ORGANIZATION

AND

MANAGEMENT

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 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
MODULE

Module No. 6: Week 6: 2nd Quarter

The Different Functional Areas of Management to Start a Small-family

Business

Learning Competencies
1. Explain the nature and role in the firm of the following functional areas of
management:
a. Human Resource Management
b. Marketing Management
c. Operations Management
d. Financial Management
e. Material and Procurement Management
f. Office Management
g. Information & Communication Technology Management

2. Explain the steps and importance of starting a family business.

Code: ABM_AOM11-IIi-39-40 (From 2016 Curriculum Guide)

Objective

The Learners should be able to acquire the nature and role in the firm with its
functional areas of management such as Human Resource Management, Marketing
Management, Operations Management, Financial Management, Material &
Procurement Management, Office Management and Information & Communication
Technology Management to start a small-family business.

Let’s Recall!

Now, let‟s go back to what we have discussed regarding the concept and nature of controlling
and its techniques. The activity below will connect you to our next topic - The Different Functional
Areas of Management to Start a Small-family Business.

Direction: You are to build a new business. This business is wholly-owned by your family. You are
tasked to develop a framework regarding managerial controlling techniques of your organization. You
have to cite one technique per functional area of management. It is also a guide to how the business
will be shaped and managed. It is a plan forces the person starting a business to examine and
understand all aspects of organizing and running it, so is an important management tool. You are
going to give explanation of your choice in three sentences per area. (5x25=125/125)

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 Managerial Controlling Techniques and
Functional Areas of Management
Explanation

1. Human Resources Management

2. Marketing Management

Five Managerial
3. Operations Management
Controlling
Techniques

4. Financial Management

5. Information and
Communications Technology
Management

Let’s Understand!

Just as different functions in the human body are performed and regulated by different organs,
different functions within a business are performed and controlled by different parts of the business.
Now, let‟s understand more about the functional areas of management.

One of the reasons for separating business operations into functional areas is to allow each to
operate within its area of expertise, thus building efficiency and effectiveness across the business as a
whole. Functional areas in a business vary according to the nature of the market and the size of the
business. For example, manufacturing companies like My Phone and Marikina Shoes have significant
Research and Development (R&D) departments in order to stay in the lead in their respective business
segments. On the other hand, retail companies may have no R&D functional area per se, but will be
heavily invested in Operations areas surrounding with Supply Chain Management.

Do you want to start a business? Then, understand these seven functional areas of management:

1. Human Resources Management

Simply put, Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to the application of management
principles to management of people in an organization. This is too simple a statement and fails to
capture the essence of human resource management.

Nature and Roles of Human Resource Management

Henry Mintzberg identified 10 roles (read functions) which managers play in organizations. A
typical manager, according to Mintzberg, acts as a monitor, disseminator, spokesperson, figure-head,
leader, liaison, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. He classifies

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these ten roles into three broad categories: first three together are called informational role, next three
constitute the interpersonal role, and the decisional role includes the remaining four.

In the same vein, one can attempt to isolate the typical functions of HRM. Eight key HRM
functions together with policies, programmes and practices have been identified, each containing
alternatives from which managers can choose. The roles are:

a. Planning: Preparing forecasts of future HR needs in the light of an organization‟s

environment, mission and objectives, strategies, and internal strengths and weaknesses,
including its structure, culture, technology and leadership.

b. Staffing: Obtaining people with the appropriate skills, abilities, knowledge and experience to
fill jobs in the work organization. Key practices are human resource planning, job analysis,
recruitment and selection.

c. Developing: Analyzing learning requirements to ensure that employees possess the

knowledge and skills to perform satisfactorily in their jobs or to advance in the organization.
Performance appraisal can identify employees‟ key skills and „competencies‟.

d. Monitoring: The design and administration of reward systems. HR practices include job
evaluation, performance appraisal, pay and benefits.

e. Maintaining: The administration and monitoring of workplace safety, health, and welfare
policies to retain a competent workforce and comply with statutory standards and regulations.

f. Managing relationships: Encompasses a range of employee involvement/participation

schemes in non-union or union work places. In a union environment, this includes negotiating
contracts and administering the collective agreement.

g. Managing change: This involves helping others to envision the future, communicating this
vision, setting clear expectations for performance and developing the capability to reorganize
people and reallocate other resources.

h. Evaluating: Designing the procedures and processes that measure, evaluate and communicate
the value-added component of HR practices and the entire HR system to the organization.

2. Marketing Management

According to Philip Kotler, “Marketing Management is the art and science of choosing target
markets and building profitable relationship with them. Marketing management is a process involving
analysis, planning, implementing and control and it covers goods, services, ideas and the goal is to
produce satisfaction to the parties involved”.

Marketing Management is both a science as well as an art. Those responsible for marketing
should have good understanding of the various concepts and practices in marketing, communication,
and analytical skills and ability to maintain effective relationship with customers, which will enable
them to plan and execute marketing plans.

Nature and Roles of Marketing Management

a. Focus on customer needs – The needs of the consumer are studied and these become the basis
of all product related activities such as designing, pricing, distribution, packaging etc.

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 b. Providing consumer satisfaction – Every organization aims at providing maximum consumer
satisfaction by understanding his needs and designing an appropriate product. The success of
an organization is directly related to the consumer satisfaction it provides.

c. Integrated Marketing Management – Marketing management is only a part of the total

managerial functions of an organization such as finance management, production
management, human resources management etc. All these functions are integrated in order to
provide maximum satisfaction to the consumer. Thus all the functional areas of an
organization are integrated.

d. Achieving organizational goals – Modern marketing states that an organization must aim at
maximizing consumer satisfaction and in the process enable itself to achieve its goals such as
growth, market share and reasonable amount of profit or return on investment.

e. Innovation – Innovation is an important tool to provide consumer satisfaction. Innovative

methods must be used to understand the consumer, design an appropriate product and offer it
to the consumer.

3. Operations Management

Operations Management is a branch that deals with managing operations and processes within the
organization. Efficacious management of operations ensures successful delivery of the project. The
operation managers optimize the operations by making judicious use of resources and capital. They
manage all the aspects related to the operations that take place in businesses. Operation Managers are
not only found in a company but also in manufacturing units. They are required to perform various
functions as a part of their job responsibilities.

Nature and Roles of Operations Management

a. Finance
Finance plays a chief role in operations management. It is essential to ensure that the
organization‟s finance has been utilized properly to carry out major functions such as the creation of
goods or services so that the customer‟s needs could be satisfied.

b. Operation
This function in operation management is mainly concerned with planning, organising, directing
and controlling all the activities of an organisation which helps in converting the raw materials and
human efforts into valuable goods and services for satisfying customer needs.

c. Strategy
Strategy in operation management refers to planning tactics that could help them to optimise the
resources and have a competitive edge over others. Business strategies imply to supply chain
configuration, sales, capacity to hold money, optimum utilisation of human resources and many more.

d. Design of the product

Incorporating innovative technologies play a crucial role in the selling of a product. Thus it is the
duty of operations manager to ensure that the product is designed catering to the market trends and
needs of the customers. The modern-day customers are more concerned about the quality of the
product than its quantity. So, the operation managers focus on producing top-notch quality products.

e. Forecasting
Forecasting refers to the process of making an estimation regarding certain events that might
occur in the future. In operation management, forecasting refers to the estimation of customer‟s
demand so that production can be done accordingly. Through this, the manager gets to know what to
produce, when to produce and how to produce in accordance with the customer‟s needs.

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 f. Supply Chain Configuration
The main motive of Supply Chain Configuration is to ensure effective management, monitoring
and controlling of all the main activities that are held in a firm. The supply chain configuration starts
from the supply of the raw materials and continues till the production of the final product and then
their selling to the customers which will satisfy their needs and wants.

g. Managing the Quality

Quality management plays an imperative role in selling a product. The operation managers
allocate the task of quality management to a team and then supervise their task. The managers identify
project defects and rectify them to ensure quality. For this, certain systems are used that measure and
maintain the quality of the product.

4. Financial Management

Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial
activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general
management principles to financial resources of the enterprise.

Nature and Roles of Financial Management

a. Estimation of capital requirements: A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to
capital requirements of the company. This will depend upon expected costs and profits and
future programmes and policies of a concern. Estimations have to be made in an adequate
manner which increases earning capacity of enterprise.

b. Determination of capital composition: Once the estimation has been made, the capital
structure have to be decided. This involves short- term and long- term debt equity analysis.
This will depend upon the proportion of equity capital a company is possessing and additional
funds which have to be raised from outside parties.

c. Choice of sources of funds: For additional funds to be procured, a company has many choices
like:
1. Issue of shares and debentures
2. Loans to be taken from banks and financial institutions
3. Public deposits to be drawn like in form of bonds.
Choice of factor will depend on relative merits and demerits of each source and
period of financing.

d. Investment of funds: The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds into profitable
ventures so that there is safety on investment and regular returns is possible.

e. Disposal of surplus: The net profits decision has to be made by the finance manager. This can
be done in two ways:
1. Dividend declaration - It includes identifying the rate of dividends and other
benefits like bonus.
2. Retained profits - The volume has to be decided which will depend upon
expansional, innovational, diversification plans of the company.

f. Management of cash: Finance manager has to make decisions with regards to cash
management. Cash is required for many purposes like payment of wages and salaries,
payment of electricity and water bills, payment to creditors, meeting current liabilities,
maintainance of enough stock, purchase of raw materials, etc.

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 g. Financial controls: The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and utilize the funds
but he also has to exercise control over finances. This can be done through many techniques
like ratio analysis, financial forecasting, cost and profit control, etc.

5. Material and Procurement Management

Basic functionality of materials management includes various factors such as supply, material
pricing, and usage. Taking a more in-depth look at the functions of materials management and how it
is advantageous to your supply chain can enable your production facility to locate areas where aid is
needed. The nature and roles of materials management include the following:

a. Production Control - As production schedules are generated through demand analysis, the
materials that are needed are determined. It is important to find readily available materials to
make sure that production flows smoothly.
b. Purchasing - As production management hands off the materials that are needed, the parts are
then purchased from various and frequent suppliers. Locating quality materials at a reasonable
price can reduce overall cost within the materials management process.
c. Transportation - Arrangement of transportation has to be done in a quick and efficient
manner. The type of transportation can vary based off of the operation, depending on how
frequently materials are bought.
d. Receiving - This area of materials management takes the initiative in unloading and counting
materials. This is where the parts are distributed to the correct locations and where the process
ends.

6. Office Management

Office management refers to the process of planning, organizing, guiding, communicating,

directing, coordinating and controlling the activities of a group of people who are working to achieve
business objectives efficiently and economically.

Nature and Roles of Office Management

It is not enough for any office to carry on its basic functions only. In addition to these basic
functions, the office has to perform several auxiliary functions of vital importance. The auxiliary
functions are more important than primary functions. It is only the auxiliary functions, which ensure
the very existence and purpose of an office. These functions, in fact, help in the performance of the
basic functions of an office:

a. Organizing the office

Organizing the office on modem lines involves performing the management functions of
planning, organizing, directing and controlling. In other words, the office work must be properly
planned, organized and then executed according to the plan. A proper control must be exercised
over the office activities and also over the affairs of different employees and departments. Besides
them, activities must be effectively coordinated.

b. Laying down office routines and systems

For steady and undisturbed performance of the office work, the office should develop definite
Routine Systems and Procedures. Since all the jobs in the office are interdependent and
interrelated, there should be proper sequencing of routine for each type of work. This is possible
only when proper systems etc. are laid down.

c. Form designing and control

A form is a standardized record, which is used to accumulate and transact information for
reference purposes. These forms serve as a storehouse of Information. Since the office work is
largely paper work, the forms used should be properly designed so as to furnish the required

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 information in an appropriate manner. It is the duty of the office management to design the forms
that can be used in various departments.

d. Procurement and supply of stationery

It is stated already that office work is mostly paper work. To carry on the office work,
stationery of suitable quality should be supplied to the clerical staff and others in required
quantities. The office should arrange for the procurement of the necessary stationery and issue
them to all departments on the basis of their need.

e. Selection and purchase of office appliances and equipment

In every office, the management should provide suitable furniture to its staff so that they
can perform their work conveniently. Besides, modem devices like telephone, calculators,
typewriters, Dictaphones etc. are extensively used now-a-days.

7. Information and Communication Technology Management

ICT management is the discipline whereby all of the information technology resources of a firm
are managed in accordance with its needs and priorities. These resources may include tangible
investments like computer hardware, software, data, networks and data centre facilities, as well as the
staff who are hired to maintain them.

Managing this responsibility within a company entails many of the basic management functions,
like budgeting, staffing, change management, and organizing and controlling, along with other aspects
that are unique to technology, like software design, network planning, tech support, etc.

Nature and Roles of ICT Management

a. Manage information technology and computer systems

b. Plan, organize, control and evaluate IT and electronic data operations
c. Manage IT staff by recruiting, training and coaching employees, communicating job
expectations and appraising their performance
d. Design, develop, implement and coordinate systems, policies and procedures
e. Ensure security of data, network access and backup systems
f. Act in alignment with user needs and system functionality to contribute to organizational
policy.

Importance of Starting a Small-family Business

Starting a small business is a big step for anyone to take, as it may require leaving the comfort
and security of a regular job for a more uncertain financial future. Small business success may also
require a great deal of planning, enough initial capital to sustain the owner during the start-up period
and possibly a bit of luck. These are a few key reasons why people make the decision to start a small
business.

A. Income Potential
When you start your own business, you have the opportunity to earn an unlimited income
based on your own efforts and the success or failure of the enterprise. This differs from working
for a company where your income may be limited by a salary structure or the evaluation of your
performance by your superiors.

B. Pursuing a Passion
Starting your own business allows you to make a living while pursuing something for
which you have a strong passion. You may have a special talent, such as writing, playing music or
repairing automobiles that you've enjoyed as a hobby. By turning it into a business, you may find
more enjoyment and fulfillment in your work life that can lead to a happier life in general.

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 C. A Good Idea
You may have an idea for a product or service that meets an unfulfilled need in the
marketplace. By turning your idea into a business, you can be the first to meet that need which
can result in a profitable venture. You could profit even more by teaching your idea to others or
by creating a business model, which you can turn into a franchise.

D. New Lifestyle
Starting a business can be a way for those who are tired of the "9-to-5" grind to leave the
corporate world and enter into a more flexible lifestyle. Depending on the type of business you
choose, you may be able to work a more flexible schedule, which can allow you to spend more
time with family and friends. A business can also appeal to those who enjoy making their own
decisions without direction from others.

E. Self-Expression
Owning a business allows you to be more creative and express yourself. You are not
restricted by having to follow a set work methodology, and you're free to change your work
processes if you wish. You can also create additional products or services to meet customer
demands.

Steps in Starting a Small-family Business

Here are 10 steps that are required to start a business successfully. Take one step at a time,
and you'll be on your way to successful small business ownership.

Step 1: Do Your Research

Most likely you have already identified a business idea, so now it's time to balance it with a
little reality. Does your idea have the potential to succeed? You will need to run your business idea
through a validation process before you go any further.

Step 2: Make a Plan

You need a plan in order to make your business idea a reality. A business plan is a blueprint
that will guide your business from the start-up phase through establishment and eventually business
growth, and it is a must-have for all new businesses.

Step 3: Plan Your Finances

Starting a small business doesn't have to require a lot of money, but it will involve some
initial investment as well as the ability to cover ongoing expenses before you are turning a profit. Put
together a spreadsheet that estimates the one-time startup costs for your business (licenses and
permits, equipment, legal fees, insurance, branding, market research, inventory, trademarking, grand
opening events, property leases, etc.), as well as what you anticipate you will need to keep your
business running for at least 12 months (rent, utilities, marketing and advertising, production,
supplies, travel expenses, employee salaries, your own salary, etc.).

Step 4: Choose a Business Structure

Your small business can be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, a limited liability company
(LLC) or a corporation. The business entity you choose will impact many factors from your business
name, to your liability, to how you file your taxes.

Step 5: Pick and Register Your Business Name

Your business name plays a role in almost every aspect of your business, so you want it to be
a good one. Make sure you think through all of the potential implications as you explore your options
and choose your business name.

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Step 6: Get Licenses and Permits
Paperwork is a part of the process when you start your own business. There are a variety of
small business licenses and permits that may apply to your situation, depending on the type of
business you are starting and where you are located. You will need to research what licenses and
permits apply to your business during the start-up process.

Step 7: Choose Your Accounting System

Small businesses run most effectively when there are systems in place. One of the most
important systems for a small business is an accounting system. Your accounting system is necessary
in order to create and manage your budget, set your rates and prices, conduct business with others,
and file your taxes. You can set up your accounting system yourself, or hire an accountant to take
away some of the guesswork. If you decide to get started on your own, make sure you consider these
questions that are vital when choosing accounting software.

Step 8: Set Up Your Business Location

Setting up your place of business is important for the operation of your business, whether you
will have a home office, a shared or private office space, or a retail location. You will need to think
about your location, equipment, and overall setup, and make sure your business location works for the
type of business you will be doing. You will also need to consider if it makes more sense to buy or
lease your commercial space.

Step 9: Get Your Team Ready

If you will be hiring employees, now is the time to start the process. Make sure you take the
time to outline the positions you need to fill, and the job responsibilities that are part of each position.
The Small Business Administration has an excellent guide to hiring your first employee that is useful
for new small business owners.

Step 10: Promote Your Small Business

Once your business is up and running, you need to start attracting clients and customers.
You'll want to start with the basics by writing a unique selling proposition (USP) and creating a
marketing plan. Then, explore as many small business marketing ideas as possible so you can decide
how to promote your business most effectively.

Let’s Apply!
Now, let‟s magnify our knowledge on the different functional areas of management which
help to start a business by responding on the activities below!

Direction: Identify each statement below by whether it is HRM – Human Resource Management, MM
– Marketing Management, FM - Financial Management, OPM - Operations Management, MPM –
Materials and Procurement Management, OFM – Office Management or ICTM – Information and
Communications Technology Management. (10x2=20/20)

1. Act in alignment with user needs and system functionality to contribute to organizational
policy.
2. The office should arrange for the procurement of the necessary stationery and issue them to
all departments on the basis of their need.
3. The design and administration of reward systems. HR practices include job evaluation,
performance appraisal, pay and benefits.
4. Innovative methods must be used to understand the consumer, design an appropriate product
and offer it to the consumer.
5. This involves short- term and long- term debt equity analysis.

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 6. Through this, the manager gets to know what to produce, when to produce and how to
produce in accordance with the customer‟s needs.
7. Arrangement of transportation has to be done in a quick and efficient manner.
8. Plan, organize, control and evaluate IT and electronic data operations.
9. For steady and undisturbed performance of the office work, the office should develop definite
Routine Systems and Procedures.
10. This involves helping others to envision the future, communicating this vision, setting clear
expectations for performance and developing the capability to reorganize people and
reallocate other resources.

Let’s Analyze!
Small businesses are important because they provide opportunities for entrepreneurs and
create meaningful jobs with greater job satisfaction than positions with larger, traditional companies.
They foster local economies, keeping money close to home and supporting neighborhood and
communities. To encompass our understanding, let‟s analyze the importance of small businesses by
responding the activity below!

Direction: You are to put up a small business. You have already known the different functional areas
of management to be used to operate your business. To further understand of what you are putting up,
you have to recognize first its importance. The framework below is where you put the importance of
starting a small-family business. State in four sentences your reasons as to why you decide to put-up a
small business. (5x25=125/125)

Importance of Starting a Small-family

Reasons of Putting-up a Business
Business

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 Let’s Evaluate!
Small businesses provide opportunities for entrepreneurs, jobs for neighbors and gathering
places for communities. They're rooted in the landscape where they grow, and they give back vitality
and sustenance. Although running a small business involves taking greater risks than working for a
large, established company, the rewards are both quantitative and qualitative, including broad-based
prosperity and a web of symbiotic relationships. Now, let‟s get ourselves evaluated with the Steps in
Starting a Small-family Business.

Direction: The statements below are the steps in starting a small-family business. Choose the correct
answer from the box below which corresponds to each statement. Write your answer on the provided
space. (10x3=30/30)

1. Do Your Research 5. Pick and Register Your Business Name 8. Set Up Your Business Location

2. Make a Plan 6. Get Licenses and Permits 9. Get Your Team Ready

3. Plan Your Finances 7. Choose Your Accounting System 10. Promote Your Small Business

4. Choose a Business Structure

1. You'll want to start with the basics by writing a unique selling

proposition (USP) and creating a marketing plan.
2. The Small Business Administration has an excellent guide to
hiring your first employee that is useful for new small business
owners.
3. You will also need to consider if it makes more sense to buy or
lease your commercial space.
4. If you decide to get started on your own, make sure you consider
these questions that are vital when choosing accounting software.
5. You will need to research what licenses and permits apply to
your business during the start-up process.
6. Your business name plays a role in almost every aspect of your
business, so you want it to be a good one.
7. The business entity you choose will impact many factors from
your business name, to your liability, to how you file your taxes.
8. Starting a small business doesn't have to require a lot of money,
but it will involve some initial investment as well as the ability to
cover on-going expenses before you are turning a profit.
9. You need a plan in order to make your business idea a reality.
10. You will need to run your business idea through a validation
process before you go any further.

Have you learned something new today? See you on the next module! Stay safe and healthy!

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 The content of this module is adapted and taken from the different websites and books.
The module writer is in a heartfelt gratitude to the following references and its authors:

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areas-of-management

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ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT (Grade XI)
Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 - Module 6: The Different Functional Areas of Management to Start a
Small-family Business
First Edition, 2020

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of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
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Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Christian Jake T. Laspiñas

Editor: Pastor J. Valcorza, CPA, PhD.
Reviewer: Emma R. Cunanan, EdD. – EPS in Mathematics
Layout Artist: Christian Jake T. Laspiñas
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Director IV
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS
Evangeline P. Ladines, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent
Bernardo N. Mascariña, Curriculum Implementation Division Chief
Rodel C. Apostol, Division EPS In Charge of LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City

Telefax: 02-929-0153
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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