REVIEWER

Reading and Writing (First Quarter)

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

NARRATION – chronologically telling a story of COHERENCE AND COHESION – deals with close
events or experience that is signaled by transition relationship, based on grammar or meaning,
devices. between two parts of a sentence or a larger piece of
• Setting – time and place writing. It is seen through the interrelatedness of
• Character – actors and movers of the story the sentences.
• Plot – the sequence of events TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
o Linear – arrange chronologically • Comparison – also, equally, similarly,
o Modular – two or more narratives likewise, compared with
o Episodic – one episode stands alone • Addition – and, also, furthermore, too, what
• Conflict – problem that needs resolution is more
• Theme – significant truth about life • Exemplification – for example, for instance,
to illustrate, such as, namely
DESCRIPTION – paints pictures with words and
• Sequencing – first, second, third, next, then,
brings the action or scenes to the reader. It appeals
after
to the senses -smell, taste, hear, sight, and touch
• Result – so, therefore, as a result, thus,
through the imagination of the readers.
because
• objective / factual and scientific
• Contrast – in comparison, in contrast,
• subjective / suggestive and imaginative
instead, on the contrary, conversely
DEFINITION – its purpose is to explain the meaning • Qualifying – but, however, although, except,
of a word, a concept or idea. The definition may be unless
one sentence or extended. It is usually combined • Reformulation – in other words, put more
with other methods of development. simply, that is to say, rather, in simple terms
• Formal – has species, genus, and differentia • Highlighting – in particular, especially,
• Informal – incomplete mainly, particularly, above all
• Extended – one or more paragraphs that • Transition - turning to, with regard to, with
attempt to explain a complex term. reference to, as far as x is concerned
CLASSIFICATION – create an air of systematization ORGANIZATION – achieved when ideas are logically
and order in writing. Group together items and accurately arranged. This is necessary to create
according to their similarities. clear statement or purpose, position, facts,
examples, specific details, definitions, explanations,
EXEMPLIFICATION – means giving examples. It is
justifications, or opposing viewpoints.
simply proving or supporting your point or thesis
with examples. LANGUAGE USE – the communicative meaning of
• examples that illustrate language. It can be compared to usage, which refers
• examples that explain to the rules for making language and the structures
• examples that tell a story we use to make it.
• examples that describe PRINCIPLES
• Clear and concise
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST – comparison
• Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés, and
discusses elements that are similar, while contrast
highfalutin language
discusses elements that are different. A compare-
• Avoid sexist language
and-contrast essay, then, analyzes two subjects by
• Be constructive
comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
MECHANICS – a set of conventions on how to spell,
CAUSE AND EFFECT – a cause is something that
punctuate, capitalize and abbreviate a composition.
produces an event or condition; an effect is what
SOME RULES
results from an event or condition. Determines how
1. Always use Standard English.
various phenomena relate in terms of origins and
2. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are
results.
part of a direct quotation.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION – organizes ideas into 3. Use single quotation marks for a quotation
problems and proposed solutions. The problem within a quotation.
section includes the details. The other part presents 4. Mention the full name of an organization
the solutions to address it, as well as the steps in with the abbreviation in parenthesis, in first
implementing the solution. mention. Thereafter use the abbreviation.
5. All information taken from elsewhere should
PERSUASION – organizes ideas to show how a set of
have reference to its source and its
evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
presentation form should not change the
Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, the
main points of the source text. Cite your
position, and the supporting evidence that supports
sources.
the position.
 CLAIMS

CLAIM
Claim is the writer’s point or position regarding a
specific topic. It is the central argument in the text
where the writer tries to prove by providing
explanation, justification, and evidences.
• Argumentative and Debatable – triggers
readers/listeners to raise objections
• Specific and Focused – has direction and
clear connection
• Interesting and Engaging – encourages the
readers to consider the writer’s perspective
• Logical – results from reasonable weighing
of support provided
CLAIM OF FACT – a statement that report, describe,
predict, and make causal claims. It asserts that
something has existed, exists, or will exist based on
the data. It relies on reliable sources or systematic
procedure to be validated through science or
history.
HOW TO IDENTIFY:
✓ Is this issue related to possible cause and
effect? (makes causal claims)
✓ Is this statement true or false? How can its
truthfulness be verified?
✓ Is this claim controversial or debatable?
CLAIM OF POLICY – a specific statement on
procedures or laws that need to be modified based
on certain issues or conditions. It suggests that
specific actions should be done or chosen as
solution to a particular problem. Most of the time,
claims of policy ask for plans of action to solve
current problems.
HOW TO IDENTIFY:
✓ Does the claim suggest a specific remedy to
solve the problem?
✓ Is the policy clearly defined?
✓ Is the need for the policy established?
✓ Is the policy the best one? For Whom?
According to whose standard?
✓ How does the policy solve the problem?
CLAIM OF VALUE – are arguable statements.
Discussions normally happen when one attempts to
prove that something is more or less desirable than
the other. Statements on the quality of a particular
work of art fall under aesthetics while claims
justifying the rightness or wrongness of some
actions are moral claims.

RECALLING SALIENT TERMS

PREPARED BY: JOHN BENJ C. ORTIZ