PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What are the various types of connections used for connecting thestructural
members?
➢ Riveted connections
➢ Bolted connections
➢ Pin connections
➢ Welded connections
2. Define riveting.
Riveting is a method of joining two or more structural steel components by
inserting ductile metal pins, called rivet.

3. Define nominal diameter of rivet.

It is the diameter of the unheated rivet measured before driving. It is thestated
diameter of the rivet, available in the market.

4. Define gross diameter of rivet.

It is the diameter of the rivet in the hole, measured after driving. It is takenequal
to the diameter of the rivet hole.

5. What is meant by pitch of rivet?

The pitch of the rivets is the distance between centres of two adjacentrivets
in a row.
6. Define gauge line.
It is the line of rivets, which is parallel to the direction of stress.

7. What is meant by gauge distance and edge distance?

Gauge distance is the perpendicular distance between two adjacent gaugelines.
This is also called as back pitch.
Edge distance is the distance of the edge of the member or the cover plates from
the centre of extreme rivet hole.

8. Define staggered pitch.

It is also called as alternate pitch or reeled pitch. The staggered pitch is defined
as the distance measured along one rivet line from the centre of a rivet to the centre
of the adjoining rivet on the adjacent parallel rivet line.

9. Define lap.
It is the distance normal to the joint between edges of the overlapping plates in a
lap joint or between the joint and the end of cover plates in a butt joint.

10. What is meant by tensile stress?

When a structural member is subjected to direct axial tensile load, the stress is
known as tensile stress ( σ at). The tensile stress is calculated on net cross-sectional
area of the member.
σ at = (Pt / An)
Where, Pt is the direct axial tensile load and An is the net cross-sectional area of the
member.

11. What is meant by compressive stress?

When a structural member is subjected to direct axial compressive load, the
stress is known as compressive stress ( σ ac). The compressive stress is calculated on
gross cross-sectional area of the member.
σ ac = (Pc / Ag)

Where, Pc is the direct axial compressive load and Ag is the gross-sectional area of the
member.

12. Define bearing stress.

When a load is exerted or transferred by the application of load through one
surface for another surface in contact, the stress is known as bearing stress ( σ p). the
bearing stress is calculated on net projected area of contact.
σ p = (P / A)

Where, P = load placed on the bearing surface.

A = net projected area of contact.

13. What is working stress?

The working stress is also termed as allowable stress or permissible stress.
The working stress is evaluated by dividing yield stress by factor of safety. For the
purpose of computing safe load carrying of a structural member, its strength is
expressed in terms of working stress. The actual stresses resulting in a structural
member from design loads should not exceedworking stress.

14. Define factor of safety.

The factor of safety is defined as the factor by which the yield stress of the
material is divided to give the working stress (permission stress) in the material.

15. What are the methods employed for the design of the steelframework?
➢ Simple design
➢ Semi-rigid design
➢ Fully rigid design
➢ Plastic design.

16. What are the assumptions made in simple design?

➢ The beams are simply supported.
➢ All connections of beams, girders, or truss are virtually flexible and are
proportioned for the reaction shears applied at the appropriate eccentricity
➢ The members in compression are subjected to forces applied at the appropriate
eccentricities.
➢ The members in tension are subjected to longitudinal forces applied over the
net area of the sections.

17. Define Modulus of Elasticity

The modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of longitudinal stress to the
longitudinal strain within the elastic region, it is denoted by ‘E’.

18. Define Poisson’s Ratio.

 The Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of transverse strain to the
longitudinal strain under an axial load. It is denoted by ‘μ’ or 1/m. the value of
Poisson’s ratio for steel within the elastic region ranges from 0.25 to 0.33.

19. What are the types of riveted joints?

i. Lap joint
(a) Single riveted lap joint
(b) Double riveted lap joint
ii. Butt joint
(a) Single cover butt joint
(b) Double cover butt joint

20. Define Lap joint and Butt Joint.

Lap joint:
When one member is placed above the other and these two areconnected by
means of rivets, then the joint is known is lap joint.

Butt Joint
When the plates are placed end-to-end and flushed with each otherand are
joined by means of cover plates, the joint is known as Butt joint.
21. What are the types of failures occur in riveted joint?
➢ Shear failure of rivets
➢ Shear failure of plates
➢ Tearing failure of rivets
➢ Bearing failure of plates
➢ Splitting failure of plates at the edges
➢ Bearing failure of rivets.

22. What are the assumptions made for designing riveted joint?
➢ The load is assumed to be uniformly distributed among all therivets.
➢ The shear stress on a rivet is assumed to be uniformly distributedover
its gross area.
➢ The bearing stress is assumed to be uniform between the contact
surfaces of plate and rivet.
➢ The bending stress in a rivet is neglected.
➢ The rivet hole is assumed to be completely filled by the rivet
➢ The stress in plate is assumed to be neglected.
➢ The friction between plates is neglected.
 23. Write about minimum pitch and maximum pitch.
Minimum pitch: The distance between centres of adjacent rivets should not be
less than 2.5 times the gross diameter of the rivet.
Maximum pitch:
➢ The maximum pitch should not exceed 12t or 200 mm whichever is less in
case of compression member, and 16t or 300 mm whichever is less in case of
tension member.
➢ The distance between centres of any two consecutive rivets in a line adjacent
and parallel to an edge of an outside plate shall not exceed (100mm + 4t) or
200 mm, whichever is less in compression or tension members.
➢ If the line of rivets (including tacking rivets) does lie in the direction of stress,
the maximum pitch should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm whichever is less,
where t is the thickness of the thinner outside plate.

24. What is edge distance?

A minimum edge distance of approximately 1.5 times the gross diameter of the
rivet measured from the centre of the rivet hole is provided in the rivet joint.

25. What is meant by limit state design? (IS800:2007-Pg: 28)

Limit state design method is technologically sound method which results in
significant economy in design of structures. The design of a structure to satisfy all
appropriate requirements derived from probability considerations is referred to as a
limit state design.

26. State the different limit states. (IS800:2007-Pg: 28)

The limit states are broadly grouped in to two major types, namely:
➢ Limit state of strength
➢ Limit state of serviceability.
27. What are the four types of serviceability limit states applicable tosteel
structures? (IS800:2007-Pg: 28)

➢ Deflection
➢ Durability
➢ Vibration
➢ Fire resistance
28. Define durability. (IS800:2007-Pg: 2)
It is defined as ability of the structure to maintain its level of reliability and
performing the desired function in the working environment under exposure
conditions, without deterioration of cross sectional area and loss of strength due to
corrosion during its life span.

29. How the loads are classified? (IS800:2007-Pg: 4)

➢ Dead load
➢ Live load
➢ Earthquake load
➢ Wind load
➢ Dynamic loads.

30. What is a partial safety factor? (IS800:2007-Pg: 4)

The safety of the structure depends on each of the two principal design factors
namely, load and material strength, which are not the functions of each other.
Each of the two factors contributes partially to safety and they are termed as partial
safety factors.

31. Define design load.

The partial safety factor for loads is a load factor which is multiplied tocharacteristic load,
gives the design load.
Design load = γf x characteristic load
32. Define bolt.
A bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at one end and the shank
threaded at the other end in order to receive a nut.

33. What are the advantages of bolted connections? (May / June 2007)
➢ There is silence in preparing bolted connection. In riveting, hammering is
done. The hammering causes noise in the riveting.
➢ There is no risk of fire in bolted connection. The rivets are made red hot in
riveting and there is risk of fire.
➢ The bolted connections may be done quickly in comparison to the riveting.
➢ Though the cost of bolts is more than the cost of rivets, the bolted
connections are economical to use because less persons are required for
installation, and the work proceeds quickly.
➢ Noiseless
➢ Easy to dismantle and reuse the materials.
34. What are the various types of bolts used for structural purposes?(May /
June 2007)
➢ Unfinished bolts
➢ Turned bolts
➢ Black bolts
➢ High strength bolts

35. What are the advantages of HSFG bolts?

➢ Do not allow slip between the connected members.
➢ Loads are transferred by friction only.
➢ Due to high strength less number of bolts are required.
➢ No noise pollution
➢ Deformation is minimized.
36. Define nominal diameter and gross diameter of bolt.
Nominal diameter of bolt: The nominal diameter of a bolt is the diameterof
unthreaded shank of bolt.
Gross diameter of bolt: The gross diameter of a bolt is the nominal diameter of
the bolt.

37. Define slip factor.

The slip factor is defined as ratio of the load per effective interface, required to
produce slip in a pure shear joint to the total shank tension induced in the bolts.

38. Define weld.

The welding is one of the methods of connecting the structural members. In the
welding, a metallic link is made between the structural members. The weld is defined
as a union between two pieces of metal at faces rendered plastic or liquid by heat or
by pressure or both.
39. Write about the advantages of welding.
➢ There is silence in the process of welding.
➢ There is safety of welding operator in the welding.
➢ The welding may be done quickly in comparison to the riveting.
 ➢ The welded joints have better appearance than riveted joints.
➢ The welded joints are more rigid than the riveted joints

40. List the various types of welded joints.

➢ Butt weld
➢ Fillet weld
➢ Slot weld and plug weld
➢ Spot weld
➢ Seam weld
➢ Pipe weld

41. Write about the disadvantages of welding.

➢ The members are likely to distort in the process of welding.
 ➢ A welded joint fails earlier than riveted joint, if the structure is under
fatigue stresses.
➢ There is a greater possibility of brittle fracture in welding than therivet.
➢ The inspection of welded joint is more difficult and more expensivethan
the riveted joint.
➢ More skilled person is required in the welding than in the riveting.

42. What is the effective area of butt weld?

The effective area of a butt weld is taken as the product of the effectivethroat
thickness and the effective length of butt weld.
43. How the length of bolt is calculated?
The length of bolt is equal to the distance from the underside of the bolthead
to the extreme end of the shank, including any camber or radius.

44. What are the types of failures occur in riveted joint?

➢ Shear failure of bolt

➢ Shear failure of plates
➢ Tension failure of bolt or tension failure of plate
➢ Bearing failure of bolt or Bearing failure of plate

45. What is meant by stiffened & unstiffened seat connection?

The simple seat connection consists of an angle with its horizontal leg at its
top, to receive the reaction from the beam and transfer it to the column or beam. The
seat connection requires more space in the vertical direction.
When the beam reaction is large (>100 KN) the angle alone cannot support it.
In such case the horizontal leg of an angle is stiffened (strengthened) by means of one
or two tight fitting angles. Such connection is called as stiffened seat connection.

46. What are the types of welding process?

➢ Electric arc welding

➢ Gas welding
➢ Thermite welding
➢ Forged welding
➢ Resistance welding.

47. Write the equation for calculating the effective throat thickness ofweld.
It is the perpendicular distance from the root of fillet on the hypotenuse i.e.,
distance BD. The effective throat thickness shall not be less than 3 mm and generally
not to exceed 0.7t or 1.0t, where t is the thickness of thinner plate of elements being
welded.

48. Draw a neat sketch of ISMB 400 and mention its properties.
Weight = 61.62 kg/m
Area = 78.50 cm2
Depth of section = 400 mm
Width of flange = 140 mm
Thickness of flange = 16 mm
Thickness of web = 8.9 mm
Moment of inertia, Ixx = 20458.4 cm4
Iyy = 622.1 cm4
Radii of gyration, rxx = 16.20 cm
ryy = 2.82 cm
Moduli of section, Zxx =1020.0 cm3
Zyy = 88.9 cm3
49. Define the terms gauge, pitch, edge and end distance of boltjoint.
(IS800:2007-Pg: 2,3 &4)

50. How to calculate the efficiency of a joint?

The efficiency of the joint is the ratio of actual strength of connectionto the
gross strength of connected member, expressed in % as,
Efficiency of joint = least actual strength of the joint
X 100
Gross strength of solid plate member

PART - B
12 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Determine the strength of a double cover butt cover butt joint used to connect two
flats 200 F 12. The thickness of each cover plate is 8 mm. flats have been joined by 9
rivets in chain riveting at a gauge of 60 mm. What isthe efficiency of the joint?
2. A load of 150 kN is applied to a bracket plate at an eccentricity of 300 mm. sixteen
rivets of 20 mm nominal diameter are arranged in two rows with 8 rivets per row. The
two rows are 200 mm apart and the pitch is 80 mm. if the bracket plate is 12.5 mm
thick, investigate the safety of the connection. Given, s = 100 N / mm2,
fb = 300 N / mm2 and ft = 150 N / mm2.

3. What are the types of load to be account for steel design?

4. A bridge truss carries an axial pull of 400 KN. It is to be a gusset plate 22mm thick
by a double cover butt joint with 22 mm diameter power driven rivets. Design an
economical joint. Determine the efficiency of the joint.

5. Two plates 12 mm and 10 mm thick are joined by a triple riveted lap joint, in which
the pitch of the central row of rivets is 0.6 times the pitch of rivets in the outer rows.
Design the joint and find its efficiency. Take σat = 150 N/mm2 & σpf
= 250 N/mm2. (May / June 2007)

6. A double riveted double cover butt joint is used to connect plates 12 mm thick.
Using Unwin’s formula, determine the diameter of rivet; rivet value, gauge and
efficiency of joint. Adopt the following stresses:
Working stress in shear in power driven rivets = 100 N / mm2 (Mpa) Working
stress in bearing in power driven rivets = 300 N / mm2 (Mpa) Working stress in
axial tension in plates = 0.6 fy

7. A bracket carrying a load of 100 kN is connected to column by means of two

horizontal fillet welds, of 130 mm effective length and 10 mm thick. The load acts at
70 mm from the face of the column as shown. Find the throat stress. (May / June
2007)

8. A tie member 75 mm X 8mm is to transmit a load of 90 kN. Design the fillet weld
and calculate the necessary overlap. (Nov / Dec 2007)

9. A single bolted double cover butt joint is used to connect two plates 8mm thick.
Assuming 20mm bolts at 50mm pitch calculate the efficiency of the joint. The
thickness of cover plate is 4mm.

10. The figure shows the joint in the bottom chord continuous member of the truss.
Design the connection using M16 black bolt of property class 4.6 and grade Fe410
steel. Assume edge distance of 35 mm and minimum pitch.

11. Design the seat angle connection between the beam ISMB 250 andcolumn ISHB
250 for a reaction from beam equal to 85 KN. Use M16 blackbolt of property class
4.6 and grade Fe410 steel with fy =250 MPa.

12. A beam ISWB 550 having equal flange width to that of column, transfers a
factored end reaction of 275 KN to the flange of the column ISSC 250. Design the
stiffened seat angle connection using 20 mm bolts of grade 4.6, fy =250 MPa.

PART – A
 TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Define tension member.
A tension member is defined as a structural member subjected to tensile force
in the direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. A tension member is also called as a
tie member or simply a tie.

2. What are the various types of tension members?

➢ Wires and cables
➢ Rods and bars
➢ Single structural shapes and plates
➢ Built-up members

3. What is meant by built-up members? (IS800:2007-Pg: 1)

Two or more than two members are used to form built-up members. The
built-up sections may be made more rigid and more stiff than the single structural
shapes. A built-up section may be made of two channels placed back to back
with a gusset plate in between them.

4. Define slenderness ratio. (IS800:2007-Pg: 4)

The slenderness ratio of a tension member is the ratio of itsunsupported length (l) to its
least radius of gyration (r).

5. What is net sectional area? (Nov / Dec 2007)

The net sectional area of a tension member is the gross-sectional areaof the
member less the maximum deduction for holes.
Anet = Agross – sectional areas of holes

6. How to calculate net area in (a) chain bolting (b) zigzag bolting.
(IS800:2007-Pg: 33)
a) Chain bolting
Net area, An = (b – n dh) t

b) Zigzag bolting
7. What is a Lug angle?
In order to increase the efficiency of the outstanding leg in single angles and
to decrease the length of the end connections, some times a short length angle at the
ends are connected to the gusset and the outstanding leg of the main angle directly, as
shown in Fig.. Such angles are referred to as lugangles. It also reduces shear lag.
 Tension member with lug angle

8. Write any two specifications for designing of lug angle.

(IS800:2007-Pg: 83)

9. Write note on tension member splice. (May / June 2007)

A tension member is spliced when the available length is less than the
required length of the tension member. A tension member is also spliced when the
members of different thickness are required to be connected. In such a case
packing is required to fill up the gap.
10. What do you understand by Gross area? (Nov / Dec 2007)
Total area of cross section which can be taken as equal weight of the member
per unit length divided by density of the material is called Gross area. The sectional
area given by the manufacturer is taken as the gross area.

12. Explain shear lag effect. (IS800:2007-Pg: 4)

The tensile force is transferred from gusset to the tension member (such as
angles, channels or T- sections) through one leg by bolts or welds. In this process
initially the connected leg may be subjected to more stress than the outstanding leg
and finally the stress distribution becomes uniform over the section away from the
connection. Thus one part lags behind the other; this is referred to as shear lag.

13. Give the sketches of steel sections?

PART - B
12 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Using a lug angle, design a suitable joint for 100 mm * 65mm *10 mm angle,used
as a tension member .use 20 mm diameter rivets and thickness of gusset plate 8 mm.

2. The bottom tie of roof truss is 4m long .in addition to an axial tension of 1000
kN, it has to support at its centre a shaft of load of 3600N. The memberis composed
of two angles 100 mm * 75 mm* 10 mm with the longer legs turned down and
placed back to back on either side of 10 mm gusset plate. The angles are tack
riveted at 92 cm centres with 20 mm diameter rivets.
3. Design a horizontal tension member carrying a load 600 KN, The length ofthe
member is 3 mm. The member is connected to 4.5 cm thick gusset plate 20 mm
rivets.

4. Design the tension strength of a roof truss diagonal 100 X 75 X 10 mm connected

to the gusset plate by 20 mm diameter power driven rivets in one row along the length
of the member. The short leg of the angle is keptoutstanding. (NOV/DEC 2007)

5. A bridge truss diagonal carries an axial pull of 300 KN .two mild steel flats 250
ISF 10 and ISF 18 of the diagonal are to be jointed together. Design asuitable
splice

6. Design a double angle tension member carrying axial tensile force of 300 kN in
addition to this, it is also subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 0.4 kN/m
throughout its length, including self weight. The centre to centre distance between
the end connection is 2.7 m. (MAY/JUNE2007)

7. Design a tension splice to connect two plates of size 220 mm X 20 mm and 200
mm X 10 mm, for a design load of 220 kN. Also sketch the details of the riveted joint.
(MAY/JUNE2007)

8. The main tie of a roof truss consists of ISA 150 X 115 X 8 mm and is connected to
a gusset plate by 18 mm diameter rivets. Find out the maximum load it can carry.
1. What is meant by strut? (IS800:2007-Pg: 5)
A strut is defined as a structural member subjected to compression in a
direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. The term strut is commonly used for
compression members in roof trusses.

2. Draw the diagram of buckling of column.

3. What are the assumptions made in Euler’s analysis?

1. The material is homogeneous and linearly elastic (i.e. it obeysHooke’s

Law).
2 The strut is perfectly straight and there are no imperfections.
 3. The loading is applied at the centroid of the cross section at the
ends.

4. What is meant by effective sectional area?

The effective sectional area of a compression member is the gross cross
sectional area of the member. The deduction is not made for members connected by
rivets, bolts and pins.

5. Define slenderness ratio of compression member.

The slenderness ratio of a compression member is the ratio of effective
length of compression member (l) to approriate radius of gyration (r).

6. What are the buckled modes for different end conditions?

7. Define buckling load. (IS800:2007-Pg: 1)

The buckling load is defined as the load at which a member or a
structure as a whole collapses in service (or buckles in a load test). The
buckling is defined as the sudden bending, warping, curling or crumpling ofthe
elements or members under compressive stresses.

8. What is meant by built-up compression members?

The built-up compression members are needed when the single rolled steel
sections are not sufficient to furnish the required cross-sectional area.
A built-up compression member may consist of two or more rolled
structural steel sections connected together effectively and acts as one compression
member.

9. Define position restraint.

In position restraint end of the column is not free to change its position but
rotation about the end of eth column can take place e.g., hinged end of column.
10. What are the different effective lengths for different boundarycondition?

11. Define effective length.

The effective length of a compression member is the distance between the
points of contra flexures of a buckled column. It depends on the actual length and the
end conditions in regards to restraint against rotation and transverse displacement.
12. What is meant by actual length?
The actual length is taken as the length from centre-centre of intersections
with the supporting members.

13. How the effective length of column is determined?

The effective length of columns in framed structures may be obtained by

multiplying the actual length of the column between the centres of laterally
supporting members (beams) given with the effective length factor K.

Effective length = KL

14. Define single lacing & double lacing. (IS800:2007-Pg: 48 & 49)

Double laced system, on opposite faces of the components being lacedtogether

shall preferably be in mutual opposed in direction.

15. What are the forces acting on lacing system?

The forces acting on lacing system are transverse shear force andaxial force.

16. Draw the column base plate diagram. (Nov / Dec 2005)
17. Which column formula is recommended in IS 800:2007? (Pg: 34)
18. Where should the splice plate be located in a column?
(IS800:2007-Pg:46)

19. What is the purpose for providing anchors bolt in base plate?
Anchor bolts are provided to stabilize the column during erection and to
prevent uplift for cases involving large moments. Anchor bolts can be cast-in place
bolts or drilled-in bolts. The latter are placed after the concrete in set and are not too
often used. Their design is governed by the manufacturer's specifications. Cast-in-
place bolts are hooked bars, bolts, or threaded rods with nuts placed before the
concrete is set.
20. What are the types of bases provided fro connecting the column tothe base?
➢ Slab base
➢ Gusseted base
➢ Moment resisiting base
21. Under what circumstances gusset base is used?
When the load on the column is large or when the column is subjected to
moment along with axial load, gusseted base is provided. It consists of a base plate,
gusset plate, connecting angles provided on either side of the column and web cleat
angle.
22. Write about batten plates in compression member.
When compression members are required for large structures like bridges, it
will be necessary to use built-up sections. They are particularly useful when loads are
heavy and members are long (e.g. top chords of Bridge Trusses). The cross section
consists of two channel sections connected on their open sides with some type of
lacing or latticing (dotted lines) to hold the parts together and ensure that they act
together as one unit. The ends ofthese members are connected with “batten plates”
which tie the ends together.

23. What are the three classifications for determination of size of plate?

Class I- will pertain to all base plates the moment on which is so small in
proportion to the direct load that there is compression over the entire area between the
bottom of the base and its foundation
 Class II- will pertain a comparatively small range of base plates which have
tension over a small portion - one - third or loss of the area
Class III- will include those which are exposed to a comparatively large
moment and which therefore have tension over a large portion - more than one -
third of the area between the bottom of the base plate and its concrete footing.

24. What are the functions of providing column bases?

The basic function of bases is to distribute the concentrated load from the
column over a larger area. The column load is distributed over the base plate and then
to supporting concrete and finally to the soil.
25. What is meant by slab base?
The slab base as shown in Figure consists of cleat angles and base plate. The
column end is faced for bearing over the whole area. The gussets (gusset plates and
gusset angles) are not provided with the column with the slab bases. The sufficient
fastenings are used to retain the parts securely in plate and to resist all moments and
forces, other than the direct compression. The forces and moments arising during
transit, unloading and erection arealso considered

26. What is meant by column splice?

A joint in the length of a column provided, when necessary, is knownas
column splice. It is also described as column joint.
27. List the limiting slenderness ratio of compression member carryingdead load
& live load. (April / May 2008)(IS800:2007-Pg: 20)
 PART - B

12 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Design a rolled steel beam section column to carry an axial load 1100 KN. The
column is 4 m long and adequately in position but not in direction at both ends.

2. A rolled steel beam section HB 350 @ 0.674 kN/m is used as a stanchion. If the
unsupported length of the stanchion is 4 m, determine safe load carrying capacity of
the section.

3. A double angle discontinuous strut ISA 125 mm * 95 * mm * 10 mm long legs

back to back is connected to both sides of a gusset plate 10 mm thick with 2
rivets. The length of strut between centre to centre of intersections is 4
m. determine the safe load carrying capacity of the section.

4. A steel column 12 m long carries an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is hinged
at both ends. Design an economical built-up section with double lacing. Design the
lacing also.
5. Design a built-up column consisting of two channels connected by batten to carry
an axial load of 800 KN; the effective length of the column is 6 m.

6. Design a built up column 8m long to carry a load of 400kN. The column is

restrained in position but not in direction at both the ends. Provide single angle
lacing system with riveted connections. (Nov/Dec 2007)

7. Design a built up column 6m long to carry a load of 400kN. The column is

provided with Batten system. The ends of the columns are pinned. Design the battens.
(Nov/Dec 2007)

8. A discontinues strut consists of two ISA 90X75X10mm placed to the same side of
a gusset plate 10mm thick with its longer leg back to back, with one rivet on each
angle at the ends. The effective length of the strut is 2.5m. Determine the allowable
load. What is the safe load if the strut is continuous? Take fy = 250N/mm2. The angles
are connected with tack rivets along the length. (May/June 2007)

9. A built up column consists ISHB 400@ 77.40 kg/m with one 300mmX12mm
flange plate on each side. The column carries an axial load of 2600kN. Design a
gusseted base, if the column is supported on concrete pedestal with a bearing pressure
of 5N/mm2. (May/June 2007)

PART - A

TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is meant by limit state design?

Designs should ensure that the structure does not become unfit for the use for
which it is required. The state at which the unfitness occurs is called a limit state.

2. What are special features of limit state design method?

• It is possible to take into account a number of limit states depending upon the
 Particular instance
• This method is more general in comparison to the working stress method. In
This method, different safety factors can be applied to different limit states,
which is more rational than applying one common factor (load factor) as in the
plastic design method.
• This concept of design is appropriate for the design of structures since any
new knowledge of the structural behavior, loading and materials can be readily
incorporated.
3. Explain the behavior of steel beams?
Laterally stable steel beams can fail only by (a) Flexure (b) Shear or (c)Bearing,
Assuming the local buckling of slender components does not occur. Thesethree
conditions are the criteria for limit state design of steel beams.
Steel beams would also become unserviceable due to excessive deflection andthis is
classified as a limit state of serviceability.
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam due to external actions
Shall satisfy
M < Md
Where,
Md= design bending strength

4. Write Short notes on compact sections

When the lateral support to the compression flange is adequate, the lateral
buckling of the beam is prevented and the section flexural strength of the beam can be
developed. The strength of I-sections depends upon the width to thickness ratio of the
compression flange. When the width to thickness ratio is sufficiently small, the beam
can be fully plastified and reach the plastic moment, such section are classified as
compact sections.

5. What is meant by slenderness sections?

When the width to thickness ratio of the compression flange is sufficiently large,
local buckling of compression flange may occur even before extreme fibre yields.
Such sections are referred to as slender sections.

7. Draw the curvature for flexural member performance and the classification of
cross sections.

8. List the various factors affecting the lateral-torsional buckling strength.

• Distance between lateral supports to the compression flange.
•Restraints at the ends and at intermediate support locations (boundary
Conditions).
• Type and position of the loads.
 • Moment gradient along the length.
• Type of cross-section.

9. How do you improve the shear resistance in plate girder?

i. Increasing in buckling resistance due to reduced c/d ratio;
ii. The web develops tension field action and this resists considerably larger
Stress than the elastic critical strength of web in shear
10. What are the classifications in Stiffeners?
a) Intermediate transverse web stiffeners
b) Load carrying stiffeners
c) Bearing stiffeners
d) Torsion stiffeners
e) Diagonal stiffeners and
f) Tension stiffeners
11. Write about the Box girders.
The design and detailing of box girders shall be such as to give full advantage of its
higher load carrying capacity. Diaphragm shall be used where external vertical as well as
transverse forces are to be transmitted from one member to another. The diaphragms and
their fastenings shall be proportioned to distribute other force applied to them and in
addition, to resist the design transverse force and the resulting shear forces. The design
transverse force shall be taken as shared equally between the diaphragms.

12. Write the Special features of limit state design method?

• Serviceability and the ultimate limit state design of steel structural systems and
theircomponents.
• Due importance has been provided to all probable and possible design conditions
that could cause failure or make the structure unfit for its intended
• The basis for design is entirely dependent on actual behaviour of materials in
structures and the performance of real structures, established by tests and long-term
observations
• The main intention is to adopt probability theory and related statistical methods in
the design.
• It is possible to take into account a number of limit states depending upon the
particular instance

13. What is meant by laterally supported beam?

The laterally supported beams are also called laterally restrained beams. When lateral
deflection of the compression flange of a beam is prevented by providing effective
lateral support, (restraint) the beam is said to be laterally supported. The effective
lateral restraint is the restraint which produces sufficient resistance in a plane
perpendicular to the plane of bending to restrian the compression flange of a beam
from lateral buckling to either side at the point of application of the restraint.
 14. Write a note on built up beams.
The built-up beams are also termed as compound beams or compound girders.
The built-up beams are used when the span, load and corresponding bending moment are
of such magnitudes that rolled steel beam section become inadequate to provide required
section modulus. The built-up beams are also used when rolled steel beams are
inadequate for limited depth.

15. What are the elements of plate girder?

The vertical plate of the plate girder is termed as web plate. The angles connectedat the top and
bottom of the web plate are known as flange angles. The horizontal plates connected with the flange
angles are known as flange. Plates or cover plates. The web plate, flange angles and flange plates are
shown in Fig. The bearing stiffeners, intermediate stiffeners and horizontal stiffeners used with the
plate girder are shown inFig.

16. Under what circumstances web plates are stiffened and unstiffened?
A web plate is kept unstiffened when the ratio of clear depth to thickness of web
is less than 85. It does not require stiffeners. A web plate is called stiffened, when the
ratio of clear depth to thickness of web is greater than 85 and stiffeners are provided to
contribute additional strength to web.

17. What is meant by plastic method of design?

Steel being a ductile material it can absorb large deformations beyond elastic
fracture. Steel processes reserved strength beyond yield strength. The method using
this reserved strength is called plastic method of design.

18. Define shape factor.

The ratio of plastic moment to elastic moment Mp / My is the property of cross
sectional area and is not dependent on material properties. This ratio is called as shape
factor.

19. What is meant by plastic hinge?

Plastic hinge is the yield section of the beam, which acts as if it were hinged,
except with a constant restraining plastic moment.

20. Define yield length.

The yield length is the length of the beam over which the moment is greater
than or equal to the yield moment. It depends upon the type of loading and the cross
section of the structural member.

21. What are the methods of plastic analysis?

➢ Static method
➢ Kinematic method or mechanism method.
22. What is meant by static and Kinematic method?
Static method: The lower bound theorem states a load computed, on the basis
of assumed equilibrium moment diagram, in which moments are not greater than
plastic moment Mp, is less than or at the best equal to the true collapse load. i.e., W ≤
Wc (collapse load)
Kinematic method: The upper bound theorem states a load computed, on the
basis of assumed mechanism, will always be greater than or at the best equal to the
true collapse load. i.e., W ≥ Wc

23. What are the guide lines to locate the plastic hinges?
The plastic hinges occur,
➢ At the points of maximum moment
➢ At the connections involving change in geometry.
➢ Under the concentrated load
➢ At the points of zero shear in a span, loaded by udl.
24. Define virtual work.
It states that ‘work done by the load during small motion of collapse
mechanism must be equal to the work absorbed in the plastic hinges’.

25. What is meant by complete collapse, partial collapse and over complete
collapse?
Complete collapse: The number of plastic hinges, H required to form
complete collapse = R+ 1, where R is the degree of redundancy of the structure. H =
R+1
Partial collapse: The number of plastic hinges, H required to form partial
collapse is < R+ 1. (i.e., H < R + 1)
Over complete collapse: The number of plastic hinges, H required to form
over complete collapse is > R+ 1. (i.e., H > R + 1)

26. What is meant by lateral buckling of beam?

A long beam with laterally unrestrained compression flange when incrementally
loaded, first deflects downwards and when load exceeds a particular value; it tilts
sideways due to instability of compression flange, and rotates about longitudinal axis.
This phenomenon is known as laterally buckling or torsional buckling of beam.

27. How the laterally supported beam fails?

The laterally supported beam can fail by,
➢ Flexure
➢ Shear
 ➢ Bearing.
28. What is web buckling and web crippling?
A heavy concentrated load produces a region of high compressive stresses in the
web either at support or under the load. This causes the web either to buckle or to
cripple.
Web buckling occurs when the intensity of compressive stress near the centre of the
section exceeds the critical buckling stress of web acting as a strut. This type of
failure is more in the case of built up sections having greater ratio of depth to
thickness of the web.

29. What is the purpose of providing stiffener in plate girder?

In the plate girder the depth of the web is kept large for economy and hence it
is made thin to reduce the self weight of the girder. A very thin web may buckle
laterally or may cripple under the heavy concentrated load. In such a case the web is
strengthened by providing stiffeners.

30. Under what circumstances load bearing stiffereners are used in plate girder?
The load carrying stiffeners are attached with the web plate of the plate girder
to avoid local bending failure of flanges, crushing of web and buckling of web plate.
They are provided under the heavy concentrated loads and the reactions at supports.

31. Under what circumstances bearing stiffereners are used in plate girder?
Bearing stiffeners should be provided for webs where forces are applied
through the flange by loads or reactions exceeding the local capacity of the web at its
connection to the flange.

32. What is the purpose of providing intermediate stiffeners?

The intermediate transverse stiffeners are provided to strength the buckling
strength of web. They remain effective after the buckling of web and provide
anchorage for tension field.

33. What is the main function of providing horizontal stiffener in plate girder?
The main function of horizontal stiffener is to increase the buckling resistance
of the thin web. They are located in the compression zone. It prevents the web from
bending laterally.

34. What are the reasons behind splicing in plate girder?

The joint in the plate girder called splicing becomes necessary for plate girders
of longer span due to the following reasons:

➢ The rolled steel plates are manufactured up to a limited length. When the
maximum manufactured length is insufficient for full length, splicing
becomes necessary.
➢ For convenience of handling during transportation and erection it is
essential that the plate is too long.
➢ Due to unsymmetrical loading the thickness of plate may change.

35. What are the types of splices?

➢ Flange splice
➢ Web splice.

36. How the flange area of a plate girder is designed?

Flange area, Af = M / (D fyf / Ymo)

 M = factored moment
D = total depth of girder
fyf = Yield stress of steel
Ymo = Partial safety factor of material.

PART - B

12 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Design a simply supported beam to carry uniformly distributed load of 44 kN/m.the

effective Span of beam is 8 m. The effective length of compression flange of the beam
is also 8 m. The ends of beam are not to free to rotate at the bearings.

2. The effective length of compression flange of simply supported beam MB 500 @

0.869 kn/m. Determine the safe uniformly distributed load per metre length which can
be placed over the beam having an effective span of 8 m. The ends of beam are
restrained against rotation at the bearings.
3. ISMB 550 @1.037 kN/ m has been used as simply supported over a span of 4 m
.the ends of beam are restrained against torsion but not against lateral bending.
Determine the safe UDL per metre, which the beam can carry.

4.Design rolled steel I- sections for a simply supported beam with a clear span of
6m .it carries a UDL of 50 KN per metre exclusive of self-weight of the girder .the
beam is laterally unsupported.

5. Check the beam section WB 500 @1.45 kN/m against web crippling and web
buckling if reaction at the end of beam is 179.6 KN, The length of bearing plate at the
support is 120 mm. Design bearing plate. The bearing plate is set in masonry.

6. A beam simply supported over an effective span of 7m, carries an uniformly

distributed load of 50kN/m inclusive of its own weight. The depth of the beam is
restricted to 450mm. design the beam, assuming that the compression flange of the
beam is laterally supported by a floor construction. Take fy = 250N/mm2 and E =
2X105N/mm2. Assuming width of the support is 230mm. (May/June 2007).

7. Design a bearing stiffener for a welded plate girder with the following
specifications.
Web = 1000mm X 6mm thick.
Flanges = 2 Nos. of 350X20mm plate on each side.
Support reaction = 350kN.
Width of the support = 300mm.. (May/June 2007).

8 A simply supported steel joist with a 4.0m effective span carries a udl of 40kN/m
over its span inclusive of self weight. The beam is laterally unsupported. Design a
suitable section. Take fy = 250N/mm2. (Nov/Dec 2007)

9. Design the step by step procedure for design of vertical and horizontal stiffeners in
a plate girder. (Nov/Dec 2007)
1. What are the types of load that may act on roof trusses?
➢ Dead load
▪ Load from coverings, purlins, self weight of trusses and bracing.
➢ Live load
➢ Wind load

2. How economical spacing of roof trusses obtained?

The economical spacing of trusses is between 1/3 to 1/5 of span.

3. List the various forces acting on a gantry girder.

➢ Weight of the trolley or crab

➢ Weight of the crane girder
➢ Impact loads – it is due to sudden application of brakes.
➢ Lateral load (surge load) – transverse to the rail
➢ Longitudinal load (drag load)

4. What are the loads to be considered while designing the purlins?

➢ Dead load
▪ Weight of roof sheets
▪ Self weight of purlin
➢ Live load
➢ Wind load acting on roof area.
5. List the various types of roof sheetings commonly used.
➢ Asbestos cement sheets
➢ Tiles
➢ Galvanized corrugated iron sheets
➢ Aluminium sheets
➢ Slate roofing.
6. Which section is best suited for a purlin?
➢ Angle section
➢ Channel section
➢ I-section
7. How is the selection of section made for roof truss element?
➢ The members of the truss are made of either rolled steel sections or
built-upsections depending upon the span length and intensity of loading.
➢ Rolled steel single or double angles, T-section, hollow circular, square
orrectangular sections are used in the roof trusses of industrial buildings.
➢ In long span roof trusses and short span bridges, heavier rolled steel
sections, such as channels and I – sections are used.
➢ Built-up I-sections, channels, angles and plates are used in the case of
longspan bridge trusses.

8. How to fix the spacing of trusses?

 The economical spacing of trusses is between 1/3 to 1/5 of span.
➢ For lighter load, carrying no snow or superimposed load except wind,
the larger spacing may be more economical.
➢ Spacing of 3- 4.5 m for spans up to 15m and 4.5 – 6 m for spans of 15 –
30 mmay be economical.
➢ The spacing of long span trusses may be 12 – 15 m.

9. What are economical considerations for industrial truss?

➢ Method of fabrication and erection to be followed, facility for shop
fabricationavailable, transportation restrictions, field assembly facilities.
➢ Preferred practices and past experience.
➢ Availability of materials and sections to be used in fabrication.
➢ Erection technique to be followed and erection stresses.
➢ Method of connection preferred by the contractor and client (bolting,
weldingor riveting).
➢ Choice of as rolled or fabricated sections.
➢ Simple design with maximum repetition and minimum inventory of material.

10. Write about basics of plastic analysis?

In plastic analysis and design of a structure, the ultimate load of the
structure as a whole is regarded as the design criterion. The term plastic has
occurred due to the fact that the ultimate load is found from the strength of steel in
the plastic range.
This method is rapid and provides a rational approach for the analysis of
the structure. It also provides striking economy as regards the weight of steel since
the sections required by this method are smaller in size than those required by the
methodof elastic analysis.

11. What is meant by first yield moment?

As W is increased gradually, the bending moment at every section increases

and the stresses also increase. At a section close to the support where the bending
moment is maximum, the stresses in the extreme fibers reach the yield stress. The
moment corresponding to this state is called the first yield moment My, of the cross
section.

12. Write about Principles of plastic analysis.

(i) Mechanism condition: The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a
mechanism is formed. The number of plastic hinges developed should be just
sufficient to form a mechanism.
(ii) Equilibrium condition: ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣMxy = 0
(iii) Plastic moment condition: The bending moment at any section of the structure
should not be more than the fully plastic moment of the section.

13. Explain about Crane gantry girders.

The function of the crane girders is to support the rails on which the
traveling cranes move. These are subjected to vertical loads from crane, horizontal
lateral loads due to surge of the crane, that is, the effect of acceleration and braking
of the loaded crab and swinging of the suspended load in the transverse direction,
and longitudinal force due to acceleration and braking of the crane as a whole.

14. What are assumptions are made for arrangement of live load in the
analysisof frames?
a) Consideration is limited to combination of:
i) Design dead load on all spans with full design live load on two
adjacent spans and
ii) Design dead load on all spans with full design live load on alternate pans.

b) When design live load does not exceed three-fourths of the design dead load,
the load arrangement of design dead load and design live load on all the spans can
be used.

15. Explain about Drift Analysis

Drift in building frames is a result of flexural and shear mode contributions,
due to the column axial deformations and to the diagonal and girder deformations,
respectively. In low-rise braced structures, the shear mode displacements are the
most significant and, will largely determine the lateral stiffness of the structure.
In medium to high-rise structures, the higher axial forces and deformations
in the columns, and the accumulation of their effects over a greater height, cause
the flexural component of displacement to become dominant.

16. Calculate the permissible deflection for a truss of 10 m span.

(IS800:2007-Pg: 31 – table 6)
Deflection limit = span / 150
= 10 x 1000 / 150
= 66.67 mm
17. Write Short notes on Purlin.

Purlins attached to the compression flange of a main member would

normally be acceptable as providing full torsional restraint; where purlins are
attached to tension flange, they should be capable of providing positional
restraint to that flange but are unlikely (due to the rather light purlin/rafter
connections normally employed) to be capable of preventing twist and
bending moment based on the lateral instability of the compression flange.

PART - B
12 -MARK QUESTIONS
1.A roof truss- shed is to be built Jodhpur city area for an industrial use.
Determinethe basic wind pressure .The use of shed 18 m* 30 m

2. An industrial roof shed of size 20 m* 30 m is proposed to be constructed at

Mangalore near a hillock of 160 m and slope is 1 in 2.8. The roof shed is to be built
at a height of 120 m from the base of the hill. Determine the design wind pressure
on theslope. The height of roof shed shall be 12m

3.A communications tower of 80 m height is proposed to be built hill top height

520 m with a gradient of 1in 5. The horizontal approach distance is 2.8 m km from
the level ground .The tower is proposed at Abu mount .Determine the design wind
pressure.

4. Design a purlin for a roof truss having the following

data:Span of the truss = 6.0m
Spacing of truss = 3m c/c.
Inclinaion of roof = 30o
Spacing of Purlin = 2m c/c
Wind pressure = 1.5
kN/m2
Roof coverage = A.C Sheeting weighing 200
N/m2Provide a channel section Purlin. (Dec 2007).
5. Design a gantry girder to be used in an industrial building carrying an EOT
crane for the following data:
Crane capacity = 200 kN.
Total self weight of all components = 240 kN.
Minimum approach at th carne hook of gantry girder =
1.2mWheel base = 3.5m
C/C distance between gantry rails = 16m
C/C distance between columns = 8m
Self weight of rail section = 300 N/m
Yield stress = 250 N/mm2
Design the main gantry section. Connection design not required. . (Dec 2007).

6. Design the angle purlin for the following specifications:

Span of truss = 9m c/c.
Pitch = 1/5 of span
Spacing of purlin = 1.4 c/c.
Load from roofing material = 200
N/m2. Wind load = 1200
N/m2.

7. Determine the dead load, live load and wind load on a FINK type truss for
thefollowing data and mark the loads on the nodes of the truss.
Span = 12m
Pitch = ¼ of span
Height at eves level = 10m from the
groundSpacing of truss = 5m c/c.

8. A shed is proposed to be constructed at Chennai. The slope of the roof truss is

corresponding to a pitch of ¼. The average height of the roof above the ground is
12
m. the life of the structure is expected to be about 50 years. The terrain has less
obstruction. The cladding length is in between 30m to 40 m. the permeability of the
 truss is assumed to be medium. Calculate the various load on the truss. The roof
covering is GI sheeting.

10 m

1. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of steel structures?

Advantages:
 Ability to resist high loads
 Due to its high density, steel is completely non-porous
 Durability
 Easy to disassembling or replacing some steel members of a structure
Disadvantages:
 Corrosion
 At high temperature steel loses most of its strength, leading to deformation or failure
2. What is meant by Girder?
Girder means a major beam frequently at wide spacing that supports small beams.
3. What is meant by joists?
It is a closely spaced beam supporting the floors and roofs of buildings
4. What is meant by Purlins?
It is a roof beam usually supported by trusses
5. What is meant by Rafters?
It is a roof beam usually supported by purlins
6. What is meant by Lintel?
It is a beam over window or door openings that support the wall above.
7. What is Girts?
It is horizontal wall beams used to support wall covering on the side of an industrial building
8. What is meant by Spandrel beam?
It is beam around the outside perimeter of a floor that support the exterior walls and the
outside edge of the floor
9. Name the different types of connections?
 Riveted connections
 Welded connections
 Bolted connections
 Pinned connections
 10. Name the types of riveted connections?
 Lap Joint - single riveted and double riveted
 Butt joint – single cover and double cover
11. What is meant by rivet value?
The least of the strengths in shearing and bearing is the rivet value
12. What is meant by gauge distance?
The perpendicular distance between two gauge lines, is called gauge distance
13. Name the different modes of failure of a riveted joint?
 Tearing failure of the plate
 Shear failure of the plate
 Shear failure of the rivet
 Bearing failure of the rivet
 Splitting failure of plate
14. As per the American practice where the neutral axis lie in the rivet group?
It is assumed that the line of rotation lies at a distance of 1/7 th of the effective bracket depth
from the bottom of the bracket
15. What are the factors that govern will govern the structural design?
 Foundation movements
 Elastic axial shortening
 Soil and fluid pressures
 Vibration
 Fatigue
 Impact (dynamic effects)
 Erection loads
16. What are the load combinations for the design purposes?
 Dead load + Imposed Load (Live load)
 Dead Load + Imposed Load + Wind Load or earthquake load
 Dead Load + Wind Load or Earthquake load
17. What are the steps involved in structural design?
 Forces or loads

 Structural arrangement and material selection

 Analyzing internal stresses
 Proportioning of members

18. Which type of steel is most commonly used in general construction? Why?
Mild Steel is most commonly used in general construction because of its
durability and malleability
19. What are Black bots? Where are they used?
Black bolts made from M.S shank left unfinished – remain loose in holes resulting in large
deflections. It is used during erection and for temporary structures
20. How the rolled steel beams are classified?
 Indian Standard junior beams (ISLB)
 Indian Standard light beams (ISLB)
 Indian Standard medium weight beams (ISMB)
 Indian Standard wide flange beams (ISWB)
21. Define permissible stresses and Working stresses.

Permissible stresses yield stress

factor of safety
=
 Working stresses: The stresses used in practical design are working stresses and they
should never exceed the permissible stresses specified by codes.
22. Explain ISLB 200?
ISLB 200 means Indian Standard light gauge beams of depth 200mm
23. Name the types of beam connections?
 Framed connections
 Seated connections – Stiffened connections and Unstiffened connections
24. What is meant by framed connections?
A framed connection is the one when a beam is connected to girder or a
stanchion by means of two angles placed on the two sides of the web of the beam
25. When the seated beam connections are preferred and name the types?

When a beam is connected to the flange (or the web) of a steel stanchion, the width
of the flange (or the depth of the web) may be insufficient to accommodate the
connecting angles, in such cases framed connection is not suitable and seated
connection is preferred.
26. What is unstiffened seat connection?
The seated connection is a horizontal angle with its horizontal leg at its top is used to
receive the beam on it, in such a case it is called unstiffened seat connection
27. What is stiffened seat connection?
In addition to the seat angle, a web cleat is provided when the beam is connected to
a beam and a flange cleat is used when the beam is connected to a stanchion. The angle
cleats are essential because they keep the beam stable in a vertical position and prevent
it from lateral buckling
28. What is meant by throat thickness?
It is the perpendicular distance from the root to the hypotenuse of the
largest isosceles right-angled triangle that can be inscribed within the weld
cross-section.
Throat thickness = 0.7 x size of the weld
29. What is plug weld and slot weld?
Slot weld is one of the type of weld used to join the two touching contiguous
components by a fillet weld round the periphery of a slot in one component so as to join
it the surface of other component.
Plug weld is made by filling in a hole in one part with filler metal so as to join it to the
contiguous part exposed through a hole.

30. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections?

 Advantages:
 Economy
 Rigidity
 Aesthetic effect
 Versatility
Disadvantages:
 Requires skilled labour

 Joints are over rigid

 Difficult to inspect
31. State the common defects in welding
 Incomplete fusion
 Incomplete penetration
 Porosity
 Slag inclusions
 Cracks
 Under cutting

32. Name the types of bolted connections?

 Ordinary unfinished 0r black bolts
 Turned and fitted bolts
 High strength bolts

33. Write the advantages of high strength bolts?

 As there is no slip between the plates, the joint is rigid
 Alternating loads cause little variation of the stresses in the bolts; hence fatigue
strength is also high.
 No shearing or bearing stresses occur in bolts.
 High strength of the joint due to high frictional resistance is obtained.
34. Write down the interaction equation?
 1. Tie member – Explain.
Tie member or a tension member is a structural element carrying an axial tensile
force. For the tensile force to be axial it is necessary that the load be applied through centroid
of the section of the member. But under axial tension the member gets straightened and
eccentricity of the force decreases. The member is almost straight at the yield point and the
distribution of the stress over the section becomes uniform.
2. How the tension members are classified?
It is classified according to its shape and size and it depends upon the type of
structures.
 Wires and cables – Used in hoists, derricks, suspenders in suspension
bridges
 Rods and bars – Used in radio tower, small spanned roof trusses with
different cross-sections such as round, rectangular or square

3. What is meant by single section member?

Structural sections such as I-section, T-section, angle, and channel are used as tension
members. As the structural shapes provide more rigidity than cables or rods, their buckling
tendency under compression load is reduced and so can be used where reversal of stress takes
place.
4. Under what circumstances you would go for Built-up members?
When single structural sections fail to provide required strength and stiffness to carry
tension as well as compression in case of reversal of stresses, built-up members are used.
5. How the tension members are selected?
It depends upon the various factors such as type of fabrication, type of structure, type of
loading, i.e. whether the member undergoes reversal of stresses, and the maximum tension to
be carried by the member.
6. Sketch the different forms a single section member
 7. Sketch the different forms Built-up members.
Built up members
8. How is net effective area of single angle used as tension member calculated?
Net effective area = A1 + A2K
A1- Net area of connected leg
A2- area of outstanding leg
3A1
K=
3A1 A2

9. What is net sectional area of a tension member? How it is calculated in chain riveting?
The gross sectional area of the tension member minus the sectional area of the
maximum number of rivet/bolt holes is known as net sectional area.
In case of chain riveting,
anet= (b – nd) t
10. What is Lug angle?
A larger length of the tension member and the gusset plate may be required sometimes
to accommodate the required number of connection rivets. But this may not be feasible and
economical. To overcome this difficulty lug angles are used in conjunction with main tension
members at the ends. It provides extra gauge lines for accommodating the rivets and thus
enables to reduce the length of the connection. They are generally used when the members
are of single angle, double angle or channel sections.
11. What are the main objectives of the lug angles?
 They produce eccentric connections, due to rivets placed along lug angle. The
centroid of the rivet system of the connection shifts, causing eccentric connection
and bending moments.
  Stress distribution in the rivets connecting lug angles is not uniform. It is preferred
to put a lug angle at the beginning of the connection where they are more effective
and not at the middle or at the end of the connection.
 Rivets on the lug angles are not as efficient as those on the main member. The
out-standing leg of the lug angle usually gets deformed and so the load
shared by the rivets on the lug angles is proportionately less.
12. What is meant by Tension splice?
Splicing of tension members is necessary when the required length of the member is
more than the length available or when the member has different cross-sections for different
parts of its length. If actual member is to be of greater length, two or more lengths shall have
to be spliced at the joints.
13. What is the net effective area of a pair of angles placed back to back connected by one leg of
each angle subjected to tension?
Anet = A1 + A2 K
A1 - effective cross – section area of connected legs
A2 – Gross area of outstanding legs
5A1
K=
5A1 A2

14. What is the permissible stress in axial tension?

As per IS: 800 – 1984, the permissible stress in axial tension
2
at = 0.6 fy N/mm
fy = minimum yield stress in steel in N /mm2.
15. How will you join the member of different thickness in a tension member?
When tension member of different thickness are to be jointed, filler plates may be used
to bring the member in level.
16. What happens when a single angle with one leg is connected to a gusset plate, which is
subjected to an eccentric load?
The rivets connecting the angle to the gusset plate does not lie on the line of action of
load. This gives rise to an eccentric connection due to which the stress distribution becomes
non-uniform. The net cross-sectional area of such a section is reduced to account for this non-
uniform stress distribution resulting from eccentricity.
17. What is the allowable stress in axial tension for channel section?
 The allowable stress in axial tension for channel section is depends upon the diameter
of the section
Diameter at = 0.6 f y N/mm2
Upto 20mm 150
20mm to 40 mm 144
Over 40 mm 138

18. What are tacking rivets? Why are they essential in compression members?
Rivets used to connect long length of members to reduce the effective length of
individual part
19. Write down the Steinman’s formula
s2
Anert = t (b - nd) m
4g
Where n = no. of rivets in the section
considered m= no. of zig zags or inclined
lines.
20. What will be the maximum pitch when the angles are placed back to back?
The maximum pitch when the angles are placed back to back is 1mm.

1. What do you mean by compression members?

Compression members are the most common structural elements and it is termed as
columns, struts, posts or stanchions. They are designed to resist axial compression.
2. Name the modes of failures in a column.
 Failure of the cross-section due to crushing or yielding
 Failure by buckling, due to elastic instability
 Mixed mode of failure due to crushing and buckling
3. Define slenderness ratio
It is defined as the ratio of effective length l of the column to the least radius of
gyration r of the column section.
4. Classify the columns according to the slenderness ratios.
  Short columns - l/r <60
 Medium columns - 60< l/r <100
 Long columns - l/r >100
5. Distinguish column and strut
Columns are the vertical members which carry the loads to the beams, slabs etc, generally
they are used in ordinary buildings.
Struts are commonly used for compression members in a roof truss; it may either be in
vertical position or in an inclined position.
6. What is meant by stanchions?
These are the steel columns made of steel sections, commonly used in buildings.
7. What is Post?
It is loosely used for a column, but in truss bridge girders, end compression members are
called end posts.
8. What is a boom?
It is the principal compression member in a crane.
9. State the assumptions that made in Euler’s theory.
 The axis of the column is perfectly straight when unloaded.
 The line of thrust coincides exactly with the unstrained axis of the strut.
 The flexural rigidity EI is uniform
 The material is isotropic

10. Why the lateral systems are provided in compound columns?

If the plates are not connected throughout their length of the Built up sections, lateral
systems may be provided, which act as a composite section. In such cases the load carrying
elements of the built-up compression member in the relative position, without sharing any
axial load. However when the column deflects, the lateral system carries the transverse shear
force.
11. Name the lateral systems that are used in compound columns and which is the mostly used
one?
Lacing or latticing, Battening or batten plates, perforated cover plates.
Lacing or latticing is the most common used lateral system and the sections are flats, angles and
channels.
 12. What will be the thickness for the single and double lacing bars?
The thickness of flat lacing bars shall not be less than one-fortieth of the length between
the inner end rivets or welds for single lacing, and one-sixtieth of the length for double lacing.
13. What is the purpose of providing battens in compound steel columns?
Batten plates consist of flats or plates, connecting the components of the built-up columns
in two parallel planes. These are used only for axial loading. Battening of the composite column
should not be done if it is subjected to eccentric loading or a applied moment in the plane of
battens.
14. What is the thickness of a batten plate?
The thickness of batten plate shall not be less than one fiftieth of the distance between the
inner most connecting lines of rivets or welds. This requirement eliminates lateral buckling of
the batten.
15. Where the perforated cover plates are used and mention its advantages?
They are mostly used in the box sections, which consist of four angle sections so that the
interior of column remains accessible for painting and inspection.
Advantages:
 They add to the sectional area of column and the portions beyond the perforation
share axial load to the extent of their effective area.
 There is economy and fabrication and maintenance
 Perforations conveniently allow the riveting and painting work on the inside portion.
16. Name the types of column base?
 Slab Base, which is a pinned base.
 Gusseted base, which is a rigid base.

17. State the purpose of column base?

The base of the column is designed in such a way to distribute the concentrated column
load over a definite area and to ensure connection of the lower column end to the foundation. It
should be in adequate strength, stiffness and area to spread the load upon the concrete or other
foundations without exceeding the allowable stress.
18. Give the difference between slab base and gusseted base for steel columns.
Slab base is a thick steel base plate placed over the concrete base and connected to it
through anchor bolts. The steel base plate may either be shop-welded to the stanchion, or else
can be connected at the site to the column through cleat angles. The column is faced for
bearing over the whole area.
In a gusseted base, part of the load is transmitted from the stanchion through the gusseted
base plate. The gussets and stiffeners support the base slab against bending and hence a
thinner base plate can be used. The gussets serve for more or less uniform transmission of the
force field from the column to the base plate. The gussets itself resists the bending as double
cantilever beam supported on flanges of the column.
19. What is slab base and for what purpose is it provided?
The base plate connected to the bottom of the column to transfer over wider area is known
as slab base. Column end is machined to transfer the load by direct bearing. No gusset materials
are required.
20. When the slenderness ratio of compression member increases, the permissible stress
decreases. Why?
The section must be so proportioned that it has largest possible moment of inertia for the
same cross-sectional area. Also the section has approximately the same radius of gyration
about both the principal axes.

1. What is a beam?
A beam is a structural member, which carries a load normal to the axis. The load produces
bending moment and shear force in the beam.
2. What is meant by castellated beam?
A rolled beam with increased depth is to be castellated. To obtain such sections, a
zigzag line is cut along the beam by an automatic flame-cutting machine. The two halves thus
produced are rearranged so that the teeth match up and the teeth are then welded together.

3. How the beams are failed?

 Bending failure
 Shear failure
 Deflection failure
The designs are based on these three failures which are to be determined.
4. What do you mean by bending failure?
 Bending failure may be due to crushing of compression flange or fracture of the tension
flange of the beam. Instead of failure due to crushing, the compression flange may fail by a
column like action with side ways or lateral buckling. Collapse would follow the lateral
buckling.
5. What is the maximum deflection that to be allowed in steel beams?
The deflection of a member, shall not be such as to impair the strength or efficiency
of the structure and lead to finishing. The deflection is generally should not exceed 1/325 of
the span.
6. What is web crippling?
Web crippling is the localized failure of a beam web due to introduction of an excessive
load over a small length of the beam. It occurs at point of application of concentrated load and
at point of support of a beam. A load over a short length of beam can cause failure due to
crushing and due to compressive stress in the web of the beam below the load or above the
reaction. This phenomenon is also known as web crippling or web crushing.
7. What are laterally supported beams?
The beams which are provided with the lateral supports either by embedding the
compression flange in the concrete slab or by providing effective intermediate (support)
restraints at a number of points to restrain the lateral buckling is called laterally supported
beams.
8. Mention the advantages of using rolled steel wide flange section as beams
 More section modulus
 Lesser area
 Economical
9. Why does buckling of web occur in beams?
 Diagonal compression due to shear
 Longitudinal compression due to bending
 Vertical compression due to concentrated loads
10. What are the permissible stresses used in the beams?
The permissible stresses, which are used in the beams are bending and shear
stress.
Bending Stress
 For laterally supported beams,
 11. Under what situations the plated beams are used?
 When a bending moment is large which cannot be resisted by the largest available
rolled beam section
 The depth of the beam is restricted due to headroom requirements.
12. Why intermediate stiffeners are required for plate girders?
The web of the plate girder relatively being tall and thin it is subjected to
buckling.
Hence it is stiffened both vertically and horizontally using intermediate stiffeners.
13. What do you mean by curtailment of flanges?
The section of a plate girder is to be designed first at mid span. The bending moment will
goes on decreasing towards the supports. Hence the flange plates, provided at the maximum
section can be curtailed.
14. What is the purpose of providing the bearing stiffener?
 It prevents the web from crushing and buckling sideways, under the action of
concentrated loads
 It relieves the rivets connecting the flange angles and web, from vertical shear.
15. Name the components of a plate girder.
 Web plate  Vertical or transverse stiffeners
 Flange plate  Bearing stiffeners
 Flange angles  Longitudinal or horizontal stiffeners
 Web splice plates  End bearings or end connections
 Flange splice plates

16. Mention the basic design assumptions of a plate girder?

 The web plate resists the shear force.
  The shear stress is uniformly distributed over whole cross sectional area of web.
 The flanges resist the bending moment
17. Where the plate girders are used?
The plate girders are used in the buildings where the span is more and heavy loads are
expected and in the bridges. Most commonly they are used in the bridges.
18. What are the methods that are adopted to determine the flange design?
 Flange area method
 Moment of inertia method
The former method is an approximate method, which is used for determining the trial section.
In this method, it is assumed that the stress distribution in the tension and compression flanges
is uniform, whereas in the latter case it is the exact method and is recommended bythe IS
code. Generally, the section designed by the flange area method is checked by this method.
19. What is the economical depth of a plate girder?
The economical depth of a plate girder is

20. The pitch of the rivets connecting cover plates with flanges of rolled steel beam is designed
for what force?
These rivets are designed for horizontal shear between the flange plate and flange
angles. Since the vertical load is transferred by the flange plates to the flange angles by direct
bearing, there will be no vertical shear due to the vertical load. Here the rivets will be in
single shear.

1. Name the types of roofing systems.

 Flat roofing consists of either RCC construction or RSJ slab construction
 Sloping roofing
2. Where the steel roof trusses are used?
Industrial buildings, workshop buildings, storage godowns, warehouse and even for
residential buildings, school buildings, offices where the construction work is to be
completed in a short duration of time.
 3. Mention the advantages of a roof truss.
 Its mid-span depth is the greatest specially where bending moment in the span is the
maximum
 Great economy.
 Sloping faces of trusses facilitate in easy drainage of rainwater.
4. What is the factor that is considered in the roof truss and why?
The factor, which is considered in the roof truss, is pitch, it is defined as the ratio of
the span length to the depth of the truss, is governed by the roofing material and other
requirements such as ventilation and light.
5. How the trusses are classified according to the pitch?
 Small pitch - span depth ratio is more than 12 m
 Medium pitch - span depth ratio is between 5m to 12 m
 Large pitch - span depth ratio is 5 or less.
6. Sketch the various types of roof truss.

7. Name the components of a roof truss.

 Principal rafter or top chord
 Bottom chord or main tie
 Ties  Ridge line
 Struts  Eaves
 Sag tie  Panel points
 Purlins  Roof coverings
 Rafters  Shoe angle
 Base plate, anchor plate and anchor bolts

8. What is gantry girder and what are the forces that are acting on it?
A gantry girder, having no lateral support in its length, has to withstand vertical loads
from the weight of the crane, hook load and impact and horizontal loads from crane surge.
 9. What is meant by purlins?
Purlins are structural members which are supported on the principal rafter, and which
run transverse to the trusses. The span of the purlins is equal to the center-to-center spacing
of the trusses. The purlins support the roof covering either directly or through common
rafters. They are usually made of either an angle section or a channel section and are
therefore subjected to unsymmetrical bending.
10. Why the bracings are provided?
Bracing is required to resist horizontal loading in pin-jointed buildings, including roof
trusses. Bracing of roof trusses and supporting columns provide still rigid structure. When
wind blows normal to the inclined surface of the trusses, it is efficiently resisted by all the
members of the truss and the wind forces are transferred to the supports at the ends of the
truss.
11. Name the most common roof covering materials.
 Slates  Glass
 Tiles  Corrugated aluminium sheets
 Lead sheets  Galvanized corrugated iron sheets (G.I. sheets)
 Zinc sheets  Asbestos cement sheets (A.C. sheets)
12. Write the equation to calculate the design wind pressure.

Vb = Basic wind speed in m/s at 10 m height

k1 = Probability factor (or risk

coefficient) k2 = Terrain, height and

structure size factork3 =Topography

factor
13. Mention some of the requirements of a good joint.
 The line of thrust should pass through the C.G of the rivet group and the rivets
should be symmetrically arranged about this line.
 For a tension member, the rivets should be so arranged that the area of the member
joined is not reduced more than necessary.
 The number and the diameter of rivets should be sufficient to develop the maximum
stresses induced in all the members at the connection.
  Members should be straight and bolts used to draw them together before the rivets
are driven.

14. What are the conditions that to be satisfied for the end supports?
 The size of base plate should be sufficient so that the bearing pressure does not
exceed the permissible value.
 Anchor bolts should be provided at one end to accommodate the thermal expansion
of the truss.
 The lines of forces in rafter, bottom tie and vertical end reaction meet at a point.
15. Where the gantry girders are used?
Gantry girders or crane girders carry hand operated or electric over head cranes in
industrial buildings such as factories, workshops, steel works etc., to lift heavy materials,
equipment etc., to carry them from one location to the other, within the building.
16. Sketch the various forms of gantry girders.

Forms of gantry girders

17. What is drag force?
This is caused due to the starting and stopping of the crane bridge moving over the
crane rails as the crane m0oves longitudinally, i.e. in the direction of gantry girders.
18. What is the permissible deflection where the electrically overhead cranes operated over
500kN?
The maximum vertical deflection for crane girder, under dead and imposed loads
shall not exceed L/1000, where L is the span of the crane runway girder.
19. Define shoe angle.
It is a supporting angle provided at the junction of the top and bottom chords of a
truss. The reaction of the truss is transferred to the supports through the shoe angle. It is
supported on the base plate.
20. What is panel point?
 These are the prominent points along the principal rafter, at which various members (i.e.
ties and struts) meet. The distance of the principal rafter between any two panel point is termed
as panel.