PHYSICS 1: Physics Fundamental 1

Dynamics in One Dimension

FORCES
- Newton’s Law of
Motion A FORCES is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction with another
- Weight object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the
- Tension objects. When the interaction ceases, the two object no longer experience the force. Forces only
- Normal Forces exist as a result of an interaction.
- Friction
Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton. A
- Drag Force
- Apparent Weight Newton is abbreviated by an "N." To say "10.0 N" means 10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is
- Bouyant Force the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s.
- Free-body Diagram Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated: 1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2

 NONCONTACT FORCES  CONTACT FORCES

= Non-contact forces are forces that = Contact forces are forces that are exerted by contacting of two surfaces.
do not require any physical connection For an example, the forces acting on each other when one object is kept on
between the two objects involved. top of another are contact forces. In this case, contact forces arise to balance
Non-contact forces can also be out gravity, a non-contact force. Contact forces also occur when two objects
represented in vectors fields. collide. Under collisions, the contact forces create impulses. Friction and
Gravitational force, Magnetic force, viscosity are two good examples for contact forces. For contact forces, the
and electric force are some examples effect of the force takes place immediately after the force is applied.
of non-contact forces. Since non-
contact forces are forces acting on a 1. SPRING FORCE (Fspring)
distance, there is a time gap between - The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring
a cause and an effect. For an example, upon any object that is attached to it. An object that compresses or stretches
if an electromagnet is stopped, the a spring is always acted upon by a force that restores the object to its rest or
objects attracted to the magnet at a equilibrium position. For most springs (specifically, for those that are said to
distance will feel a very small time lag. obey "Hooke's Law"), the magnitude of the force is directly proportional to
The lag experienced is equal to the the amount of stretch or compression of the spring.
time taken for light to reach the point 2. BUOYANT FORCE
from the object. If the sun vanishes - Buoyant force refers to the amount of pressure exerted on a particular object
from where it is now, the earth would when placed on some kind of fluid. In scientific terms, fluids may either be
feel the effect only after 8 minutes liquid or gas. This concept is based on the Archimedes principle that the force
(time taken for sun light to come to acting on an object in a liquid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
the surface of the earth). This simply means that a particular object must be able to displace more fluid
when compared to its own weight for it to float. If such object is said to be
1. GRAVITY FORCE (Fgrav) denser, it will then sink.
- (also known as Weight). The force 3. APPLIED FORCE (Fapp)
of gravity is the force with which - An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another
the earth, moon, or other object. If a person is pushing a desk across the room, then there is an applied
massively large object attracts force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on the
another object towards itself. By desk by the person.
definition, this is the weight of 4. NORMAL FORCE (Fnorm)
the object. All objects upon earth - The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in
experience a force of gravity that contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a
is directed "downward" towards surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order
the center of the earth. The force to support the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted
of gravity on earth is always equal horizontally between two objects that are in contact with each other. For
to the weight of the object as instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on the
found by the equation: person.
- Fgrav = m * g 5. FRICTION FORCE (Ffrict)
where g = 9.8 N/kg (on Earth) - The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across
and m = mass (in kg) it or makes an effort to move across it. There are at least two types of friction
2. MAGNETIC FORCE force - sliding and static friction. Though it is not always the case, the friction
- Magnetic force, attraction or force often opposes the motion of an object. The maximum amount of
repulsion that arises between friction force that a surface can exert upon an object can be calculated using
electrically charged particles the formula below:
because of their motion. It is the Ffrict = µ • Fnorm
basic force responsible for such 6. AIR RESISTANCE FORCE (Fair)
effects as the action of electric - The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon objects as
motors and the attraction of they travel through the air. The force of air resistance is often observed to
magnets for iron. Electric forces oppose the motion of an object. This force will frequently be neglected due
exist among stationary electric to its negligible magnitude (and due to the fact that it is mathematically
charges; both electric and difficult to predict its value). It is most noticeable for objects that travel at
magnetic forces exist among high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with large
moving electric charges. The surface areas.
magnetic force between two 7. TENSION FORCE (Ftens)
moving charges may be described - The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable
as the effect exerted upon either or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The
charge by a magnetic field tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the
created by the other. objects on the opposite ends of the wire.
PHYSICS 1: Physics Fundamental 1
MASS VS WEIGHT
Mass Weight
Definition Mass is the quantity of matter in a body regardless of Weight is a measurement ofthe gravitational force acting on
its volume or of any forces acting on it an object.
Effect of Gravity Mass always constant at any place and any time The Weight of an object depends on the gravity at that place
Unit of Measurement Mass is expressed in kilogram (kg), grams (g), and Weight is expressed in Newton (N)
milligram (mg)
Balance used for Mass is measured using a pan balance, a triple beam Weight is measured using a spring balance.
measurement balance or electronic balance.
Type of quantity Scalar and base quantity Vector and derived quantity

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

- The relation between motion and force was first discovered by Newton. His discoveries are summarized in three laws of motion.

 First Law: Law of Inertia

o Every object continues to remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless a force acts on it to change its state. ∑F = 0 then a = 0.
 Second Law: Law of Acceleration
o The acceleration of a body is directly proportional and is in the same direction as the net force applied to it and is inversely proportional to
the mass of the body. It can be written mathematically as: a = F / m then, F = ma
o Where: F = net force
a = acceleration
m = mass of the body
o Force = Weight, then W = mg
Where: W = weight of the object, the gravitational force on an object
m = mass of the object
g = acceleration due to gravity

Example 1:
Neglecting friction, determine the horizontal force needed to
accelerate a 25-kg grocery cart from rest to a velocity of 0.45 m/s
in 1.35 seconds.

Given:
m = 25 kg
vo = 0
SOLUTION: v = 0.45 m/s
= The cart has no vertical motion
t = 1.35 secs
because there is no unbalanced
force acting in the y direction. Find: Fx (horizontal force)
W = FN
= FN is the force exerted by the
floor on the cart (called the
𝑣−𝑣𝑜
Normal Force). The cart moves ax =
𝑡
toward the x direction because of 0.45 𝑚/𝑠
the unbalanced force Fx. To = 1.35 𝑠
determine Fx, apply Newton’s = 0.33 m/s/s
second Law.
Fx = ma
Unbalanced force F = ma Fx = (25 kg) (0.33 m/s2)
Unbalanced force Fx = max Fx = 8.25 N
PHYSICS 1: Physics Fundamental 1
Solution: b. For m2
Motion is also upward and accelerates at the same
Consider each
rate as m1 because they are connected.
crate as a free
body and draw Unbalanced force = m2ay
the forcces = T2 – W2
m2ay = T2 – W2
acting on each.
W2 = m2g = 40 kg (9.8 m/s2)
a. For m1 = 392 N
Since the direction of motion is upward, then
M2ay = T2 – W2
accelreation ay is also upward.
40 kg (0.30 m/s2) = T2 – 392 N
Unbalanced force = may 12 N = T2 – 392 N
Example 1:
= T1 – T2 – W1 12 N + 392 N = T2
The two crates, 40 kg and 60 kg, are to
m 1 ay = T 1 – T 2 – W 1 T2 = 404 N
be accelerated upward to a ship at the
rate of 0.30 m/s2. Determine the W = m1g = 60 kg (9.8 m/s2)
tension in each rope. = 588 N Substitute this value of T2 in the equation
Given:
m 1 ay = T 1 – T 2 – W 1 T1 – T2 = 606 N
m1 = 60 kg
60 kg (0.30 m/s2) = T1 – T2 – 588 N T1 – 404 N = 606 N
m2 = 40 kg
18 N = T1 – T2 – 588 N T1 = 606 N + 404 N
ay = 0.30 m/s2
18 N + 588 N = T1 – T2 T1 = 1,010 N
Find: T1 and T2 606 N = T1 – T2

 Third Law: Law of Interaction Newton’s third law shows

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If one object A exerts a force on a second that forces always occur in
object B, B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. pairs.
o The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in (1) The force exerted
direction. In all cases, the action and reaction forces act on different objects and by the hammer on
must be of the same type. the nail is equal to
The mathematical expression of this law is and opposite the
F = -F or F = -F
A B 1 2 force exerted by
The negative sign indicates an the nail on the
opposite direction hammer.

1. Three blocks on a Answer: A

frictionless table The string of blocks
are connected by will be accelerarting
two strings with at 1 m/s2, therefore
negligible mass. the 2 kg block must
Which arrangement experience a net
will minimize the force of 2 N, while
tension in the two the 1 kg blocks
strings (T1 + T2)? experience 1 N.

2. Three blocks are now arranged vertically as shown. A 40 N force is

applied to the top block to prevent the blocks from falling. Which
arrangement will minimize the tension in the two strings (T1 + T2)?
Assume g = 10 m/s2

Answer: A
When the 2 kg block is on top, there is less
tension in the string below it. The tension of a
string only depends on the mass of the blocks
below it. The net force on each of the small
blocks is 10 N, and 20 N on the larger block.
PHYSICS 1: Physics Fundamental 1
FRICTION
 Friction exists between surfaces of two bodies in contact. These two bodies exert forces on each other; they
tend to stick together and resist motion. This force that tends to oppose motion is called Friction Force.
 Friction arises because no surface is perfectly smooth. Even the smoothest-looking surface is quite rough
when examined under a high-power microscope.
 Friction is created due to the interlocking of bumps and irregularities on the surfaces of sliding objects.
 Friction is also due to the attraction between the atomic or molecular particles of the two surfaces in
contact.
 The nature of the friction force depends on the type of motion that occurs between two surfaces.
1. For bodies at Rest
- If there is no relative motion between two bodies, the type of friction force that exists between their
contact surfaces is called STATIC FRICTION.
2. For bodies in Sliding Motion
- The type of friction force that opposes sliding motion is called KINETIC FRICTION. This type is weaker
than static friction.
3. For bodies in Rolling Motion
- Rollers or wheels are used to minimize friction between contact surfaces. The friction force that exists in
rolling motion is called ROLLING FRICTION. This is the weakest frictional force that opposes motion.

 Experimental results have shown that friction has

the following properties:
1. The friction force is parallel to the contact surface. For example, the friction force between
2. For a given pair of surfaces, it has been found that
glass and glass is different from the
friction force is proportional to the normal force
between the two surfaces. friction force between glass and wood.
3. Its direction is always opposite to the direction of
motion.
Friction force is less when roads are
4. Its magnitude depends on the nature of the wet than when they are dry.
materials and condition of the surface in contact
(rough, smooth, dry, or wet).

The friction is related to the Where:

normal force by the equation: Ff = friction force
μ = coeffecient of friction: its value depends on the nature of the two
Ff = μ FN surfaces in contact
FN = normal force

Example: Determine the horizontal Solution: ax =

𝑣−𝑣𝑜
μ k = F r ÷ FN Fr = μ k FN
There is an unbalanced 𝑡
force needed to accelerate a 25-kg 0.45 𝑚 FN = W = 0.15 (245 N)
force that acts on the cart. −0
grocery cart from rest to 0.45 m/s in = 𝑠
= mg = 36.75 N
It pulls the cart in the x 1.3 𝑠
1.3 secs if the coefficient of friction = 25 kg (9.8 m/s/)
direction. (horizontal = 0.35
between the cart and the floor is 0.15. = 245 FN
motion) m/s2
Unbalanced force F = ma x (a)
Given: Unbalanced force F = Fx – fr (b)
Using equation c. Find Fx
m = 25 kg vo = 0 Since the equation (a) and 25 kg (0.35 m/s/s) = Fx – 36.75 N
v = 0.45 m/s t = 1.3 secs (b) are the same, then, 8.75 N + 36.75 N = Fx
μ = 0.15
max = Fx – fr (c) Fx = 45.5 N
Find: Fx (horizontal force)

AIR RESISTANCE As an object falls freely, its velocity increases. Sooner or later the weight of
Air is another source of the falling body equals the upward force exerted on it by the air and then the
friction. This friction is called air friction Why does a net force on the body is zero. The body has reached a constant terminal
parachutist
or air resistance. velocity (the velocity acquired by a freely falling object when its weight equals
- Air friction depends on the fall slowly
to the the upward force exerted by air) whose magnitude depends on its weight and
size and shape of the object
ground shape. The higher the terminal velocity, the greater is the destructive effect
and also on its velocity. In
order to reduce air resistance
when his on the falling body when it strikes the ground.
parachute
at high speeds, it is necessary
opens? If raindrops were not limited by terminal velocity, they would
to change the shape of the
object. This process is called cause disastrous effects when they strike objects on the ground. They
streamlining. would be like bullets fired from a gun. 
PHYSICS 1: Physics Fundamental 1

Example: A 1,500-kg car is Solution:

ascending the ramp of a Given: The weight of the car has two components Wy and Wx.
garage inclined at 100 with m = 1,500 kg
constant speed when the Ꝋ = 600 Wy = FN (force that presses the two surfaces together) because
force applied is P. μ = 0.70 there is no vertical motion
Find: P Wy = W cos Ꝋ
Determine the magnitude
of force P if μ = 0.70. W = mg
= 1 500 kg (9.8 m/s/s)
W = 14 700 N
Wy = 14 700 N (0.985) Unbalanced force F = max
= 14 479.5 N Unbalanced force F = P – Fr - Wx
FN = 14 479.5 N
max = P – Fr - Wx
Fr = μ k FN ax = 0 since the car is moving at
= 0.70 (14 479.5 N) constant speed
= 10 135.65 N
0 = P – Fr - Wx
Wx = W sin Ꝋ P = Fr + Wx
= 14 700 N (0.174) P = Fr - Wx
Wx = 2 557.8 N = 10 135.65 N + 2 557.8 N
P = 12 693.45 N

Example: Determine the Given: Solution:

constant force necessary to MA = 25 kg A. Unbalanced F acting on the system = total mass x asystem
MB = 18 kg F – fk–WB = (mA + mB) asystem
move the 18-kg load B
fk = μ FN = μ WA
upward with an acceleration μ = 0.22
WA = mA g B. Consider load A as a free body
of 0.6 m/s2. What is the a = 0.6 m/s2 = 25 kg (9.8 m/s2) Unbalanced F on load A = mA aA
tension in the cord? Find: a) F b) T
WA = 245 N F – T – f s = m A aA
F – T – fs = 25 kg (0.6 m/s2)
fk = μ FN 256.1 N – T – 53.9 N = 15 N
= (0.22) (245 N) T = 187.2 N
fk = 53.9 N
Unbalanced F on load B = mB aB
WB = mB g T – WB = mB aB
2
= 18 kg (9.8 m/s ) T - 176.4 N = 18 kg (0.6 m/s2)
WB = 176.4 N T = 187.2 N

F – fk–WB = (mA + mB) asystem

F – 53.9 N – 176.4 N = (25 kg + 18 kg) (0.6 m/s2)
F – 230.3 N = 25.7 N
F = 256.1 N

If you ask why things move as they do, the answer that you would
probably get is, because there are forces that push or pull them.
Forces is always rescognized by the motions that result but
this does not mean that force exists only on moving objects.
A force that causes an object to move is called
the net (unbalanced) force. If you examine fig. C, you will
note that force W, the weight of the box, is balance by the
force FN exerted by the floor on the box. The figure also
shows that there is no force that balances Fl, is the net
force in the system --- one that creates motion on the box.
In fig. A force W (weight of the book) is balanced by FN
(the force exerted by the table on the book). Fig. B, the
weight of the load W, is balanced by T, the force on the
string that pulls the load up.
Figures A and B are examples of systems that are in static
A B C
equilibrium. Static means “at rest” while equilibrium refers
v g
to “a state of balance”. Therefore static equilibrium is a
Fig. A and B show that forces also act on objects that are not moving.
condition in which all forces acting on the body are
What do you think is the difference between forces acting on objects that are
balanced, causing the body to remain motionless.
in motion and those that are at rest?
PHYSICS 1: Physics Fundamental 1

SOURCE - _________
EXAMPLES:
1. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two other
cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make angles of 370 and
530 with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the three cables.
(A) A traffic light suspended by cables
(B) A free-body diagram for the traffic light
(C) A free-body diagram for the knot joining the cables

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