Chapter Five

Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Techniques

‘All about sharing resources’

Wollo University
KIoT
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction to Communication Systems

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Overview
 Basic concepts of multiplexing
 Types of multiplexing
 Frequency division multiplexing
 Time division multiplexing
 Multiple access techniques
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
 Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
 Space division multiple access (SDMA)

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Introduction
 Most communication systems require the sharing of
channels
 Shared media is common in
 Cable television
 Telephone systems
 Mobile communication
 Satellite communication
 Data communications
 Two basic terminologies:
 Multiplexing - combining signals from the same sources
 Duplexing – using different resources for transmission
and reception (FDD or TDD)

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 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Techniques
 Multiplexing: allowing many users to share a
given resources
 Process of simultaneously transmitting two or more
individual signals over a single communication channel.
 Has the effect of increasing the number of
communication channels in which more information can
be transmitted.
 Two basic types of multiplexing
 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
 Individual signals to be transmitted are assigned a
different frequency with in a common bandwidth
 Time division Multiplexing (TDM).
Multiple signals are transmitted in different time slots
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Basic concept

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 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 A technique for transmitting multiple messages
simultaneously over a wideband channel
 Mostly used for analog information
 It modulates the message signals onto several sub-carriers
and forming a composite baseband signal that consists of the
sum of these modulated sub-carriers.
 Any type of modulation, such as AM, PM, FM can be used
 In other words FDM involves;
 Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency
bands
 A user gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole
time

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Transmitting end of an FDM system

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The receiving end of an FDM system

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Spectrum of an FDM signal

 A cable TV service uses a single coaxial cable with a

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Time division Multiplexing (TDM)
 The time interleaving of samples from several sources
 Unlike FDM, in TDM each signal can occupy the entire
bandwidth of the channel.
 However, each signal is transmitted for only a brief period
of time
 The basic TDM concept

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Cont. …
 Frame synchronization is needed at the TDM receiver so
that the received multiplexed data can be sorted and
directed to the appropriate output channel.
 Any analog signal, be it voice or video can readily be
transmitted by TDM techniques.
 This is accomplished by sampling the analog signal
repeatedly at a high rate.

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Frequency Spectrum Allocation for Various Communication Technologies

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Cont. …

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Multiple Access Techniques
 Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile
users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio
spectrum.
 For high quality communications, this must be done without
severe degradation in the performance of the system.
 There are several different ways to allow access to the
channel. These includes mainly the following:
 Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
 Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
 Spread spectrum multiple-access (SSMA)
 Space division multiple-access (SDMA)

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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

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Features of FDMA
1. The FDMA channel carries only one phone circuit at a
time
2. If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it remains idle
3. FDMA requires tight filtering to minimize the adjacent
channel interference
4. Guard bands (bandwidth spacing) are required
5. Synchronization is not required
6. High carrier stability is required
 Examples:
 FDMA/FDD in AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).
 FDMA/TDD in CT2 (Cordless Telephone 2).

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):

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Features of TDMA
1. TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several
users where each user makes use of non-overlapping
time slots
2. Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous
 Low battery consumption
3. Simpler handoff process
4. TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and
reception
5. Bandwidth can be supplied on demand to different users
6. Frame synchronization is needed
 Examples:
 TDMA/FDD in GSM (Global Systems for Mobile communications).
 TDMA/TDD in DECT (Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telephony).

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 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)
 SSMA uses signals which have :
 A transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude
greater than the minimum required RF bandwidth.
 A pseudo noise (PN) sequence converts a narrowband signal
to a wideband noise like signal before transmission
 Advantage
1.Immune to multipath interference and robust multiple
access capability.
2.Efficient in a multiple user environment

 SSMA is not very bandwidth efficient when used by a

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Cont. …
 There are two main types of spread spectrum multiple
access techniques:
 Direct Sequence Multiple Access (DSMA).
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA).
 In DS-SS, the message signal is multiplied by a Pseudo
Random Noise Code.
 Each user is given his own code-word which is orthogonal
to the codes of other users and in order to detect the user
 The receiver must know the codeword used by the
transmitter
In FHMA carrier frequencies of the individual users are varied
in a pseudo random fashion within a wideband channel.
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 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 In CDMA, the same bandwidth is occupied by all the users,
however they are all assigned separate codes, which
differentiates them from each other


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Features of CDMA
1. Many users of a CDMA system share the same frequency.
2. CDMA has a soft capacity. Increasing the number of users
in a CDMA system raises the noise floor in a linear manner.
3. Multipath fading may be substantially reduced.
4. Channel data rates are very high in CDMA systems.
5.Self-jamming is a problem in CDMA systems
6.The near-far problem occurs in CDMA systems

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 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
 SDMA utilizes the spatial separation of the users in order to
optimize the use of the frequency spectrum and, it increases
the capacity of the network

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