UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

College of Science and Mathematics

Department of Environmental Science and Technology

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Course

Natural Resources Conservation and Technology

Assessing the Perception of the Residents on the Implementation and Banning

of Mining and Logging in Barangay Bayanga

Arafol, Laurel Anne

Baba, Charmine D.

Cabrera, Jannily S.

Calayag, Liza Del Sol C.

Casingcasing, Anthony C.

BSES-3EMT1

A.Y: 2022-2023
I. Introduction

As the population continues to grow, the demand for natural resources also

increases. Resources such as wood and minerals are essential in the development

of society. In this study, logging refers to the practice of cutting down trees, and

mining as the process of obtaining minerals from the earth. In Misamis Oriental,

Cagayan de Oro, the area is abundant with trees and mineral resources such as

limestone, gold, and iron deposits. This is because there is direct access to these

resources, thus why both logging and mining is commonly done in the area for many

economic reasons.

The forestry industry in the Philippines is progressively deteriorating from a

biophysical, economic, and environmental perspective. The quick exploitation of

timber from virgin forests at rates well below genuine market values is largely to

blame for this decrease, which is also ascribed to a variety of ineffective and poorly

managed forestry regulations. Short-term timber licenses were frequently issued in

the past, which inhibited long-term investments in forest development and slowed

down private sector initiatives. The rate of forest degradation increased to very

dangerous levels, and neither natural nor man-made methods of forest regeneration

could ever catch up. Additionally, the institutions tasked with implementing forest

policies to resolve all of these issues lacked the necessary tools to effectively

address the problem. While this is going on, the social contexts in the uplands and

nearby forests. Communities are still putting pressure on natural resources, which

has made it harder to preserve the forests. The country’s once-rich woods are

continuing to lose their essential roles as a result of the extremely high rate of

poverty in the uplands, which also worsens issues with environmental degradation.
 According to Philstar (2022), two House bills regarding the prohibitions of

logging and mining activities in Cagayan de Oro City have been approved by the

House Committees in Natural resources. The measures were initially filed in the 14th

Congress, and re-filed in the 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th Congresses by Cagayan de

Oro representative, Rufus Rodriguez. However, this has yet to be acted upon by the

Senate.

Anthropogenic activities such as mining and logging are one of the major

contributors to environmental problems such as loss of biodiversity, pollution,

flooding, and degradation of land. In an attempt to mitigate these problems,

government strategies, imposed policies on banning such activities. While it is

perceived that immediate action would lessen the burden. This however, should

consider that the cooperation and participation from the community also factors the

success in its rehabilitation as it also concerns them. As such, the researchers intend

to assess the insights of the participants on the mining and logging bans.

Objectives

1. To assess the residents’ perspectives on the implementation and ban of

mining and logging in Barangay Bayanga.

2. To evaluate the impact on the livelihood of the residents and the condition of

the environment in Barangay Bayanga.

This chapter presents the related literature and studies thoroughly

investigated by the research connected to the study entitled Assessing the

Perception of the Residents on the Implementation and Banning of Mining and

Logging in Barangay Bayanga. With the help of these related literatures the

researchers would be able to strengthen and guide the study conducted.

Effectiveness of the Implementation of Mining Ban

In the recent study of Wireko-Gyebi et al. (2020), revealed that the miners

which also the study participants suffered being excluded of the entire process. They

reiterated that they had no direct involvement in the process to prohibit illegal mining

in Ghana. According to them, corruption, inefficient public institutions, and expensive

licensing requirements are to blame for the surge of illegal mining in Ghana. The

majority of miner’s illegal behavior is the root of illegal mining by certain factors that

were aforementioned. The implementation of banning mining was not voided, as a

result, many of the miners suffered being maltreated, beaten, and even jailed and

prosecuted. The miners also stated that thereafter, management of ASM activities,

which include permitted miners and creating a substitute livelihood programs and

project proposals were all done without the involvement of miners. Another

suggestion of their study is that for every project to be successful, stakeholders

ought to be included right away. People tend to reject or ignore what the government

says when they aren’t involved in the decision-making process (UNDP, 2002).

Involving all parties are necessary to have understanding of issues among involved

stakeholders and assist in achieving agreement.

The DENR has a poor budget to carry out the Herculean task of enforcing the

logging ban in more than 60 provinces, according to a brief evaluation of its existing

resources and budget for forest protection and replanting (Pascual, 2005). From the

1950s until the 1980s, government-owned logging companies extensively exploited

the old-growth forests in the region. Since the national logging moratorium was put

into effect in 1998, numerous laws have been put in place to safeguard old-growth

forests, and our whole research area is now in some manner protected (Wang et al.,

2007). Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the government’s attempts to enforce the

logging bans at the national level. However, several provinces are starting small-

scale initiatives to preserve the woods and reforest the areas that have been

cleared. The State Forestry Administration (SFA) and the Chinese Government have

long placed a high priority on protecting natural forests, and numerous laws and

regulations have been created to do so. Although substantial exploitation has not yet

been effectively addressed, these activities play significant roles in minimizing the

loss and depletion of natural forests. The government enacted logging bans on

natural forests to halt the deterioration of the environment and ensure sustainable

development. Bans on logging have been shown to be ineffective in other studies.

Sarker et al. (2011) stated how the Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD)

implemented policies and management systems in its forest conservation efforts and

has undergone various changes in its regimes. However, the policies have not yet

been fully implemented and do not specifically address the banning of forestry

logging. The ban itself is not the issue that imposes on its success, but rather the

lack of proper enforcement and inefficient implementation. In accordance with the

protected areas in the Philippines. Several projects have been made and sponsored

in order to strengthen DENR’s efforts in managing the protected areas, but remain

ineffective. Despite the enforcement of tree plantations as an alternative supply for

timber, it has been reported that the use of illegal wood persists. Concerns regarding

bribery, absence of law enforcement, and corruption also ties down to its success.

Therefore, due to ineffective law enforcement, policy interventions were futile to stop

illicit logging (Van der Ploeg et al., 2011).

Impacts of Mining Ban

A study conducted by Zolnikov (2020) stated that mining ban had unintended

consequences, including the loss of employment for about 1 million people. The ban

prevented the miners from working in mining, which forced them to take on low-

paying, unstable substitute jobs, leaving them unable to cover their living expenses.

More than their financial well-being, the ban on mining had a significant negative

impact on the subjective well-being of miners in terms of their physical,

psychological, and social well-being. The majority of artisanal miners disregarded the

prohibition and carried on with their work, but not as quickly; as a result, their

financial situation took a slight downturn (Osman et al., 2022).

A study on the mining suspension in Goa around October 2012, has reviewed

the impacts regarding its environment, socio-economic aspects on the matter. In

which there have been improvements in the environment and those that reside near

the mines. Pollution such as air, noise, and water had notably decreased and its

quality had become better. Mine owners, truck drivers, and people employed and

related in the mining industry had claimed a loss in income. Although there had been

instances of its positive outcome in the agricultural industry as well as those who
looked for alternatives (Jorge et al, 2013). This shows that whether regulations have

been successful or not, it is expected that there will be adverse effects and that the

community may not always be supportive of them. Despite the benefits of the

community and environment of Goa, there had been protestants on the suspension

of mining who demanded its resumption

Impacts of Logging Ban

According to Chamber of Furniture Industries (2005), the logging ban has a

significant impact on about two million displaced workers in the wood production and

furniture industries. There aren’t enough alternate job opportunities to take on the

displaced workers. The logging ban affects 10,000 businesses, 2,500 of which are

involved in the furniture export industry. Loss of employment and associated means

of survival are well-established driving forces for displaced workers and neighboring

communities to extract forest resources for survival. Approximately 20 million people

already live in forest areas, and the logging ban may increase this number. Forest

Management Bureau (2015) stated that only 25% is produced by local wood

processing companies, 40% comes from illegal logging, and the remaining 80% is

imported. The logging ban reduces the contribution of corporate processors, while

illegal logging sources and importation fill the void. In a study conducted by

Bugayong (2006), the loss of tenure over areas with remaining forest cover removes

the forest protection given by the tenure holders, leaving them with open access and

vulnerable to illegal harvesting activities. Government track record in taking over the

protection of untenured forest lands has been slow due to limited resources and

support. A few of the justifications given for logging bans or moratoriums in the policy

issuances include reports of unabated/unchecked logging activities, a loud protest

from local officials and representative sectors, disasters brought on by heavy rains
leading to floods, landslides, and detrimental economic effects in particular on

agricultural production, conservation/preservation of remaining forest resources, and

ongoing violations of forestry laws. However, the calamities brought on by typhoons

and heavy rains in the provinces of Samar, Leyte, Quezon, and Aurora where

excessive logging was blamed for the landslides and floods that claimed many lives

in these regions are the catalysts. The majority of violations are a direct result of

inadequate enforcement and oversight of current forestry laws (Bugayong & Peralta,

2006).

Several studies have shown a negative impact of the logging bans. Due to the

forest policies and logging ban in Bangladesh (Sarker et al., 2011), significant

changes in the forest production were observed. As there was a loss in both timber

production and biodiversity; however with the decrease of natural forest cover in both

the plantations and natural forests as well. Due to the sudden enforcement of the

logging bans, there has been a considerable difference in its production of timber

and fuel (wood). Thus, Bangladesh is unable to reach its forestry demands and the

GDP has dropped from 3.42% to 1.75% since 1991-1992, and 2007-08, respectively.
III. Methodology

This chapter shows the process or methodology of the research paper. The

methods that will be used by the researchers are presented.

3.1 Study Area

The barangay of Bayanga is located in Cagayan de Oro. On the island of

Mindanao, this barrio is located at roughly 8 21'03" N and 124 37'12 E. It is

estimated that the elevation at these coordinates is 201.8 meters, or 662.1 feet,

above mean sea level.

Figure 1. Map of Barangay Bayanga in Cagayan de Oro City

3.2 Research Design

The research study is qualitative in nature. This study will employ a

combination of content and narrative type of research in gathering the data that is

needed in this study enable to assess the perception of the residents on the

implementation and banning of mining and logging in barangay Bayanga. This study

is content since both interview and non-verbal through survey questionnaires will be
utilize by the researchers to gather data. The study is also narrative because the

researchers will not rely solely on the answered survey questionnaire but will also

ask the residents or the respondents of this study on their personal point of view or

personal experiences regarding the implementation of banning mining and logging in

Cagayan de Oro.

3.3 Research Participants

A total of fifty selected residents of barangay Bayanga will be the respondents

of this study. The researchers used the convenient sampling technique in choosing

the respondents since it is the easiest and inexpensive way to gather data, in

addition, the age range of the study participants between 20 and above to ensure

that the data are reliable and valid.

3.4 Research Instrument

Both survey questionnaire and interview will be used by the researchers in

gathering the data in Barangay Bayanga. The first instrument contains questions that

will assess their perception on the banning of mining and logging. The second

research instrument will help the researchers in determining the effects of the

banning on their lives and on the environment. In addition, recorder, paper, and ball

pen will be also utilized in gathering the data.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

After making survey questionnaire, the researchers will seek permission from

the research adviser to conduct the study. As given the permit, researchers will also

ask the Local Government Unit of Brgy. Bayanga to conduct the said study. To

gather the data, there will be 50 randomly selected respondents to answer the
survey questionnaire and will be interviewed afterwards. Following, the researchers

will analyze and interpret the gathered data.

3.6 Validity and Reliability

To ensure that the data gather is reliable and valid the researchers will use

and open- ended survey questionnaire. The questions will not be limited to yes or no

answers but the respondents are allowed to answer in open-text format based on

their complete knowledge, feeling, experience, and understanding. Thus, the data

gathered will not be biased.

3.7 Data Analysis

The data gathered by the researchers will be analyze using thematic. In this

form it will be easier for the researchers to classify the answers of the respondents

and interpret the data efficiently and effectively.

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onference.pdf

Bugayong, L.A., & Peralta, E.O. (2006). Analysis of the Content, Process and

Legality of the Logging Moratorium and Ban Policies in the Philippines.

Terminal Report. Forestry Development Center, University of the Philippines

Los Baños, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, College, Laguna,

Philippines.

Chamber of Furniture Industries of the Philippines (2005). Of Logging Bans and the

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 Appendix

Figure. Plagiarism Scan Report Result for Pages 2-5

Figure. Plagiarism Scan Report Result for Pages 5-8

Figure. Plagiarism Scan Report Result for Pages 8-11