INTEGRATION / ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION
‘’Derivative of f(x)”
Calculus 1 𝑑 𝑑
′ or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) or 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

“ integral of g(x) w/
respect to x” ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Calculus 2
∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + C
INTEGRATION
C: arbitrary constant

NOTE: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

 𝐹(𝑥): ANTI-DERIVATIVE of 𝑓(𝑥)
 𝑓(𝑥) is called the INTEGRAND and C is said to be the CONSTANT OF
INTEGRATION
EXAMPLES : Since
𝑑
1. sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , then ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑥3 = 3𝑥 2 , then ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 +C
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥 2𝑥
3. = 2𝑥 , then ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +C
𝑑𝑥 ln 2 ln 2
𝑑 1 1
4. Arctanx = , then ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Arctanx +C
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

INTEGRATION FORMULAS
1. ∫ 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , where k is any non-zero constant
2. ∫ (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛 + 𝐶 , if n ≠ -1
3. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑛+1
ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 , n= − 1
In particular, ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
5. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
6. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
7. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
8. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
9. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥
10.∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + C , where 1 ≠ 𝑎 is a positive constant
ln 𝑎
In particular, ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
11.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Arctanx +C
1+𝑥 2
1
12.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Arcsinx +C
√1−𝑥 2
1
13.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Arcsecx +C
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

EXAMPLES: Evaluate each integral.

𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
1. ∫(5𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 −8 +9 −2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
5 4 3 2

= 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶

NOTE: If the integrand is not a formula, then rewrite it into a sum of integration
formulas.

2 −4
5𝑣 2 +6 𝑣2 6
2. ∫ 4 = ∫ ( 4 + 4) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ (5𝑣 + 6𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑣 3 3
𝑣3 𝑣3 𝑣3
𝑣 5/3 𝑣 −1/3
=5( 5 )+6 ( −1 )+C
3 3

18
= 3 𝑣 5/3 − +C
𝑣 1/3

sin(2𝑥) 2 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ = tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+sin 𝑥

1 1 1−sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥

Rewrite: = = = −
1+sin 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥

cos 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 sec x tan x

6𝑥
5. ∫ 2𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
ln 6

3𝑥 2 +4
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 + Arctanx+C
𝑥 2 +1

1
3+ ( division)
𝑥2 +1

Practice Set : Evaluate each integral.

1 2
1. ∫ (𝑥 + ) √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 5/2 + 2𝑥 1/2 + 𝐶
𝑥 5

1 1 1 1
2. ∫ (6 + − ) 𝑑𝑥 6𝑥 − + +𝐶
𝑥4 𝑥2 3𝑥 3 𝑥

16
3. ∫(4𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
3

(𝑥 2 −𝑥)2 1
4. ∫ dx 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥3 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 x – cos x + C
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 tan (v) + v + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣

9𝑥 3𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +𝐶
3 ln 3

8. ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 tan x – cot x + 3x + C