Unit.

3 ICT Skills
Introduction to ICT

To store Data we use many methods like writing on paper, recording or we can type the content in
digital format. All these are used to store data. Some data are stored in digital format in mobiles,
computers or any other digital devices; these devices are called ICT (information and communication
technology) devices. In this section, we will read about the functioning of some devices which we
use in daily life.

ICT at Workplace

ICT is a very important part of the workplace. Almost all the sectors of the economy use ICT to store
information and for the transaction of money. Nowadays all the information is being digitalised as it
is very easy to send to many people in a very little time.

At the workplace, we use different programs to complete our tasks like in banking we use ICT for
maintaining records of people and for the transaction of money. In the same manner, we use
computers for editing videos, booking tickets, animating, recording, storing data etc.

ICT at Home

ICT has also become a part of our home appliances. These days Television is very common in every
house for entertainment and Mobile for calling. Now mobile is also used for online classes.
Smartphones with internet connections are very helpful to stay connected with our friends, family
through Facebook, Instagram etc.

Examples of ICT uses in different sectors

Agriculture: Activities related to research and development

Beauty and Wellness: Use for Training programmes

Banking and Finance: Storing data and for the secure transaction of money

Health Care: Research and development of health facilities

ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets - I

Smartphone: Once the mobile phone was only used for talking but nowadays smartphones came
into existence. With smartphones we can purchase things online, we can play games, watch movies,
make a video call, book a ticket and many more things. Android, IOS and Windows are some
common operating systems of smartphones.

Tablet: Tablet is also like a smartphone. It has a wider screen. Some activities like reading and
watching movies need a wider screen so we use tablets. It can do almost all the things that a
computer does.
TV and Radio: TV and Radio are used as ICT tools for a long time. Radio is used to broadcast only
sound. TV is used to broadcast both sound and video. It is the easiest way to reach a large number of
people at a time.

Applications or apps: Apps are just like a program on the computer. different apps have different
functions. Some apps are already present on phones or tablets. There are many apps present in an
online stores like google play store and Apple App Store. We can purchase or download it free of
cost.

ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets — II

Mobile device layout

Power Button: used to start and shut down

Screen: on which we perform functions

Back Button: used to back screen

Microphone: Used while talking

Menu Button: Used to show options

Home Button: It brings back the home screen

Earpiece: used to listen to the voice on calls

Volume Button: Used to increase or decrease sound

Basic features of a mobile device

Bluetooth: Short-range wireless connectivity

Rechargeable Battery: To power up device

Wi-Fi: To connect local area network or internet

Cellular Network: Provides network to Call, send messages and connect with internet

GPS: to provide location services

Home Screen of a Mobile Device

Top: It s a status bar that displays icons of the network, wifi, battery level etc.

Middle: the main part of the screen on which we do all tasks.

Bottom: It has a back, recent and home button

Basic Gesture use

Tap: to select

Tap and hold: It acts like right-click on the mouse which shows options

Pinch: to Zoom in or out

Double-tap: to Zoom

Parts of a Computer and Peripherals

Input Device: Device through which we input data in a computer. Like- Mouse, Keyboard

Keyboard

Types of keys on Keyboard

1. Function keys: Keys from F1 to F12 which performs special functions

2. Control Keys: Ctrl, Alt, Tab, Shift are control keys

3. Enter Key: to enter the data

4. Navigation Key: The four arrow keys(Up, Down, Left, Right) are navigation keys

5. Command Keys: Delete and backspace are command keys.

6. Windows Keys: It opens the start menu

Pointing Devices:

Mouse: It allows to control the pointer of the mouse on the screen and select icons.

Joystick: It is commonly used for video games

Light pen: used to make graphic designs

Graphic Tablet: It allows you to write on the screen.

Touchscreen: To send touch signals to a computer

Trackball: It is just like a mouse but used for special purpose

Scanner: It scans the document and converts it into digital form

MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader used to read Cheques in Banks.

OCR: Optical Character Reader to convert books and prints to electronic form

OMR: Optical Mark Reader used to detect marks on paper of MCQ type exams
Barcode Reader: It is used to read barcodes on different things like books, food packets etc

Microphone (Mic): To Input audio

Web Camera: to input Video

Biometric Sensor: To input Fingerprints

Smart Card Reader: It reads Credit and Debit Cards

Output Devices

Output Devices are used to get the output of the task done on the computer. First of All, we input
some data and then it goes into processing after all we get the final result.

We get output from these devices: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker, Headphone, Projector, Speach
Synthesizer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the part of the computer which carries out all the tasks. It mainly processes the input data and
gives the output data.

ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit carries out all logical and arithmetic tasks like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, <,>,= etc.

Control Unit (CU): It mainly coordinates with input and output devices.

Motherboard

A motherboard also referred to as a system board, is the main circuit board inside a computer. It
connects input, processing and output devices.

Computer Memory

It is a storage area where all the data is stored.

Primary Memory

RAM: Random Access Memory is an internal memory that is volatile means no data is saved in RAM.
Only tasks are carried out in this memory.

ROM: Read Only Memory stores all the data. It is non Volatile that means once data is saved it
remains there until you delete it.

Secondary Memory

It is an external device to store data. Example: Pendrives, CDs, External Hard Disk Drive, Memory
Card etc.

Key Concepts

• 8 bits make a byte

• 1024 bytes make a kilobyte(KB).

• 1024 KB make 1 megabyte (MB)

• 1024 megabyte make 1 gigabyte (GB)

• 1024 gigabytes make 1 terabyte (TB)

Ports and connections

The slots in which we connect a mouse, keyboard, pen drive, internet etc.

USB: Universal Serial Bus Port used to connect a mouse, keyboard pen drives

Display Port: It connects video devices like Monitor and Projector

Audio Ports: It is used to connect audio devices like Mic, Speakers

Ethernet Port: It connects to high-speed internet

Power Port: It is used to connect the power supply.

Basic Computer Operations

Computer hardware: The physical part of a computer which we can touch like monitor, CPU, UPS,
keyboard, Mouse etc are the hardware of the computer.

Software: The part that we cannot see or touch like programmes on a computer. The software
makes hardware work or interacts with humans. The most important software is OS (Operating
System). It starts working as soon as we start the computer. Example: Windows, Ubuntu, Linux etc.

Starting a computer

To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the Windows operating
system and display the Windows desktop on the monitor.

Basic functions performed when a computer starts

When we start the computer, it runs automatically a basic program BIOS which self tests. If
everything is ok then it runs OS and finally, the computer starts.

Login and logout

When multiple users use the same computer and want to secure their data separately then they can
create login IDs. each one has a different password to start the computer and after completing the
task logout is done.

Shutting down a computer

It is a process to turn off the computer. To shut down the computer in Ubuntu by clicking “Systems”
at the top right and then click on Shut Down. In windows, we can click Alt+F4 to shut down the
computer.
Files and folders

File: All information are kept in files. Files have names and extensions. Different files have different
extensions to identify the file types. Ex- .txt for text document, .jpeg for image, .avi for video etc

Folder: It is a location where a group of files can be stored. We can create a no. of folders inside the
folder. A folder within folded is called a subfolder.

Communication and Networking — Basics of Internet

Internet is a huge network of computers around the world. World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection
of all websites we visit on the internet.

Uses Of Internet

• Search information

• Shopping

• Online booking

• Entertainment

• E-mail and chatting

• Online learning

• Social networking

• Online banking

Connecting to the Internet

An Internet Service Provider (ISP)─i.e., the telephone company which provides Internet connectivity
using the phone lines or a wireless network.

Types of connections

(a) Wired connections: When the internet is connected through a wired medium like ethernet cable.

(b) Wireless connection: When the internet is connected through a wireless medium like Wifi.

Bandwidth: The amount of data transferred in a certain amount of time. In analogue devices, the
bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). Data transferred digitally is measured by
bits per second (bps)

1 Kbps (kilobits per second) = 1000 bits per second

1 Mbps (megabits per second) = 1000 kilo bits per second

1 Gbps (gigabits per second) = 1,000 mega bits per second

Internet browser: The application software is used to visit websites. Example -Chrome, Firefox

Communication and Networking — Internet Browsing

World Wide Web (WWW)

It is a vast network of files stored in computers all over the world.It is made up of

1. Web Page: A web page is a document present on a computer that is connected to the internet
each webpage has a unique address like https://www.crackmycbse.com.

2. Web browser: Application software to use the information available on the Internet. Ex- Chrome,
Opera, Firefox

3. Hyperlinks: Highlighted words on a webpage. If you click on that it will redirect you to another
page.

Important parts of a web browser

(i) Address bar: To type the address of the webpage

(ii) Tabbed browsing (Ctrl+T): It is used to view multiple web pages in the same window

(iii) Back and forward buttons: Used to get back or next page

(iv) Refresh button (F5): To refresh the page

Communication and Networking — Introduction to e-Mail

Electronic Mail (E-mail) is a quick way to send messages to people using the internet. We can send
videos, documents, spreadsheets, etc., along with the e-mail as attachments.

E-mail ID or Address

The e-mail address is made up of two parts separated by the @ symbol. Ex-
[email protected], crackmycbse is the name given by the user and gmail.com domain which
provides mail service.

Advantages of e-mail

1. Delivery of mail is very fast.

2. Cost of mail is almost free.

3. Multiple copies can be sent at a time

4. pictures, documents can be attached

Communication and Networking— Writing an e-Mail

To write a new e-mail, connect to the Internet and open Gmail. Sign In with your login Id. Click on
compose and write the message. after entering the mail address of the receiver set the mail.
Draft Folder: All emails are stored which are written but not sent.

Junk/Spam: The mail which is not useful is stored in it.

Trash: Holds all deleted emails.

Communication and Networking — Receiving and Replying to e-mails

Receiving an e-mail: All emails received are in Inbox.

Replying to an e-mail: To reply to the email click on the reply button.

Forwarding an e-mail: To send the same message click on forward

Deleting an e-mail: Click on the delete icon to delete emails.

Unit.2 Data Entry and Keyboard Skills

Keyboarding Skills

A keyboard generally has more than 100 keys. Each key of a keyboard corresponds to a single

symbol. Some symbols require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence.

Types of keys

• Alphanumeric keys: All of the alphabet (A-Z) and numbers (0-9) on the keyboard.

• Punctuation keys: All of the keys associated with punctuation, such as the comma (,), period (.),

semicolon (;), brackets ([]), and parenthesis ({ }) and so on. Also, all of the mathematical operators

such as the plus sign (+), minus sign (-), and equal sign (=).

• Alt key: Short for Alternate, this key is like a second control key.

• Arrow keys: There are four arrow keys to move the cursor (or insertion point) up (↑), down (↓),

right (→), or left (←). Arrow keys can be used in conjunction with the

• Shift or Alt keys: To move the cursor in more than one position at a time.

• Backspace key: Deletes the character just to the left of the cursor (or insertion point) and moves

the cursor to that position.

• Caps Lock key: It is a toggle key, which when activated, causes all alphabetic characters to be

uppercase.

• Ctrl key: The control key is used in conjunction with other keys to produce control characters. The
meaning of each control character depends on which program is running.

• Delete key: The Del key deletes the character at the current cursor position, or the selected object,

but does not move the cursor. For graphics-based applications, the delete key deletes the character

to the right of the insertion point.

• Enter key or Return key: It is used to enter commands or to move the cursor to the beginning of

the next line.

• Esc key: The Escape key is used to send special codes to devices and to exit (or escape) from

programs and tasks.

• Function keys: Special keys labelled F1 to F12. These keys have different meaning depending on

which program is running.

Numeric keypad: It is normally located on the right-hand side of computer keyboard. It contains

numbers 0 to 9, addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (*) and division (/) symbols, a decimal

point (.) and Num Lock and Enter keys.

Home keys: Alphabets ASDF are home keys for the left hand and; (semi-colon) LKJ for the right hand.

Guide keys: On a computer keyboard, keys ‘F’ and ‘J’ are called guide keys for left and right hand,

respectively.

Typing capital letters: To type capital letters, switch ON the Caps Lock by pressing the key before

typing.

Typing symbols: The Shift key is used to access the top symbols that are one of the keys with two

characters.

Typing sentences: To get space between typed words, press the space bar once and then type the

next word.

Creating new lines and spaces between paragraphs: The Enter or return key is used to create new

lines and spaces between paragraphs.

Guide for typing: The cursor keys serve as a guide for typing. They can be used to move the position

of the cursor.
Pointing devices

Instead of typing, directly some items can be selected from computer screen, for example "print" or

"close" button. This can be done using point and draw devices, such as mouse.

Mouse

Mouse is a pointing device used to point a particular place on the screen and select to perform one

or more actions

Mouse pointer

The mouse pointer allows to point on the screen. The pointer changes as shown below.

The common mouse actions are as follows:

(a) Click or left click: It is used to select an item. Press down once on the left button with your index

finger.

(b) Double click: It is used to start a program or open a file or trigger an action.

(c) Right click: It is used to display a set of commands and available options.

(d) Drag and drop: It allows to select and move an item from one location to another.

(e) Scroll: Many applications provide scrollbars on right side of screen if the page length is more than

the monitor/screen length.

(f) Blocking: Blocking is another way of selecting text. It is used to select text that needs to be edited

or formatted.

Typing ergonomics

Typing ergonomics provides the logistic support for efficient and effective typewriting.

Sitting posture

While operating the computer keyboard, sit straight, slightly bending your neck forward.

Monitor placement

Do not bend your neck while working on the monitor and keep the upper border of screen at eye

level. The distance of screen from the user depends on the size of the screen. Keep an approximate

distance of about 60–65 cms for 17 inches screen.

Mouse and keyboard placement

Keep the keyboard and mouse together at an approximate distance of 20 cms, which will help in

smooth and effortless operation of keyboard. Same height of keyboard, mouse and elbows helps the

users to work comfortably.

Chair and table placement

Adjust computer chair and table to an optimal height. The chair of the computer user must be

supportive to his/her lower back.

Placement of matter to be typed

Place the matter for typing to the left or right side of the keyboard preferably on a Copy Holder

which has a sloping surface.

Positioning of fingers on the keyboard

Allocation of keys to fingers

The keyboard learning process starts from the second row (Home Row) followed by the Third Row

(Upper Row), First Row (Bottom Row) and the Fourth Row (Number Row).

Successful keyboarding tips

Press the keys with feather touch and do not put undue pressure.

• Rest your fingers on Home row while typing.

• Allow your fingers to fall naturally on the keys so that each rests on top of the next key along the

same horizontal row.

• While typing, release the key immediately as soon as you press it. Holding the key for long time,

will repeatedly type the same character.

• Do not look at the keyboard while practicing.

• Press the keys with equal intervals of time in rhythm.

• Press the keys only with the fingers allotted for them.

• While pressing a key, say slowly pronounce the character on the key.

Using typing software

Introduction to Rapid Typing Tutor

Rapid Typing Tutor is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) designed to learn typing skills on the

computer.

Touch typing technique

Stage one of the process begins with learning the Home Row of the keyboard (the row beginning

with the Caps Lock key). Looking at the keyboard is strictly forbidden. This is followed by learning the

lower and upper rows, the numbers row, uppercase letters and special symbols.

Stage two involves memorising frequently used syllables and typing words containing

these syllables

Stage three involves typing actual text to perfect the skills acquired.

How to interpret your results

The colour indication is as follows:

• Green letters denote right inputs.

• Yellow letters stand for right inputs exceeding the acceptable timeframe.

• Red letters denote wrong inputs within the acceptable timeframe.

• Orange letters indicate wrong inputs that also exceed the acceptable timeframe (it's the

worst result).

Note: Only Important Topics are included in the notes. Some of the topics are

removed which are not necessary. You can read it in the official NCERT book.

Calculating the typing speed

A student typed 240 characters per 2 min with errors in 20 characters.

Simple speed = 240 characters / 2 min = 120 cpm

Net speed = 120 cpm - ( 20 errors / 2 min ) = 100 net cpm

Typing accuracy

Accuracy in the words, percent Accuracy = ( 100% - Words with errors * 100%) / Total number of

words

Overall rating calculation

(a) Good typing speed

An average professional typist types usually in speeds of 50 to 80 wpm, while some positions can

require 80 to 95 and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm.

The fastest typing speed on an alphanumeric keyboard, 216 words in one minute, was achieved by

Stella Pajunas in 1946.

As of 2005, writer Barbara Blackburn was the fastest alphanumerical English language typist in the

world, according to The Guinness Book of World Records.

Unit.5 Digital Presentation

Inserting a movie clip

Presentation allows the user to add movie clips to the presentation in order to make the

presentation colourful and meaningful. We can insert a movie in two ways:

i. Using Insert tab : Click on Movie option under Media clips group in the Insert tab.

We can set one of the two options available for playing the media clip, i.e Automatically or

When Clicked.

Alternatively, We can select Movie from Clip Organizer… option to insert the movie clips that

are available under Clip Organizer.

ii. Using Layout Option: Open a new file using presentation software and change the

layout of the slide. Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab.

Click on Title and Content option.

Inserting an Audio clip

We can include audio clips to a presentation similar to that of videos. For example, we can play

mild background music while making your presentation. Click on Sound option under Media

clips group in the Insert tab. Also we can access them via the Sound from Clip Organizer.

Working with tables

Presentation software enables user to add tables in the slides in order to represent the statistical

data meaningfully. We can insert a table in two ways:

1. Using Insert tab: Click on Table option under Tables group in the Insert tab.

2. Using Title and Content Option: Open a new file using presentation software and

change the layout of the slide. To change the layouts of a slide do the following:

Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab. Click on Title and Content

option from the dropdown list.

Working with charts

Presentation software enables the user to insert charts in slides to present statistical table data in

a pictorial representation. It ensures that the audience can grasp complex data at a glance.

To insert a chart in the slide, click on Chart option under Illustrations group in the Insert tab.

Some Basic Guidelines are as follows:

• Convey one message per chart i.e heading.

• Make the chart easy to read. Label the X and Y axis and label the lines, bars, or pie wedges.

Make the most important text largest, the most important data lines or sections darkest.

• Make bars and columns wider than the spaces between them.

• Be accurate. Always start a numerical axis at zero. Compare only like variables.

• Eliminate all unnecessary details. Avoid grid lines, data points, boxes, etc.

• Use a few (maximum four) colors per visual.

Inserting Transitions

Transition effects can help in increasing audience’s interest during a presentation. A slide

transition is the visual motion when one slide changes to the next during a presentation. By

default, one slide simply replaces the previous one on screen.

To work with transition effects, click the Animations tab.

To apply, select an effect from Transitions to this slide group and double-click on it.

We can also increase or decrease the duration of the transition effect by setting up the time

interval (in seconds) in duration option under Timing group.

We can set sound effects during transitions by selecting a sound scheme available in Sound

option under Timing group.

Inserting Animations

While transition occurs between each slide, animation allows us to put slide elements, such as

text and graphics, in motion within a slide. Animations are helpful way to make our slides look

more dynamic. They are also a great way to reveal text or object on a slide one step at a time. For

example, we could have five bullet points of text, and reveal them one-by-one on the slide with

each click.

To apply, select the graphical object and click Animate under Animations group. Select the

animation effect under the Animate dropdown list.

To summarize the effective uses of animation effects:

• Helps focus audience attention on information.

• Controls the flow of information especially while explaining a diagram.

• Reveal concepts one by one.

Grouping of objects

Grouping can help when we want to move, rotate or resize multiple objects in a presentation. We

can group objects such as pictures, clip art, shapes and text box; once grouped they appear as a

single object. To group the graphical objects, select all the objects that we want to group in the

slide. To select more than one objects in the slide hold down the ctrl key and select the object in

the slide. To group the objects, click Format tab.

We can select the Group option available under Arrange group in the Format tab. Click on

Group, to group all the selected graphical objects in the slide.

There are three options available in group section:

• Group

• Regroup

• Ungroup

Inserting Speaker Notes

Speaker notes are guided text used by the presenter during a presentation. Speaker notes can be

short or long texts that can be used as a reference by the presenter while making a presentation.
To add notes to a particular slide, select the slide and type the notes in the Click to add notes area

located at the bottom of the presentation software.

Alternatively, we can select View tab and click Notes page under Presentation Views Group.

Key things to remember about speaker notes:

1. They should not restate the contents of the slide.

2. Speaker notes should support the content of the slide with in-depth information.

To enable the presenter view, go to the Slide Show tab and check the option Use Presenter View.

Reviewing Content

Presentation software includes options such as spell checks for correcting errors in a

presentation. However, it is the presenters’ responsibility to check each and every point manually

on each slide before attempting to make a presentation.

1. Know your topic.

2. Use key phrases about your topic.

3. Avoid too much text on each slide.

4. Limit the number of slides.

5. Plan the layout of your slide.

6. Avoid fancy fonts

7. Use contrasting colors for text and background

8. Use a slide design template to keep your presentation look consistent

9. Use animations and transitions sparingly.

10. Also, always review the presentation 2-3 times before making a presentation.

Preparing to deliver a presentation

We can customize the delivery of the presentation.

Click on Set Up SlideShow option under Set Up group in the Slide Show tab.

Print a presentation

Sometimes we need to provide print outs of the presentation to the audience as a reference

material. We can print notes, handouts or outline of the presentation using the presentation
software. Select the print option from the file tab. Select the Notes Page option under Print what:

dropdown list

Click OK once we are ready to print the notes. We can print handouts for audience reference by

selecting the Handouts option under Print what: dropdown list. To save paper, we can print

multiple slides on a single sheet.

Unit.4 Entrepreneurship Skills

An entrepreneur is a person who decides to start their own company based on a concept they have
or a product they have developed, taking on the majority of the risks and enjoying the majority of
the advantages.

Business — Meaning and Types

A business is described as an ongoing activity in which people engage in economic activity with the
intention of making a profit through the production, sourcing, purchase, and sale of goods and
services.

Businesses share the following characteristics regardless of their type size scale or ownership:

Trade-related — Trade-based enterprises are those that primarily involve the buying and selling of
goods or services.

Economic or social motive — Typically, the main goal of most firms is to make a profit. This is why
they engage in economic activities including production, distribution, trade, and expansion.

Presence of an entrepreneur — Every business has a founder who is more than just an entrepreneur.
This person is in charge of taking the initiative to launch, manage, and expand the firm, as well as to
make important decisions and accept the associated risks.

Regular Transactions — A company needs to conduct transactions and deal with customers
frequently. Even if a profit is made, an activity that only involves one transaction in which products
and services are exchanged or transferred cannot necessarily be regarded as a business.

Uncertainty — Every firm is characterized by uncertainty regarding sales, profits, and success. There
is no assurance that the money invested will yield a return or that the company will make a certain
quantity of money.

Types of Businesses

There are basically four types of Businesses —

Manufacturing Business — Manufacturing businesses source product s that can be used as raw
materials, with the intention of converting these materials to make an end product
Service Business — A company that provides services to its clients is known as a service business.
Transportation, cleaning, travel, hospitality, maintenance, and consultation are a few examples of
service business.

Merchandising Business — One of the most common business types is a merchandising company. A
company that buys finished goods and resells them to customers is known as a merchandiser. Think
about supermarket or clothes retailer.

Trading Business — Reselling products is another activity done by a trade company. The distinction
between a trading business and a merchandising business is that a trader is not required to maintain
an inventory. For example Real estate brokers, middlemen, importers, exporters, foreign exchange
traders, etc. are a few examples of trading firms.

Hybrid Business — Combining various organisational patterns to create goods and/or services is
what is meant by a hybrid business model. Businesses have realised that hiring virtual assistants is
the most effective approach to streamline operations, cut expenses, and expand their operations.

Features of Types of Businesses Types of Businesses in Our Community

Based on size -

Micro Enterprise — A micro enterprise is a business enterprise where the investment in plant and
machinery or equipment is not more than INR 1 crore and turnover does not exceed INR 5 crores.

Small Enterprise — A small enterprise is a business enterprise where the investment in plant and
machinery or equipment is not more than INR 10 crore and turnover does not exceed INR 50 crores.

Medium enterprise —A medium enterprise is a business enterprise where the Investment in plant
and machinery or equipment is not more than INR 50 crore and turnover does not exceed INR 250
crores.

Based on legal form —

Sole proprietorship — In a sole proprietorship, the ownership and control of the business is with one
single person, and the liability of the owner is not separate from the entity.

One Person Company — A One Person company also has only one person as a member, who acts in
the capacity of both, a shareholder and a director, but an OPC is legally separate from its owners.
There is no threat on the owner's personal property in case of unmet liabilities.

Partnership — Partnership is a legal form, where at least two people, or more start a business as co-
founders or co-owners and divide the share as per agreement The partners are personally liable for
an unlimited amount of liabilities.

Limited Liability Partnership — In a Limited Liability Partnership, there are two or more partners. In
this, no one single partner or owner is individually responsible for any other partner's or member's
negligence or misconduct or liability.
Company — A company is defined as a legal entity formed to get engaged in business, by a group of
individuals. Usually, these individuals have limited Lability, and the capital in units of equal value of a
company are called 'shares'. Company can be public or private.

Based on sector—

Primary sector — Businesses that extract, retrieve, harvest, and produce raw materials using earth-
based natural resources are included in this category. Coal, wood, wheat, iron, corn, and other raw
commodities are some examples. Mining, agriculture, fishing, horticulture, and other core sectors
are examples.

Secondary sector — The conversion of raw materials into finished items is the primary activity of
enterprises in this industry. It organises all manufacturing variables using primary sector items to
create both utility and luxurious goods.

Tertiary sector—This sector is defined by provision of services to businesses and customers. It is

completely based on a service and there is no production of goods involved.

Objectives of Entrepreneurship Development

Some of the core objectives of entrepreneurship development include:

 Assisting entrepreneurs in undergoing the process of entrepreneurship.

 Handholding budding entrepreneurs to recognize and design unique business opportunities.
Helping aspiring entrepreneurs start and grow dynamic businesses that provide high value
add.
 Developing the motivational needs of entrepreneurs.
 Training entrepreneurs to develop the required skills and gain knowledge for running and
managing a new business.
 Providing support to entrepreneurs for effective business planning
 Accelerating and incubating new ideas.
 Aiding in the availability of technology or raw material.
 Creating adequate infrastructure for entrepreneurial activities.
 Providing financial assistance from banks and other financial institutions.
 Enabling a suitable entrepreneurship ecosystem and business environment
 Implementing norms, policies and rules for establishment of new ventures and enterprises.
 Providing tax benefits, incentives, subsidies etc. for creation of new enterprises.
 Encouraging research and development across industries

Phases of Entrepreneurship Development

Stimulatory phase

Stimulatory phase involves stimulating or generating need, interest, motivation and awareness
among individuals to become entrepreneurs. It is done by orienting them towards the meaning,
process, benefits and practice of entreprenship.

Support phase
The support phase involves helping new businesses with their varied activities through mentoring,
incubating, funding, and counselling the entrepreneurs. Some of these actions include choosing a
business strategy, creating a prototype or product, registering a company legally, consulting on
management issues, providing money, providing a building and power, choosing the right equipment
and plant, obtaining licences and permissions, etc.

Sustenance phase

The goal of the maintenance phase is to aid businesses in making expansion plans. Strategies for
growth, expansion, diversification, modernization, etc. are all given guidance. Additionally,
assistance is provided in the form of research and development, additional funding, market
research, etc.

Challenges of Entrepreneurship Development

• Lack of continued motivation

• Lack of formal education
• Low technical knowledge
• Absence of managerial skills
• Inadequate infrastructure and resources
• Lack of finance availability
• Lack of awareness about entrepreneurship schemes
• Strict regulatory framework
• Low margin market linkages

Entrepreneurship — Characteristics

Role and Rewards Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

Innovation -Innovation can be understood as creative use of one's ideas to propose a solution that
introduces something unique or new entrepreneurship.

Dynamic Economic Activity

Entrepreneurship involves creation of value or wealth through a business enterprise, that buys and
sells commodities/product/services and uses resources optimally.

Risk bearing

When putting certain decisions and ideas into practise, entrepreneurs must take risks. Businesses
can anticipate certain risks, such supply constraints, rising raw material costs, price volatility, shifts in
governmental laws, etc.

Potential For Profit "Profit potential is the likely level of return or compensation to the entrepreneur
for taking on the risk of developing an idea into an actual business venture." For a commercial
entrepreneur, profit is usually the main goal.

Role of Entrepreneurship
Capital Formation — Entrepreneurship leads to value addition and creation of wealth, because
entrepreneurs promote capital formation by mobilising the idle savings of public.

Employment Generation — Increased entrepreneurial activity has the potential to lead to more
prospects for large-scale employment. Numerous employment opportunities for skilled, unskilled,
and jobless people are produced as more firms, offices, factories, trade entities, etc. are established,
especially in emerging nations.

Balanced Regional Development — Entrepreneurship helps to remove regional disparities through

setting up of industries in less developed and backward areas. Micro businesses and cottage
industries also play a role in increasing entrepreneurial activity in many specific cultural regions.

Value Creation — Value creation happens when a client base recognizes a product or service as
having more value and a firm makes money by selling the good or service to satisfy the customer's
requirements and wants.

Wealth Distribution — Due to entrepreneurship and transaction-based activities, wealth and income
are distributed among people and regions. Salary payments are made to employees, suppliers are
compensated for their supplies, commodities are sold in a variety of markets, large-scale services are
rendered, etc.

Industrialization and Development — If a business is established in an area and is perceived as a

lucrative prospect, it is possible that other people will be inspired to establish businesses of a similar
nature.

Rewards of Entrepreneurship

Economic development—The most effective use of resources, the development of new concepts,
wealth creation, constant money flow, skill development, etc. are some characteristics of economic
development. These aspects are all made possible by entrepreneurship and are crucial for a
country's economic growth.

Enterprise and Business Creation — Entrepreneurship has a direct impact on the growth of
businesses. By merging and coordinating various resources, including human, financial, physical, and
intellectual capital, as well as entrepreneurial aptitudes like risk-taking, creativity, leadership, and
resource management.

Capacity Building — As an entrepreneur spends in educating staff members and enhancing their
managerial skills, skill development and training is a big benefit of becoming an entrepreneur.
Similar to this, an entrepreneur also improves his or her own skills by resolving issues, ma king
choices, accept) ng setbacks, trying out other strategies, etc.

Improved Standard of Living — Customers have various options when choosing from a variety of
goods and services to fulfil the same need thanks to entrepreneurship. Higher standards of life are a
result of the diversity and accessibility of better goods and services provided by businesses.