An Overview of the

Linguistic Pentagrams Joannes Richter

Fig. 1 “Words, which hit the Target as Feathered Arrows”

Source: Champfleury (1529), Geoffroy Tory

Abstract
The oldest pentagram Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ seemed to be preserved against deterioration as it was restricted to
one application in the Vedic_Sanskrit. Other variants (Dious and Dieus) of this composition had lost
some of their letter-symbols and needed to be restored to identify their origin. These extra-hardened
words turned out to be 5-letter compositions, representing the sky-god and containing 5 symbols,
which obviously represented the 5 places of articulation.
Vague traces to the 5-fold categorization of the alphabetical symbols may be found in Cicero's
Tusculan disputations (De Natura Deorum) and in Sefer Yetzirah, in which the 5 places of
articulation are defined as tongue, lips, palate, throat and teeth. The letters are named lingual, labial,
palatal, guttural and dental. In order to easily identify the categories I decided to apply the following
colorization of the letters in the pentagrams: guttural, lingual, labial, palatal and dental.
Apart from the theonym of the sky-god DIAUS PITAR most European alphabets contain two
consorts of the sky-gods to compose the pentagrams for the two (“most cardinal”) virtues wisdom,
respectively justice.
This paper abbreviates and condenses a number of (listed) essays (appendix 2) and also lists the 315
identified pentagrams in an overview (appendix 1).
Introduction to the pentagrams
In the center of the European continent I feel like imprisoned between titanic forces who are
destroying values and beleaguering a fortress, in which I happened to have arrived after a long and
climbing, winding journey. From here I overview a strange philosophical landscape, in which some
of the surrounding words behave like Alpine rocks at the horizon and others circumcise my seat as
deteriorating hills.
Having identified the various languages and dialects I saw how the words are dying, disappearing,
growing and being born in the rolling row of seasons. In contrast I identified a few words which are
resisting the wear and tear. They seemed to belong to a special class of extra-hardened material.
The oldest pentagram Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ seemed to be preserved against deterioration as it was restricted to
one application in the Vedic_Sanskrit. Other variants (Dious and Dieus) of this composition had lost
some of their letter-symbols and had to be restored to identify their origin. These extra-hardened
words turned out to be 5-letter compositions, representing the sky-god and containing 5 symbols,
which obviously represented the 5 places of articulation.
Vague traces to the 5-fold categorization of the alphabetical symbols may be found in Cicero's
Tusculan disputations (De Natura Deorum) and in Sefer Yetzirah, in which the 5 places of
articulation are defined as tongue, lips, palate, throat and teeth. The letters are named lingual, labial,
palatal, guttural and dental. In order to easily identify the categories I decided to apply the following
colorization of the letters in the pentagrams: guttural, lingual, labial, palatal and dental.
In contrast to the Jewish grammarians, who assumed a special mode of articulation for
each of the five groups of sounds, the Sefer Yetzirah says that no sound can be produced
without the tongue, to which the other organs of speech merely lend assistance1.

The Sefer_Yetzirah does not specify the classification for the Hebrew letters. In Rabbi Saadia
Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” I found a detailed overview of a suitable
specification of the classification of the 22 Hebrew letters, which is documented in appendix 1.
I transferred this alphabet into the following 2-dimensional overview, which at the 2 nd row displays
the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet:

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Taw T22 Shin S21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7
Table 1 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet

A number of other philosophical definitions (“wisdom” and “justice”) could be identified as the
consorts of the sky-god. Their names varied between the Hellenic Metis & Themis, and the
Germanic Wotan or Witan & Tiwas or Tivar. The 5-letter words seemed to be keywords, whose
intention and determination had been lost. I decided to name these words “Pentagram” (“a group of
five letters”) as an extension or variant of the “Tetragram” (defined as “a group of four letters”).
1 Source: The phonetic system (Sefer_Yetzirah)
The Ugaritic alphabets

The Ugaritic alphabet (1)

In the following Ugaritic alphabet the categorization of the letters depends on the associated
Hebrew letters according to the standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments. Therefore a few letters
such as Θ10 and Θ25 are categorized as linguals. In contrast Z8 and Ẓ18 are categorized as dentals.

For non-transliterated letters the best-fit category may be chosen chosen according to the available
surrounding letters.

Section A-section (h)E-section Y-section O-section IU-section

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
transcription ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r ṯ ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
Hebrew ‫גב א‬ ‫ט חז ו ה ד‬ ‫כ י‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫ש ר ק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Table 2 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)

linguals gutturals palatals labials dentals #

7 t→ ʾi → ʾu → s2 → 4

T27 Ƕ28 (I) Ω29 (U) S30

6 ṯ→ r→ 2

Θ 25 R24
5 n→ ʿ→ ġ→ ṣ→ 4

N17 O20 Gh26 Ṣ22

4 ḏ→ ḥ→ q→ p→ s→ 5

Z16 H9 Q23 P,Φ21 S19

3 l→ h(e) → k → m → ẓ → 5

L14 E6 K12 M15 Ẓ18

2 ṭ→ ḫ→ y→ w→ š→ 5

Th10 (Θ,Þ) Kh4 Y11 W7 Ś13

1 d→ ʾa → g→ b→ z→ 5

D5 A1 G3 B2 Z8
# 7 5 6 5 7 30

Table 3 Highlighting a sky-god's theonym ṬḪYWŠ (ṬḪYWŠ) in the Ugaritic Signary

(in a Latin transliteration)
The Ugaritic alphabet (2)
In the following Ugaritic alphabet the categorization of the letters depends on the associated
Hebrew letters according to the standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments. For non-transliterated
letters the best-fit category may be chosen chosen according to the available surrounding letters.

In this composition the Z-letters are always considered as lingual and Theta-letters as dental letter.
Therefore a few letters such as Z8 and Ẓ18 are categoried as linguals and Θ 10 and Θ 25 as dentals.
Section A-section (h)E-section Y-section O-section IU-section
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
transcription ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r ṯ ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
Hebrew ‫גב א‬ ‫ט חז ו ה ד‬ ‫כ י‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫ש ר ק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Table 4 Ugaritic abecedaria (2) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)

linguals gutturals palatals labials dentals #

7 t→ ʾi → ʾu → s2 → 4

T27 Ƕ28 (I) Ω29 (U) S30

6 ẓ→ ṯ→ 2

Ẓ18 Θ 25
5 n→ ʿ→ ġ→ r→ 4

N17 O20 Gh26 R24

4 ḏ→ ḥ→ q→ p→ ṣ→ 5

Z16 H9 Q23 P,Φ21 Ṣ22

3 l → h(e) → k→ m→ s→ 5

L14 E6 K12 M15 S19

2 z→ ḫ→ y→ w→ š→ 5

Z8 Kh4 Y11 W7 Ś13

1 d → ʾa → g→ b→ ṭ→ 5

D5 A1 G3 B2 Th10 (Θ,Þ)
# 7 5 6 5 7 30

Table 5 Highlighting the sky-god's theonym ZḪYWŚ in the Ugaritic Signary

(in a Latin transliteration)
Pentagrams in runic signaries
A great number of alphabets, including Ugaritic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Futhatrk and Ogham may
be transformed to similar 2-dimensional tables, which usually display 5-letter theonyms on one of
the rows.
The Futhark signary displays a suitable theonym on the 3rd row and the Ogham signary a theonym
on the 4th row. The derivations of these tables are documented in the essay Once upon a Day the
Word DINGIR (DIMER) Arose:

row lingual palatal labial guttural dental

6 D M 2
5 Ŋ (Ng) B O 3
4 L J P E 4
3 T I [W] Ï of Æ S 5
2 N G U H Z 5
1 Þ K [F] A R 5
6 4 6 5 3 24
Table 6 The 2-Dimensional table of the runic alphabet on the Kylver Stone (24 symbols)
(on the third row the alphabet displays the theonyms TĪW en TĪWÆS)

lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Ng 1
4 T I Ε U 4
3 D G O M R 5
2 N Q A F Z 5
1 L C H B S 5
5 4 4 4 4 20
Table 7 Display of the theonym TIΕU in the Ogham alphabet (20 symbols, for the standard order)
(the display of the theonym TIΕU is displayed on the forth row)

Theoretically each of the 5 “independent” places of articulation should at least be controlled by an

optimized ternary set of codes. According to the communication theory each communication
channel should be equipped with a code of e bits, in which e is defined as Euler's number, e ≈
2.71828, the base of the natural logarithm. Therefore a sophisticated, efficient language is equipped
with a ternary code system with 15 letter-symbols, as may be seen in the signary of the Staveless
runes2.

2 Ternary logic
The earliest European pentagrams
From the Linear-B language the traces of Zeus (DI-WE,DI-WO) are found in European languages
Another origin for the European alphabets may have been the Ugaritic alphabet which seems to
have documented the sequences of the Hebrew and Greek alphabets included all inherited
alphabets. The alphabetical sequence of the letters determines the displays at a dedicated row in the
2-dimensional tables.
In a few cases the names of the legendary “inventors” of “transporters” are known in the legends3:
1. Thoth (or Djehoety) for the scripture of Egypt,
2. Cadmus at the introduction of the Greek alphabet,
3. Darius I at the introduction of the Old-Persian alphabet,
4. “(G)Wōdin” in the Elder Futhark runes4
5. and (probably) Ogmios5 (dressed as Heracles) at the introduction of the Ogham_(alfabet).
The legend of the five surviving Spartoi may be interpreted as the categorization of the places of
articulation. The names of these 5 survivors Echion, Hyperenor, Chthonius, Pelorus, Udaeus have
been documented in various sources (Apollodorus 3.22, Pausanias 9.5.3, Hyginus Fabulae 178,
Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius 3.1179). In the legend these 5 names represent the letters as
phonetic sources linguals, palatals, gutturals, labials, dentals6.

Latin names Greek names Categories Comments and details Place of Category Sample
articulation
1 Echion Ἐχῑṛων ἘΧῙṛΩΝ "viper" Tongue linguals D
2 Hyperenor Ὺπερήνωρ ῪΠΕΡΉΝΩΡ 'man who comes up' Palate palatals I
3 Chthonius Χθόνιος ΧΘΌΝΙΟΣ “Underground” throat gutturals A
4 Pelorus Πέλωρος ΠΈΛΩΡΟΣ Monstrous, prodigious Lips labials U
5 Udaeus Ουδαιος ΟΥΔΑΙΟΣ ουδος 'threshold' or Teeth dentals S
ουδαιος 'on the ground'.

Table 8 references to the following places of articulation and the phonetic categories for the
alphabetic letter-symbols (Source: An Alternative History for the Alphabet)

3 Understand your Alphabet - The Introduction of a Number of Eurasian Alphabets

4 Odin may be spelled in Old English as Wōden, in Old Saxon as Uuôden, in Old Dutch as Wuodan, in Old Frisian as
Wêda, and in Old High German as Wuotan, Source in Wikipedia: Odin
5 In dem von der University of Wales erstellten Lexikon der protokeltischen Sprache wird der Name von *Ogmjos
hergeleitet, einem Wort, das mit dem Begriff Ackerfurche verwandt ist und übertragend auch der Beeindruckende –
zum Beispiel durch Beredsamkeit, Wissen oder Führungsstärke – bedeuten kann. Die übliche Etymologie, die auf
Lukian zurückgeht, bezieht sich auf die altgriechischen Wörter ogmos (Ackerfurche) und agô (Führung).
6 An Alternative History for the Alphabet
The virtues of Homer's heroes
Homer' Iliad and Odyssey applies other pentagrams for virtues. The word Mēnis (wrath,
MENIS) is the initial word in the Iliad. The word „Ilias“ might even be the original title.
The Mēnis (wrath) does not belong to the type of anger, in which Achilles feels, as he
has to return Briseïs to the leader Agamemnon. Mēnis is the wrath of a goddess Themis,
who is angry for the losses of the Greek heroes during the pause of the hero Achilles
and his troops7. The Greek word for a simple type of anger is θυμός (ThYMOS), which
also is identified as a virtue8.

Odysseus himself may be interpreted as „angry“. His name Oútis (ΟΥΥΥΤΙΣ, „Nobody“) belongs to
the keywords of the Odyssey, which are identified as pentagrams.
MĒNIS (MENIS), “Wrath!” was the first word in European literature, which had been written by a
blind philosopher.
In the Ilias the initial word Mēnis (MENIS) is translated as „wrath“, which is not the common and
private anger of Achilles for the loss of Briseis. Instead the Mēnis (MENIS) is the divine wrath of a
goddess Athena for Achilles' refusal to proceed the war against Troy9.
The word Mēnis (MENIS) describes the divine wrath and not the common human anger (θυμός,
ΘΥΜΌΣ)10.
In the Iliad I identified merely 20 quotations of the word mênis (MÊNIS), and 853 quotations for
the standard word thumos (ThYMOS) for a common “anger”.11

7 Übersetzungsfehler der „Ilias“: Homers goddess singt nicht – Autor Raoul Schrott (datiert 2015)
8 Eine Erweiterung der Sprache durch 5-Farbenwörtern (Farbversion)
9 Why the Title of the First European Book may be 'Menis' ('Divine Wrath')
10 Übersetzungsfehler der „Ilias“: Homers Göttin singt nicht – author: Raoul Schrott (dated 2015, in German)
11 'Wrath!' was the First Word - Hidden symbols, which we never unveiled.
The Theonyms of the sky-god and the consorts as virtues
Apart from the theonym of the sky-god DIAUS PITAR most European alphabets contain two
consorts of the sky-gods to compose the pentagrams for the two “most cardinal” virtues wisdom,
respectively justice.
In Greek language the pentagrams are METIS (wisdom) and ΘEMIS (Justice), which in their cores
(MET ↔ ΘEM) are composed as antipodes (METIS ↔ ΘEMIS). The goddess METIS (wisdom)
was the first consort of Zeus. The goddess ΘEMIS (Justice) was the second consort of Zeus.
In Germanic languages the pentagrams are WITES (wisdom) and TIWAZ (Justice), which in their
cores (WIT ↔ TIW) are composed as antipodes (WITES ↔ TIWAZ). The god Wotan or WITES
(wisdom) is honored with the Wednesday. The god TIWAZ (Justice) is honored with the Tuesday. In
Mediterranean Latin-oriented languages (e.g. French) the sky-god “*DJOUS PITER” is honored
with Thursday. A Germanic word for a sky-god as a pentagram is the Gothic word *TEIWS (later
*Tīus).

Notes to interpret the pentagrams

• The word “PITER” is a pentagram, which may be applied for the supreme gods. Originally
the words for the parents such as the old Scandinavian words faðir (FAÐIR) & móðir
(MÓÐIR) were pentagrams12.
• The archaic Sumerian symbol Dingir for the supreme god is pronounced as a pentagram:
DIMER.
• Spelling the initial symbols of the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics the name ḏḥwtj may be
interpreted as a pentagram ḎḤWTJ ("[He] is like the Ibis").
• The words for wisdom may have been derived or related from a root as (Latin) “video” (“I
see”). The word “video” (“I see”) may also be derived from a pentagram (videre: to see).
• The name of the language TAMIL is spelled TAMIZh13 (which is a genuine pentagram.
• The Hittite cognate deity Šiwat (ŠIWAT) also may be interpreted as a pentagram. An
included ego-pronoun *(H1)ÚǴ may have been reversed inside the mirrored Šiwat (ŠIWAT)
↔ Tiwaz (TIWAZ).
• The relevant words for the sky-god, the virtues “wisdom” and “justice” may be found in a
number of European, NearEast and PIE-languages, for instance:

12 A new Etymology for the Pentagrams (PITAR and MATIR)

13 [Link] (source: About the Tamil language, from: 6:18)
 Language Supreme God Virtue “Wisdom” Virtue “Justice”
based on “to see”
Sumerian Dingir (DIMER) GESTÚ
Old Persian cuneiform MAZiDA MIΘRA
Sanskrit DIAUS PITAR VIDYA
(videre: to see)
Greek Z(i)EUS METIS ΘEMIS
Germanic *TEIWS (later *Tīus) WITES TIWAZ
(day of the week) (Thursday) (Wednesday) (Tuesday)
Basque UR(t)CIA (URTIA) JAKIN JAKINONTZI
JAUN (jainko) (“wisdom”) (“Justice”)
Latin *DJOUS-PITER MINERVA

Table 9 The supreme God and the virtues wisdom and justice
The derivations of this table are documented in the essay Once upon a Day the Word DINGIR
(DIMER) Arose and earlier notes.
A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise14
Composing a recent essay A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise I identified three possible
pentagrams (PISON, KARUN and FIRAT) in the names for the Rivers of Paradise (sorted
according to the list in the Book Genesis):
(1) the Pison and (2) Gihon, (3) the Hiddekel (Tigris), and (4) the Phrath (Euphrates)

Fig. 2: Map of the Paradise with the 4 additional names

FIRAT , Ava MEZIN, PISON, P ASIN (edited by J. Richter)
(Source: Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?
by Dora Jane Hamblin)

Of course I knew there was a chance that all four rivers may have been composed as genuine
pentagrams.
Only the Tigris needed to be traced back to an original pentagram for its name, which was to be
found in the Kurdish name Ava MEZIN "the Great Water".
The pentagrams clearly confirm Juris Zarins' description including Dora Jane Hamblin's map of the
rivers. Of course Juris Zarins' thesis also supports the thesis of the pentagrams.
14 A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise
 #
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
1. P
PISON P Rivers of Paradise: Pis(h)on, (along with [Pis(h)on] English
FYSON P Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Fyson Midl-English
Gihon)
2. K
KARUN P Karun, Iran's most effluent and only navigable Karun river English
river. In the Bible: Gihon River, at the Garden of [Gihon River]
Eden near the Persian Gulf, fed by the four rivers
Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon (Karun) and Pishon
(Wadi Al-Batin). The name is derived from the
mountain range named Kuhrang (→ : Karoen)
3. M
Ava MEZIN In Kurdish, the Tigris is known as Ava Mezin, Ava Mezin Kurdish
"the Great Water". [Tigris]
4. F
FIRAT P The name (Euphrates) is YEPRAT in Armenian Firat Turkish
(Եփրատ), PERAT in Hebrew (‫)פרת‬, FIRAT in [Euphrates] Kurdish
Turkish and FIRAT in Kurdish.
5. S
SIFON P Siphon, sifon, syphon- from Ancient Greek ; σίφων Ancient Greek
SIPhON P σίφων (síphōn, "pipe, tube for drawing wine from sifon Old French
SYPhON P a cask"), of uncertain origin; siphon English

Table 10 The Rivers of Paradise: FIRAT (Euphrates), Ava MEZIN (Tigris). PISON (Pishon) &
KARUN (Gihon)

The symmetry of the antipodal names in the four rivers

One of the best-fit names (instead of KARUN) would be P ASIN as an mutation PASIN-TIGRIS of
the name Pasitigris (or Pasin-Tigris), which would result in a name-giving as follows:

Location River Pentagram 1 2 3 4 5

northwest Euphrates FIRAT F I R A T
southwest Pis(h)on PISON P I S O N

northeast Tigris MEZIN M E Z I N

southeast Gihon PASIN P A S I N
Table 11 The restoration of the symmetry in the architecture of the pentagrams
FIRAT,Ava MEZIN, PISON, PASIN

I noticed a striking symmetry of the antipodal patterns for the rivers' names ***** ↔ *****, but
in the community of the readers nobody really seemed to be interested in this remarkable name-
giving.
A “modern” application of pentagrams

Fig. 3 The Quinotaur is equipped with 5 horns, published by Warinhari

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International ([Link])

The foundation of the Frankish royalty may have been based on the five-horned Quinotaur15 as a
symbolic forefather for the pedigree of C LOVIS I up to LOUIS XIX. The Quinotaur (the 5-horned
bull of Fredegar) may have been involved in the pentagrams FRANK, CLOVIS, BASIN, BASINA
and ultimately also BLOIS and LOUIS (in English: LEWIS) as the royal names for the French
dynasty of the FRANKS.

15 Fredegar (c. 650). "Chronicarum quae dicuntur Fredegarii scholastici libri IV cum continuationibus". In Krusch,
Bruno (ed.). Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Vol. 2. Hannover: Hahn
(published 1888). p. 95. Retrieved January 13, 2022. bistea Neptuni Quinotauri similis eam.
The documentation of the (incomplete) pentagrams
The investigation of the existing 5-letter words resulted in an overview of (~315) pentagrams
(appendix 1).
The overview documents a number of sky-gods (Diaus, Dious, Dieus and Tiwas, etc.) and the
“consorts” as virtues (Wisdom and Justice). The etymology for these words may have been
restricted to the conditions of the pentagrams. In the composition of the theonyms the derivation of
the divine names from other words (such as the day, daylight or the sun as metaphors) may have
been avoided.
Other words may have been derived from these pentagrams. The words for day and light may have
been derived from the sky-god's Name as a metaphor.
The number of the pentagrams in appendix 1 is still growing. A great number of these pentagrams
are identified as names for persons, mountains and rivers.

Statistics
An analysis of the preference for the initial letters the pentagrams have been analyzed in the essay:
'Wrath!' was the First Word - Hidden symbols, which we never unveiled. The statistical relation of
the initial letters for the Linguals / Labials may be calculated as follows:
Language Lingual Labial Relation
initials initials
6 French 12 4 3
5 Latin 29 19 1 1/2
4 English 12 18 2/3
3 Greek 9 22 2/5
2 Gaulish / Germanic / Gothic 2 9 2/9
1 Norse, German and Dutch 4 35 1/9
Table 12 Relation for the Linguals / Labials as initial letters for the pentagrams
Summary
The oldest pentagram Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ seemed to be preserved against deterioration as it was restricted to
one application in the Vedic_Sanskrit. Other variants (Dious and Dieus) of this composition had lost
some of their letter-symbols and needed to be restored to identify their origin. These extra-hardened
words turned out to be 5-letter compositions, representing the sky-god and containing 5 symbols,
which obviously represented the 5 places of articulation.
Vague traces to the 5-fold categorization of the alphabetical symbols may be found in Cicero's
Tusculan disputations (De Natura Deorum) and in Sefer Yetzirah, in which the 5 places of
articulation are defined as tongue, lips, palate, throat and teeth. The letters are named lingual, labial,
palatal, guttural and dental. In order to easily identify the categories I decided to apply the following
colorization of the letters in the pentagrams: guttural, lingual, labial, palatal and dental.
Apart from the theonym of the sky-god DIAUS PITAR most European alphabets contain two
consorts of the sky-gods to compose the pentagrams for the two (“most cardinal”) virtues wisdom,
respectively justice.
This paper abbreviates and condenses a number of (listed) essays (appendix 2) and also lists the 315
identified pentagrams in an overview (appendix 1).
The foundation of the Frankish royalty may have been based on the five-horned Quinotaur as a
symbolic forefather for the pedigree of C LOVIS I up to LOUIS XIX. The Quinotaur (the 5-horned
bull of Fredegar) may have been involved in the pentagrams FRANK, CLOVIS, BASIN, BASINA
and ultimately also BLOIS and LOUIS (in English: LEWIS) as the royal names for the French
dynasty of the FRANKS.
The investigation of the existing 5-letter words resulted in an overview of (~315) pentagrams
(appendix 1). The overview documents a number of sky-gods (Diaus, Dious, Dieus and Tiwas, etc.)
and the “consorts” as virtues (Wisdom and Justice). The etymology for these words may have been
restricted to the conditions of the pentagrams. In the composition of the theonyms the derivation of
the divine names from other words (such as the day, daylight or the sun as metaphors) may have
been avoided.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction to the pentagrams.............................................................................................................2
The Ugaritic alphabets..........................................................................................................................3
The Ugaritic alphabet (1).................................................................................................................3
The Ugaritic alphabet (2).................................................................................................................4
Pentagrams in runic signaries...............................................................................................................5
The earliest European pentagrams........................................................................................................6
The virtues of Homer's heroes.........................................................................................................7
The Theonyms of the sky-god and the consorts as virtues...................................................................8
Notes to interpret the pentagrams....................................................................................................8
A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise..........................................................................................10
The symmetry of the antipodal names in the four rivers...............................................................11
A “modern” application of pentagrams..............................................................................................12
The documentation of the (incomplete) pentagrams .........................................................................13
Statistics.........................................................................................................................................13
Summary.............................................................................................................................................14
Appendices.........................................................................................................................................16
Appendix 1 - An (incomplete) Overview of the (~319) Pentagrams.............................................16
Appendix 2 – (~350) Publications of J. Richter in Scribd ............................................................29
Appendix 3 – The multiplied versions of the Lúkos pentagrams..................................................39
Appendices

Appendix 1 - An (incomplete) Overview of the (~319) Pentagrams

According to a comment to the Sefer Jetsirah the letters in the Hebrew alphabet had been categorized
according to 5 categories, which are based on the 5 phonetic sources where the human voice is generating the
phonetic sounds.
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter 4,
paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the Hebrew
alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph ( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (
‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the tongue with the opening of
the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial sounds] made by the release of the lips
and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬, yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by
the width of the tongue [against the palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬,
ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau (‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with
the [emission of] sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental
sounds] produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest. 16”

The following dictionary documents a number (~319) of perfect pentagrams in various languages. Only a
subset of these words have been composed as pentagrams. Other words unintentionally may have turned into
pentagrams.
#
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
1. A
ADUZI P Adige , ladinisch Adesc, trentinisch Àdes, Adige (river) Italian
ETUSC P Adisch , Etsch Etsch German
2. A
ÆLIUS P Sextus_Aelius_Catus (Roman senator) (4 AD) Catus (name) Latin
Both ÆLIUS and CATUS are pentagrams
3. A
AFRIN P Afrin – City and tributary of the Orontes river Afrin Turkish
4. A
AGNUS P agnus, Agnus Dei - (Noun) A lamb, especially Lamb Latin
one used as a sacrifice.
5. A
ALBIS P Elbe, Latin Albis, meaning "river" or "river-bed" Albis (river) Latin
LABSK P tschech LABSK Elbe German
6. A
ALPIS P Tributary of the Danube in Herodotus (4. 49) Alpis (river) Latin
7. A
AMRIT P Amrit - a Phoenician port located near present- Amrit (haven) Phoenician
day Tartus in Syria. (?)
8. A
AMRIT P Nectar, s. AMṚTAṂ in Amrit – Yogawiki Nectar Sanskrit
9. A
ANGUS P Angus Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Angus (name) Scots
Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice". In Irish
myth, Aonghus was the god of love and youth.
10. A
APRIL P fourth month, AUERIL, from Latin (mensis) april (month), English
AVRIL P Aprilis 2nd month Old French
11. A
ARBID P Tell Arbid is a multicultural site.[11] Tell Arbid Sumerian
12. A
ARJUN(A) P Core: Arjun Arjuna Sanskrit
13. A
AULIS P Aulis From Ancient Greek Αὐλίς (Aulís). Ancient Aulis (port) Latin
port-town, located in Boeotia in central Greece
14. A
ΑἼΣΩΝ P (Αἴσων) – Aison was the son of Cretheus & Tyro Aison Greek

16 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
15. A
ἈΡΊΩΝ P (Ἀρείων) – very fast, black horse. Arion Greek
16. A
A
ARMIN P The etymology of the Latin name Arminius is Armin Dutch
ARMINIUS - unknown Latin
17. A
Z
ASYUT P capital of the Thirteenth Nome of Upper Egypt Asiut English
S ZAWTY P (Lycopolites Nome) around 3100 BC "Guardian" Egyptian
SYOWT P Egyptian Zawty, Coptic Syowt[2] Koptisch
18. B
BÆTIS P Baetis, a river (Guadalquivir) in Spain Guadalquivir Latin
19. B
BATIR P batir To beat Spanish
20. B
BEITS P stain (colorant that soaks into surface) beits Dutch
21. B
BINZA P binza membrane Spanish
22. B
BIREN P Birne - pear German
BIRNE P Biren
23. B
BISEL P bisel order Spanish
24. B
BISON P From: Latin bison "wild ox" (animal) bison Latin
25. B
BĪZAN P Old High German Bizan – fr.: Old English bītan to bite OH. German
26. B
BLOIS P Blois (832 AD), in the Rennaissance official Blois (city) French
residence for the King of France.
27. B
BÔZINE - Dialect: bôzine ‘landlady’. (bazin) landlady boss French
28. B
BREKhMÓS - Brekhmós: skull skull Greek
29. B
BRENG P To bring To bring Dutch
30. B
BRIAN P Brian. Etymology: Uncertain; possibly borrowed noble Irish
from Proto-Brythonic *brɨɣėnt (“high, noble”).
31. B
B
BÂTIR P bastir "build, construct, sew up, baste, make To build French
BASIN P baste (v.2) - Water vessel (of unknown origin) basin English
32. B
B
BRAIN P Brain, brein; of uncertain origin, evt. van fr. PIE Brain Dutch
BREIN P root *mregh-m(n)o- "skull, brain" English
BREIThEEL P welsh breitheel welsh
BRÆG(E)N P oe. bræg(e)n (ne. brain)
*MREGh-MO - pie. *mregh-mo- (brains) PIE
33. B
B
BRIDE P Bride – Old-Frisian BREID; Dutch BRUID bride Dutch
B BREID P a word of uncertain origin. English
BRUID - Old-Frisian
34. B
P
BREChT P splendid (Brecht) splendid, Dutch
B PRAChT P Brecht (pronoun) bright Germanic
BRIGHT - bright (splendid) English
35. B
P
BESIN P king Bisinus ( BESIN in Frankish) Thuringian Dutch
B
B
PISΕN P PISΕN in Lombard king/queen Frankisch
BASIN(A) P Basina, the queen of Thuringia (5th century). Basin(a) of Lombard
BAZIN P woman in charge Thuringia
36. B
S
BIDDEN P Fides, (confidence, trust)17 Fides (virtue) Dutch
F FIDES P σφίδη (sphídē). σφίδη(sphídē) Latin
ΣΦΊΔΗ - Old English: BIDDAN "to ask, beg, pray” to beg Old Greek

17 Numa is said to have built a temple to Fides publica; Source: fides in William Smith, editor (1848) A
Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
37. C
CĀNUS P cānus (canus): grey, old, aged, venerable Aged person Latin
38. C
CATUS P catus clever Latin
39. C
CHURL P Churl (ceorl / CHURL), lage stand v. vrije man Churl English
40. C
CHURN P To churn (of unknown origin). To churn English
41. C
CONUS P From Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “cone, cōnus Medieval
spinning top, pine cone”) Latin
42. C
CRĪBLE - Crible - sieve, sifter, riddle sieve French
43. C
CROWN P "crown" – from Latin “corona” crown English
44. D
DIMER P sky-god – in emesal pronounced as DIMER Dingir Sumerian
45. D
(D)JOUR - Jour day French
46. D
*DUIRO P Duero (river) Duero (river) Spain/Portug.
47. D
DARYVŠ - D- A- R- Ya- Va- ū- Š - Darius I Darius (king) Old-Persian
DA(R)YVŠ - daryvuS
48. D
DECUS P Decus - deeds of honor, Grace, splendor, beauty. honor Latin
Honor, distinction, glory. Pride, dignity.
49. D
DIAUS P Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ Sky-god Sanskrit
50. D
DIÉU(S) P Dieu God French
51. D
DIVES P Dives (river) in France Dives (river) French
52. D
DIVES P dives rich Latin
53. D
DIVUS - Divine, godlike – from the same source as deus. divine Latin
54. D
DOUIX - Douix (Source at the river Seine) Douix (river) French
55. D
DYEUS P *Dyeus (god) DIEUS (god) PIE
56. D
D
DIS-PATER - Dīs Pater Dīs Pater Latin
DĪVES- P originally DĪVES-PATER (god) (m.)
PATER
57. E
ELPIS P Elpis hope Greek
58. E
ENGUR P fresh water (from underground aquifers), freshwater Sumerian
(ABZU) also named ENGUR. Also named “Abzu”,
literally, ab='water' (or 'semen') zu='to know'
or 'deep' was the name for fresh water from
underground aquifers.
59. E
ERBIL P Erbil. also HAWLER or Arbela, capital and most Erbil (city) Kurdish
populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
60. E
ERIDU P Eridu ("confluence" of the rivers) is the first city Eridu (city) Sumerian
in the world by the ancient Sumerians
61. E
ERMÏN P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98): (Irminones) Herman Latin
(ARMIN)
62. E
ἘΧῙῙ
ΩΝ - (Ἐχῑṛων) "viper", one of the 5 founders of Thebes Echion-name Greek
63. E
S
ESPIÑA P spine (thorn, backbone, needle) thorn English
S
S
SPINE P spīna (thorn, backbone, needle) needle Latin
S SPĪNA P spiná (спинаṛ, back) backbone Russian
S
SPINÁ - σπίλος (spílos) (rock, reef, cliff) cliff Greek
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
ΣΠΊΛΟΣ - espiña needle Galician
SPELD - speld, diminutive form of SPINE Dutch
64. F
FAÐIR P Faðir, FAÐIR Father Old-Norse
65. F
FASTI P Fasti - Allowed days Fasti (days) Latin
66. F
FAϸIR P The “father” seems to be a feeding care-taker, (Feeding rune
including the “foster” father. In contrast the parent)
procreator father is named the “Kuni”. Foster-father
67. F
FĒLIS P Felis – cat, fret cat (animal) Latin
68. F
FELIZ P feliz (happy) happy Spanish
69. F
FESTI P Festī, Festî - ‘strength, power, document’ (veste) fort Old German
70. F
FIDES P fidēs - faith, belief, confidence, trust fidēs Latin
71. F
FIETS P Origin uncertain. Maybe from “vietse” ‘running’; bicycle Dutch
etymology from fiets (rijwiel)
72. F
FINAR P finar To dy Spanish
73. F
FIRAT P The name (Euphrates) is YEPRAT in Armenian Firat (river) Turkish
(Եփրատ), PERAT in Hebrew (‫)פרת‬, FIRAT in [Eufraat] Kurdish
Turkish and FIRAT in Kurdish.
74. F
FIRTH - fjord, river mouth - root *pertu- firth Scots
75. F
FJORD P narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created fjord Scandinavian
by a glacier. Indo-European root *pertu-
76. F
FOSITE - Fosite: Norse god for justice Fosite (god) Fries
77. F
FRANC P Frank free Dutch
FRANK P
78. F
FRIDA P Frida (name), Swedish name Frida (name) Swedish
79. F
FYΘAR P Futhark - runic code in alphabet and scripture Futhark Germanic
80. F
F
FRIJŌNĄ - from Proto-Germanic *frijōną To free Proto-Germ.
V
F
FRIJŌN P to free; make free to make love Prt.-W.
V VRÎEN P Germ.
V
F FRIJEN P M.L. German
VRIEN P Low German
VRIJEN P Middle Dutch
FRIJŌN P Dutch
FILOS P Gothic
81. F
L
ΦIΛOΣ F Filos, from: “philosopher” To love Greek
L LIEF(S) P ΦIΛOΣ Dutch
LIeBES - German
82. F
P
FYSON P Rivers of Paradise: Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel (or Fyson (river) Mid.-English
PISON P Tigris), and Euphrates. Pison English
83. G
GAUTR P Runen-Sprachschatz (Runic dictionary,German) wise man Icelandic
84. G
GENU(S) P *genu, English knee knee Latin
85. G
GENUS P genus (GENUS, “kind, sort, ancestry, birth”) family, birth Latin
86. G
GESTÚ P Enki as the god of knowledge (gestú) knowledge Sumerian
87. G
D
DI-WE (S) - DI-WE or DI-WO or DI-WE (S) or DI-WO (S) Zeus (*Dii ēus) Mycenaen
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
or DI-WO - Zeus (*Dii ēus) Greek
(S)
88. H
H
HLEIFR - loaf (n.), the Germanic origin is uncertain brood Germanic
K HLAIFS Hleifr Old-Norse
KHLAIBUZ Hlaifs Gothic
89. H
S
(HI)SP - Spanje - The origins of the Roman name Spain (state) Spanish
S ANIA P Hispania, and the modern España, are uncertain, English
SP AIN - although the Phoenicians and Carthaginians Phoenician
SP ANIA referred to the region as Spania
90. I
INFERNO Inferi: "inhabitants of infernal regions, the dead." Inferno (Hel) Latin
91. I
IOU-piter – Jupiter (D)IOU(S) JOU-piter Latin
DJOUS P (*DJOUS PATĒR)
92. I
ISLAM P Islam – "submission [to God]" Islam English
93. I
ISTÆV P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98) – Istvaeones Istavonen Latin
(people)
94. I
J
IANUS P Janus -god of the beginning and end [1]. Janus Latin
JANUS P Janus French
95. J
JUDAS P Judas Judas (name) Dutch
96. J
JULES P Jules Jules (name) French
97. J
JURAT P Jurat in Guernsey en Jersey Jury French
98. J
JURON P juron swear word French
99. J
JUSTE P Just "just, righteous; sincere" Just French
JUSTO P Spanish
100. J
JUTES P Jutes (population of Jutland) Jutes English
101. k
KARUN P Karun, Iran's most effluent and only navigable Karun (river) English
river. In the Bible: Gihon river, at the Garden of
Eden near the Persian Gulf, fed by the four rivers
Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon (Karun) and Pishon
(Wadi Al-Batin). The name is derived from the
mountain range named Kuhrang (→ : Karoen)
102. K
KAUTR P Related to (runes) “Kuþlant” (Gotland) and wise In runes
“Guth” (God)
103. K
KLEUR P Colour – early 13c., "skin color, complexion," kleur Dutch
COLOUR – from Anglo-French culur, coulour, Old French Color English
COULEUR - color "color, complexion, appearance" (Modern Colour French
French couleur), from Latin color "color of the
skin;
104. K
KOTUS P Kotys (war, slaughter) war Greek
105. K
KRÉŌN P son of Menoikeus Kreon Greek
106. K
KREY(N) P sieve, sifter, riddle sieve PIE-kern
107. K
K
KRAUT P Kraut / cruyt – Gothic *krûþ (genitive *krûdis), herbs Dutch
C KRUID – neuter, might be taken for krû-da German
CRUYT - Indo-European references are unsecure.
108. L
*LIWAR P Loire Loire (river) French
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
109. L
LACUS P Lacus (e.g. Lacus_Curtius) Water, lake Latin
LAGUZ P the l-rune (OE lagu, ON lǫgr/laugr (i, k, l, m ) Old-Norse
LAUGR P Laguz
110. L
LAIUS P Laius- Son of Labdacus. Father, by Jocasta, of Laius (name) Latin
LAIOS - Oedipus, who killed him. Greek
111. L
LAPIS P Stone - May be connected with Ancient Greek stone Latin
λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), from Proto-
Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”)
112. L
LEVIS P Levis, light (not heavy), quick, swift . Fickle , Licht (weight) Latin
dispensable , trivial, trifling , easy (e.g. food)
113. L
LOVIS P Alternative spelling for e.g. Lovisa/Louise Lovis (name) Swedish (f.)
(female / male) German (m.)
114. L
LEWIS P Lewis (Louis, Clovis) (royal) Louis (name) English
115. L
LIB(A)RŌ P Liver (Germanic: *LIB(A)RŌ-) Liver English
LIFER P lifer (Old English) Old English
LIVER P
*LIBRŌ P
116. L
LIBAR P libar To suckle Spanish
LIBER P
117. L
LIBRA P Libra scales Latin
118. L
LIBRA P Libra (pound) and Libra (in astrology) Pound Spanish
P Scales
119. L
LIBRE P libre (adj.) free Spanish
120. L
LIEF(S) P Lief – crefte lieuis ‘power of love’ [10e century; love Dutch
[Link].]
121. L
LIMES P Limes (border) border Latin
122. L
LI
IMOS P Limos hunger Greek
123. L
LIVES P lives lives English
124. L
LIVRE P livre book French
125. L
LOCUS P Location – Latin locus is from Old-Latinn stlocus location Latin
‘id.’, etymology uncertain; maybe from → stal.
(loco-.)
126. L
LOUIS P Clovis (Chlodovechus) (Ch)LOUIS (king) Clovis- name French
127. L
LOUIS P Louis (Chlodowig) – LOUIS (king) Louis (name) French
128. L
LUCHS P Luchs (Felis lynx) lynx German
129. L
LUGAR P lugar {m} location Spanish
130. L
LUIER P luier (diaper) diaper Dutch
131. L
LÚKOS P LÚKOS ("wolf") Lúkos (wolf) Greek
132. L
LUXIA (?) - Luxia1 (river in Spanje: Rio Tinto) Tinto (river) Latin
133. L
LUXOR P Luxor, een van de oudste bewoonde steden Luxor (Egypt) Egyptian
134. L
ΛΌΦΙΣ P In Haliartus there is a river Lophis (Λόφις). Lophis river Greek
135. L
L
LIBER P liureHet woord “Liberi” is een pluralia tantum Child Latin
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
LIBERI - (alleen in meervoud) (children)
136. L
L
LIBER P Liber - free, independent, unrestricted, unchecked free Latin
L
L
LIURE P (→ freeman) Old Occitan
L LIBRO P Old Occitan: ; Provencal libro Provencal
LIVRE P Portuguese: livre Portuguese
LIBRE P French: libre French
137. M
(Ava) In Kurdish, the Tigris is known as Ava Mezin, Ava Mezin Kurdish
MEZIN "the Great Water". [Tigris] river
138. M
*MOSIL P German Mosel, French Moselle, Dutch Moezel Moezel river German
139. M
MANSI P Are the Minoans and the Mansi in Siberia Mansi Mansi
related? | Minoans Part 6 (people)
140. M
MANUS - Manus - (मनस):—[from man] m. man or Manu man, mankind Sanskrit
(the father of men)
141. M
MARIN P Marin (name), from s Latin name Marinus Marin (name) Latin
142. M
MARITSA - Maritsa (river) Maritsa river Bulgaars
MERIÇ P Meriç [meɾitt ʃ] Meriç [meɾitt ʃ] Turkish
143. M
MATIR P Mother – van Doorn A (2016). "On The Gaulish Mother Gaulish
Influence on Breton"
144. M
MAThIR P Mother Mother Old Irish
145. M
MATRI P Sicilian: [1] dative: matri (MATRI) (dat.) Mother Siciliaans
146. M
MAZiD(A) P Surname : Mazid means 'holy'. (Iran) Mazid Arabic
(name)
147. M
MEDIR P medir (algo) {verb} meten Spanish
148. M
MELIS P Melis (honeybee → [Telling the bees]) Melis (naam) Dutch
149. M
MENIS P anger, wrath, fury. Initial word of the Iliad Mēnis Greek
150. M
MENRVA – MENRVA and MINERVA are Etruscan & Roman Menrva (god) Etruscan
MINERVA P names for Metis, the deity of wisdom Minerva Latin
151. M
MENSCh P man (person) from MENNISKO ('person') (1100) Man (person) Dutch
152. M
MERIT P Merit (Christianity), Merit (Buddhism), Variants: Merit (name) English
MARIT P Maret (Estonia)/Marit (Swedish). verdienste
153. M
MERYL P Meryl Meryl (name) English
154. M
MĒTĪRĪ P derived from *mēti ‘measure’ < pie. *méh1-ti- to measure Latin
155. M
METIS P Metis (personified by Athena) goddess of (Goddess) Greek
(ΜΗΗΤΙΣ) P wisdom. First consort of the sky-god Zeus. Wisdom
156. M
MIDAS P Midas (/ˈmaɪdəs/; Greek: Μίδας) is the name of Midas (king) Greek
one of at least three members of the royal house
of Phrygia.
157. M
MILAS P Original capital of Caria. Milas (city) Greek
158. M
MILES P Latin mīles (“soldier”) ; Myles (given name) mīles Latin
Etymology unknown, maybe of Etruscan origin. (“soldaat”)
159. M
MILOS P Milos – volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea Milos island Greek
160. M
MÌNAS P Μήνας (moon) moon Greek
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
161. M
MINAR P Old Persian: pillar pillar Old Persian
162. M
MINER P mineworker pitman English
163. M
MINOR P minor (“less, smaller, inferior”) smaller Latin
164. M
MINOS P Minos - Royal Name Minos Linear A
(king) (Cretan)
165. M
MITÉRA - μητέρα (MITÉRA): [1] mother New Greek
166. M
MIThER P mither (MIThER) mother Scots
167. M
MIThRA(S) P Mithra - Zoroastrian angelic divinity (yazata) of Mithra (god) Avestaans
covenant, light, and oath
168. M
MITRA P Mitra (Deity in the Rigveda) Mitra (god) Sanskrit
169. M
MÓÐIR P Móðir - MÓÐIR mother IJslands
170. M
MYNES P Mynes (mythology). Mynes, king of the city of Mynes Greek
Lyrnessus which was sacked by Achilles, who
there captured his wife, Briseis. Mynes was son
of King Evenus, son of Selepus.[2]
171. M
MYSON (Sage) Myson of Chenae (6th cent. BC); Myson Greek
172. M
MΑRKT P markt (from Mercatus?) (market) market Dutch
173. M
ΜΈΤRΙΟS P Metrios - moderate, average, mean mean Greek
174. M
ΜΥΗΘΟΣ P Virtue: temperance: mythos (belief in real Myth Greek
history) - word of “unknown origin”
175. M
M
MAINZ P Mainz – Mogontiacum. Main is from Latin Mainz (city) German
M MENUS P Moenis (also MOENUS or MENUS), the name Main (river) German
MOENUS P the Romans used for the river.
176. M
M
MELKS P Substantive: milk, and the verb “to milk” milk Dutch
M MÉLŽTI – (Lithuanian MÉLŽTI; Slovene MLÉSTI < Latvian
MLÉSTI - *MELZTI; all ‘milks’.) Slovenian
177. M
MOIST P moist moist English
178. N
NABIS P Nabis - Nabis, tyrant of Sparta Nabis -tyrant Latin
179. N
NAVIS P Nāvis- ship or nave (middle or body of a church) ship Latin
180. N
NAVIS P B. Nevis is the highest mountain in GB.(1345m) Ben Nevis English
181. N
NIFFER P Nibru was the original name of the city of Nibru (city) Sumerisch
NUFFAR - Nippur. Great complex of ruin mounds known to
NIBRU - the Arabs as Nuffar, written by the earlier
explorers Niffer, divided into two main parts by
the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat)
Source: Nibru
182. N
NÎMES P Nîmes - Nemausus god of the local Volcae tribe. Nîmes French
183. N
NĪRAṂ P Nīraṃ, water water Sanskrit
184. N
NIRVA P nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”), from Nirwana Sanskrit
ननस (nis, “out”) + व (vā, “to blow”).
185. N
NIZĀM P Nizām, a poet (creating the poems of Nezami) Nizām (name) Persian
186. N
NUGOR P Nugor- I jest, trifle, play the fool, talk nonsense To trifle Latin
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
187. O
(H)ORMIZD - *Hasura MazdʰaH - Ahura Armenian
- Ahura Mazda (supreme god) Mazda Old-Persian
(H)ormazd
188. O
OCNUS P Ocnus – king of Alba Longa. He founded modern Ocnus (king) Latin
Mantua in honor of his mother.[1]
189. O
OMNIS P Omnis - all, a word of unknown origin all Latin
190. O
ΟΥΥΗΤΙΣ P Oútis (a transliteration of the Ancient Greek nobody Old-Greek
ΟÚΤΙS P pronoun Οὖτις = "nobody" or "no one")[1]
191. P
*P ADIR P Pader (river) - word of unknown origin Pader (river) German
192. P
PĀLĪZ P a kitchen garden, used by Xenophon for an garden, (New)
“enclosed park” of the Persian kings (Paradise) paradise Persian
193. P
PANIS P Pānis (bread, loaf ) bread Latin
194. P
PERIT P Perit - From Latin perītus. expert Catalan
195. P
PARThI P Parthi - the Parthians, a Scythian people, Parthen Latin
196. P
PATIR P Patir (father) father Oscan
197. P
PETRI P Petri Peter Basque
Hungarian
198. P
PEDIR P pedir algo {verb} claim Spanish
199. P
PEDIS P Pĕdis - Louse louse Latin
200. P
PĒNIS P Penis ; Old Low German root: *PISA penis Latin
201. P
PERChT P Perchta - (English: Bertha), also Percht and Perchta German
other variations, was once known as a
goddess in Alpine paganism
202. P
PhYLAS P Φύλας Phýlas /Phylas- King of the Dryoper Phylas-name Greek
203. P
PÍAST P píast, péist -From Middle Iers péist, from Old beast Irish
PÍEST Iers píast, from Latin bēstia.
204. P
PIeTER P Pieter (symbolic “PITER” or “PITAR”, because Peter Dutch
the “e” indicates a long I vowel)
205. P
PILAR P Pilar (Catalan, Norwegian Bokmål, Nynorsk) pillar Catalan
Norse
206. P
PILAR P short for "Maria del Pilar" and a popular Spanish Pilar (name) Spanish
given name
207. P
PINEoS - Pineios ; Greek: Πηνειός Pineios(river) Greek
208. P
PIRAN P Piran - town in southwestern Slovenia Piran (town) Slovenian
209. P
PIRAT P Pirat (pirate) pirate German
210. P
PIROL P Pirol (bird) Pirol German
211. P
PISAN P pis/“annu “box”18 box Sumerian
212. P
PITAR P Pitar (father) father Sanskrit
213. P
PITER P Initial Name Sankt-Piter-Boerch (Санкт-Питер- Saint-Piters- Russian
Бурхъ) for Saint Petersburg (from Geschiedenis) Borough

18 Sumerian Grammar uploaded by Baskar Saminathnan

 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
214. P
PIZAN P Christine de Pizan - Italian poet and author Christine de French
(1364 – c. 140) Pizan
215. P
PRAChT P Pracht (splendor) splendor Dutch
216. P
PRANG P Prang (nose clip) nose clip Dutch
217. P
PRITHVI - Prithvi earth Sanskrit
218. P
PRONG P Prong ([Fish-]fork) (fish-) fork English
219. P
PYLOS P Pylos - "Palace of Nestor" in Homer's Iliad. Pylos Greek
220. P
PYLOS P „seven-gated Thebes“ (Thebe Heptapylos) Gate Greek
PYLUS -- Pylus - member of the Aetolian royal family
221. P
PJOTR P Pjotr (name) Peter Russian
PYOTR
222. P
PYREN(e) P Pyrene (Heuneburg); → Hekataios von Milet Pyrene Greek
223. P
ΠΑΣΙΦάη - Pasiphaë – Queen of Crete, married with Minos, Pasiphaë Greek
king of Crete
224. P
ΦΡΎΝΗ P Φρύνη - Phryne Greek hetaira (courtesan). Phryne, name Greek
225. P
B
PADIS P Padus (Po) (river), Padus (Po) Latin
BODIS P Bodincus (old Ligurian) Bodincus Ligurian
226. P
F
PISON P Rivers of Paradise: Pis(h)on, (along with Fyson (river) English
FYSON P Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Gihon) Pis(h)on Mid.-English
227. P
P
POLIS P ancient Greek city-state, 1894, from Greek polis, city Greek
PTOLIS - ptolis "citadel, fort, city, .." from PIE *tpolh-
"citadel; .. high ground; hilltop"
228. P
P
POTIS P powerful, able, capable; possible powerful Latin
PATIS P husband Litvian
229. P
P
Pools P from Latin polire "to Pools, make smooth; To polish English
P POLIRE - decorate, embellish;" , from: polīre ‘Pools’, Latin
POLIS P unknown etymology. French
230. Q
QUERN P quern (n.) To quern English
231. Q
QUR'AN P Quran – The sacred Book in Islam Quran Arabian
232. R
*RHIJUN P Rhine (E), Rhein (D), Rijn (NL) Rhine (river) Germanic
233. R
RĀMIN P Poetry “Vis and Rāmin” Ramin (name) Persian
234. R
RAPID P rapid from French rapide, from Latin rapidus rapid English
235. R
RIJVΕN P rijven (to rake) (to write) write Dutch
236. R
RIVAL P rival - from Latin rivalis "a rival" originally, "of rival English
the same brook,"
237. R
RĪVΕN P rīven (mnd. rīven ‘to rub’) To rub Mnd.-Dutch
238. R
RIVΕT P rivet (fastener) rivet English
239. R
RUNGA P Runga – (Rapa Nui /Easter-island) - Creator Creator Rapa Nui
Rangi – For Māori Rangi & Papa are the original
couple for the sky & earth.
240. R
R
RUÏNΕ P maybe from Latin verb ruere ruin Dutch
RUINA P (plural: RUINÆ) Latin
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
241. R
R
RIJPΕN P ripen (etymology uncertain) ripen Dutch
R RIPΕN P ripen English
REIFΕN - reifen German
242. S
SIBYL P sibyls are female prophets in Ancient Greece. sibyl English
243. S
SIFON P Siphon, sifon, syphon- from Ancient Greek ; sifon Old French
SIPhON P σίφων (síphōn, "pipe, tube for drawing wine from siphon English
SYPhON P a cask,"), of uncertain origin; σίφων Old Greek
244. S
SILVA P Silva (wood, forest ) forest Latin
245. S
SIMLA P Simla (city in India) Simla (city) Indian (?)
246. S
SIMON P Simon Simon Dutch
247. S
SĪVAN Sīvan – 3rd month of the Hebrew calendar Sīvan Hebrew
usually in May–June on a Gregorian calendar. May–June
248. S
SMILA P Smila (Σμίλα), de stad Crusis, Herodotus. Smila (city) Greek
Histories. 7.123.
249. S
SMILA Smile: Scandinavian source (such as Danish smile Swedish
SMILE SMILE "smile," Swedish SMILA "smile, smirk, Danish
SMIÊT simper, fawn"), from Proto-Germanic *smil-, Latvian
extended form of PIE root *smei- "to laugh,
smile"
250. S
SOLYM(us) P Solym(us) (mountain) and Solym(us) (city) Solyma (city) Greek
251. s
SPAIN P Spain Spain English
252. S
SPILE P Spile Houten vork Lets
253. S
SPINA P Spina - Etruscan city at the mouth of the Po-river Spina (city) Etruscan
254. S
SPION P spy, person who secretly gathers information spy German
255. S
SUIDÆ P Suda -10th-century Byzantijnse encyclopedie Suda (book) Latin
256. S
SUTHI P Suthi, (tomb) tomb Etruscan
257. S
SWINE P Swine - Old High German swin, Middle Dutch Swine English
swijn, Dutch zwijn, German Schwein, Old Norse, (animal)
Swedish, Danish svin)
258. S
S
SABIN P Sabine [member of an Italian tribe] {1625} Sabine Etruscan
SABIJN P etymology: ‘kin’ Sabinus Dutch
259. S
S
SAUIL P sauil (Gothic), the sun and the letter “S” sun, Gothic
S SAULI P sauli (Lithuanian, Indo-European Languages) (the letter S) Lithuanian
SÁULĖ - sáulė (Lithuanian)
260. T
TAGUS P The river Tagus in Spain, (in Spanish: Tajo) Tagus (river) Latin
261. T
TAMIS P Tamis - drum sieve drum sieve French
262. T
TAMIZh P Tamil – spelled as TAMIZh Tamil Tamil
263. T
TAPIR P Tapir (animal) Tapir-animal English
264. T
TAXUS P Taxus baccata (European yew) – evergreen tree Yew (tree) English
265. T
TEIWS P The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS *Teiws (god) Gothic
(later *Tīus) (later *Tīus)
266. T
TERUG P terug (return, backwards) backwards Dutch
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
267. T
ThEMIS P ThEMIS – (after METIS) second consort of Zeus Themis Greek
(ΘEMIΣ) P (justice)
268. T
THIUS P Thius (Late Latin) uncle uncle Latin
derived from: Old Greek θεῖος (theîos).
269. T
ThÍVA(s) - Thebe (in Boeotia) (Greece) Thebe (city) Greek
Greek: Θήβα, Thíva [ˈθiva]
270. T
THUIS P thuis (at home) At home Dutch
271. T
ThYBES P Thebes (Egypt) – Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι Thebes Egyptian
272. T
ThYMOS P Courage (θυμός) soul, will , temper, mind courage Greek
273. T
TIBER P Tiber Etymology pre-Latin, origin may be Italic. Tiber (river) Latin
274. T
TIEUS P TIEUS (Tieu) plural of - A surname, borrowed Tieu(s) Vietnamese
from Vietnamese Tiêu, from Chinese 蕭. (naam)
275. T
TIFOS P Tifos - "still water" still water Aegean
276. T
TIMOR P timor (Latin) awe, reverence. fear, dread. Fear, awe Latin
277. T
TIVAR P Plural for the deity týr gods Old-Norse
278. T
TIVAS P *Tīwaz - Týr or Tiw Germanic god Germanic
279. T
TIWAS P Tiwaz - the Luwian Sun-god. sun (deity) Luwian
280. T
TIWAZ P Rune (ᛏ) for the deity Týr Týr (god) rune
281. T
TJEUS P nickname to define the JEU-sayers in Val Medel Val Medel Sursilvan
(nickname)
282. T
TRIBΕ P Tribe tribe English
283. T
TURIA P Turia – river (280 km) in Valencia Turia (river) Spanish
284. T
TUROG P Locale pagan deity in Sussex Turog (god) Celtic (?)
285. T
ΘΊSΒE P Thisbe Θίσβη ΘΊΣΒΗ – Greek city Thisbe (city) Greek
286. T
T
TAPIS P Tapis, Carpet, rug French
T TAPIS P Byzantine-Greek Byz.-Greek
TÁPĒS - Tápēs, Greek Greek
287. U
ULRIKE - Ulrike (female given name) Ulrike (name) German
288. U
UNIRΕ P ūnīre (to join, to unite, to put together), unite Latin
289. U
U
ÛÐIRA P Udder udder Germanic
UIDER P Middle Dutch
UYDER P
290.
UR(t)CIA ...et Deus uocant UR(t)CIA glossed as 'God' by Urtzi Basque
URTIA Picaud (see Urtzi) (Codex Calixtinus)
291. U
U
URINA P from Latin urina "urine," from PIE *ur- (source Urine, sperma Dutch
URINΕ P also of Greek ouron "urine"), variant of root *we- (bron:urine) Latin
r- "water, liquid, milk, sperm" English
292. U
U
UUATIRO – water (in watrischafo [709; ONW]) water Dutch
W WATRIS – Old-Irish uisce ‘water’ (also see → whisky); (vloeistof) Dutch
UISCE - Old-Irish
293. V
VAÐIR P vaðir (from váð; piece of cloth; garment) clothes (plr.) Old-Norse
294. V
VALIS P Waal (Netherlands) – largest river Waal (river) Latin
 #
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
ChALUZ
295. V
VANIR P Vanir- House of the Wise (group of gods Vanir (gods) English
associated with health, fertility, wisdom, and the
ability to see the future. )
296. V
VEINS P veins veins English
297. V
VENUS - Goddess for love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, Venus (god) Latin
prosperity and victory
298. V
VIDAR P Víðarr - son of Odin – (the god of revenge) Víðarr (god) Old Norse
299. V
VIRAL P Viral viral English
300. V
VLIES P Vlies (Fleece, membrane) membrane Dutch
301. V
VRAChT P Vracht (freight) freight Dutch
302. V
VRIJEN P (1): “VRIJEN”: to make love (1240). Originally: 1: vrijen Dutch
“to love” (from: friend in Etymology-bank). 2: free people Frankish (?)
(2): “VRIJEN”: the “free people” (FRANKen)
303. V
W
VIDERE - “To have seen” - to wit (v.), to know, wissen To know Dutch
W VIŽDĄ - (German); Old Church Slavic. viždą, vidiši, viděti to see, German
WETEN ‘zien’ vědě ‘I know’; OCL
WISSEN
304. W
(W)ILUŠA - Wiluša (Ἴλιον, ĪĪlion ) Troje, ĪĪlion Hettitisch
305. W
WATIR P Middle English : watir (plural watiris) Water English
306. W
WHIRL P whirl (twist, verb) (To) whirl English
307. W
WIJSEL P Wijsel, Wissel, Wisła Wijsel, Wissel German
VISLA P (ancient sources spell the name ISTULA) Wisła (river) Pools
308. W
WIJZEN P To point, to teach (onderwijzer = teacher) To teach Dutch
309. W
WISEN(t) - Bison bonasus, WISEN(t) of Europese BIZON Bison Germanic
310. W
WIZARD - wizard – (originally): "to know the future." (?) philosopher English
311. W
WIZZŌD - Wizzōd‚ law; Testament, Sacrament law Gothic
312. W
WIÞRĄ P Proto-Germanic *wiþrą (WIÞRĄ, “against”) against Proto-Germ.
313. W
WRANG P wrang (sourish) wrang Dutch
314. W
WRONG P wrong verkeerd English
315. W
W
*WRAITh P Old English wrað "angry" – very angry. wrath English
*WREIT- P (literally "tormented, twisted") wroth
316. W
W
WRITE P To write To write English
WRITA P Old Frisian
317. Y
YSULA P Yssel, Ijssel (Netherlands & Germany) Yssel (river) Latin
ISULA IJssel
318. Z
DŹWINA P Düna ; Pools Dźwina Düna (river) Polish
319. Z
ZEMLJA - Zemlja (earth) earth Slavic
320. Z
ZUNGE P Zunge; from Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from tongue German
*TUNGǬ - Proto-Germanic *tungǭ; from Proto-Indo- Prt-Germanic
LINGUA - European *dnnǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Latin lingua Latin
TONGUE - English
 Dictionary (~320) of perfect pentagrams

Appendix 2 – (~350) Publications of J. Richter in Scribd

The publications (~350 titles) are sorted according to their storage date. This storage is my own
record of documentations.
In order to simplify the overview only a few documents are opened for a global access. If necessary
other documents may be opened in Scribd and/or transferred to the following account:
• [Link]

January – December 2023 (25)

Project: The role of the pentagrams

1. Unveiling the 2-Dimensional Alphabets
2. The Pentagrams' Model for the Phonetic Communicati...
3. Weinend Wirstu Wiederkehren
4. A Retrospective Analysis of the Pentagrams in the ...
5. A Concept of the Mathematical Functions for the Linear-A Fractions
6. Why Wotan is Related to Metis and Minerva
7. The Triad of Pentagrams in the Lithuanian Language
8. The Triad of Pentagrams in the Basque Language
9. Die Sprachbrücke zwischen den griechischen, lateinischen und germanischen Mythologien
10. Unveiling the Linguistic Bridge between Greek and Germanic Mythologies
11. De linguïstische brug tussen het Grieks en de Germanse talen
12. An Overview of the Linguistic Pentagrams
13. The Pentagrams in the Basque Language
14. A Standard Name-Giving for Abstract PIE-Objects
15. New Words may be Created as Metaphors or Pentagrams
16. The Design of Optimized Alphabets
17. Once upon a Day the Word DINGIR (DIMER) Arose
18. Over de historie van de taalkundige sleutelwoorden
19. De samenhang tussen de Soemirische en Nederlandse Pentagrammen
20. The Sumerian Pentagrams
21. The Etymology of the Personal Pronoun of the First Pronoun of the first Person
22. 'Wrath!' was the First Word - Hidden symbols, which we never unveiled
23. 'Toorn!" was het eerste woord - Verborgen symbolen, die ons allen zijn ontgaan
24. Die Etymologie des Personalpronomens 'Ic(h)'
25. 'Zorn!' war das erste Wort - Die Geheimschrift, die Wittgenstein und Foucault übersehen
haben

January – December 2022 (75)

Project: The Paradises

1. The Pentagrams and the Translation of 'Herkos Odon...
2. Eine Erweiterung der Sprache durch 5-Farbenwörtern (Farbenversion)
3. Eine Erweiterung der Sprache durch 5-Farbenwörtern (S/W-Version)
4. Die Codierung der Präzession in der Odyssee
5. Encoding the Precession Period-Constants in the Odyssey
6. The Germanic, Roman and Greek Virtues are Honored in the Days of the Week
7. Why the Title of the First European Book may be 'Menis' ('Divine Wrath')
8. Het “Rosebud” effect
9. Notities bij het eerste woord... in 'Μῆνιν Ἄειδε Θεὰ...
10. Vanaf de stichting van de stad Thebe tot de afdanking van koning Louis XIX
11. The Categorization of the most prominent Pentagram...
12. The Gender of Cardinal Virtues
13. De kardinale, vijfvoudige deugdconcepten
14. Die horizontale und vertikale Spiegelungen in der Sprache
15. The Horizontal and Vertikal Mirrors in Languages
16. De horizontale en verticale spiegelingen in de taal -
17. Verstehe dein Alphabet - Der Ursprung einer Anzahl eurasischen Alphabete
18. Understand your Alphabet - The Introduction of a Number of Eurasian Alphabets
19. Begrijp uw alfabet - Over de oorsprong van een aantal Euraziatische alfabetten
20. De pentagrammen in de Theogonia van Hesiodus
21. The Pentagrams in Hesiod's Theogony
22. De rol van de drakentanden in de Griekse legenden
23. The Role of the Dragon's Teeth in the Archaic Greek Legends
24. De vijf sleutels tot de invoering van de Griekse taal
25. An Alternative History for the Alphabet
26. The Architecture and History of the Eurasian Alpha...
27. Rejections and Acceptance of Metaphysical Statement...
28. Notes to Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods, On the Commonwealth
29. The Paradisaical Language
30. Over de etymologie van de woorden “vader” en “moeder"
31. Dagboekfragmenten - De woeste herfst
32. The Eurasian Songlines
33. Dagboekfragmenten 2022 (paradijzen)
34. Der Paradiesgarten an der Viersprung Donau, Ister,...
35. The Primary Pantheons of the Greek, Etruscan, Roma...
36. On the Distributions for the Spelling of the Words...
37. Een statistische analyse van de pentagrammen
38. Over de theorie en geschiedenis der deelalfabetten
39. The Completion of the 'Lingua Ignota'
40. Notes to Hildegard von Bingen's 'Lingua Ignota'
41. Overview of Jwr47's Public Contents of the ScribdB...
42. Overview of Jwr47's Public Contents of the Scribd/...
43. De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van N...
44. De paradijselijke koninkrijken
45. The Paradisiacal Civilisations
46. The (5) Paradises, their Cities and their Rivers
47. An Archaic Name-Giving Formula for the Rivers of Eden
48. Een archaïsche kern in een modern taalontwerp
49. An Archaic Core in a Modern Linguistic Concept
50. The Tree as a Hierarchical “Pentagram Model of the World
51. The Name-Giving of the European and Mid-East Waterways
52. De ontdekking van een tweede taalniveau
53. The Name-Giving of the European and Mid-East Waterways
54. Over de oorsprong van de Europese riviernamen
55. Over de speurtocht naar de pentagrammenreeksen
56. De vier waterwegen naar het paradijs
57. Categorized Overview of the Pentagrams
58. A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise
 59. A new Etymology for the Pentagrams (PITAR & MATIR)
60. Een nieuwe etymologie voor de pentagrammen (PITAR en MATIR)
61. The Origin of some Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
62. Languages, which start as Baskets full of Metaphors

Project: The cardinal Virtues

1. De afleiding van de koningsnamen uit de deugden
2. How four Virtues anchored our Languages
3. Hoe de vier deugden de taal verankerden
4. Wie vier Tugenden die Sprache verankerten
5. Ein archaischer Entwurf in den griechischen und germanischen Mythologien
6. Een archaïsch ontwerp in de Griekse en Germaanse mythologien
7. An Archaic Structure in the Greek and Germanic Mythologies (12.1.2022)
8. Waarom onze voorouders zich Vadir en Madir noemden
9. Waarom de Dins-, Woens- en Donderdag heilig zijn
10. Why the Tues-, Wednes- and Thursday are Sacred Day...
11. Notes to Cicero's “The Nature of the Gods”
12. De (denkbare) lokalisatie van het Hunnenrijk
13. De twee levens van Karel de Grote

January – December 2021 (86)

1. Over een etymologie van de dagen van de week
2. Cicero's Etymology for the Names of the Gods
3. Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week
4. Een bewijs, dat de dagen van de week (Woensdag en Dinsdag) aan de deugden 'Wijsheid' en
'Justitie' gewijd zijn
5. Evidence for the Correlation Between the Virtues 'Wisdom' and 'Justice'
6. Socrates' Last Specifications of the Virtues
7. De relatie tussen de pentagrammen en de precessie van de equinoxen
8. A Reduced Formula for the Pentagrams
9. The Genetic Roots in the Indo-European Alphabets
10. A Restoration of the Triads in European Languages
11. Een restauratie van de triaden in de Europese talen
12. The Bison-Cult (or Why the Minotaur and Quinotaur may Symbolize a Bison)
13. De rol van de vijfletter woorden in de Indo-Europese filosofie
14. De representatie van de Griekse, Romeinse en Germaanse triades in de dagen van de week
15. Een terugblik op de geschiedenis der taalkunde
16. De Sleutels Van de Indo-Europese Religie
17. De ontcijfering van de name Minerva
18. Zoekmethoden en statistieken voor Jwr47's archief
19. Mijn gecorrigeerde levensloop (twee tegengestelde ...
20. Epiloog van een taalkundige (kabbalist)
21. The Antipodes in Archaic Linguistics
22. De antipoden in de archaïsche taalkunde
23. Samenvatting van De taalkunde
24. Languages With, Respectively Without an Ordered Alphabet
25. An Architecture for the Family of Alphabets
26. A Scenario and Reconstruction of the Linguistic Architecture
27. A Retrospect in my Analysis of Linguistics
28. Over de spelling en correcte uitspraak van de hemelgodennamen
29. The Common Sky-god's Names in the PIE-Languages
30. The Hittite Signary as the Origin of the PIE-Alpha...
 31. The Origin of the Linear-B Signary
32. The Derivation and Composition of the PIE-Theonyms
33. The Lepontic Alphabet as a Source for the Runic Signaries
34. The Role of the Southern Semitic Order in the Ugaritic Signaries
35. De rol van de wijstwaterbronnen in Brabant
36. The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets
37. De reconstructie van een Dictionary uit de wortelperiode
38. An Initial Phase for a Number of Indo-European Languages
39. De opbouwfase van een aantal Europese talen (10.8.2021)
40. The Architecture of the Words '(to) Free'
41. Over de rol van het alfabet in de elektronica en de terugziendheid
42. Het wandelende vergrootglas (ofwel “Het ontbrekende gebrek")
43. The most precious PIE-Pentagrams
44. De reconstructie van de Nederlandse pentagrammen
45. Woorden, die de roos treffen als gevederde pijlen
46. The Composition of the Words DYAUSH-PITAR and PṚTHVI-MATIR...

Project: The 2-dimensional Alphabets

47. An Architecture for 2-Dimensional Alphabets
48. The Search for the Fundamental Pentagrams
49. The Pentagrams in the Old- And Middle-Persian Languages
50. A Possible Historical Record for the Development of European Languages
51. Notes to the Origin of the Elder Futhark and Ogham Runes...
52. Historisch overzicht van de taalkundige pentagrammen
53. Pentagrams as a Protection against Linguistic Erosion
54. Unveiling the Architecture of the Alphabets and Runic Signaries
55. The Origin of the Futhark, Ogham and Gothic Runes
56. De oorsprong van de Futhark, Ogham en Gotische runen
57. The Pentagrams in Names Unveiled
58. A Linguistic Distribution of the Pentagrams
59. De rol van de pentagrammen in de namen der hemellichamen
60. Swap Mutations in the Pentagram List
61. The Role of the Pentagrams in the Globe's Architecture
62. The Pentagrams in the Kernel of the PIE-Dictionary
63. Gebeitelde woorden (24.4.2021)
64. The Reconstruction of a PIE-Language's Core
65. Een reconstructie van de Dutche woordenschat
66. The Secrets of the 2-Dimensional Alphabets
67. A Self-Repair System for Languages (9.4.2021)
68. Het MINOS Project
69. An Etymology for the Pentagrams

Project: Frankish Name-giving

70. The Purpose of Chilperic's Additional Letters (30.3.2021)
71. De etymologie van de woorden “Bazin” en „Baas“
72. Het alfabetische pentagram (Het verhaal van de taal)
73. A Theory of Hierarchical Alphabets
74. The Role of the Pentagrams for the Merovingian Kingdom
75. De rol van de bijen (of cicaden) uit het koningsgraf van Childerik I
76. A New Chapter to the Philosophy of Language
Project: alphabetic Arrays
77. Overview of the Alphabetic Arrays (14.2.2021)
78. Bericht over de analyse van een reeks alfabetten
79. The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
80. How to Read the Theonym „TIWÆS“ in the Runic „Futhark"-Signary... (30.01.2021)
81. The Pentagrams in the Name-giving of the Runes
82. De etymologie van de namen Diaus, Dieus en Djous
83. The Etymology of the Words Diaus, Dieus and Djous ... (Scribd)
84. The Evidence of Perfect Pentagrams in Greek, Roman...
85. The Evidence of Perfect and Imperfect Pentagrams
86. De woordenlijsten der perfecte en imperfecte pentagrammen

Januari – December 2020 (44)

1. Verbale echo's in de Europese talen – Over de naamgeving van de Frankenkoningen (Dutch)
2. Patterns of the European Languages
3. Another View on the Design of the Frankish Language
4. The Generation of Perfect Pentagrams (Like LIBER, FRANK and DYAUS)
5. The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia
6. Over de naamgeving voor de goden en vorsten van het Frankenrijk
7. Hoe de adelgeslachten met de namen Franken, Willem en Lodewijk de onsterfelijkheid
konden pachten
8. The Nomenclature of the Sky-Gods - How the Royals achieved Immortality - (Scribd)
9. Standardizing the Signaries - The Encryption and Decryption of alphabets (Scribd)
10. Another View on the Sefer Yetzirah (Scribd)
11. Alphabets With Integrated Dictionaries (Scribd)

Project: Periodic Tables for Signaries

1. The Quantization of the Ugaritic Alphabet (Scribd)
2. De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet (Scribd)
3. A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the
Personal Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
4. Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish) alphabets (Scribd)
12. Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
1. Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
2. A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
3. Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
4. Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
5. Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
13. Het hart van de Dutche taal
1. Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
2. A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
3. Periodic Tables for the Dalecarlian Runes and the Elfdalian Alphabet (Scribd)
14. The Hierarchical Structure of the Hebrew Alphabet (Scribd)
15. De hiërarchische structuur van het Hebreeuwse alfabet (Scribd)
1. A Periodic Table for the Phoenician and Hebrew Alpabet (Scribd)
2. A Periodic Table for the Icelandic Alphabet (Scribd)
3. A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet (Scribd)
4. A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Scribd)
16. The Impact of Ternary Coding Systems (Scribd)
17. A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)
18. The Composition of the European Alphabets (Scribd)
 19. The Letter Repositioning in the Greek and Latin Alphabets
20. Unstably Classified Letters in Alphabets (Scribd)
21. Notes on the Common Architecture of Alphabetical Structures ([Link])
1. A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets
2. A Periodic Classification for the Gothic Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
3. A Periodic Classification for the Futhark-Alphabets (obsolete, Scribd)
4. A Periodic Classification for the Latin Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)

Project: The Origin of Dyaus

22. The Model of a Language as a Communication Link (Scribd)
23. The Roots of the Indo-European Alphabets (12.5.2020)
24. Samenvatting van "The Alphabet as an Elementary Document"
25. The Alphabet as an Elementary Document
26. The Origin of the Name Dyaus
27. De oorsprong van de name Diaus
28. The History of Designing an Alphabet (Scribd)
29. Een architectuur voor de PIE-talen (Scribd)
30. An Architecture for the PIE-Languages
31. A Suggested Restoration of the 'Futhark'-Sequence (Scribd)
32. The Composition of the Sky- God's Name in PIE-Languages
33. The Ternary Codes in Language and Creation (Scribd)
34. The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"
35. The Optimal Number of Vowels in Languages (Scribd)
36. A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation

Project: The Power Plants and Lightning Rods

37. A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings
38. The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
39. Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
40. Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
41. Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
42. The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
43. The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)
44. The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet

January – December 2019 (56)

Project: Irrigation and Drainage, Atlantis

1. The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
2. Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea
3. The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation
4. De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
5. Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
6. The Initials of European Philosophy
7. Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
8. The War against Atlantis
9. The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"
10. The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
11. The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
12. Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
13. Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
 14. Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
15. The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
16. Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
17. Simon Stevin's definition van wetenschappelijk onderzoek
18. De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
19. The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
20. The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony

Project: Chilperic I's Letters

21. King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
22. Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperic I
23. The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend

Project: The runic keywords

24. A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
25. Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
26. Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
27. De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
28. The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
29. Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
30. A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
31. The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
32. De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
33. The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
34. The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
35. Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid

Project: The role of water-springs in Christening the Netherlands

36. De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
37. De fundamenten van de samenleving
38. De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
39. De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
40. The Antipodes Mith and With
41. The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
42. De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
43. The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
44. Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
45. De restanten van de dualis in het Dutch, English en German

Project: the Ugaritic alphabet

46. Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
47. The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
48. Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Dutche alfabet
49. The Backbones of the Alphabets
50. The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
51. The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
52. De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
53. The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
54. Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
 55. The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
56. De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)

Januari – December 2018 (81)

1. King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
2. De 4 letters van koning Chilperic I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet

Project: The symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets

3. The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
4. The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
5. In het Dutch, German en English is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
6. In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
7. The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
8. A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
9. The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
10. Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
11. Über die Evolution der Sprachen
12. Over het ontwerpen van talen
13. The Art of Designing Languages

Project: The philosophical Nous-Concept

14. Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
15. Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
16. Over het filosofische Nous-concept
17. Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
18. The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)

Project: The mechanisms of the Christening concepts

19. A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
20. Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
21. The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
22. The Unification of Medieval Europe
23. The Divergence of Germanic Religions
24. De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
25. The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
26. Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
27. Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
28. Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
29. The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns

Project: The deity Tiw

30. Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
31. Notes to the book TIW
32. Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
33. Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
34. Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
35. The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
36. Etymology, Religions and Myths
37. The Symbolism in Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym from Nantucket (Scribd)
38. Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
Project: The keyword FUT
39. Ϝut - Het Dutche sleutelwoord
40. Concepts for the Dual Forms
41. The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
42. Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
43. Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
44. The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
45. A Linguistic Control of Egotism
46. The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
47. An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets

Project: The Celtic Hair Bonnets

48. The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
49. Die keltische Haarhauben
50. De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
51. The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
52. Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
53. De god met de twee gezichten
54. The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg

Project: The symbolism of the 7 planets

55. Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
56. De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
57. Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
58. The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
59. Een reconstructie van de Dutche scheppingslegende
60. The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
61. The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism

Project: The Hell-ways, Rue d'Enfer as the Deposits of Loess

62. The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
63. Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
64. Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
65. Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer ")
66. De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
67. The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
68. Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
69. Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
70. Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
71. Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
72. Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
73. The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre

Project: The Decoding of the Futhark alphabet

74. The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
75. The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
76. The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
77. De kern van de Futhark-talen
78. Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
79. De symboolkern IE van het Dutch
 80. Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
81. Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)

Januari – December 2017 (8)

1. Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
2. A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
3. A Paradise Made of Words
4. The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
5. The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
6. The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
7. The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
8. The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)

December 2011 (2)

• Proceedings in the Pronouns' Etymology (Summary 2009-2018)
• The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)

The Voynich-Project (2022)

The following study-essays have been documented as stages in the Voynich-Project:
1. The Roots of the Voynich-Manuscript
2. The Search for Water- and Air-Words in the Voynich-Manuscript
3. The Relations between the Hunter Orion, the Pleiades and Baskets in the Voynich
Manuscript
4. The (Green) Aachtopf and the (Blue) Blautopf as Karst-Springs in the Voynich
Manuscript
5. The Life-Cycle in Page f79v of the Voynich Manuscript
6. The Origin of the Yellow, Blue and Green Waters
7. The Role of the Queens in the Voynich Manuscript
8. The Misinterpretation and Reinterpretion of the Voynich Manuscript
9. The Background of the Voynich-Manuscript
10. The Text to the Ponds at Page f84v of the Voynich Manuscript
11. Analysis of the Rainbows in the Voynich Manuscript
2. Analysis of the Names for the Nymphs
1. A RISC-Design for the Voynich Alphabet (?)
2. The Heart of the Voynich Manuscript
3. The Role of Repetitions in the Voynich Manuscript
Appendix 3 – The multiplied versions of the Lúkos pentagrams
Lycus (/ˈlaɪkəs/; Ancient Greek: Λύκος Lúkos, "wolf") is the name of multiple people in Greek
mythology19. In Greek mythology, Lycus or Lykos was a ruler of the ancient city of Ancient Thebes
(Boeotia). His rule was preceded by the regency of Nycteus and in turn, Lycus was succeeded by
the twins Amphion and Zethus.

Lycus (mythology)
The number of these names is 23:
1. LÚKOS, one of the Telchines[1] who fought under Dionysus in his Indian campaign.[2] He
is otherwise said to have erected a temple to Apollo Lycius on the banks of Xanthus river.[3]
2. LÚKOS, son of Prometheus and Celaeno, brother of Chimaerus. The brothers are said to
have had tombs in the Troad; they are otherwise unknown.[4]
3. LÚKOS of Athens, a wolf-shaped herο, whose shrine stood by the jurycourt, and the first
jurors were named after him.[5]
4. LÚKOS, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus. He suffered the same fate
as his other brothers, save Lynceus of Argos, when they were slain on their wedding night
by their wives who obeyed the command of their father King Danaus of Libya. Lycus was
the son of Aegyptus by Argyphia, a woman of royal blood and thus full brother of Lynceus,
Proteus, Enceladus, Busiris and Daiphron.[6] In some accounts, he could be a son of
Aegyptus either by Eurryroe, daughter of the river-god Nilus,[7] or Isaie, daughter of King
Agenor of Tyre.[8] Lycus married the Danaid Agave, daughter of Danaus and Europe.[6]
5. LÚKOS, son of Poseidon and Celaeno.[9]
6. LÚKOS, the "loudvoiced" satyr herald of Dionysus during the Indian War.[10] In secret
union, Hermes fathered him, Pherespondus and Pronomus, by Iphthime, daughter of Dorus.
[11] Eiraphiotes (i.e. Dionysus) entrusted to these three satyr brothers the dignity of 'the staff
of their wisdom-fostering father, the herald of heaven'.[12]
7. LÚKOS, son of Arrhetus and Laobie, who, together with his father and brothers, fought
under Deriades against Dionysus.[13]
8. LÚKOS, son of Pandion II and brother of King Aegeus of Athens.[14]
9. LÚKOS, son of Hyrieus and Clonia, and brother of Nycteus. He became the guardian of
Labdacus and Laius. Nycteus, unable to retrieve his daughter Antiope from Epopeus of
Sicyon, sent his brother Lycus to take her. He invaded Sicyon, killed Epopeus and gave
Antiope as a slave to his own wife, Dirce.[15]
10. LÚKOS, a descendant of the above Lycus, said to have usurped the power over Thebes.[16]
11. LÚKOS, son of Dascylus of Mysia or Mariandyne. He was hospitable towards the
Argonauts[17] and Heracles, who conquered the land of the Bebryces (Heraclea Pontica).
[18] He is apparently identical with the Lycus given as a son of Titias, brother of Priolaus
and eponym of a city.[19]
12. LÚKOS, same as Lycurgus (of Nemea).[20]
13. LÚKOS, the mortal lover of Coronis, mother of Asclepius.[21] He is otherwise commonly
known as Ischys, son of Elatus.
14. LÚKOS, a Thracian killed by Cycnus in single combat.[22]

19 Source: Lycus_(mythology)
 15. LÚKOS, a centaur at the wedding of Pirithous and Hippodamia, was killed by Pirithous.[23]
16. LÚKOS, a defender of Thebes in the war of the Seven against Thebes.[24]
17. LÚKOS and Pernis are listed by Hyginus[25] as parents of Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who
are otherwise known as sons of Ares and Astyoche.
18. LÚKOS, son of Ares and a Libyan king.[26]
19. LÚKOS, a Cretan princes as the son of King Idomeneus and Meda, probably the brother of
Orsilochus, Cleisithyra and Iphiclus. Together with the latter, they were slain by the usurper
Leucus.[27]
20. LÚKOS, one of the companions of Diomedes that were changed into birds in Italy[28]
21. LÚKOS, a lost companion of Aeneas[29]
22. LÚKOS, another companion of Aeneas, killed by Turnus.[30]
23. LÚKOS and Termerus were two notorious brigands in Caria.[31]

Lykos in rivers' names20

The following rivers are named LÚKOS (translated as “wolf”):
1. LÚKOS Lykos (Kilikien), an unidentified river to the Mediterranean Sea between Pyramos
(Ceyhan) and Pinaros (Payas Çayı or Deli Çayı) in Cilicia.
2. LÚKOS Lykos (Phrygien), a secondary river of the upper Meandros (Great Meander),
today: Çürüksu Çayı, near Laodikeia at Lykos
3. LÚKOS Lykos (Lydien), an unidentified secondary river of the Hyllus or directly the
Hermos (Gediz) in Lydia (İzmir/Manisa)
4. LÚKOS Lykos (Bithynien), an unidentified river to Pontus Euxeinos (the Black Sea) near
Heraclea Pontica
5. LÚKOS Lykos (Phrygien), a river in Phrygia, a secondary river of the upper Meandros
(Great Meander), today Çürüksu Çayı.
The name Lykos (LÚKOS) in Old Greek is documented for 6 rivers:
1. Kouris, a river to the Mediterranean sea at Cyprus (Cypros) near Kourion
2. Nahr al-Kalb, a river to the Mediterranean sea in Phoenicia (Libanon)
3. Kelkit Çayı, a river to Pontus Euxeinos (the Black Sea) near Nicopolis (Armenia)
4. Kalmius, a river to Palus Maeotis (the Asowic Sea) in Sarmatia (Ukraine)
5. Manytsch, a secondary river of the Tanais (Don) near the Thyssagetes (today's Southern
Russia)
6. Great Zab, a secondary river of the Tigris in Gordyene (Turkey)

20 Lykos_(Begriffsklärung) in German