THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R.

MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI.

Allied Health Science

B.Sc. Nuclear Medicine Technology
2016-2017

BRIEF SUBJECT TITLE TO BE COVERED

Syllabus for B.Sc in Nuclear Medicine Technology
 Main Subjects
1st Year
Human Anatomy & Physiology.
1
Basics of Computer and Image hard copies production in
2 NM, including X-ray Film / Image processing Techniques

3 Basic physics & Nuclear Physics.

IInd Year
4 Physics of Nuclear Medicine instrumentation
5 Radiochemistry & Radio pharmacy
6 Nuclear Medicine Techniques & Special Procedures
IIIrd Year
7 Recent advances in Nuclear Medicine Techniques

9 Radiation Biology & Radiation safety in Nuclear Medicine.

8 Quality Assurance in Nuclear Medicine.

NOTE: For the supportive subjects Internal Examination to be conducted by the

institute conducting the course and marks should be submitted to the University.

FIRST YEAR (INTERNAL PAPERS)

1. ENGLISH (50hrs)

2. MEDICAL ETHICS (50hrs)

3. 3.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITAL PRACTICE

AND CARE OF PATIENT (50HRS)

SECOND YEAR (INTERNAL PAPERS)

PATIENT CARE RELEVANT TO NUCLEAR

(50hrs)
MEDICINE PRACTICE.

1. ENGLISH (INTERAL PAPER)

Communication
Role of communication Defining Communication
Classification of communication
 Purpose of communication
Major difficulties in
communication Barriers
to communication
Characteristics of successful communication – The seven
Cs Communication at the work place
Human needs and communication “Mind mapping”
Information communication

Comprehension passage:

Reading purposefully Understanding what is read Drawing conclusion

Finding and analysis

Explaining:-

How to explain clearly Defining and giving reasons Explaining differences

Explaining procedures Giving directions

Writing business letters:-

How to construct correctly Formal language

Address Salutation
Body Conclusion

Report writing: Reporting an accident

Reporting what happened at a session
Reporting what happened at a meeting

2. MEDICAL ETHICS (INTERNAL PAPER)

1. Medical ethics - Definition - Goal - Scope

2. Code of conduct - Introduction –Basic principles of medical ethics – Confidentiality

3. Malpractice and negligence - Rational and irrational drug therapy
4. Autonomy and informed consent - Right of patients
5. Care of the terminally ill- Euthanasia
6. Organ transplantation
7. Medico legal aspects of medical records – Medicolegal case and type- Records
and document related to MLC - ownership of medical records - Confidentiality
Privilege communication - Release of medical information - Unauthorized
disclosure - rentention of medical records - other various aspects
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITAL PRACTICE AND
CARE OF PATIENT (INTERAL PAPER)

Suggested number of teaching hours 100 including tutorials and demonstrations.

This section is intended to emphasize to the student technologist the importance of
patient welfare. Many of the points included in this section may be considered
during the teaching of other subjects also; but it is strongly urged that specific
teaching and as much practical demonstration and instruction as possible should be
given in this section. Modern hospital treatment is based on team work, it is
essential that the student should appreciate the technologists role and that the
importance of co-operation with wards and other departments. The students should
be attached to wards or the accident and emergency department for a definite
training period, the length of time being suited to the individual hospital.

1.Hospital procedure: Hospital staffing and organization; records relating to patients

and departmental statistics; professional attitude of the technologist to patients and
other members of the staff; medico-legal aspects; accidents in the departments
appointments organization; minimizing waiting time; out-patient and follow-up
clinics; stock-taking and stock keeping.

2.Care of the patient: FIRST contact with patients in the department; management
of chair and stretcher patients and aids for this, management of the unconscious
patient; elementary hygiene; personal cleanliness; hygiene in relation to patients
(for example clean linen and receptacles , nursing care; temperature pulse and
respiration; essential care of the patient who has a tracheostomy; essential care of
the patient who has a colostomy; bedpans and urinals; simple application of a sterile
dressing.

3. First aid: Aims and objectives of first aid; wounds and bleeding, dressing and
bandages; pressure and splints, supports etc. Shock; insensibility; asphyxia;
convulsions; resuscitation, use of suction apparatus, drug reactions; prophylactic
measures; administration of oxygen; electric shock; burns; scalds; haemorrhage;
pressure points; compression band. Fractures; splints, bandaging; dressing, foreign
bodies ; poisons.

4 Infection : Bacteria, their nature and appearance ; spread of infections; auto-

infection or cross-infection; the inflammatory process; local tissue reaction, general
body reaction; ulceration; asepsis and antisepsis

5.Principles of a sepsis: Sterilization -methods of sterilization; use of central sterile

supply department; care of identification of instruments, surgical dressings in
common use, including filamented swabs, elementary operating theatre procedure;
setting of trays and trolleys in the radiotherapy department (for study by
radiotherapy students only)

6.Departmental procedures: Department staffing and organization; records relating

to patients and departmental statistics; professional attitudes of the technologist to
patients and other members of the staff, medico-legal aspects accidents in the
department; appointments; organization; minimizing waiting time; out-patient and
follow-up clinics; stock taking and stock keeping.

7.Drugs in the department : Storage : classification; labeling and checking,

regulations regarding dangerous and other drugs; units of measurement, special
drugs, anti-depressive, anti-hypertensive etc.

Books for study

Text book
1." Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography" By: Chesney & Chesney.
Pub: Blackwell Scientific.

Reference book :
2. " Chesney's Care of the patient in Diagnostic Radiography"By: Pauline J . Culmer.
Pub:Blackwell Scientific.
3. " Aid to Tray and Trolley Setting" By: Marjorie Hougton Pub: Bacilliere
4. "First Aid' By : Haugher & Gardner Pub: Hamlyn..
5. "Practical nursing and first- aid" By: Ross and Wilson.Pub: Livingstone.
Paper - 1. HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (150 hrs)

Suggested number of teaching hours 120 including tutorials A knowledge of the

normal structure and function of the different parts of the body must be coupled
with some idea of the way in which disease arises and extends, so that the
technologist can assist in the various procedures used in diagnosis and treatment.

The syllabus gives under the main headings the names of organs and systems to
indicate the scope of teaching required. Both in diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge
of the size and position of an organ is of paramount importance. The level to be
aimed at here is difficult to define, but books on surface anatomy are available and
only rarely will it be necessary to refer to major works on anatomy, such as Gray
and Cunningham.

Under the repeating headings common terms used in connections with diseases of
this system, no detailed list of diseases is required, but an explanation of those
terms which the technologist may encounter in daily work is necessary.

1 General Anatomical Terms

2 Regions of the body
3 Description of a typical animal cell: Cell mitosis; genes; sex cell; ova and
spermatozoa. Fertilization of the ovum. Broad lines of embryonic
development. Cell function and differentiation of tissues.
4 Structure of General Tissues : Epithelium; simple and complex epithelia;
glands; skin. Connective tissue; fibrous tissue; cartilage; bone; Haversian
systems; blood; numbers and types of cells in blood; clotting of blood. Muscle
tissue; involuntary, voluntary and cardiac muscle. Nerve tissue.
5 Nature of neoplasm's: Common benign tumors. Malignant tumors and their
dissemination.
6 Bones, joints and locomotors system: General description of bones, their
main processes and attachments, 'including the skull with emphasis on the
skull as a whole. Development of bones, Primary and secondary bone centers;
diaphyses and epiphyses. Position and function of main joints. Some common
diseases and injuries of bones and joints; Healing of fractures.
7 Thorax and Abdomen : Structure of thoracic cage, abdominal cavity;
diaphragm and mediastinum.
8 Heart and Blood Vessels: Structure and function of the heart, pericardium,
peripheral vascular system; names of main arteries and veins, circulation.
Common terms used in connection with diseases of this system.

9 Respiratory system : Nasal passages and accessory nasal sinuses, pharynx

and larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs; pleura, nature and function of
respiration. Common terms used in connection with diseases of this system.
10 Lymph node Groups: Lymph and tissue fluid, main lymphatic gland groups
and drainage areas, lymphoid tissue and tonsil.

11 Reticule-Endothelial system : Spleen and liver, bone marrow, extent and

nature, physiology of the red and white blood corpuscle's.
 12 Alimentary system :Mouth, tongue and teeth, salivary glands, pharynx and
esophagus, stomach, small and large bowel, liver and biliary tract, pancreas,
motility of the alimentary tract; digestion, absorption and metabolism,
nutrition and dietetics, Common terms used in connection with diseases of
this system.
13 Urinary tract : Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra; urine formation &
excretion, common terms used in connection with diseases of the system.
14 Reproductive system : Male genital tract; testes, epidedymis, seminal
vesicle and prostate; female genital tract; uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus,
vagina and vulva, the mammary glands; menstruation, pregnancy and
lactation; common terms used in connection with diseases of this system.
15 Endocrine glands; Anatomy and function of pituitary, thyroid, para
thyroids, adrenal, thymus, pancreas and gonads as endocrine organs; common
terms used in connection with diseases of this system.
16 Nervous system: Brain; main subdivisions and lobes; ventricular system,
spinal cord, concept of motor, sensory and reflex pathways; meninges and
cerebrospinal fluid; its circulation; autonomic nervous system; common terms
used in connection with diseases of this system.
17 Special sensory organs: Structure and function of the eye; structure and
function of the ear; structure and function of the skin.
18 Surface markings and topographical relations; radiographic anatomy.

BOOKS FOR STUDY

Text book

1.Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers - C.A. Warrick

Reference books
2.Gray's anatomy Descriptive and applied - T.B. Johnstor.
3.Foundation of Anatomy and Physiology - Ross and Wilson.
4.An Atlas of Normal Radiographic Anatomy - Richard & Alvin
5.Essentials of Human Anatomy – Russell
6.Best and Taylor : The Human Body – its anatomy and physiology ( Chapman and
Hall)
7.Blewett and Rackow : Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers ( Butterworth )
8.Dean : Basic Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers ( Blackwell )
9.Fitzgerald : Anatomy 1600 multiple choice question ( Butterworth )
10.Hamilton et al : Surface and Radiological Anatomy ( Heffer ).

Paper – 2. COMPUTERS AND IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES IN

NUCLEAR MEDICINE.
Computer Applications related to Nuclear Medicine -Introduction to computer:
Characteristics of computers -Computer basics -Word processing -data base -analog
images – digital image -image processing -picture, volume elements-gray scale &
color scale -software – hard ware – keyboard skills-hard ware description-software
packages –Computer limitations. Storage devices. Basics on Nuclear Medicine
image hard copies in films, glossy prints, paper prints etc -how to produce the best
image quality.

X-Ray films – types – basic film structure & quality-choosing films for different
studies –dry and wet processing -manual –automatic-Conventional & modern image
processing rooms -Image processing equipments – types –day light systems
advantages & disadvantages-processing faults-maintenance -Components of Image
quality-image sharpness-spatial relationships-use of radioactive markers – optimum
image viewing options.

Paper - 3. BASIC PHYSICS & NUCLEAR MEDICINE PHYSICS (150hrs)

Basics: Elementary introduction to structure of matter-elements-compounds and
mixtures-molecules and atoms-Atomic & Nuclear structures-Atomic models –
Periodic table -Mass energy equivalence – Fluorescence – Phosphorescence –
luminescence - electromagnetic spectrum.
Electricity, Magnetism and Electro magnetic induction: Electricity in ionized gases-
electric charges-electric induction-Coloumb law-unit of charge-resistance-ohms law-
electric power-Joules law. Magnetism-magnetic properties-electromagnetic effect-
electrical instruments like Voltmeter, Ammeter & Multimeter.

Radiation Units & Quantities.

Radioactivity & Interaction of Radiation: Radioactivity -Discovery– Natural &

Artificial Radioactivity-Isotopes and nuclides – binding forces between nuclear
particles –alpha & beta particles – gamma radiation -mechanisms of radioactive
decay – half life -Interaction of electrons, X-Ray production, X-rays & ɤ-rays
interaction with matter -Radiation intensity & exposure -radiation dose -Radiation
quality – law of exponential attenuation – half value layer – linear attenuation
coefficient – Scattering – photoelectric effect – Compton-scattering – pair production
– particle interactions – total attenuation coefficient- relative clinical importance.

BOOKS FOR STUDY

1 Physics in Nuclear Medicine – Simon Cherry, James Sorenson & Michael

Phelps.
2 Basic Medical Radiation physics: Stanton
3 Medical Radiation Physics – William R. Hendee.
4 Basics of Computers and Image hard copy production in Nuclear Medicine.
5 Computers in Nuclear Medicine –A practical Approach – Kai.H.Lee
6 Computer Fundamentals-concepts, systems & Applications – D.P Nagpal
7 Effective use of computers in Nuclear Medicine: Michael J.Gelf and
Stephen.RThomas.
8 Radiographic Latent Image Processing – W.E.J. Mckinney
9 General principles of Hospital practice and care of patient

EXAMINATION SCHEDULES:
1st YEAR

THEORY PRACTICALS & VIVA

PAPER-I Human Anatomy & Physiology. Identification of Bones
 PAPER-II Image processing Techniques Identification of computer parts,
Image hard copies & equipments.
PAPER-III Basic physics & Nuclear Physics. Models, Charts & Graphs Demo

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
FIRST YEAR (240 WORKING DAYS)

Sl. Subject Title IA Theory Practical Viva Voce

No
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
Human
1. Anatomy & 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25
Physiology.

Image
2. processing 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25
Techniques.
3. 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25
Basic physics
& Nuclear
Physics

Internal Assessment
• Wherever there is no Log Book/Project/ Record work, 10 mark be added to the
Practical of the respective subject.

SYLLABUS FOR B.SC IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY.

SECOND YEAR:
Paper - 1. Physics of Nuclear Medicine instrumentation (100hr) mber –
Isotope calibrator – Proportional Counter – Geiger muller counter – Voltage
calibration of a Geiger Mueller tube, optimum operating condition – Dead time
correction – Uses of Gas – filled detectors – Semiconductor detectors

1. Radiation detectors: Construction and Principles of Operation – lonization Cha

Scintillation detector: Thallium activated Sodium lodide crystal – Photo multiplier
tube, electron multiplication, high voltage supply, Shielding, collimators, field of
view. Well counter – construction, design of shielding. Signal output, Pre-amplifier –
reasons for use – Voltage amplifier – liquid scintillation detector- Beta counter –
Gamma probes.
2. Spectrometer: Basic principles of Pulse – height analyzer single channel and
Multi – channel analyzers. Optimum operating conditions, window settings –
Determination of gamma energy spectrum, Integral and differential counting.
Spectra of commonly used radio nuclides
e.g l-131, Tc99m, Cr51, Cs137. Problems in radiation measurements with worked
examples

3. Statistics of counting: Types of measurement error, Precision and Accuracy –

Nuclear counts statistics – Poison, Normal (Gaussian) distribution – Standard
deviation, Probable error, confidence limits, Percent standard deviation – Efficient
distribution of counting time. Statistical tests. – Chi – square test – Figure of Merit
– test – Precision of Rate meter Measurements.

4. Rectilinear scanner: Construction and Principles of Operation. Collimation,

collimator focus, collimator focal length septa thickness, high resolution, high
sensitivity, Iso-response curves collimator resolution with – Scintillation crystal size
and its effect on photo and dot scans. Rate meters – time constant – effect on
counting Cathode ray tube – Photo recording display, cathode ray tube, film density,
gray curve, effect of contrast enhancement Information density, scan speed, line
space Dot factor Minified images – application in Bone scan – multi crystal
scanners, fluorescent scanning.

5. Gamma camera: Camera head construction and principle of operation

Collimators – parallel multi hole, high resolution, high sensitivity pin hole,
diverging hole, slant hole. Collimators Scintillation crystal, size Light guide – Photo
multipliers per amplifiers.

Control panel – pulse shaping linear amplifiers Pulse height analyzer Timer, Data
Processor and their function. Application of Cathode ray tube – persistence scope –
Camera scope. Resolving, time characteristics – Analogue – Digital controls
Uniformity and intrinsic resolution Sensitivity, Total – system resolution, Spatial
volume resolution saturation.

Frame mode & List mode acquistion - Static, Dynamic, Tomo and Gated acquisition
– Image perception & Analysis -Background correction methods -ROI analysis- Time
Activity curves – Filters and normalization methods.

BOOKS FOR STUDY

Text book
1. Physics of Nuclear Medicine, - James A. Sorenson & Michael
Reference books
2. Nuclear Radiation Detection – William J. Price, McGraw – Hill Book Company
3. Principles of Nuclear Medicine – Henry N. Wagner, W.B. Saunders company,
London
4. Principles and practice of Nuclear Medicine, Paul J. Early, D. Bruce Sodes.
C.V. Mosby company Princeton
5. Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine – Gerald J. Hine

Paper - 2. RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOPHARMACY (120hrs)

1.Basic Laboratory Techniques (i) use of glasswares (ii) Washing and

autoclaving glasswares for the use in Radiopharmacy areas (iii) Correct use of
Pipettes, Balance, Centrifuge, Syringes etc.
Receipt -storage -disposal of radioactive materials (iii) International symbols of
radioactivity labels

2.Basics of radiation chemistry:(a)Atomic and molecular structure (b) Bonding

(Electrovalent, covalent, Dative bond and hydrogen bonds) (c) Valency, Atomic wt.,
-Molecular wt -Normality and molarity of solution, (d)Acids and Bases - Hydrogen
Ion concentration - pH value - The play of pH in the preparations of radio
pharmaceuticals -(e) chemical reaction -solute -Solvents -Solubility -crystallization -
(f) The chemical elements which are necessary for life (carbon -Hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen, Phosphorous, Iron etc.). (g) Fundamental chemistry of carbohydrates
and carbonyl groups (h) -Oxidation and Reduction (i) proteins and amino acids.
Lipids and profiles. Enzymes - vitamins, Hormones.
3.Isotope generators: Production of radio nuclides by artificial methods (b)
cyclotron Produced radio nuclide (c) Nuclear reactor produced radio nuclides
Principles of generator systems -Ion Exchange system -Solvent extraction system -
Parent -daughter relationship-growth of daughter product equilibrium with parent
elements etc.

Chemistry of Tc99m, Mo99-Tc99m generators -Assay -Mo99 contamination check

Aluminum break through test etc (f) Sterilization

4. Radio pharmaceuticals: Lyophilisation, Preparation of cold kits. -DTPA,

GHA, DMSA, MDP, Phytate. Tin pyrophosphate, -Albumin microspheres, S. Colloid
etc. (c) Labeling of cold kits with required radio isotopes and their Quality control
tests like RC purity, RN purity, sterility check, Chromatography (Various methods)
pyrogen test, Methods of radiopharmaceutical localization and bio distribution
studies.

5.Radio iodination: basic principles, Iodination of MIBG-131, Purification -Resin

column -Ion exchange reaction, radiochemical purity etc.
6.Tracer methods -Behavior of radioactive tracers in biological process
-characteristics of radio pharmaceuticals - Half life - (Physical and Biological) –
Tracer kinetics – Compartmental models.
7.Dispensing of radio pharmaceuticals - Specific activity Tracer dose
preparation – Radiopharmaceutical dossage calculations - Tracer dose
administration etc. Preparation of standard (References ) 100%, 50%, 10%, etc.
8. Preparation of the required reagents for the kit formulations and other labeling
procedures.
9.Introduction to Molecular biology, biochemistry (carbohydrates-,proteins-enzymes-
lipids-hormones-vitamins and nucleic acids) and immunology (humeral immune
response-cell mediated immune response- antigen-antibody reaction-monoclonal
antibody)
Books for study
Text book
1. The handbook of Radio pharmaceutical -Mohan Patel & Samij Sadack,
Chapman & Hall Medicals, London.
Reference books
2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy-Gopal B. Sah,eSpringer-Verlag, New
York.
3 Nuclear Medicine Technology & Techniques-Donald R. Bernier , Paul E.
Christian & James K. Langan Mosby

Paper - 3. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNIQUES AND SPECIAL

PROCEDURES (100hrs)
I Diagnostic – In vitro techniques: Principles of Radio immunoassays (RIA)
standard curve, data analysis, Quality Control(QC) and applications, Methods of
receptor assays, hormones , drugs.
IRMA Immunoradiometric assay, ELISA, RIA, estimation, T3, T4, TSH, thyroid
antibodies, and current applications using similar techniques.
2. In vivo techniques - (Imaging & non imaging Procedures) a) General Principles
of non-imaging techniques, Tracer dose, uptake studies, compartmental analysis in
radio nuclide studies, volume dilution studies. Clinical Nuclear Medicine -
Diagnostic studies.

3. Endocrine System: Anatomy, physiology and different pathology -Iodine

metabolism -Radiopharmaceuticals, the rationale, dosimetry & precautions-
Indications for Thyroid Imaging -131 I Uptake studies -Scintigraphic technique
-regular study as well as Thyroid Cancer-Thyroid whole body survey . Per chlorate
discharge Test, T3/T4 suppression test, TSH stimulation test. RIA invitro
Procedures: T3, T4 Estimation using Radio Immuno Assay methods-estimation of
TSH levels, Thyroid Antibodies levels.

Adrenal scintigraphy: Cortical scintigraphy-radio pharmaceuticals, technique,

applications. Medullary scintigraphy - radio pharmaceuticals, technique,
applications Parathyroid scintigraphy: radiopharmaceuticals, technique

4. Skeletal system: Bone: Pathology of bone diseases, indications for scintigraphy

-patient preparation -Radio active tracer doses and their administrations, Imaging
techniques- whole body sweep, spot views, isocount and isotime studies, three phase
& four phase bone scans - care to be taken while handling patients with bone
fractures-applications Bone marrow scintigraphy: Radio pharmaceutical used,
technique Measurement of bone mineral mineral: technique & applications.

5. Respiratory system: Pathology of respiratory diseases-Indication for

scintigraphy.-Perfusion studies -Patients preparation -radio pharmaceuticals and
dose administration-precautions to be followed and drugs to be kept for any
anaphylactic reactions- contraindication for the procedure. Ventilation studies
--Radio pharmaceuticals -Aerosols -inhalation procedures -Imaging procedures -
precautions to be followed during inhalation of Aerosols.

6. Central nervous system: Brain: Anatomy and brief physiology, different

pathology and indications for scintigraphy.Conventional brain scintigraphy-radio
pharmaceuticals , dose &dosimetry, patients preparation, precaution to be taken
with post operative patients, epilepticpatients ,brain secondaries. Cerebral perfusion
imaging: radio pharmaceuticals, dose &dosimetry, patients preparation
Cisternography:radiopharmaceuticalsdose&dosimetry,methodology.Scintigraphy for
CSF leak.

7. Urinary tract: Anatomy and physiology in brief, Pathology, Indications

-Radiopharmaceutical preparation -dosages & Administration, patient preparation,
renogram usingprobes, quantitative studies GFR, ERPF, split function, parameters
for function evaluation. Acquisition techniques-Dynamic study:-renal perfusion
study -dynamic mode -purpose -dosage and technique in normal & renal transplants.
Static renal imaging: procedure includinganalague imaging-indication and
comparison, of different studies as per the pathology-renalcortical imaging
techniques. Evaluation of Reno vascular hypertension, Transplant
scintigraphy.Radionuclide cystography-Radio pharmaceutical & imaging techniques.
Scrotal scintigraphy:Radio pharmaceutical, dosimetry, methodology.
8. Gastrointestinal tract: Anatomy and pathology, Esophageal transit study-
Radiopharmaceutical dosimetry, technique & analysis. Gastro esophageal reflux-
Radiopharmaceutical dosimetry, technique & analysis. Gastric emptying-radio
pharmaceuticaldosimetry, technique & analysis. Gastrointestinal bleed
scintigraphy: Radio pharmaceutical,dosimetry, methodology including RBC tagging
procedures, Meckels' scintigraphy-Radiopharmaceutical, patient preparation.
Pancreatic imaging: Radio pharmaceutical, dosimetry,methodology

9. Heptobiliary scintigraphy: Anatomy and pathology . Radio pharmaceutical,

patientpreparation ,dosimetry, dynamic flow-static imaging procedures,
applications. Hepatic arteryperfusion scintigraphy.

10. Liver,spleen scintigraphy: Pathology ,basis of scintigraphic localization

-Patient-Dosage-Procedures-Patient. Preparation,applications.99mTc Heat damaged
-RBCs -basics of -Taggingprocedure dose administration - Imaging procedure.

11.Cardio vascular system :Anatomy and pathological conditions, Indications for

studies. ECG-Terminology of cardiac cycle -diastole -systole -diastolic volume -stroke
volume cardiacoutput, Ejection Fraction - Pulmonary Transit time, Hypokinesia -
akinesia - diskinesia etc.Dynamic study-first pass study: Purpose -radio nuclide
-dosage -Bolus Injection -computersettings - Image acquisition - processing etc.

Multigated Blood Pool Acquisition (MUGA) Radionuclide, indication,administration

dosage,Imaging procedures, Processing -E.F. calculation -Global and Regional stroke
volume -Histogram phase angle etc. Stress study -Different medicines used for
stress -dosage, physicalstress study -MUGA repeated after stress. Myocardial
perfusion imaging -Radionuclide &Radio pharmaceuticals used, dosage
administration, dosimetry. Imaging procedures -stress andrest. Infarct avid
imaging: Radio pharmaceuticals, Technique.Shunt evaluation: Radio
pharmaceuticals, Technique & analysis. 24

12. Haematological studies: Hematological disorders total blood volume.,

Estimation of RBCvolume, Blood volume -using 51Cr as well as 99mc -Red cell
survival studies with 51Cr.,platelet survival studies, ICSH recommendations in data
presentation, use of computer softwarefor survival curves.

13.Infection and inflammation: Radio pharmaceuticals, dosimetry, comparison of

the radiopharmaceuticals used, leukocyte labeled studies-leukocyte labeling
procedures, imagingtechniques and applications.

14.Tumor imaging: Radio pharmaceuticals, dosimetry, comparison of the radio

pharmaceuticals used, imaging techniques, applications.

15. Special procedures: Lymphoscintigraphy: Radio pharmaceuticals, dosimetry,

imaging techniques. Venography: Radio pharmaceuticals, dosimetry, imaging
techniques. Proteinloss studies: Radio pharmaceuticals, dosimetry, imaging
techniques, precautions prior to imaging. Salivary gland imaging: Radio nuclide
-dosage -Imaging procedures. Vitamin B12 absorption study: Folic acids study etc.
Schilling test.

16. Therapeutic application of radio nuclides: General precaution regarding

contamination and radiation dosage. Radio iodine therapy for Thyrotoxicosis :
Dosage Administration -Precaution to be followed. Radio iodine therapy for Thyroid
malignancy :Dosage. Administration -Precaution and care of patient during
administration. mIBG I13l -Indications -Dosage -Administration -Precaution to be
taken during administration. Palliative treatment for bone metastasis : 32 P-and 89
Strontium Dosage -Administration -Precaution to be followed during administration.
Intracavitory use of radioactive colloid: Au 198 Dosage - Administration -Precaution
to be followed during administration. Intravascular particulate radio nuclide
Therapy-Administration -Precaution to be followed during administration. Intra
articular Therapy : Administration -Precaution to be followed during
administration. Labeled Monoclonal antibodies (Radioimmunotherapy). Labeled
receptor therapy.

Books for study

Text book
1. Principles and practice of Nuclear Medicine ,Bruce Sodee, Paul J.Early &
Sharon Wikepry
Reference book
2 Mosbeys manual of Nuclear Medicine Procedures Bruce Sodee, Paul J.Early &
Sharon Wikepry, Mosbey company, London
3 Essentials of Nuclear Medicine, M.V.Merrick
4 Basic Science of Nuclear Medicine,Roy P Parker, Peter A S Smith & David
Churchill Livingston, New York 35
5 Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging ,Fred A Metter, Milton J W B
Saunders company, London
6 Principles of Nuclear Medicine Henry N Wagner:W B Saunders company,
London
7. Clinical Nuclear Medicine M N Masey, K E Britton & D L Gilday Chapman and
Hall
medicals
8. Nuclear Medicine Technology & Techniques -Donald R. Bernier , Paul E.
Christian & James K. Langan Mosby

PATIENT CARE RELEVANT TO NUCLEAR MEDICINE

(INTERNAL PAPER)
1.Ordering nuclear medicine procedure-checking relevent datas in the request-
scheduling the procedures by giving appointments-giving proper instructions
regarding the studies and pre preparation for the procedures to the out patients as
well as the in patients through the written appointments

2.Preparation of the patients before the procedure-check the correct patient

by checking the Name ID No and the Referral unit etc before take the patients for
the nuclear medicine procedure.
3.Check the patients about their previous medications especially for thyroid
studies and renal studies for patients with RAS problem. Patients (female) should be
checked for early pregnancies before starting any radio active procedure. Patients
also should be checked for the sensitivity for any particular medicine or dye or any
contra indication for the particular study. Eg. Pulmonary hypertension is contra
indication for Lung perfusion studies.

4.Care of Patients During the Nuclear Medicine Procedure: regarding the care to
be taken while Transferring the patients from the wheel chair or stretcher to the
treatment couch especially the bone scan patients with spine secondaries and lung
scan patients connected with oxygen cylinders, Post renal Tx patients with IV line
and drain tubes. etc neuro patients under coma stage or with epileptic convulsions
or children care regarding using the immobilizing devices etc. Micturition of the
patients before starting the NM procedures.

5. Care to be taken during the cardiac studies in the NM department-

ECG monitors should be available -emergency drugs should be available for the use
in the time of need along with eparinized IV line and fluids for the parental use.

6. Preparation of the radio active tracer for the study-selecting the

appropriate tracer for the particular study should be assayed before use and to be
properly labeled and to be kept with in the lead shielded container. Usage of gloves
and over coats during dispensing of the radio active tracer. Proper tray should be
used during the transporting the tracer from the hot room to the injection room. And
should be administered carefully and properly in the vein or required spot with out
causing any extravessation and the management of the local haemorrhage and
swelling.

7. Special care regarding the patients who are coming from SICU and MICU and
paediatric patients.

8. Keeping special equipment namely Gastric suction, Chest suction, T-tube,

Urinary retention catheters., surgical dressing trays, Cardiac monitors,bcentral
venous pressure line-colonostomy care management of seizure patients-application
of cardio pulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest patients.

9. Specimen collection in a safe manner and properly label them and store in a
proper place for counting or sampling -safety precautions to be followed during the
sampling of radio active specimen and precautions to be followed while disposing the
same. Care regarding the disposal of contaminated swabs syringes and needles etc.

Books for study

Text book
1. Nuclear Medicine Technology & Techniques, -Donald R. Bernier , Paul E.
Christian & James K. Langan Mosby
Reference books
2. Care of the patient in diagnostic radiology, Chesney & Chesney Blackwell
3. Notes on radiological emergencies Ansell, Churchill
4. A guide to Oncological nursing Deeley Livingstone
5. First aid (Hamlyn) Haugher & Gardner, Hamlyn
 6. Care of the injured, Ring Livingstone
7. Practical Nursing and first aid -Ross & Wilson, Livingstone

BOOKS FOR STUDY Add Books to be read

1 Hand book of Nuclear Medicine – Frederick L Datz and

2 Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging – Fred A Mettler , Milton J
Guiberteau.

SECOND YEAR
(240 WORKING DAYS)

Sl. Subject Title IA Theory Practical Viva Vice

N Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

o.
Physics of
Nuclear
1. Medicine 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25
instrumentation

Radiochemistry&
2. Radio pharmacy. 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25

3. Nuclear 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25

Medicine
Techniques &
Special
Procedures.
SYLLABUS FOR B.SC IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY.

THIRD YEAR
Paper - 1. Recent advances in Nuclear Medicine Techniques
(100hrs)
Recent advances in imaging techniques & image processing including fusion
techniques-imageguiding for radiotherapy & stereotactic surgeries.

Recent advances in equipments- SPECT, PET including hybrid systems and PET-CT
& PET-MRI

Recent advances in radiopharmaceuticals - PET Tracers, production ; Cyclotron-

principle, configration and operation - FDG -Sodium fluoride for bone imaging –
Neuro & Cardiac radiopharmaceuticals - Newer Computer applications in Nuclear
Medicine -Medical Data Communications and Computer Networks – DICOM –
PACS – RIS – HIS -Telemedicine.

Paper - 2. Radiation Biology & Radiation safety in Nuclear Medicine.

(100hrs)

Biological effects of Radiation - induction of Radiation injury – somatic and

hereditary effects of radiation – effects of radiation on embryo – normal and
abnormal human exposure to radiation – maximum permissible levels – Choice of
Radiopharmaceutical for the clinical situation and the equipments in hand
-Dosimetry – absorbed dose – calculation of absorbed dose – dosimetry of individuals
– absorbed dose from diagnostic & therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures –
personnel monitoring – instruments used in radiation survey & monitoring.

Radiation Protection of Staff, Patients & Environment –Transport & Handling of

Radioisotopes – Safety and Security of Radioactive sources - Safe administration of
diagnostic therapeutic tracers. Inventory maintenance of records - Radioactive waste
& its disposal -Decontamination procedures in Nuclear Medicine Dept. Radiation
Accidents and Medical management.

AERB Safety directive - Regulatory Consent -ICRP - Responsibilities of the NM

technologist for implementation of basic safety standards- Layout and Planning of
Nuclear Medicine facility.

Paper - 3. Quality Assurance in Nuclear Medicine (100hrs)

1.Quality Assurance: In General -quality assurance for attaining the high

standards of efficiency reliability in the practice of Nuclear Medicine procedures
-efforts to be taken in order to get closeness of standard procedures with which the
accurate out-come proper way of submitting the request for the procedure -The
preparation and dispensing of radio pharmaceuticals -The routine quality control
studies -The protection of patients -staff and general public by following standard
procedures -scheduling of patients study patients preparation etc -setting up patient
vs correctly for the procedure -maintaining the electronic equipment -in the correct
manner -methodology of the procedure -The analysis and interpretation of results or
data - and finally keeping their records.

2.Quality Assurance of Equipments mainly involves -Acceptance test during

installation -Routine daily check -checking the power line -Air conditioning
efficiency -dust free atmosphere -Making the availability of service then and there
-Routine quality control study of different equipment periodically without delay.
Flood check -linearity-uniformity, dead time, resolution check for gamma camera-
Field of view and chi square test for Thyroid uptake unit -Focal distance calibration
-Density calibration for scanner. Precision and Energy response study for isotope
calibrator-Routine departmental survey for keeping the working area at a lower
level of background radiation level etc.

3.Organization of department: How to set up a Lab. -Psychology and social

behavior -Group behaviors -individual relationship with colleagues -Senior staff and
patients -How people learn memory and forgetting -motivation and emotion -stress
and adjustment -Social influence and the individual -evidence of satisfactory
progress reflected in the reports of the clinical supervisors –

4. Assessment procedures: Presentation of a Technical paper -Literature

searching Library resource utilization - Personnel management, punctuality in
duties. Professional ethics etc.

5. Record keeping: test procedure – maintenance-provisional appointment

-Registration of the patients in the department, Register with proper ID number
-Isotope Radio pharmaceuticals administration -dosage -Date -Time -mode of
Administration etc. Details of Test done -storing of results -Hard copies like Films,
Report forms etc. -Despatch of the results to the respective departments
-maintaining the records -maintaining original report copy in the department safely
etc.

6.Equipment maintenance: Date of installation - Defects raised service done on

date and time -done by whom -service record. Periodical quality control study on
equipment and their record keeping -Preventive maintenance service on periodical
interval either by the engineers in the institution or engineers from the company.
stocking of important spares and PC boards for the rectification of the defects during
the time of repair.

Books for study

Text book

1.Quality Control of Nuclear Medicine Instruments, International Atomic Energy

Agency

Reference books

2. Quality Control of Gamma Cameras and Associated Computer Systems, The

Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine
3. Quality Control of Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation, The Institute of Physical
 Sciences in Medicine
4. "Quality Control in diagnostic imaging"-J.E. GRAY, University Park Press.
5. "Processing and Quality Control"William, E.J. Mckinney.J.B. Lippincott
Company.
6. "Concepts in Medical Radiographic imaging"Marianne Tortoice,W.B. Saunders
Company.
7. "Quality assurance Management"G.E. Hayes Charger production.
8. Diagnostic Imaging: Quality Assurance M.M. Rehani ,Jaypee Bros Medical
Publishers.

THIRD YEAR
(240 WORKING DAYS)
Sl. Subject Title IA Theory Practical Viva Voce

N
o. Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
Recent advances
in Nuclear
1. Medicine 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25
Techniques

Radiation
Biology &
2. Radiation safety 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25
in Nuclear
Medicine.

3. Quality 50 25 100 50 100 50 50 25

Assurance
Nuclear
Medicine

Practical Subject Title

Nuclear Medicine Procedures – Demo

Planning & Radiation Survey – Demo
Charts discussion.
BOOKS FOR STUDY
Text Books:

Radiation Biology and Physics Paul F Wilson and Joel S.Bedford Radiation safety in
Nuclear Medicine – Max.H.Lombardi

Reference books:
An introduction to Radiobiology – A.H.W.Nias
Introduction to Health Physics – Herman Cember.
Biological assessment of Radiation Damage – Thomas.L, Walden.Jr and Nushin K
Radiobiology for the Radiologist – Eric J Hall, and Amato J Giaccia.
PET: Physics, Instrumentation, and Scanners – Michael Phelps.
PET and PET-CT A clinical Guide – Eugene Lin and Abass Alavi
Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Technology and Techniques – Paul Christian and
Kristin Waterstram.

**********