National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences Islamabad

Computer Logic Design

Lab # 01

Student Name: Roll No:

Group No:

Experiment Title:
Introduction to the Trainer Board and Integrated Circuits (IC)

Objectives:
 To become familiar with the components of the trainer board used in the digital
experiments
 To become familiar with the different types of Integrated Circuits (ICs), their use and pin
number reading.

Equipment Required:
 DEV-2765E Trainer Board
 74LS00 (Quad 2-input NAND gate IC)
 74LS04 (Hex Inverter IC)

DEV-2765ETrainer Board
DEV-2765 carries all essential elements of circuit patching, no separate equipment is required.
The trainer board consists of many elements but the detailed description of only those elements
is given that are used mostly in logic design experiments.
 Fixed DC power supplies: + 5V, -5V, +12V and - 12V. Each one of these output voltage
is available at its corresponding 10-pin jack from where it can be extended through
jumper wire to any desired circuit. We will be using +5V in most of our experiments.
 Function Generator: Sinusoidal, square and triangular waveforms within variable
frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 300 kHz variable. In addition, provision has been made
available for the user to conveniently add a capacitor of suitable value to the Function
Generator circuit in order to get any desired frequency.
 Logic Switches and Status LEDs: 12 switches with logic indicators have been made
available on the trainer. Depending on the switch position, a logic high or logic low
becomes available on the corresponding output socket from where it can be extended
through jumper wire to any digital circuit input. Status LED lights ON with a logic high
value and lights OFF with logic low value. The output of switch is output from the trainer
and input to the circuit and the output of the circuit is input to the trainer board.
 Seven Segment Display: Two 7-segment displays with BCD input sockets are provided
on the trainer board. When binary inputs are provided at the input sockets below each
display, the decimal equivalent of the BCD input is displayed. The Lamp Test (! LT)
input socket is for checking the display: when this input is low (0) all the segments of the
display will glow indicating that the display is functioning properly.
 Logic Probe: Logic probe, with two LEDs, has been made available to monitor logic
levels in any circuit. The probe can be connected to any point on the circuit under test and
either one of the two LEDs will glow to indicate the status. If Red LED glow, the point
under test is at high logic and if Green LED glows, the point is at low logic.
 Breadboard: Breadboard for patching digital circuits is provided on the trainer board. As
each circuit has to be implemented on the breadboard, so a detail description of the
breadboard structure is given below.

Breadboard
In general the breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the
centre). Each bus strip has two rows of contacts. Each of the two rows of contacts is a node. That
is, each contact along a row on a bus strip is connected together (inside the breadboard). Bus
strips are used primarily for power supply connections, but are also used for any node requiring a
large number of connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of contacts on each
side of the centre gap. Each row of 5 contacts is a node.
You will build your circuits on the terminal strips by inserting the leads of circuit components
into the contact receptacles and making connections with wire. It is a good practice to wire +5V
and 0V power supply connections to separate bus strips.
Figure: The shaded lines indicate connected holes.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
An integrated circuit (I.C) is a group of components which may include resistors, low value
capacitors and transistors printed on a silicon chip. The individual components of the I.C make
up a commonly used circuit. The circuits can range from simple voltage regulators to audio chips
for a head unit to a microprocessor for a computer. The chip is packaged in a plastic holder with
pins spaced on a 0.1" (2.54mm) grid which will fit the holes on breadboards. Very fine wires
inside the package link the chip to the pins.

Pin numbers
The pins are numbered anti-clockwise around the IC (chip) starting near the notch or dot. The
diagram shows the numbering for 14-pin ICs, but the principle is the same for all sizes.
Sometimes the chip manufacturer may denote the first pin by a small indented circle above the
first pin of the chip. Remember that you must connect power to the chips to get them to work.

Datasheets
Datasheets are available for most ICs giving detailed
information about their ratings and functions. In some cases
example circuits are shown.

Logic ICs (Chips)

Logic chips process digital signals and there are many devices, including logic gates, flipflops,
shift registers, counters and display drivers. They can be split into two groups according to their
pin arrangements: the 4000 series and the 74 series which consists of various families such as the
74HC, 74HCT and 74LS.

The table below summarizes the important properties of the most popular logic families:
74 Series 74 Series 74 Series
Property 4000 Series
74HC 74HCT 74LS
High- High-speed CMOS TTL Low-power
Technology CMOS
speed CMOS TTL compatible Schottky
Power Supply 3 to 15V 2 to 6V 5V ±0.5V 5V ±0.25V
Very high impedance. 'Float' high to logic
Very high impedance. Unused inputs must be
Unused inputs must be 1 if unconnected.
connected to +Vs or 0V. Inputs cannot be
Inputs reliably driven by 74LS outputs unless a
connected to +Vs or 0V. 1mA must be drawn
Compatible with 74LS out to hold them at
'pull-up' resistor is used (see below).
(TTL) outputs. logic 0.
Can sink and sink and Can sink up to
Can
source about 5mA source Can sink and source 16mA (enough to
about 20mA, about 20mA, enough to light an LED), but
(10mA with 9V
enough to light an light an LED. To switch
Outputs supply), enough to source only about
LED. To switch larger currents use a
light an LED. To 2mA. To switch
larger currents use a
switch larger currents transistor. larger currents use a
transistor.
use a transistor. transistor.
One output can drive
One output can
up to 50 CMOS,
One output can drive up to 50 CMOS, 74HC or drive up to 10 74LS
Fan-out 74HC or 74HCT
74HCT inputs, but only 10 74LS inputs. inputs or 50 74HCT
inputs, but only one
inputs.
74LS input.
Maximum
about 1MHz about 25MHz about 25MHz about 35MHz
Frequency
Power
consumption A few µW. A few µW. A few µW. A few mW
of the chip itself

Removing a chip from its holder

If you need to remove a chip it can be gently ejected out of the holder with a small flat-blade
screwdriver. Carefully lever up each end by inserting the screwdriver blade between the chip and
its holder and gently twisting the screwdriver. Take care to start lifting at both ends before you
attempt to remove the chip, otherwise you will bend and possibly break the pins.

Building the Circuit

Throughout these experiments we will use TTL chips to build circuits. The steps for wiring a
circuit should be completed in the order described below:
1. Turn the power off before you build anything!
2. Connect the +5V and ground (GND) leads of the power supply to the power and ground
bus strips on your breadboard.
 3. Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in the same
direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a notch
next to it on the chip package)
4. Connect +5V and GND pins of each chip to the power and ground bus strips on the
breadboard.
5. Select a connection on your schematic and place a piece of hook-up wire between
corresponding pins of the chips on your breadboard. It is better to make the short
connections before the longer ones. Mark each connection on your schematic as you go,
so as not to try to make the same connection again at a later stage.
6. Get one of your group members to check the connections, before you turn the power on.
7. If an error is made and is not spotted before you turn the power on. Turn the power off
immediately before you begin to rewire the circuit.
8. At the end of the laboratory session, collect hook-up wires, chips and all equipment and
return them.
9. Tidy the area that you were working in and leave it in the same condition as it was before
you started.

Example Implementation of a Logic Circuit

Build a circuit to implement the Boolean function F = A B

Quad 2 Input 74LS00 Hex 74LS04 Inverter

The designed and connected circuit

Common Causes of Problems

1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips.
2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit.
3. Leaving out wires.
4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes.
5. Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates
6. Modifying the circuit with the power on.