i d
Restrained C b
Carbonatet - - 0.75
0 75 1.00
1 00 1.25
1 25
Siliceous - - 0.75 1.00 1.25
Banded/distributed Lightweight - - 0.75 1.00 1.25

Tendon spacing
Judicial placing of tendons
 2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™ Application of strip method ™ Application of strip method

™ Slabs treated as a continuum (FEM) ™ Slabs treated as a continuum (FEM)
™ Ductility ™ Ductility
™ Structural Detailing ™ Structural Detailing
™ One-way and two-way systems ™ One-way and two-way systems
™ Selection
S l ti off lloadd path
th ffor ttwo-way ™ Selection
S l ti off lloadd path
th ffor ttwo-way
systems systems

Plan of a balcony supported on

walls

2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™ Application of strip method ™ Application of strip method

How would you design for

reinforcement due to P?
 2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH
™ Application of strip method
™ Application of strip method
A central premise of strip method is
ductility
DUCTILITY m = Ψu/Ψy Ψ
P Mn M M
P

REBAR
PT
(a) Plan of (b) Single
Ψy Ψu
Slab Diagonal Strip
(a) FLEXURAL DUCTILITY
P
ε
20 c a
P dt
PT

m
15 REBAR

((c)) Two ((d)) Orthogonal

g 10
Diagonal Two-way
Strips System 05 CODE
PERMISSIBLE RANGE

Column Supported Slab 0 0.1 0.2 0.4

0.3
Load Path Options c/dt
(b) DUCTILITY AND REINFORCEMENT

2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™Sl b ttreated
™Slabs t d as a continuum
ti (FEM) ™ Structural Detailing

BOTTOM BARS

CONCETRATED
LOAD A

BARS BELOW
LOAD

Add reinforcement to complete

load path
p
R i f
Reinforcement
t along
l X
X-X
X R
Reinforcement
i f t along
l Y
Y-Y
Y

Using plate theory, such as Finite

Element Method (FEM) moment contours
are used to determine intensity and
placing of reinforcement
 2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™One-way and two-way systems ™One-way and two-way systems

F
A LOAD D
COLUMN
B P
F (i) L BEAM

A C B D
L
(a) ONE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
(ii)
B C
F
A D

P
C B A,C B,D

(iii)
PL/4

(b) BEAMS ON FOUR COLUMNS

(b) TWO-WAY BEAM SYSTEM

2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™ One-way and two-way systems ™ Selection of load path for two-way

systems
COLUMN SLAB BAND
A B
(i) PLAN P
SLAB
C D
P
A,C B,D
(ii) ELEVATION
( ) MODELING WITH SLAB BANDS
(a)

(i) PLAN P

P
P
Perspective
ti ViView off a Fl
Floor S
System
t
2 P P (Nahid slab)
P 2 2
2

(ii) DESIGN STRIPS IN ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS

(b) MODELING WITH DESIGN STRIPS
 2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™ Selection of load path for two-way ™ Selection of load path for two-way
systems systems
A

COLUMN
B

SLAB
Support line
C

OPENING
D

SLAB
EDGE
E

BEAM F
Y Y
X X G

DESIGNATION OF LINES OF SUPPORT

IN X
X--DIRECTION

2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH

™ Selection of load path for two-way ™ Selection of load path for two-way
systems systems
1 2 3 4 5
6
A
8
3 5
B
1 2
4
9
C
7

F
Y
Y
X G
X

SELECTION OF DEMARCATION
DESIGNATION OF LINES OF SUPPORT POINTS FOR TRIBUTARIES (DESIGN STRIPS)
IN Y-
Y-DIRECTION
 2 LOAD PATH 2 LOAD PATH
™ Selection of load path for two-way ™ Selection of load path for two-way
systems systems
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

A
A

B
B
C

C
D

D E

F
Y
E X

F
Y An important aspect of load path selection in
X G
a two-way system is that every point of the
slab should be assigned to a specific design
TRIBUTARIES FOR DESIGN STRIPS IN strip. No portion of the slab should be left
X-DIRECTION unassigned.

2 LOAD PATH 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

™ Selection of load path for two-way
systems ™ Lateral
1 2 3 4 5
™ Gravity
G
A ¾ Slabs
B
™ One-way/two-way
y y options
p
™ Slab bands
C ¾ Beams
™ Simple beams
D
™ Flanged beams
™ Effective width
E
™ Releases and Boundary Conditions
F
Y DESIGN
SECTION
X

Design sections capture the flow of

actions along a design strip to the
supports
 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
™ Gravity
¾ Slabs
™ One-way/two-way
y y options
p
™ Slab bands

b
h < 2t b > 3h

SLAB BAND

Slab band is treated as part of

a two-way
t system.
t One-way
O shear
h
design provisions meant for beams
pp y to slab bands
do not apply

3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
¾ Slabs
Sl b
™ One-way/two-way options
™ Slab bands

Slab bands are applicable for aspect

ratios up to 2.5.
2 5 For higher aspect
rations beams are more effective
Slab Band
 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
¾ Beams ™ Beams
™ Simple beams ™ Simple beams (position)

CENTROID SLAB
OF SLAB
C

(
(iv
C
) T C
BEAM
t
C
(i) T M
(i) (ii) (iii)

(a) ACTUAL CONDITIONS (b) INCORRECT MODELING

(a) Flanged beam under bending

CENTROID
OF SLAB
Zero axial

M Z
Zero axial
i l

(b) Flanged beam with no interaction

(i) (ii) (iii)
Between stem and flange
g
(c) PROPER MODELING FOR POST-TENSIONING
beams must be modeled with correct eccentricity Proper and Improper Modeling
with respect to slab Of Flanged Beam

3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

™ Beams ™ Flanged
Fl dbbeams
™ Simple beams (connection) ¾ Effective width
f
c

f= M
I *c
(a) RECTANGULAR BEAM

FLANGE

(b) FLANGED BEAM

COMPRESSIVE STRESS

EQUIVALENT be
STRESS BLOCK EFFECTIVE WIDTH
Attached Members Under Load
(c) PLAN - STRESS DISTRIBUTION
 EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGED BEAMS
3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
™ Flanged beams
PT
¾ Effective width (a) SECTION (not to scale)

CENTROID
(a) Section

AREA = A
COM-
P AXIS eP P PRESSION
M=Pe
a a
((b)) PLAN: EFFECTIVE WIDTH IN BENDING
CENTROIDAL
AXIS

= +
f
f
C

COM-
a a PRESSION

e P M=Pe
P P 45
(i (ii (iii)
) ) (c) PLAN: EFFECTIVE WIDTH IN PRECOMPRESSION
(b) Axial Force (c) Eccentric Loading
f = P/A

What is the effective width for axial loading?

ILLUSTRATION OF TRIBUTARIES
FOR AXIAL AND FLEXURAL ACTIONS

A
AXIAL FORCE
CENTER

(a) TRIBUTARY FOR AXIAL LOADING

B
CENTROIDAL
AXIS

MOMENT
Distribution of precompression
p p
(b) TRIBUTARY FOR MOMENT
due to post-tensioning
 Precompression in
Post-Tensioned Members

(a) Section

centroidal axis

c c

(b) Elevation

Tendon (P)

c c

(c) Tendon at centroid

Given:
™ Constant PT force (P)
™ Tendon straight and at centroid
™ Cross-sectional
C ti l area (A)

Question:
Distribution of precompression
p p ™ What is the distribution of precompression at
midspan ?
due to post-tensioning ™ What is its magnitude?

Distribution of Precompression in Post-Tensioned

Precompression in Flanged Beam Members

centroidal axis tendon

e
eccentricity

uniform stress (a) Simple profile

(a) Elevation

(b) Complex profile and eccentricity

P P
Given:
™ Constant PT force (P)
™ Cross-sectional area (A)
uniform stress
(b) Plan Question:
™ What
Wh t is
i the
th magnitude
it d andd distribution
di t ib ti off
precompression at midspan ?

Answer
™ Magnitude is P/A
™ Distribution is uniform
 3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SHORT COLUMN BEAM RELEASE

™ Releases and Boundary Conditions 80mm COMPRESSIBLE

MATERIAL
SLAB

ELASTOMERIC
PAD

1-30mm
SPAN 1 3-12mm @ 50mm o.c.
4-20mm
BEAM 1 EACH WAY
12mm TIES
@ 150mm o.c.
SHORT COLUMN
(a) FRAME ELEVATION 3-12mm @ 50mm o.c.

2-30mm DOWEL

BEAM STEM

(b) STRUCTURAL MODEL

4 MODELING OF PT TENDONS

™ Balanced loading
™ Modeling using primary moments
™ Equivalent loads
™ Discrete tendon modeling

™ Post-tensioning and hyperstatic

(secondary actions)

Hinge construction at beam column

connection (Grossmont PS – Ca )
 TENDON MODELING AS
TENDON MODELING APPLIED LOADING

™ As an Applied Loading ™Simple load balancing [T Y Lin, 1963]

™Extended Load Balancing [Aalami,

™ As a Load Resisting Element
1990]

™Modeling Through Primary Moments

™Modeling Through Equivalent Forces

BACKGROUND INFORMATION SIMPLE LOAD BALANCING

Wb Based on:
™ Constant force
Wb*c Wb*d ™ Decoupling of axial and bending effects
P
20m 12m
P
PARABOLIC TENDON
b 1200kN 100
a
400 400 800

c d 60
700 300

L
(a) PROFILE IDEALIZED AS PARABOLA
c/L = a 1+ a
15 kN/m
b b 11.76 kN/m

Wb = 2Pa
c2

FORCE DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE 97.84 151.73 60

PARABOLA
(b) BALANCED LOADING
 EXTENDED LOAD
EXTENDED LOAD BALANCING
BALANCING
CENTROID
CENTROID

Based on: TENDON

™ Constant force p
(a) BEAM ELEVATION
™ Decoupling of axial and bending
effects w
b

P
Added feature m P

™ Recognition and allowance for

change in centroidal axis of
(b) BALANCED LOADING
member
BEAM WITH CHANGE IN CENROID

TENDON MODELING THROUGH

TENDON MODELING THROUGH
PRIMARY MOMENTS
PRIMARY MOMENTS

Based
B d on 20m 12m
™ Constant force PARABOLIC TENDON
1200kN 100
™ Decoupling of axial and bending 500
800
60
Mp = P *e 400 60 300 250

(a) MEMBER WITH SHIFT IN CENTROID

Mp = primary moment
P = tendon force
e = tendon eccentricity 408 180
228

360
180

(b) PRIMARY MOMENTS (kNm)

 DISCRETIZATION AND APPLICATION TENDON REPRESENTATION
OF PRIMARY MOMENTS AS LOADING BY DISCRETIZATION

CURVED TENDON
APPROXIMATED
PRIMARY MOMENT
PRIMARY MOMENT
M2 M3
M7 M8
M1
M9
(a) ACTUAL GEOMETRY
M4 M6

M5
FINITE ELEMENT
((a)) DISCRETIZATION OF PRIMARY MOMENTS STRAIGHT TENDON SEGMENT

M5
M1 M2 M3 M4 M6 M7 M8 M9
ANGULAR CHANGE NODE

(b) APPLICATION OF PRIMARY MOMENTS

AS APPLIED LOADING (b) IDEALIZED TENDON

IDEALIZATION OF TENDON FORCE RESOLUTION OF TENDON ACTIONS

AT DISCRETIZATION POINTS
i-1
i i+1
i+1
Fi-1 Fi
i-1 θ i-1
(a) IDEALIZED TENDON PROFILE
θi
i x
Fxi
WOBBLE LOSS
ANGLE CHANGE
ACTUAL LOSS Fyi

(b) DISCRETIZED TENDON FORCE i = TENDON NODE

F , F = TENDON FORCES
i i-1
Fxii , Fyii = TENDON FORCE COMPONENT
IDEALIZED ALONG SECTIONS AXIS
FORCE
ACTUAL

(c) TENDON SEGMENT FORCES

 EQUIVALENT TENDON ACTIONS
AT CENTROIDAL AXES
TENDON MODELING AS
APPLIED LOADING

ACTIONS AT CENTROID
CENTROIDAL AXIS Necessitates the introduction and
consideration of HYPERSTATIC
p
(secondary) actions as a separate
design load for the safety check of
prestressed members
TENDON NODE

IMPRESSION OF
REMOVED TENDON Hyperstatic actions are caused
d tto constraint
due t i t off a member
b tot
displacement under prestressing
forces

LOAD BALANCING FOR PRESTRESSING

PARABOLIC P P
GEOMETRY OF A PRESTRESSING TENDON D L

TENDON SEGMENT PASSING THROUGH CENTROIDAL AXIS

A FINITE ELEMENT ELEVATION END VIEW

(a) BEAM POST-TENSIONED

WITH PARABOLIC TENDON
TENDON
pJ
SEGMENT TENDON
y k
LOADING
J a
J
J' ez J
J F F

z TENDON

I' x
e I
zI (b) FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF (c) FREE BODY DIAGRAM
j
BEAM WITH TENDON REMOVED OF TENDON
i
p P P
I F wb D L
PT
Z F CENTROIDAL AXIS
PT
P P

Y (d) DEAD LOADING, LIVE LOADING (e) AXIAL

AND BALANCED LOADING COMPRESSION
X
 EXAMPLES FOR PRESENTATION
SEPARATION OF TENDON FORCE INTO AXIAL OF BALANCED LOADING
(P) AND FLEXURAL (W ) COMPONENTS

TENDON INFLECTION
POINT
FPT wb FPT
Y1
Y2
P P X1 X3
EQUAL EQUAL
W2
W3
(a) BEAM WITH REMOVED TENDON
W1 W4

CENTROID (a) REVERSED PARABOLA WITH TWO

P P INFLECTION POINTS

INFLECTION
(b) UNIFORM COMPRESSION POINT

X1
FPT wb FPT EQUAL EQUAL
W2
W3

W1 P1

(c) BALANCED LOADING DIAGRAM

(b) REVERSED PARABOLA WITH ONE
INFLECTION POINT

SEPARATION OF PRESTRESSING INTO BALANCED LOADING AND CHANGES

FLEXURE AND AXIAL COMPONENTS IN MEMBER THICKNESS

SLAB
P
P
CENTROID
(a) SLAB SHOWING AXIAL LOAD ONLY CENTROID

M=Pm TENDON

P m
P (a)
P
P

(b) SEPARATION INTO COMPRESSION AND

FLEXURE AT JOINT
w
b
P P P
P m P
P

(c) UNIFORM COMPRESSION COMPONENT

M=Pm
(b) BALANCED LOADING

(d) FLEXURAL COMPONENT (BALANCED LOADING)

 BALANCED LOADING AND CHANGES BALANCED LOADING AT DROP CAPS/PANELS
IN MEMBER THICKNESS

TENDON
F =P/A 1 F a=P/A 2
a
m
P P
M =Pm SLAB
A1 P DROP
A2
(c) (a) SLAB WITH A DROP OVER COLUMN

CENTROID CENTROID
P P
m
P
P
m CENTROID
(d) ACTIONS CAUSING AXIAL COMPRESSION
(b) FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF BALANCED LOADING

w b
M=Pm P P M=Pm
Mp P P

P
m

(e) ACTIONS CAUSING FLEXURE OF MEMBERS (c) MODELING OF AXIAL COMPRESSION

(BALANCED ACTIONS)

FLEXURAL ACTIONS ON A
POST-TENSIONING MEMBER
4 MODELING OF PT TENDONS

™ Post-tensioning and hyperstatic

(a) STRUCTURE (
(secondary
d actions)
ti )
TENDON
™ For SERVICE ((SLS)) conditions use
the POST-TENSIONING values
¾ Deflection
(b) VERTICAL ACTIONS FROM TENDON GEOMETRY
¾ Stresses
TENDON HOUSING ¾ Cracking

(c) ACTIONS DUE TO MEMBER GEOMETRY

™ For
F SAFETY (ULS) conditions
diti use
the hyperstatic (secondary) values
¾ Ultimate strength
g

(d) ACTIONS
C O S DUE
U TO
O SUPPORTS
SU O S
 A Review of Serviceability and Member Collapse Mechanism
Safety of Post-Tensioned Members

A A Given: Object under EXTERNAL

Given: Object under NO external FORCE
force Question: Will this object break
Question: Will this object break apart at AA-A?
A?
apart at A-A?
A A

(a) Weightless object in equilibrium (a) Weightless object in equilibrium

A
A

A
(b) Free body diagrams A
(b) Free body diagrams
A

M
A demand

(c) Deformed object resistance

(c) Force demand on section for moment

Post-Tensioned Member With Safety of Post-Tensioned Members

No External Loading
A A
PT tendon PT tendon
(i)
Given:
A ™ Weightless object A
™ Body restrained externally
(ii) ™ Concrete zero tension, infinite
compression
Given: capacity
™ Weightless object
™ No external force Question:
™ Concrete zero tension
tension, infinite compression ™ Will this object break apart at A
A-A?
A?
capacity
(a) Weightless member in equilibrium
Question:
™ Will this object break apart at A-A?
A
(a)

crack depth = a C
M hyp
Deformed
shape A T
a (i) Free body diagram (ii) Free body diagram

(b) Deformation and cracking (b) Hyperstatic moment at A-A

 CALCULATION OF HYPERSTATIC SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO
(SECONDARY) LOADING DUE TO POST-TENSIONING
PRESTRESSING

DL JOINT 1
LL JOINT i
M t M t
1 i

PT
TENDON
PT
R1 Mb Mb
1 Ri i
DL = DEAD LOAD
LL = LIVE LOAD

POST-TENSIONED FRAME UNDER LOADING

ACTIONS CAUSING HYPERSTATIC HYPERSTATIC MOMENT (M) AND

MOMENTS AND SHEARS SHEAR (V) IN A SECTION

Mt Mt
1 i

PT
R1 Mb Mb POST-TENSIONING
1 Ri i M t1
Xi M ti
X1
M

(a) Reactions from post-tensioning R1 Mb Mb i V

1 Ri
Xi
X1
POST-TENSIONING
M t1 M ti

R1 Mb Mb i V
1 Ri
Xi
X1

(b) Hyperstatic actions at a section in

member
4 MODELING OF PT TENDONS 4 MODELING OF PT TENDONS
™ Post-tensioning
Post tensioning representation
¾ Effective force
¾ Discrete tendons ™ Post-tensioning and hyperstatic
(
(secondary
d actions)
ti )

250 k 200 k ™ For SERVICE ((SLS)) conditions use

(a) FORCE SPECIFIED the POST-TENSIONING values
¾ Deflection
250k ((1,100kN)
, ) 200k (890kN) ¾ Stresses
(b) ASSUMED FORCE DIAGRAM ¾ Cracking

™ For
F SAFETY (ULS) conditions
diti use
= 9"
(228mm) the hyperstatic (secondary) values
10 - 1/2" ((12mm)) 8 - 1/2" ((12mm)) ¾ Ultimate strength
g
STRANDS STRANDS
(c) TENDON SPECIFIED

(d) CALCULATED FORCE DIAGRAM

EFFECTIVE FORCE AND

SYSTEM BOUND DESIGN OPTIONS
6 RULES FOR TENDON LAYOUT

™ Tendon profiles
250 k 200 k ™ Tendon
T d distribution
di t ib ti
(a) FORCE SPECIFIED ¾ Banded
¾ Distributed
250k (1,100kN) 200k (890kN)
™ Tendon spacing
(b) ASSUMED FORCE DIAGRAM
™ Judicial placing of tendons

= 9"
(228mm)

10 - 1/2" (12mm) 8 - 1/2" (12mm)

STRANDS STRANDS
(c) TENDON SPECIFIED

(d) CALCULATED FORCE DIAGRAM

6 RULES FOR TENDON LAYOUT IMPACT OF TOP REINFORCEMENT
ON BEAM RESPONSE
™ Judicial placing of tendons 14"
(353mm)
Review addition of rebar or PT at top
TOP REINFORCEMENT

mm)
14"
(353mm) 3"

30“(756m
TOP REINFORCEMENT (76mm))
(76

30“(756mm)
3" 3"
(76mm) (76mm)
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
3"
(76mm) (a) ELEVATION (b) SECTION
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
(a) ELEVATION (b) SECTION
2-#9 (1270mm2)
2
2-#9 (1270mm )
2-#9 (1270mm2) 2-#9 (1270mm2)
2 #9 (1270mm2)
2-#9 2
2 #9 (1270mm
2-#9 )
(c) DOES ADDITION OF REBAR AT TOP
(c) DOES ADDITION OF REBAR
AT TOP IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE? IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE?

4-1/2 STRAND
4-1/2"
4-1/2" STRAND
(4-13mm STRANDS) (4-13mm STRANDS)
4-1/2" STRAND
(4-13mm STRANDS) 4-1/2" STRAND
4-1/2" STRAND 4-1/2" STRAND
(4-13mm STRANDS) (4-13mm STRANDS) (4-13mm STRANDS)
(d) DOES ADDITION OF POST-TENSIONING AT TOP
IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE? ( ) DOES
(d) O S ADDITION
O OF
O POST-TENSIONING
OS SO G AT TOP
O
IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE?

ff'c=4000psi
c 4000psi (32MPa) fpu 270ksi (1860MPa)
fpu=270ksi
fy=60ksi fse=175ksi(1200MPa)
(460MPa) f'c=4000psi (32MPa) fpu=270ksi (1860MPa)
fy=60ksi (460MPa) fse=175ksi(1200MPa)

IMPACT OF TOP REINFORCEMENT IMPACT OF TOP REINFORCEMENT

ON BEAM RESPONSE ON BEAM RESPONSE
14"
14
(353mm)
TOP REINFORCEMENT

30“ ((756mm)
3"
(76mm)
14"
(353
(353mm)) 3"
TOP REINFORCEMENT (76mm)
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
“ (756mm)

3"
(76mm) (a) ELEVATION (b) SECTION
3"
3
30“

(76mm)
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT

(a) ELEVATION (b) SECTION

SAFTEY (Mn) OK SLIGHT IMPROVEMENT

CRACKING (stress) OK SLIGHT IMPROVEMENT
DEFLECTION OK SLIGHT IMPROVEMENT

(c) CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED

SAFTEY [Mn; k-ft (kNm)] 348.6 (472) 320.5 (434)

CRACKING [[stress;; psi
p (MPa)]
( )] 867 ((5.97)* ) 510 ((3.51)*
)
DEFLECTION ------------ 2.19” (56 mm) **
SAFTEY (Mn) OK WORSE
CRACKING (stress) OK WORSE
(c) REINFORCED WITH POST-TENSIONING DEFLECTION OK WORSE

(d) POST-TENSIONED
• Compression stress
** Downward deflection (62 ft span)
 FLANGED BEAM WITH TENDON
FAILURE MODE

PT in flange tendons

PT in stem
(a) Flanged beam with uniform load

PT
PT

(b) 3D view of beam Slab tendons parallel to the beam stem are
detrimental to the in-service and safety of
PT in flange the structure

(c) Failure mechanism (d) Flange tendon in

of beam compression zone

8 ANALYSIS OPTIONS

™ Analysis options and limitations

¾ Assumptions
ƒ Gross cross-section
ƒ Linear elastic

¾ Procedures
P d
ƒ Simple Frame Method (SFM)
Bonded (grouted) floor slab construction, ƒ Equivalent
q Frame Method ((EFM))
using banded/distributed tendon layout. ƒ Finite Element Method (FEM)
Comment:
The significance and contribution of the straight
tendon between the bands is questionable.
 8 ANALYSIS OPTIONS
CONSTRUCTION OF DESIGN STRIP IN PLAN
™ Analysis
A l i options
ti and
d lilimitations
it ti
¾ Simple Frame Method (SFM) 1 2 3 4 5
0.8
9 10 10 9.2
¾ Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
¾ Finite Element Method (FEM) B

(a) DESIGN STRIP IN PROTOTYPE

0.8
9 10 10.6 10.5

(b) STRAIGHTENED DESIGN STRIP

IDEALIZED

B
In all the three options, the current and
prominent p
p procedure is to conclude with ACTUAL
(c) IDEALIZED TRIBUTARY FOR DESIGN
a load path consisting of design strips

DESIGN STRIP IN ELEVATION

1 2 3 4 5

Extract each design strip,

idealize it,
it and using the
Equivalent Frame Method
determine its forces, post
post-
tensioning and the required
reinforcement
 FINITE ELEMENT OPTION

DISCRETIZE FLOOR SLAB

Display
Di l off a fifinite
it element
l t (FEM)
solution of the structure

8 ANALYSIS OPTIONS
™ Analysis
SLAB REGION CONSIDERED
A l i options
ti andd lilimitations
it ti AS TORSION MEMBER
SLAB
¾ Assumptions
E

X D

ƒ Gross cross-section
B

ƒ Linear elastic
COLUMN

SLOT DIRECTION X
OF FRAME

¾ Procedures
D135/SLIDES/060891

ƒ Simple Frame Method (SFM)

(a) VIEW OF SLAB AT SUPPORT
ƒ Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
ƒ Finite
Fi it Element
El t Method
M th d (FEM) D
X
B

SEPARATION
SLOT X
DIRECTION OF
COLUMN FRAME

(b) SLAB/COLUMN MODEL

View of a design strip SLAB/COLUMN MOMENT TRANSFER MODEL

 PLATE

H
WALL
COLUMN
(a) ELEVATION - TWO SPAN PLATE
SUPPORT LINE
91
D116/SLIDES/06069

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
LINE

LIDES/060491
PLATE

D102/SL
D

RIGID H
TORSIONAL >H DROP PANEL
LINK EQUIVALENT
MEMBER (Kt) COLUMN (Ke)
COLUMN (Kc) COLUMN CAPITAL REGION OVER
SUPPORT

(b) COLUMN AND TORSIONAL (c) EQUIVALENT COLUMN

MEMBER NONPRISMATIC IDEALIZATION OF SLAB SPAN

STRUCTURAL MODELING OF
COLUMN AND TORSIONAL MEMBER

NONPRISMATIC IDEALIZATION OF COLUMNS

9 DESIGN VALUES
™ D
Design
i values
l
¾ Design strips
¾ Design sections
NEUTRAL AXIS OF ¾ Design actions (moments, etc)
SLAB/BEAM

DROP PANEL

STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM LINE
hc ho
COLUMN Ico

N.A.

(a) COLUMN BETWEEN TWO SUPPORTS (b) COLUMN MODEL

In all the three options, the current and

prominent p
p procedure is to conclude with
a load path consisting of design strips
 1 2

RIP
A

DESIGN STR
258

--559

B
Example of a Multi-story building
in San Jose, California

Y
X Values are integrals below graphs

Design Sections and Design Values

Structural Model

Plan

Multi-story building in San Jose

California
View of post-tensioned slab

3D 3D View
 S Select support lines

In Y
Y-direction
direction

LOADING DIAGRAM
Distributed loads are shown by
the values
al es at their perimeters

In X-direction

Computer generated tributaries Select a design strip. Modeler idealizes

and their display the strip and exports it to ADAPT-PT

Selected support line shown in red

In In
I Y-direction
Y di i

Design strip idealized for export to PT

In X-direction
 Mesh the slab for FEM analysis
View the parameters of the idealized when using FLOOR-Pro
design strip; edit if needed

View of ADAPT-PT showing the design

strip data imported from MODELER
3D view of deflection

STRESS CHECK
Locations with red lines exceed allowable
values

Design strip moments from FEM

Design strips in Y-direction

Design strip calculated and allowable

stresses from FEM
Design strips in X-direction L*
 9 DESIGN VALUES REDISTRIBUTION OF ELASTICALLY
CALCULATED MOMENTS
™ D
Design
i values
l
¾ Taking advantage of post-elastic
reserve of strength PLASTIFICATION
REGION
DUCTILITY m = Ψu/Ψy Ψ
Mn M M

REBAR
PT
(a) BEAM-FRAME WITH FINITE SUPPORT WIDTHS
Ψy Ψu
(a) FLEXURAL DUCTILITY PLASTIFICATION
REGION

ε
20 c a
dt
PT
m

REBAR (b) SLAB/BEAM WITH ZERO SUPPORT WIDTHS

15

10
PERMISSIBLE LOCATIONS OF PLASTIFICATION
05 CODE FOR REDISTRIBUTION
PERMISSIBLE RANGE

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

c/dt
(b) DUCTILITY AND REINFORCEMENT

SUPPORT MOMENTS AND PERMISSIBLE REDISTRIBUTION BASED ON LOWEST

RANGES OF THEIR REDISTRIBUTION EQUAL MOMENTS

ELASTIC EQUAL OFFSETS

MOMENT
SELECTED EQUAL VALUES
UPPER VALUES

REDISTRIBUTION
RANGE
LOWER VALUES
REDISTRIBUTION
((a)) SUPPORT MOMENTS RANGE

SELECTED
LIMITED REDISTRIBUTED MOMENTS
PLASTIFICATION BEAM/SLAB

COLUMN

(b) REGION OF LIMITED PLASTIFICATION

AT SUPPORTS
 TYPICAL DEMAND
AND CAPACITY MOMENTS
~2M

M
(a) MOMENTS
~2A s

As
((b)) CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED
PT a

a Th k you for
Thank f your attention.
tt ti
(c) POST-TENSIONED
CAPACITY
Mn
DEMAND

Mn
(d) PT MOMENT CAPACITY