11 —19 PROGRESSION endorsed for edexcel #3 Edexcel A level Further Mathematics Core Pure Mathematics Book 2 Series Editor: Harry Smith Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Lee Cope, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Johnny Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Se rtegmsuts MeL iit Smeal erty co} PearsonPublshed by Pearson Education Limited 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL. wnaeacconschoolzandfcologescouk Copies of offical specications forall earson qualifications may be found onthe webs: ‘qualfiestionspearsoncom Tost © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Eee by TecSet Li, Gaeshead “Typeset by Tecr Set Lc Gateshead (final Hlustrations © Parson Education Limited 2018 over lustaian Marcuse arts, ‘The sights of Greg Atwood, Jack Barraclough ln Bttson, Lee Cope, Asai Macpherson, Bromen Hora, joy Nicholson, LastencePateran,joe Petar Keith ledge, Harty Sith ‘Get Staley, Dave kins tobe identied es autho ofthis work have been essered by them in accordance ith the Copylght, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Fuse published 2018, 21201918 10987654321 ‘British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘eatalogue recor fortis Book avatabe em the Bish Libray Is8N 978 1292 169363 Copyright notice Dilhts reserved, No part of hie publestion maybe epreduce in any frm oe by any mean Gnciucing photocspying or storing itn ary mecium by electronic means and whether or not ‘Wansientiyor incidentally to some ether use ofthis pubiaton without the writen permission ‘ofthe copright omer exept in accordance with te powsans ofthe Copyright, Designs and Pater Act 1965 or under the tems of alkene sue bythe Copyrign Lcensing Agen, Barnard nn 8s Feter Lane, London ECAA EN (wruclacouk)Appleations for the copyright ‘over writen permission should be addreszed tothe publehee Printed inthe UX by Bell & Bain Lid Glasgow Acknowledgements ‘The ators and publisher woul ike to thank the flowing for ther had permission to repreduce tel protographs: (Key: b-bottom; contre; Hef right 19) {23RF 10,196, Cobalt 77,93, Alamy Stock Photo: NASA Photo 52, 9cr, Getty Images: ‘SteveDF 1, 931 SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY: Andrew Brookes, National Physical Laboratory 31,934, ‘Shutterstock Tver Os01 100,196, Spacedtonedds 119,19 latiana Shepeleve 147 196¢c Alloter images © Pearson Education ‘note from the publisher Inorder to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the assocated Pearson {ualcation, it hs been tough a review process by the anaiding body Ths process confirms thar ts resource uly covers the teaching and leaming content of the spec feston or part balance betven the development of subject sls, knowledge and unerstanaing.nedaon to preparation fr assessment Endorsement doesnot cover any guidance on assessment actities or processes (eg practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions) included in the resoura nor does Itovescibe any particular approach to the teaching or diner of a eated course Wile the publishers have made ever attempt i ensure that advice onthe qualification and itsassessment is accurate, the efial specification and assodated assessment guidance ‘materials re the ony authoritative source of information and should always be referred to for Gefntive guidance Pearson examiners have nt contribute to any ectionsin this esoure relevant to ‘tamination paper for which they have rzponsiby Examines wil nt use endorsed resources asa Source of material for any assessment set by Pearson, Endorsement of 2 resource doesnot mean thatthe resources required to achieve this Pearson qualfication, ror does it can that I's the aly suitable material avalable to suppor the {qualification and any resource Its produce bythe awarding body shall include tis and ther appropriate resources. Pearson has robust editorial processes, ncluding answer and fact checks, to ensure the accuracy ofthe content in this publation, and every effort Is made to ansre ths publication is re of eros. We are, however only human, and occasionally erors do occu Poason isnot Ubi for any misunderstanding tat aise asa result of errs inthis publication butts ‘ur pay to ease that the content sacurate I You spot on eo please do contact sat fesourcescorreclons@)pearson com so we can make sue tis cvectedé Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 Complex numbers 1.1 Exponential form of complex numbers 1.2 Multiplying and dividing complex numbers 1.3 De Moivre's theorem 1.4 Trigonometric identities 1.5. Sums of series 1.6 nth roots of a complex number 17 Solving geometric problems Mixed exercise 1 2 Series 21 The method of differences 22 Higher derivatives 23° Maclaurin series 2.4 Series expansions of compound functions Mixed exercise 2 3 Methods in calculus 3.1 Improper integrals 3.2 The mean value of a function 3.3. Differentiating inverse trigonometric functions 3.4 Integrating with inverse trigonometric functions 3.5 Integrating using partial fractions Mixed exercise 3 4 Volumes of revolution 41 Volumes of revolution around the x-axis, 42 Volumes of revolution around the y-axis, 43 Volumes of revolution of parametrically defined curves 44 Modelling with volumes of revolution Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 vi uw 16 20 25 ar 31 32 38 44 52 533 58 62 65 09 1h 83, 87 39 93 Contents 5 Polar coordinates 100 5.1 Polar coordinates and equations 101 5.2. Sketching curves 104 5.3 Area enclosed by a polar curve 109 5.4 Tangents to polar curves 13 ixed exercise 5 116 6 Hyperbolic functions 19 6.1 Introduction to hyperbolic functions 120 6.2 _ Inverse hyperbolic functions 123 6.3 Identities and equations 125 6.4 Differentiating hyperbolic functions 130 6.5 _ Integrating hyperbolic functions 135 Mixed exercise 6 ae 7 Methods in differential equations 147 7.1 First-order differential equations 148 7.2. Second-order homogeneous differential equations 153 7.3 Second-order non-homogeneous differential equations 1st 7.4 Using boundary conditions 162 Mixed exercise 7 165 8 — Modelling with differential equations 170 8.1 Modelling with first-order differential equations mm 8.2 Simple harmonic motion a5 8.3 Damped and forced harmonic motion 180 8.4 Coupled first-order simultaneous ifferential equations 186 cd exercise & 191 Review exercise 2 196 Exam-style practice: Paper 1 209 Exam-style practice: Paper 2 au Answers 213 Index 256Overarching themes e Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle * Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated > specity the problem into the main exercises | + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies intxpret results a + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch pmcal J represent information 3. Mathematical modelling * Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the 2 front of the book Modelling with differential equations Sn Each chapter starts with eminent, allist of objectives The real worid applications ‘of the maths you are about | tolearn are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter ‘The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterExercise questions = are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard oo = Exercises are packed with exam- style questions to censure you are ready for the exams Challenge boxes give you a chance to tackle some more difficult questions Exams questions te fiage=d tI) caer section begins Problem-colving with explanation questions are flagged and key learning with @ points Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions 2 Review exercise seep bone tie Each chapter Step-by-step ends with a Mixed exercise focusonthe key strategies, and Watch and a Summary typesof questions out boxes highlight of key points Overarching themes Sen a Problem-solving boxes worked examples provide hints, tips and you'llineedto areas where students tackle often lose marks in their exams Exam-style practice Further Mathematics Alevel Paper: Cre Pare Mathomatics ‘Two A level practice papers at the back of the book help you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. CED tvotetscuonene SE Download all the solutions as a PDF or available in SolutionBank. quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology Speier needa vee SEN? problems and consolidate your understanding praphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeeGebra q GeoGebra-powere Interact with the maths you are learning __--—~J using GeoGebra’s easy-to-use tools eractives at 5 all the extra online content for free at: www.pearsonschools.co. Vote ue oreo it viComplex numbers After completing this chapter you should be able to © Express a complex number in exponential form > pages 2-5 © Multiply and divide complex numbers in exponential form > pages 5-8 © Understand de Moivre’s theorem > pages 8-11 ‘© Use de Moivre's theorem to derive trigonometric identities —> pages 13-15 © Use de Moivre’s theorem to find sums of series > pages 16-19 © Know how to solve completely equations of the form 2" a ~ ib = 0, giving special attention to cases wherea=1andb=0 > pages 20-25 © Use complex roots of unity to solve geometric problems > pages 25-27 (cos + sin2) ale] bagi) ¢ | dag | are(Z) «books, chapter? all the roots of fic) = 0 on an Argand diagram, «Book 1, Chapters 1,2 The relationships between complex numbers and trigonometric functions allow electrical engineers to analyse oscillations of voltage and current in electrical circuits more easily. + 3. Use the binomial expansion to find the ‘term in the expansion of (2 + 7)°. ‘€ Pure Year 1, Chapter 8Chapter 1 @® Exponential form of complex numbers You can use the modulus—argument form of a Bu The modulus-argument form of complex number to express it in the exponential ‘a complex number is z= r(cos@ + isin@), form: = = re" where r= |2| and @=arg=. | + Book 1, Sect You can write cos @ and sin 8 as infinite series of powers of a) @ @ o (ayes 7 erm ts ® You can also write e%, x € IR, as a series expansion in [ERED These are the Mactaurin series powers of x. expansions of sin6, cos @ and e*. e > Chapter2 eatexe et +24 sat 2 FI You can use this expansion to define the exponential function for complex powers, by replacing x with a complex number. In particular, if you replace x with the imaginary number i6, you get Gor? , (a), Gay O , i0® _ a8 +cat we e G+) +0-§ By comparing this series expansion with (1) and (2), you can write e” as Ei e = cos + ising ‘This formula is known as Euler's relation. Itis important for you to remember this result. = You can use Euler's relation, e!”=cos+isind, — (ERB) substituting @= x into Euler's to write a complex number z in exponential relation yields Euler's identity: form: em 41-0 gare” ‘This equation links the five fundamental where r= |z| and 0 = arg. constants 0,1, x, e andi, and is considered ‘an example of mathematical beauty.Complex numbers Express the following in the form re, where —7 <0-< 7. v2(cos 7p + isin b = S{cos § -isin § ) So r= 12 and 0= = EE 5 i995 Problem-solving Use cos (-A) = cos@ and sin (-6) = -sind. [2 cosy + ising_ | ee & Express 2= Ve in the form x + iy, where x,y € R. 3 05 0= cos (0-+ 2x) and sind =sin (9+ 2n). SP isin the range -n <0< = isk We : Bra Subtract multiples of 2x from“ until you find a value in the range — <0 Exercise 1C, Challenge ‘As de Moivre's theorem is true for 1 = 1, it is now proven to be true for all m € 2* by mathematical induction. eee You could also show this result by writing both ‘numbers in exponential form: (et? ef oF ence coe *3-(-$5) Ne In SIm sin SE = coo SH + isin SE ©_ | ee Express (1 + iv3)’ in the form x + iy where x, y ER. @= arctan(Y3) = 2 Sot +iva = 2(cos5 + ising (1 +w3Y = (2 a (cos + sin 25 stmt ~ed} 45) Therefore, (1 +3) = 64 + G4ivS Bane 1 Use de Moivre’s theorem to express each of the following in the form x + iy, where x, y € R. = 126(cos% a (cos + isin 9) b (cos30+isin30)* © (cos +isinZ)” 4 (cos + isin§)® e (cos2F + isin2Z) £ (cos, — isin)" 2 Express each of the following in the form e’, a 00850 + isin 50 (cos 26 + isin 29° (cos 26 + isin 26)* (cos36 + isin 30° 10 (cos 26 + isin 29)’ (cos40 + isin 40) ¢ ~20850-+ isin SO (cos30— isin 30? 1 © (os 20+ isin 20) cos 6 o (cos 20 isin 20° fComplex numbers 3. Evaluate the following, giving your answers in the form x + iy, where x, (cox™ isin? (oxBf—istl) (snd) BG. 7 7 (coe inf (cor! sanz) * (eosin) 13713 7 7 3 3 4. Express the following in the form x + ip where x, y € R. a (+i) b (242i © (is d (1 -iv3)s e (3-4iv3)’ £ (-2v3-2i)° © § Express (3 + iv3)*in the form a + biv3 where a and b are integers. (2 marks) © 6 w=2cos§ + ising) Find the exact value of 4, giving your answer in the form a + ib where a,b € R. (2 marks) ®72= (cos isin3=) Find the exact value of 2°, giving your answer in the form a+ ib where a, b € R. marks) @®B 4 Express 21 inthe form ret, wherer > Oand —r <0 <7. (3 marks) =i b Hence find the smallest positive integer value of n for which ( = aa iv and positive. (marks) GB Y Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that (a + bi)" + (a bi)" is real for all integers n. (5 marks) Without using Euler's relation, prove that if nis a positive integer, ‘You may assume de Moivre’s (Woos @ + isin" =1(cos (-nd) + isin (nd) Cea ‘exponents, but do not write any complex numbers in ‘exponential form. @® Trigonometric identities You can use de Moivre’s theorem to derive trigonometric identities. Applying the binomial expansion to (cos @ + isin 6" allows you to express cos nd in terms of powers of 058, and sin n0 in terms of powers of sin 8. GD i+ Saal Tha *Ca" 2b? +. "Cab BY NEN where "C, =() ‘€ Pure Year 1, Chapter 8 Al 1Chapter 1 ema ‘Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that 08 66 = 32.cos*6 ~ 48cos' 0 + 18cos*@ = 1 (€050 + isind)® = cos G8 + isin 68 = cost + §C,cos? Mlisind) + §Czcos* Mtisin O}? + °Cscos? Otisin8)® + °C,cos?OtisinO)* + §Cycos Alisin®) + (isin OS cos*0 + Gicos? O2ind + 15i2cos* O5in?O + 203° cos*Osin? 0 + I5i*cos? Osin' O 4+ Gros Asin A + sine A | = cost + Gicos? Osin# ~ 15cos* Asin? @ = 20icos? Osin3@ + 15.cos?Osin*O + GicosOsin?O ~ sin Equating the real parts gives 60360 = cos®0 ~ 15cos* sin? + 1Scos?Osin' 0 - sino = cos*8 — 15.cos* Ol — cos? @) + 15.cos® Ol ~ cos? F ~ (1 - cos? @)? = cos* ~ 15.co3* Olt — cos?) + 15.c0s* Ol - 2cos? + cos*6) = (1 = 3c0s*0 + 3cost ~ cos* 6) cos 0 — 1Scos! + 15.0560 + 15cos*# - 30cos*6 + 1Scos*6 = 14 3cos?0- 3cos*0 + cos*O cos — 48cos" 0 + 18cos*@ — 1 Therefore, | | I 60360 = 32.c0s°0 - 48cos*0 + 16cos?0- 1 You can also find trigonometric identities for sin* 9 and cos" @ where mis a positive integer. If2=cosd+ ising, then ‘Apply de Moivre's theorem, 0s 9—isind Use cos = cas (-#) and -sin@ = sin (-6). It follows that 2+4=cos0+isind +cos0-isind = 2c050 4, (05 0 + isin — (cos 8 — isin) =2isind 12Complex numbers Also, 2" = (05 0+ isin 6)" = cos nd + isin nd By de Moivre's theorem, Fae" = (050+ ising (cos(—né) + isin(—n4)) Apply de Moivre's theorem. = cos n0 = isin nd Use cos d= cos (0) and sin (-0) = -sind It follows that 2143, = cosnd + isin nd + cosnd —isinnd =2 cos nd 2 = 3.= cosnd + isin nd ~ (C05 nd ~ isin nd) = Zisin nd Itis important that you remember and are able to apply these results: st Dezcosno —— CEELED inerponertiattorm, these ests are ‘equivalent to: a = 4 saisinno sind =e ew, Express cos in the form acos 50 + boos 3 + ccos@, where a, b and care constants, Let 2 = cos + isind 1 )ercan(8) s2ea49) + 5C5 24 13aoe _ | ee a Express sin‘0 in the form dcos40 + ecos 20 + f, where d, e and fare constants, b Hence find the exact value of a Lets = cos + ising es eigatd) ees} vetita—| ean = = 2c08.40 - 4(2cos 20) +6 ~ Oi Come cos A Oc 2G Be - nS all + [lactate [Genser warn [cra [ Se. | = (Gsin2n - dsin + 3()) -0 = 20-0822 =0-0+5% wee 16 er ‘Use de Moivre’s theorem to prove the following trigonometric identities: ® 1a sin3 € cos 70 = 64c0s7@ - 112cos*@ + 56cos*9 - Tcos 0 d cost ii (sin 50 — Ssin 30 + 10sin 8) 3sin 8 — 4sin36 b sin 5@ = 16sin$6 — 20sin3 + Ssind $(cos40 + 4cos 20+ 3) e sin’ 4Complex numbers a. Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that cos 58 = 16cos° 8 — 20c0s*4 + Scos6 (marks) b Hence, given also that cos 39 = 4cos* — 3cos@, find all the solutions of cos 50 + Scos 3 = 0 in the interval 0 =< @ < x. Give your answers to 3 decimal places. (6 marks) a Show that 32cos*@ = cos60 + 6cos 40 + 15cos 20+ 10. (marks) b Hence find f cos dd in the form az + by/3 where a and b are rational constants to be found. ‘ (3 marks) a Show that 32cos?@sin‘@ = cos 60 — 2cos4@ — cos 20 + 2. (6 marks) b Hence find the exact value of f cos?dsint Odd. (marks) a By using de Moivre’s theorem, or otherwise, compute the following integrals. a f sin’ 0 b [ so29eost0a0 © f n a. Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that in? 0 cos 640 08 60 = 32cos*# — 48cost@ + 18cos?# — 1 (S marks) b Hence find the six distinct solutions of the 5 Gee equation ie 2. Use the substitution x= cos # to reduce ee the equation to the form cos 64 =k. giving your answers to 3 decimal places Find as many values of 6 as you need where necessary. (5 marks) to find six distinct values of x a Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that sin 49 = 4cos* sin 9 - 4cos sin’ 9. (4 marks) 4tand - 4tan b Hence, or otherwise, show that tan40 = 77 Sy (4 marks) € Use your answer to part b to find, to 2 decimal places, the four solutions of the equation xt 4x3 - 6x? - 4x 41=0. (@ marks) 15Chapter 1 @® Sums of series You can use results about the sums of geometric series with complex numbers. = For, z€C, ace we") o Sowere we wet wet + et wert = Me These results match the ro ae corresponding results for real numbers. © Shweta wt we4 we? + ese The infinite series $w="converges only = when|ei< 1 ™ «Pure Year 2, Chapter 3 Given that = = cos 7 + isin 7, where mis a positive integer, show that 2 1 21 + icot(£) Leseete..tett= 1 sicot(z) —_iizaia ema pee eee You know that sinn = $e" — ed. You can use this result to simplify an ‘expression like e*— 1 by writing it in the form ellef— 2) = el(2isin).n this case thisis equivalent to multiplying the top ‘and bottom of the fraction by e"2, 16Complex numbers § al n(n) The series e+ e% + e™ +... + e%™ is geometric with first term e”, common ratio e” and n terms. Mer? — 1) eo-1 Converting the exponential form into modulus-argument form lets you consider the real and. imaginary parts of the series separately. et temee ete” ‘The sum of this series is given by S, = = (cos + isin6) + (cos20 + isin26) + (cos39 + isin 36) +... + (cosn + isinnd) = (cosO + cos 20 + 0530+ ... + cosif) + i(sind + sin26 + sin30 +... + sind) Therefore, cos +cos 20+ cos 30+ + cosnt= Re( ==) 0 sin0+sin20+sin30+... +sinn0= n( ee) Example Sze +e 4684... + eS, for 0 # 2nz, where n is an integer. a Show thar s— © sin de sing Let P= cost + c0s20 + c0s30 + ... #60889 and Q=sind + sin20+sin30 +... + sin80 b_ Use your answer to part a to show that ? = cos¥'sindocosee$ and find similar expressions for and S_ | ee Geers By writing each term of Sin modulus ‘argument form you can see that Pis the real part of S and Q is the imaginary part ofS. @ 20 cos ein4scosec® cos? 2 2 2 Baas ©® 1 Given z=c¥, where 1 is a positive integer, show that: altctee.to bltrets..+emico(F) 2 ©® 2 Show that if 2=e3, then 1 ras 2 ©® 3 Show that (1 +i" =-15i. 18Complex numbers GP) 4 The convergent infinite series Cand S are defined as ‘The sum of an infinite geometric series with C=1+4c050+400520+cos30+... | frsttermaand common ratioris S==7 "> € Pure Year 2, Chapter 3 S=}sind +5 sin 20 +37 sin30 +. a Show that C+ iS = (4 marks) b Hence show that C= (4 marks) @P) 5 The series P and Q are defined for 0<@-< x as P=1 +0080 + cos 20 + 008 30-+ ... + c0s 128 (4 marks) b Deduce that @ = sin 60sin 34 cosee$ and write down the corresponding expression for P. 2 2 -e# 4 eb ‘You can assume the results sind = Fi and cos 9 = Se (4 marks) € Hence find the values of 0, in the range 0 <0 < x, for which P + iQis real. (2 marks) 6 Series Cand S are defined as C=1+(Jeos0 + (5)cos20 + (5)cos30 +... + (Meosnd S=(j)sino + (3)sin20 + (3)sin30 +... + (7)sin na a Show that C= (2c0s 4) cos (4marks) S_ iat b Show that = tan" (marks) ®)7 a Show that (2 + &%(2 + e-#) = 5 + 4050. (2 marks) ‘The convergent infinite series Cand S are defined by C=1-4c080 + 4c0s28 - bcos 30+... S=4sing - {sin 20+ tsin 30+... b Byconsidering C —iS, show that C ge jened and write down the corresponding expression for S. (4 marks) 19Chapter 1 @® nth roots of a complex number You can use de Moivre’s theorem to solve an equation of the form = This is equivalent to finding the nth roots of w: =, where z, we C. Just as a real number, x, has two square roots, Vx and ~V%, any complex number has n distinct nth roots. = If cand w are non-zero complex numbers and mis a positive integer, then the equation z" = w has n distinct solutions. You can find the solutions to 2* = w using @ hs a 2kz) = cos@ and de Moivre's theorem, and by considering the fact an Bee Ao Fees ees that the argument of a complex number is not unique. = For any complex number < = "(cos @ + isin 6), you can write z=r(cos (0 + 2ikn) + isin (0+ 2kr)), where k is any integer. a Solve the equation z* = 1. b Represent your solutions to part a on an Argand diagram. ¢ Show that the three cube roots of 1 can be written as 1, and u? where 1+ +0*=0. (e030 + isin cos (0 + 2kn) + isin(O + 2kn),kEZ (cos 30 + isin 30) = a al Sor=1 30-= 2k k=O 0=0,s02,=cosO +isin0 = eccumaurs Choose values of f to find the three distinct roots. By choosing values on either side of ‘k= Oyou can find three different arguments in tthe interval [-m, x]. sed 20Complex numbers CED ie canbe proved that the sum ofthe nth roots of unity is zero, for any positive integer nee ' In general, the solutions to z"= 1 are = cos (274) eM fork =1,2,...,nand are known as the th roots of unity. If nis a positive integer, then there is an nth root of unity w = e** such that: + the nth roots of unity are 1, w, w2, «,w"™* + 1, w,w, w*1 form the vertices of a regular n-gon tLtutwtti.tw™=0 a._ | ee Solve the equation 24 = 2 + 2iV3. = a(cos (3 + 2ka) + isin + 2k), kez H(cos.40 + isin 48) =4(cos (J + 2kn) + isin(§ + kn), kez agoresaaeE| Soa $0 24 = 4(cos¥ + ising) $$ (eos + isin@yt Sort=4ar= V4 =v2 +i —___ __ aa k=030=5, 2 kat oonZ, 7 a isin karte 2-88 50 25 = /2(cos(-55) + isin(-95)) EER ise sreyou soos nconsecutive values of k to get distinct roots. IFan argument is not inthe interval [—r, 7] you can add or subtract a multiple of 2x. 22Complex numbers You can also use the exponential form of a complete number when solving equations. Solve the equation 2° + 4/2 + 42 =0. + 4v2 + AVE AVE - 4B modulus = \(-4/2)" + (-4V2)° = V32 +32 = V4 = 8 aE ed #3) a argument = -1 + arctan( fret? = Bel F424 Pest = Bel FHChapter 1 Cx) 1 Solve the following equations, expressing your answers for < in the form x + iy, where xJER, a #-1=0 a 4464-0 2 Solve the following equations, expressing the roots in the form r(cos 0 + isin), where -1 <0 x. a= b 2+ 161=0 ¢ 3+32=0 a 35-2421 e 4423-2 f 234323 +32i-0 3 Solve the following equations, expressing the roots in the form re”, where r > 0 and ~1 <6 < x. Give 0 to 2 decimal places. a 4=344i b S=VIT-4i © A=-7 434 Find the three roots of the equation (2 + 1)? =-1. Give your answers in the form x + iy, where x,y € R. b Plot the points representing these three roots on an Argand diagram. ¢ Given that these three points lie on a circle, find its centre and radius. Find the five roots of the equation 5-1 = 0. Gest [o) © Give your answers in the form r(cos@ + isin), where -7 <0 x. Use the fact that the b Hence or otherwise, show that sum of the five roots, (28) + cos( 4) of unity is zero. cos (=F + cos ( © 6 a Find the modulus and argument of -2 - 21/3. (2 marks) b Hence find all the solutions of the equation = + 2+ 2iv3 = 0. Give your answers in the form re”, where r > 0 and -7 <@ =a and illustrate the roots on an Argand diagram. (4marks) © 7 Find the four distinct roots of the equation = = 2(1 ~iv3) in exponential form, and show these roots on an Argand diagram. (7 marks) EB) 8 2=16 + v2 a Find the modulus and argument of 2. (2 marks) b Find the values of w such that w* = 24, giving your answers in the form re#, where r > 0 and =n << x. (4marks) 24Complex numbers ©® 9 4 Solve the equation Ss lerteede tesa oer=0 L4r42454...427isthe sum b Hence deduce that (:? + 1) and (z+ 1) are factors of ‘of a geometric series. Lert 2a dene de eel ‘a Find the six roots of the equation =* where = <0 x. in the form e, b Hence show that the solutions to (z+ 1)$ = = are dicot (MY), 41,2345. (1.7) Solving geometric problems You can use properties of complex nth roots to solve geometric problems. = The nth roots of any complex number a lie at the vertices of a regular n-gon with its CED eee centre at the origin. be the centre of the circle that The orientation and size of the regular polygon will ae ditewy i cle dod depend on a For example, the sixth roots of 7 + 24i form this regular hexagon. Cach vertex of the hexagon is equidistant from the origin, which lies at the centre of the circle passing through all six vertices. GED epptcce nth roots of complex numbers in an Argand diagram using GeoGebr You can find the vertices of this regular polygon by finding a single vertex, and rotating that point around the origin. This is equivalent to multiplying by the nth roots of unity. ' If z, is one root of the equation 2" =, and 1, w, w%, ..., o" are the th roots of unity, then the roots of 2" = s are given by zy, zw, Zw, .... ZW 25Chapter 1 The point P(V3, 1) lies at one vertex of an equilateral triangle. The centre of the triangle is at the origin. a Find the coordinates of the other vertices of THE the triangle. / _ . Consider the Cartesian coordinate plane as an b Find the area of the triangle. ‘Argand diagram. The vertices of the triangle will correspond to the cube roots of (/3 +i). You can a The cube roots of unity are 1, w? where find these roots by multiplying ’3 +i by the cube V3 +i=2e* So the vertices are at: roots of unity. Pet =i So the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle are 3.1), (V3, 0 and (0, -2) . : Eze (0, -2) ares = 5 « base x height =bx23x3 = 33 ©® 1 Find the coordinates of the vertices of the following regular polygons with centres at the origin. a Equilateral triangle with one vertex at (0, 4) b Square with one vertex at (5, 0) ¢ Regular pentagon with one vertex at (1, 73) 4 Regular hexagon with one vertex at (2, 2) 2 Find the coordinates of the vertices of an equilateral triangle with centre (2, 3) and one vertex at (3, -2). 26Complex numbers GB) 3 The triangle 048 in an Argand diagram is equilateral. O is the origin and A corresponds to the complex number \3(1 = i). B is represented by the complex number b. Find the two possibilities for b in the form re. Illustrate the two possibilities for OAB in a sketch. (S marks) 4/a Find the 4th roots of ~12i in the form re where r > 0 and -x < 0 < z. Illustrate these roots onan Argand diagram. (6 marks) Let the points representing these roots on an Argand diagram, taken in order of increasing @, be A, B, C, D. The midpoints of the sides of ABCD represent the 4th roots of a complex number w. b Find ». (4 marks) 5 Pis one vertex of a regular hexagon in an Argand diagram. The centre of the hexagon is at the origin. P corresponds to the complex number 8 + 8i. a Find, in the form a + bi, the complex numbers corresponding to the other vertices of the hexagon, and illustrate these on an Argand diagram. (6 marks) b The six complex numbers corresponding to the vertices of the hexagon are squared to form the vertices of a new figure, Find, in the form a + bi, the complex numbers corresponding to the other vertices of the new figure. Find the area of the new figure. (Amarks) 6 Anant walks forward one unit and then turns to the right by = It repeats this a further sin() 9 three 1¢s. Show that the distance of the ant from its initial position is, Reece (6 marks) ©® 1 a Usee*=cos0 + isin to show that cos = se” +e), cos(A + B) + cos(A - B) b Hence prove that cos 4 cos B= 5 (cos + isin), r € R, prove by induction that 2" = M(cosn0 + isin nO), n € Z* (S marks) 2. Given that (cos3x + isin 3x), 3. Express in the form cos x + isin nx where mis an integer to be determined. 4 Use de Moivre’s theorem to evaluate: a (-1+i 5 a Given z=cosé) + isin 0, use de Moivre’s theorem to show that zh =2cosn#. (4marks) 3 b Express (2 * 3) in terms of cos6@ and cos 28. (3 marks) € Hence, or otherwise, find constants a and b such that cos'24 = acos 64+ bcos 2. (3 marks) Hence, or otherwise, show that f * cos}20d0 = kV3, where k is a rational constant. (4 marks) lb 27Chapter 1 6 a Show that cos50 = {¢(cos 50 + 5c0s30 + 10cos 0) (Smarks) The diagram shows the curve with equation y = cos’ xe = The finite region Ris bounded by the curve and the x-axis. ” 5 b Calculate the exact area of R. (6 marks) 7 a Show that sin®@ = —3y1cos 60 — 6cos 49 + 1Scos 29 — 10) (Smarks) i b Using the substitution a = 0), or otherwise find a similar identity for cos*#, (3 marks) © Given that [cos‘0 + sin’ odo -%, find the exact value of a. (marks) ‘Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that in 26(16c05*0 ~ 16c0s°0 + 3) (marks) sin 6 9 a Use de Moivre'’s theorem to show that cos 50 = 16cos‘0 — 20cos* 0 + Scos 0 (S marks) b Hence find all solutions to the equation 16x5 - 20x35 + 5x +1=0 giving your answers to 3 decimal places where necessary. (marks) 10 a Show that sin' = jg(sin 50 ~ Ssin 30 + 10sin®) (marks) b Hence solve the equation sin 50 ~ Ssin39 + 9sin0 = 0 for 0 <0 0, -7 <0 <7, where rand 0 are exact values. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation 25 = 4 — 4i, leaving your answers in the form z = Re, where Ris the modulus of >and k is a rational number such that -I 0 and -x <0 De Moivre's theorem: For any integer, (r(cos + isin)" = "(cos + isin n®) aezed 4=2c050 : 1 0 5 5 Forw,z€C, + Sere wa wet we? + Soyer = wa ane? + 6 If 2and ware non-zero complex numbers and 1 is a positive integer, then the equation 2* = w_ has m distinct solutions 7 For any complex number = = r(cos# + isind), you can write 2=1(C05 (0 + 2kn) + isin (+ 2kn)) where & Is any Integer. 8 In general, the solutions to 2*= 1 are z= cos (24) + isin (2%) ~2% for k=1,2,...,.nand are known as the nth roots of unity. IF isa positive integer, then there isan nth root of unity «=e such that: + The nth roots of unity are 1, w, 0%. + 1,u,%...,w*t form the vertices of a regular n-gon oo sltwtutt. tw™=0 9 The nth roots of any complex number s lie on the vertices of a regular n-gon with its centre at the origin. 10 If 2, is one root of the equation 2"=s, and 1, ww, roots of 2" = sare given by 2, 240) 24%, ..., 20" ww are the nth roots of unity, then the 30After completing this chapter you should be able to: ‘© Understand and use the method of differences to sum finite series > pages 32-37 © Find and use higher derivatives of functions — pages 30-39 ‘© Know how to express functions as an infinite series in ascending powers using Maclaurin series expansion + pages 40-44 ‘© Be able to find the series expansions of compound functions > pages 44-48 1 Find the sums of the following series. a 09-4n) —b S4G)4 ae ‘Pure Year 2, Chapter 3 Show that D2 + 2r +3) = Inter? + 9+ 25) Physicists use Maclaurin series in special relativity to approximate the Lorentz b Hence find 3: 2 +2r-+3) factor. The Lorentz factor relates time, 0 length and relativistic mass change for a moving object. Experiments with atomic SrChenne cin enne clocks have showin that time passes more quickly for a stationary observer than for one travelling at high speeds ~ Exercise 2D, Challenge € Book 1, Chapter 3 wy » Ge + Pure Year 2, Chapter 9Chapter 2 @ The method of differences You can use the method of differences to find the sum of a finite series. ™ If the general term, u,, of a series can be expressed in the form Fr) - (r+ 1) You can also start with u, writen in the form then 35 a, =35 (fle) —fle+)) f(r + 1)—f ARer adding and cancelling, 4 fort) - 10) sou, =F(1)-£(2) ty = f(2) - £(3) My = (3) — (4) fined th + uy = f(1) — f(@) + f(2) - £0) Re: =f) ~£@) ‘The f(2) terms cancel. By summing 1, +1. +... + u,all terms cancel except the very first term, f(1), and the very last term, flu + 1). My Then adding > u,=F(1) - f(n +1) fa a Show that 47? = P(r + 1)? — (r- D7? b Hence prove, by the method of differences, that = peas le a =r Wr? Start with the RHS. 22 + Br + 1) ~ (02 ~ Br + Me 44 2p? 412 — 744 272 — 2 Expand and simplify the brackets. =4P b Consider r2tr-+ 18 — @ ~ Hr) Let Beer - Or? = 2: BeaI - pe Soe — eer All the terms cancel except the first and last. CED When using the method of differences, be sure to write out enough terms rem Wn 1 ~ en Sum of terms = n(n + 1 to make it clear which terms cancel. When you cancel terms, make sure that they can still be = (n+ 1? clearly read. You could cross them out in pencil nen + 1)? ‘The same result could be proved by mathematical induction. © Book 1, Chapter 8 32Series ex) Verify that 57 strand hence find a using the method of differences. tlt sret roret > nred . = ret) XL wep hla) Let rat: Gre Ner-D = Bret? 2r-7 A(2r ~ 1) + Br +1) so Ar ~ 1) + Ber +1) 33Chapter 2 O+Bx27 Put values of rin to find A and B. All terms cancel except the first and last. 1 1 Substitute the values of r into 505 = 5-0 only. The 2 is only required later. If the general term of the series is given in the form f(r) — f(r + 2), you need to adapt the method of differences to consider the terms f(1),f(2), f(a + 1) and fr + 2). Em a Express 72 in partial fractions PISS GET) +3) BP b Hence prove by the method of differences that 2 n(an +b) Le Dr +3) ~ n+ n+ 3) where a and b are constants to be found. 20 ¢ Find the value of 3 wer” 5 decimal places 34a) Feit rad Series Aer + 3) + BO +0) + Or + 3) = 2 Letr=-3: 2 letr=4: 2=2454=1 1 "1 ~2B > B=-1 Therefore 2 - FMF 3 rei res b Using the method of differences, _ Din + 2n + 3) - Gln + 3) ~ Gin + 2) = Gln + 2)n + 3) = bn? + 130 = Gin + 2) + 3) Soa =5 and b= 13. 2 > 2 > © Lmmins Laie >, rsa fra é = 305 x 30413) __20(5 x 20+ 13) ~ GO + 2180 + 3) ~ E20 + 220 + 3) Gln + 2)in + 3) Siete 2) = (1) + (2) — fm + 1) — fla + 2) n(n + 13) Sus Ane 3 i “1056 759 — 665 L 35Chapter 2 (r+ 1) == 1). b Hence show that $> r= (nr + 1) using the method of differences. . 14 1 © 2 Given esd = es WS EFD eRErD using the method of differences. (5 marks) 3 a Express wD in partial fractions. (1 mark) b Hence find the sum of the series S> es using the method of differences. (5 marks) © Express Teer in partial fractions. (1 mark) b Hence find the sum of the series S* Fas using the method of differences. (5 marks) mit?) 5 a Show that yp =A- GE (2 marks) oor Henee find 5 (marks) ' 2re1 1 ®« Given that Tip = GDP (6 marks) ® 7 & Use the method of differences to prove that De pep Where a and bare constants to be found. b Prove your result from part a using mathematical induction. nan + b) Gar Dn ray Where @and bare constants to be found (6 marks) 8 Prove that > EEDD this question can be answered using ether the method of differences or proof by induction. in the exam, either method would be acceptable. If you use proof by induction, you will need to substitute values of to find the values of a and b. 9 Prove that S>(r-+ 1 (r~ 1) at ania + 1), where a is a constant to be found. (4 marks) 36Series Gi) 10 a Prove that > py =p, where a, b and c are constants to be found. (5 marks) @® LGrerso nee 3in4) 2Gn+ DGn+2. Gmmarks) ik Bley contending tional ar r+ 1 @® Robin claims that 2+ Sot aaa His workings are shown below. Explain the error that he has made. Using partial fractions: ore rr = Therefore On + So A= and B Using the method of differences, fy at4d (2 marks) 1 1 _3____an+h 12. Show that 7 + yest tied 47 Dore Iona ay MB a and bare constants to be found. (marks) 13a Express 535, q 5 im Partial fractions. (marks) 2 b Find the value of > 4 to 4 decimal places. marks) (Sig Or-+ DOr + 5) Cars a Given that S(1 +1) = Ink. where is an integer. find k. 18 __nlun®+bn+0) ma Dmrsynesy ee Pane b Given that a 37Chapter 2 @ Higher derivatives You need to be able to find third, and higher, derivatives of given functions. You already know haw to find first and second derivatives. IFy= foo, the first derivative off) is given by <> = F(x), and the second derivative of f(x) is given dy dd (2) 7 bya EG] ho a A ay _d (2) m Similarly, the third derivative is given by = = {= 7) = "x, and so on You can find the nth derivative of f(x) by differentiating n times with respect to x: The mth elerivative af y= f(x) is BY _ oy written as == Fro7. d Given that y= In(1 — x), find the value of {5 when Ix Use the chain rule, siha- y= “€ Pure Year 2, Section 9.3 X ax Substitute x= fo) a Show that f(x) = 2xf(x). b By differentiating the result in part a twice more with respect to x, show that: i 1") = 240) + 2xf'() i "(x) = Qxf(x) + A(x) € Deduce the values of £°(0), f"(0), and £"(0). a Ht) =e" Ace) = 2x0" IFfx) =e, then FQ) = er = 2xila) LL fay=e* Bi Mods 2i09 + 2x) ————_ FG) = 2G) + (xP) + 2G) Use the product rule, «Pure Year 2, Section 9.4 = 2xH"@) + 470) Differentiate again. 38Series xOxe=0 (0) + 2 x O x (0) ———— Substitute x = 0 into P(x). (0) x Ox (0) + 4/(0) ————. Substitute x = 0 into f"(). #0) =O eae 1 For each of the following functions, f(x), find £°(x), £"(x), £"(a) and £%x).. ae b (l+xy" © xe d Ing +x) ot ® 2 4 Given that y= e*, find an expression, in terms of y, for $= ay dy aly D find expressions for G5. gus and G5 iy. oy. © Hence evaluate G2 when x 4 fo) =e a Show that £"(x) b Show that f"(2)=0. 5 Given that y= sec x, a show that is 11v2. 7 Given that f(x) = In (x + V1 +.2°), show that: a Vi4xf(x)=1 b (14x?) £"(x) +f") =0 © (1+ x7) £"(x) + 3xf"(x) + f(x) = 0 d_ Deduce the values of f’(0), £"(0) and £"(0). 39Chapter 2 @® Maclaurin series Many functions can be written as an infinite sum of terms of the form ax". You may have already encountered series expansions like these: GED te fist two series expansions shown here are examples of the binomial expansion. «Pure Year 2, Chapter 4 Given that fix) can be differentiated infinitely many times and that it has a valid series expansion of the form fix) = ap + ax + aax? + yx? +... + 4,X" + ..., Where the a; are all real constants, show that the series expansion must be fi = (0) + px SE LOO)" 7 + Write f(a) = ag bax + ap? + £0) Differentiating f(x) gives: Pe ba + The coefficient of ay can be found by setting x =0. ox) = ay + age + Bag? +. trax + Beene eee fo = 2 X tag + 3X Base +... + rl — a,x"? +... with respect to x to obtain Pog = 3X 2 x fas +... + rir — Dir - Zax + (9), F°Q) and fF") Continuing in this way by differentiating r times: Pix) = Hla, + terms in powers of x Evaluate each term at x = 0: #0) = a, > a, = FO) PO} = 2lae = a = "0 Find the coefficients a,, dy hd By substituting PO) = 3a, > a Fea oe 810! FRO) = ha, > 0, =p Substitute a, = F(0), FO) = 0) Therefore fix SFE ap re HO) + "(Ox + 40Series In this process, outlined in the worked example above, a polynomial in powers of x is being formed step by step. The process focuses on x= 0; substituting x = 0 into successive derivatives increases the power of the polynomial. For example, if you stop the process after finding f(0) the polynomial is linear, (0) + F(Ohx, after P(0) itis quadratic (0) + F(OLx-+ x2, after PO) itis cubic, £0) 2, £%0) 5 id ea = andwon CEE nc at functions satisty the FO) + Fx + The above argument assumes that the function can condition that fi0), F"(0), FO), ..., FO) all be written in the given form. This is only true if the have finite values. given series converges. The above reasoning also only For example, when fin = In x, Fo, holds if the function can be differentiated an infinite 50 f'(0)is undefined and therefore does not number of times, and if F(0) is always finite. aS = The Maclaurin sertes expansion of a function f(x) is given by fs) =F(0) + PCO) + PO 24. OOD The series is valid provided — £(0), (0), (0), ... , 9(0), ... all have finite values. The polynomial f(0) + "(01x is a Maclaurin polynomial of degree 1. The polynomial f(0) + f(x + sa) x? is a Maclaurin polynomial of degree 2. The polynomial f(0) + F(OLx fa x" is a Maclaurin polynomial of degree r. Even when f(0) exists and is finite for all r, a Maclaurin series expansion is only valid for values of x that give rise to a convergent series. For example, the Maclaurin series of 7 isl+xtx2+ +... But when x = 2, the series gives 1+2+4 +8 +... which does not converge to ED The range of vatcit for some individual Maclaurin series is given in the formulae booklet. If no range of validity is given in this. chapter, you may assume that the expansion is valid for all x € R. ea a. Express In(1 +x) as an infinite series in ascending powers of x b Using only the first three terms of the series in part a, find estimates for: i In 1.05 ii In 1.25 iii In1.8 Comment on the accuracy of the estimates. a fo) = In +3) (0) = Int = Tex = +> FO) PQ) = 1 +3) = Gears Mo) = CNEAK + PMO) = 21 The term (-1)" can be used in the general term of HG = CAE-2K-3).. der = DML + a-F alternating sequences, in which the terms are 10) = C1 — alternately positive and negative 4.Chapter 2 Soin += O08 tes zee are eae, batts Beer a 0.05? , 0.05 bt ntos = 005-2958 , 095° _ % 0.0467916... This is correct to 5 dp. i 025? , 0.25% W int25 2095 085 , 025° _ % 0.223956... This is comect to 2 dp. si os , 08% _ nt =08 - OF + 08 a Find the first four term: #0) = sind =0 FO) = cosO=1 0) = sin =0 PO) pO) foe aan Sosinx=x+ 3 cloth -4s b sintO®= sine Te 3 & (ia) © 0174532925 - 0000886096 42 2) = 0.6506666... This is not corect to 1 dp. the Maclaurin series of sin x. Using the first two terms of the series find an approximation for s rely = 0173646629 Substitute the values for f(0), (0), (0) etc. into the Maclaurin series for FO). ELD tiisccconionievaia CP for -1 <.x= 1. Ifyou use a computer to generate the graphs of the successive Maclaurin polynomials ‘you will see that they converge to the graph of In (1 + x) between x=-1 and x= 1, but outside that interval they diverge rapidly. Explore this using GeoGebra. ‘The further away a value Is from x =0, the less accurate the approximation LL will be and the more terms of the seties you need to take to maintain a required degree of accuracy. {4 =0,if miseven, and the cycle of values 0, 1,0, -1 repeats itselé ‘This expansion is valid for all values of x CEE «ust bein radians in expansions of trigonometric functions. This estimate is correct to 5 decimal places; even using sin.x =x, the ‘approximation is correct to 2 dp.Series sees 1. Use the formula for the Maclaurin series GED Tre binomiat expansions of (1+. ‘and cifferentiation'to show, that where nis fractional or negative and a (I-xytslextite. te. [| < 1,are the Maclaurin series of the function 2 Use Maclaurin series and differentiation to show that the first three terms in the series sax ee expansion of e%* are | 4x44) . i y ©® 3 a Show that the Maclaurin series of cos x is 1 — Gt tC) Ga b_ Using the first three terms of the series, show that it CEED This expansion is gives a value for cos 30° correct to 3 decimal places. valid forall values of x. 4. Using the series expansions for e* and In(1 + x) respectively, find, correct to 3 decimal places, the values of: ae b In($) 5 Use Maclaurin series and differentiation to expand, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x4, ae b In(1+2x) © sit ©® 6 Using the addition formula for cos (4 ~ B) and the series expansions of sin.x and cos, show that © 7 Given that f(x) = (1 - xP In - x), ‘a show that f"(x) = 3 + 2In(I - x) (2 marks) b find the values of £(0), £’(0), £"(0), and £"(0) (i mark) © express (1 — x) In (1 — x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3, (3 marks) 8 a. Using the series expansions of sin x and cos x, show that 3sin.x- 4x cos.x + (S marks) b Hence, find the limit, as x 0, of (1 mark) 43Chapter 2 © 29 Given that f(x) = Incosx, a show that f"(x) = -tanx marks) b find the values of £"(0), £70), £"(0) and £"(0) (1 mark) © express In cos.x as a series in ascending powers of x up to and including the term inxs (GB marks) 4. show that using the first two terms of the Maclaurin series for In cos x, with x =, gives a value for In? of £7 (1+ z) (2 marks) The ratio testis a sufficient condition for the convergence of an infinite series, It says that a series )a, converges if, in| <1,and diverges : exist then the ratio testis ifjin| | >a inconclusive. Use the ratio test to show that fa the Maclaurin series expansion of e converges for all xR bb the Maclaurin series expansion of in (+ x) converges for -1 1. @ Series expansions of compound functions You can find the series expansions of compound functions using known Maclaurin series. In the last ‘exercise you found the Maclaurin series of simple compound functions, such as e* and In (1 + 2x1. However, the resulting series could also be found by replacing x by 3x or x by 2. in the known expansions of e* and In (1 +} respectively. When successive derivatives of a compound function are more difficult, or when there are products of functions involved, itis often possible to use one of the standard results. = The following Maclaurin series expansions are given in the formulae booklet: for all.x InQex= x eT sinx a cosx= 1-37 arctan x =x 4hSeries Write down the first four non-zero terms in the series expansion, in ascending powers of x, of cos (2x). x2" _ 2x) a al Bey ual = oxt4 Bye - Ayes ae 5 CED Make sure you simplify the coefficients as much as possible. Find the first three non-zero terms in the series expansion of In ( x for which the expansion is valid. cos (2x) Substitute 2? for «in the above series for cos.x. lav Bx ~ In(t ~ 3x) + Zin(1 + 2x) ~ Int - 3x) (2x? Substitute 2x for x in the expansion of In(1 +) -i 4 may be neglected, use the series expansions for e* and sin.x to show that ee Ltt x8 Only two terms are used as the sing =e 3 next term is kx?, So ete a elBe) serxetx.. Useer*=erxe* ( x 3 =(texe + we for x: 2 ) 7 Substitute for xin the expansion of e+, stext wax ©® 1 Use the series expansions of e*, In(1 +x) and sin. to expand the following functions as far as the fourth non-zero term, In each case state the values of x for which the expansion is valid. ‘Simplify as much as possible. 1 exe “a es @ e e oan @ ina» For part £ write 2 + 3x as e sin (5) f In(2+3x) (4 marks) Deduce the series expansion for In -*~ (2 marks) © By choosing a suitable value of ~, and using only the first three terms of the series from part a, find an approximation for In (3), giving your answer to 4 decimal places. (2 marks) d_ Show that the first three terms of your series from part b, with x = 3, give an approximation for In2, which is correct to 2 decimal places. (marks) ‘Show that, for small values of x, e* - e-* ~ 3x (4marks) a Show that 3x sin 2x - cos3x=-1 + 3x? -%. (S marks) b Hence find the lim (Se sin2s —sosivt1) (1 mark) 46Series Find the series expansions, up to and including the term in x4, of: a In(1+x- 2x7) shies 29 OD oma qosacrn and in each case give the range of values of » for which the expansion is valid, a Write down the series expansion of cos 2v in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x*. G marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the first four non-zero terms in the series expansion for sin” x. (marks) Show that the first two non-zero terms of the series expansion, in ascending powers of x, of In (1 +x) + @e~ 1)(€* = 1) are px" and gx, where p and g are constants to be found. (6 marks) a By considering the product of the series expansions of sin x and (1 - x), expand an in ascending powers of as far as the term in x4. (6 marks) b Deduce the gradient of the tangent, at the origin, to the curve with equation y = i x (3 marks) Use the Maclaurin series, together with a suitable substitution, to show that: a (1~3x)In(1 +2. = 8x2 + 3 - 124+. b sinxex+ 224 exte. e Viet 1—x txt beebets a Write down the first five non-zero terms in the series expansions of e marks) 1g Using your result from part a, find an approximate value for f dx, giving your answer to 3 decimal places. 7 (3 marks) a. Show that e** sin 3x = 3x + 3px? + +... where p is a constant. (S marks) b Given that the first non-zero term in the expansion, in ascending powers of x, of er sin 3x + In(1 + gx) — wis kx’, where k is a constant, find the values of prqand k. (4 marks) f(x) = et“ sin x, x > 0 a Show that, if x is sufficiently small, and higher powers of x may be neglected, fiyalext (marks) b Show that using x = 0.1 in the result from part a gives an approximation for f(0.1) which is correct to 6 significant figures. (2 marks) 47Chapter 2 sin 2x ~ cos 2x By diy a Show that 33 = l6y (4 marks) b Find the first five terms of the Mactaurin series for y, giving each coefficient in its simplest form. (4 marks) Challenge ED Aight yearis tne ‘The Lorentz factor of a moving object, 4, is given by the formula distance light travels in ‘one year. where (= Lis the ratio of», the speed of the abject, to , the speed of light G x 10°ms). a Find the Maclaurin series expansion of 7 = powers of up to the term in g e The theory of special relativity predicts that a period of time observed as T within a stationary frame of reference will be observed as a period in ascending of time. z in a moving frame of reference. A spaceship travels from Earth to a planet 42 light years away. To an observer on Earth, the journey appears to take 20 years. b Use your answer to part a to estimate the observed journey time for a person on the spaceship. € Calculate the percentage error in your estimate. d_ Comment on whether your approximation would be more or less accurate if the spaceship was travelling at three times the speed. Cites 2 1 a Express 53,49 in partial fractions. (1 mark) 2 Jn? + 250 bb Hence show that 2 y-¢a) = Tain 3a +) (S marks) 4 ™ 2 a Express G—yq-y 5 im partial fractions. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a and the method of differences, show that 4 4n ar — 1dr +3)” 34n+3) (3 marks) 2 © Evaluate Yana eae iving your answer to 3 significant figures. (2 marks) 48© 10 @u ®xnr a Show that (r+ 1? —(r— 1 v2 42, b_ Using the result from part a and the method of differences, show that, 2 Prove that }> 7 Prove that Ye Ip-@-)) be found. ‘~" a Given that y =e! b Hence show that a For the function f(x) b Show that £"(0) = 0. Alt Drs grin + 1X2n+ 1) nian +b) ) in + 2kn +3) at x=In32is= 4 a find an expression, in terms of y, for Gay In(1 +e*), find the values of f”(0) and £"(0).. Series (2 marks) (S marks) , Where a and 6 are constants to be found. (5 marks) = an + bn? + en +d, where a,b, cand dare constants to G marks) ¢ Find the series expansion of In (I + e*), in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x2. a Write down the Maclaurin series of cos in ascending powers of term in x6, up to and including the (3marks) D Hence, or otherwise, show that the first three non-zero terms in the series expansion of aa a6 sin? 2x are 4x? Ext + 1s 228 6 ax (3 marks) Given that terms in x and higher powers may be neglected, use the Maclaurin series for e* and 0s x, to show that e** ~ 1 -¥+5) Given that |2x| <1, find the first two non-zero terms in the series expansion of In((I + x(1 ~ 2x) in ascending powers of (S marks) (6 marks) Use differentiation and Maclaurin series, to express In (sec x + tan x) as a series in ascending powers of .x up to and including the term in 3°. ( marks) ‘Show that the results of differentiating the standard series expansions of e*, sin x and cos.x agree with the following des b gy Ginx) = cos.x d . © Gx (osx) 49Chapter 2 a - © 13 a Given that cos. + 3P ~ os show that see.x oF MH. (4 marks) ; js eis Using the result found in part a, and given that sin = x ~ 37 + $y ~ ... find the first three non-zero terms in the series expansion, in ascending powers of x, for tan x. (4 marks) 14 By using the series expansions of e* and cos x, or otherwise, find the expansion of e* cos 3.x in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in 2°. (marks) /P) 15 Find the first three derivatives of (1 + x)"In (1 + x). Hence, or otherwise, find the expansion of @&) 16 (1 +.x?'In(1 + 3) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x°. (marks) Expand In(J + sin.x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in. x¢. (4 marks) b Hence find an approximation tor [ In (1 + sin x) dx giving your answer to 3 decimal places. (marks) 17 a Using the first two terms, x +P, in the expansion of tan.x, show that yonx = | py ee emelexe ye yt. (marks) b Deduce the first four terms in the series expansion of e-™™, in ascending powers of x. (3 marks) © 18 a Using Maclaurin series, and differentiation, show that In cos.x = b Using cos.x = 2cos?($) ~ 1, and the result in part a, show that aot In(1 + cosx) = In2 77% 19 y=e*—e dy a Show that G7 = 81y. (4 marks) b Find the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for y, giving each coefficient in its simplest form. (marks) € Find an expression for the nth non-zero term of the Maclaurin series for y. (2 marks) Given that the Maclaurin series of e*is valid for all x € €, show, using series expansions, that e = cos.x +isinx. 50Series Summary of key points 1 Ifthe general term, ,, of a series can be expressed in the form f(r) - f(r-+ 1) then 3ou,= (fo) = f(r +1). mt so um, =f()-f(2) 1, = #2) -£) =f) - £4) 1, =f) —f(n+ 0) Then adding > u,= f(1) ~ f(r+ 1) ft 2. The Maclaurin series of a function f(x) is given by f0) =f) +FOx+ Wes AO) The series is valid provided that f(0), (0), f”(0), ..., (0), ... all have finite values. 3. The following Maclaurin series are given in the formulae booklet: Ind+x= -i pages 53-58 © Understand and evaluate the mean value of a function > pages 58-62 © Integrate rational functions using trigonometric substitutions > pages 62-69 © Integrate using partial fractions > pages 69-73 i 8 Find: ra — a [Peoax bb faterdx ¢ fsitxcosx gy V34+x2 143sin?x LF perme ercietar | re dy 1 B Find im terms of x and y for the following: ly Sn oe ay rE = axtey?=1 bh Sx?+xp-42y2=11 a © x=tany Pure Year2,Chapter9 4 The lowest speed necessary - for an abject to escape from a Express in partial fractions: Gay eeritational field is called the 1 p 2a ¢ x2 escape velocity. You can use xt +0) x4 2x2 43x41 improper integrals to calculate « Pure Year 2, Chapter 1 escape velocities.Methods in calculus @ Improper integrals Ifa function f(x) exists and is continuous for all values in the interval {a, 5] then the definite integral ‘ [169 dv represents the area enclosed by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x =a and x=. The interval fa, 8 i all the real ‘numbers x satisfying the inequality a = x= b In this section you will consider integrals where one or both of the limits are infinite, or where the function is not defined at some point within the given interval. These are called improper integrals. In these cases it is still possible for the function to enclose a finite area. The area bounded by the curve 1 e The function f(x) = is not defined at x = 0. However, the the x-axis and the line x = 1is finite area bounded by the curve y This area is represented by the improper the coordinate axes and the line x =3 is finite. This area is represented by the improper integral [ hex 2 . , tegral | fx) = ee aPropes QEEXCED if an improper integral exists then it + one or both of the limits is infinite id to be convergent. If it does not exist itis + f(x) isundefined atx =,x=boranother said to be divergent. point in the interval [4, 6]. integral [ ioe dx. You can determine whether improper integrals are convergent, and evaluate them if so, by considering limits. To find = ["e-"dx, you need to consider the integral [‘e~rdx, for some finite value 1. If this integral tends to a limit as ¢ —> then Tis convergent and equal to that limit. If it fails to tend to a limit, then Jis divergent. 53Chapter 3 Since e-* + 0 a5 1, the integral ['e*dx — 1 as 1 0 [ed's convergent and equal to 1. SEED on can se tint nation to write: lie Jim f'e*dx limes) =1 Evaluate each improper integral, or show that it is not convergent. oo [See comenges and [2 b [beeen [Lae = jim inal} Jinn — io mtn “1 Int = a9 1, 90 f tax does not converge. A cmp Explore the integral f “E dx @ CED Hake sure you show the limiting using GeoGebra, ‘process clearly in your working. You can't just write [24x =Ino =, 5hMethods in calculus You need to use a similar limiting process if the function you are integrating is not defined at one or more points in the interval. Evaluate each integral, or show that it does not converge. 1 = ig + 3) 1 ay wie tieas1 0,50 | bar does, not converge. 2 = jig lva=a"l, =F --V4)) = jin(2 - 4-7 =2 1x converges and = fimlV4 If both limits of an integral are infinite, then you need to split the integral into the sum of two improper integrals. In ottier words, you write CED = J[ltovar= fF) d+ [109 dx forsome value c ED do notwrte [ 10) das Jae od Jim [1 dx. You must split it into two separate integrals to determine whether it converges. > Review Exercise 1, Challenge Q3. If both of these integrals converge, then the original integral converges, but if either diverges, then the original integral is also divergent. ae a Find frewdx. b Hence show that e- dx converges and find its value, a Let I= Jue ax ConsiderChapter 3 pie [Eee de pa Consider [xe ax: [rere 0 jn [Pxe- ae Dewar oo jn [xe a So [xe ax comenges and [xe ax = 5 Since both integrals converge, we know that [sea comerges and [xen are [Pre ars [rear +$=0 eeu You can choose any point at which to split the integral up, but choosing a special value like 0 will often make evaluating the integral easier. = You need to check that both the integrals converge before you can determine that the original integral converges. = Te 1 Find the values of the following improper integrals. a [Fer b [tax c [evar 2 For each of the following, show that the improper integral diverges. a fea b [Kar ° ae 3. For each of the following, show that the improper integral converges and find its value. Sd * foe ts ef @® 4 Foreach of the following, determine whether the integral converges, and if so, find its value. 56 x-1 * (wees e fansMethods in calculus ® 5a Find I qo (2 marks) Hence show that |’ G—I zd converses and wearers find its value. (3 marks) ig process clearly in your working © 6a Find fx2e"dx. (2 marks) 1 b Hence show that [xe dx converges and find its value. (marks) @® 7 Find [BE dx. (marks) b Hence show that ["“S* dv is divergent. (@ marks) ©® 8 a Find finy'dx. (2 marks) Hence show that: 7 b J \dnx)*dx is convergent. (2 marks) e f (nx)? dx is divergent. (2 marks) © 9 Evahate Ox ay (4 marks) (marks) B®) 11 The diagram shows the curve with equation y= In.x. Find the shaded area enclosed by the curve and the coordinate axes. You may assume that xlnx — 0.as.x — 0. (G marks) © 12 a Explain why [7tan-cdy isan improper integral (1 mark) D Show that [Pans dx is divergent. (G marks) 37Chapter 3 13 A student writes the following working to evaluate [see dx, a Explain the mistake that the student has made. (1 mark) b Show that f sec?x dis divergent. (4 marks) 14 Find all ae RR for which [1 dx converges and find its value in the case when it converges. (7 marks) nt 2k+1) GE @ 15 4 Show that [= av = of E), t 2x 3xe] ket When an integral is undefined at one or more. where k > 0. (4marks) points within the interval of integration, you reed to split the integral and consider each part b Hence find the exact value separately. 1 of, fe Tae (3 marks) Challenge Show that [/e-*sin?xcdv=5 ©) The mean value of a function You can find the mean of a finite set of values by adding them up, and dividing by the number of. values: 1 FHV t yar Yat + You can extend this definition to evaluate the mean value (or average value) of a function ona given interval [a, 4]. In this case, the function takes an infinite number of values, so you represent their sum by integrating the function between a and 6, and you represent the ‘number of values’ by the width of the interval, b — a = The mean value of the function f(x) over the Freteentaeearc interval, gven by 2 [eo tie is sometimes written asf, y or y, 58Methods in calculus You can think of the mean value geometrically by considering the area, 4, bounded by the curve y= f(a), the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b. If you were to draw a rectangle with its base on the interval (a, 6] and height f, then the area of the rectangle would be equal to 4. 4 yet The area of the rectangle is (b aif. Setting this equal to the area under the curve gives: —at= [tt de st-L [eer Example @) a be ‘ba Find the mean value of f(x) ae over the interval [2, 6}. +x Latgensfersoe | area [evan tet =. =a So the mean value of i(x) on [2, 6] is, [arbor a808-y fix Tee 4ine a Show that the mean value of f(x) over the interval [In2, In6] is" b Use the answer to part a to find the mean value over the interval [In 2, In 6] of f(x) + 4. ¢ Use geometric considerations to write down the mean value of —f(x) over the interval [In 2, In 6} [iiieepae fo demesne Let u= er du oe _au Bees areH i _ EEzZ:ZEZZ ae 59Chapter 3 a4’ 5 ay + Using partial fractions: a al, wei ule ou leu So All + u) + Busi When w= 0,4 =1. Equating u terms, A + B= 0,s0 B= Lataer=4[ ba) = Alin ~In7) = 4 nie 24nd ns ee Calculating the mean vai, o is Leet = na [ 3 part [sac Every value of f(x) in the interval has increased =e bby 4,so the mean value has increased by 4. © ils) is 2 reilection in the a-axis of f(a). ‘The mean value of f(x) over the interval 3 Ang Un2, In) was Fae ‘Therefore, the mean value of ~i(x) over the 8 4in$ Interval (In 2, In] is ea In the example above, you saw that geometric considerations can be used to find mean values of transformed functions, if you already know the mean value of the original function on the same interval. 60Methods in calculus If the function f(x) has mean value f over the interval [a, 5], and i is a real constant, then: = f(x) +k has mean value f+ k over the interval [a, 5] =a = Af(x) has mean value Af over the interval [4, 5] the mean value of -a) or fx) in this way. = f(x) has mean value -f over the interval [a, 5]. a) 1 For each of the following functions f(x), find the mean value of f(x) on [0, 1. 1 ZG af) b= ¢ fseel 2. Find the exact mean value of f(x) over the given interval. gO ts = cos*xesin?x: [0,7] a f= 3,731.21 b fx) = cos 7 x3 [0.5 © fiy= xe; [1,3] 4 f= Type 3 € fix) = (see x - cos x); 3 fix) = x3 -3x2- 24x + 100 a Find the coordinates of the turning points of fa). b Sketch the graph of y = f(x). € Without calculation, state an upper and lower bound on the mean value of the function on the interval [-2, 4], giving a reason for your answer. d Calculate the exact mean value of f(x) over the interval [-2, 4]. in xcos.x 4 Find the exact mean value of fix) = 25-5, 9 over the interval [0, 5). (4 marks) 5 Find the exact mean value of fix) — x, 4 over the interval (0, 5]. (4 marks) 6 Find the exact mean value of fix) =x sin 2x over the interval [o. 4}: (4 marks) ae 7 fe9= GT @sd a Show that the mean value of f(x) over the interval (1, 5] is ln“ (4 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the mean value over the interval (1, 5] of f(x) + Ink where k is a positive constant, giving your answer in the form pln q, where p and q are constants and qisin terms of k. (2 marks) 8 fixy= xl? -4)4 a Show that the mean value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2] is 7S (marks) Use the answer to part a to find the mean value over the interval (0, 2] of -2f(x). _ (2:marks) 9 f(x) = In(kx), where k is a positive constant. Given that the mean value of f(x) on the interval [0, 2] is -2, find the value of k. (4 marks) 61Chapter 3 ©® 10 Prove that if f(x) has mean value m on the interval [a, b], then f(x) + has mean value m + c. @u w-+ CREED this is an improper integral. v2-x Find the exact mean value of f(x) on the interval [0, 2). (6 marks) ©® 12 Use geometric reasoning to explain why the mean value of fix) = sin*.x on the interval (0, 27] is 0. cos.x @P Faw a Find fi(x)dx. (4marks) b Hence show thatthe mean value of fx) over te interval [0,22] is 3-3-4 43). marks) Sn ¢ Hence, of otherwise, find the mean value, over the interval [o. of fix) + 3x. (marks) ® 14 a Sketch a graph of fx) = 1 ~3x- 204, finding the coordinates of any turning points. a b Calculate " fox)dx for ae R. ¢ Find the maximum possible mean value of f(x) on any real interval of length 1 @S Differentiating inverse trigonometric functions You can differentiate the inverse trigonometric functions implicitly. Show that Learesin x) Let y= aresinx then sinp =x. Gees Seema a 1 Alternatively, since = === you can conclude the sign is positive since the graph of _y =arcsin x shows that the gradient is positive at all points x. 62Methods in calculus You can use similar methods to obtain the following standard results. d = m gy (aresina) = =e «4 (arecosx) =-—2 You should learn these results, but also be able de 1a ‘to derive them as in the example above. a 1 d d = S (arctan x) = 4, o x! =a, Notice that © aresin x) = —-© (arecos.x). Ix EDD ccailthe domain and range ofeach ofthese inverse trigonometric functions: Function Domain Range acsox flan [[34 arccos.x 4 (x arctan (-0, 00) ‘Ss Zl ‘€ Pure Year2, Chapter 6 i in, find Given y = aresin.®, find 5 a using implicit differentiation busing the chain rule and the formula for A-aresin x. me es ee eg — ize at a x a ThenChapter 3 Ao a eo' ies) “Trin Cree) re = (a fa) Tex _ le 2 taemeeiae* Core) | J eae dy ue You could also use the chain rule and the formula a for $-(orctan x). 1 Use implicit differentiation to differentiate the following functions. 64 atacns D) anscosm, You can check your answers by using the © arccos x? d arctan (x3 +3x) chain rule as well as the results stated earlier in in(1) the section. € aresin 2 Differentiate y = (arccos.x)(aresin x) . 2 1 + arctan x © 3 Differentiate y arcane (4 marks) 4 fix) = arccos x + aresin x. By considering [1"(x)dx, prove that fix) =F forall values of 2. (4 marks) 5 Differentiate with respect to x: a arecos 2x b arctan, © aresin 3x 4 arcot(x +1) ¢ arcsin(1 - 2°) f arccosx? g e*arccos.x h arcsin xcos x i xarecos.x J eemunyMethods in calculus é 6 Given that tany = xarctan.x, find $ (4 marks) ee 7 Given that y = aresin x, prove that (6 marks) 8 Find an equation of the tangent to the curve with equation y = aresin 2x at the point where xet 9 Find the derivatives of the following functions. 1 aresin x a (arctan x)? © arctan (arctan x) @®) 10 Sketch the graphs of the following: @ aresin (aresin x) b arceos(arceos x) © arctan (arctan x) ©® 11 Prove each of the following: @ eee a sin areeos.x) = VT b cos(arctan x) = root, you should consider the Vi+x7 definitions or graphs of the r ; Inverse trigonometric functi © secarecos.x) = 4 singareseex)= (1 ~—5 to determine the sign. @ Integrating with inverse trigonometric functions You can use the results from the previous section to integrate functions of the forms — +; @ 1 +x? By using an appropriate substitution, show that f : constant and |x| 0, [91 0, you cannot write it as a product of linear factors wit! h real coefficients. However, you can still write it in partial fractions, where the partial fraction corresponding to the quadratic factor has a linear numerator and quadratic denominator. 20 (et 3)(x% + 1) 20= A(x? +1) + (Bx + CMe +3) A Bx+€ x43 = xed Set.x=-3:20= 104 A= A+B=05 B= 3B4+C=203C=6 Find the values of 4, Band C by multiplying both sides by (x + 3)(x2 + 0). Set x=-3 so that (Br + Cx +3) = Equate coefficients of x? on each side. Equate coefficients of x on each side. You can use the techniques from the previous section to integrate the second fraction on the right- 3) +6 where A and B are constants to be found. So 20 2 6-2x (4H DG2ED N43 HT hand side show that [14* ay= We9x 125 arn [Ps are f(44 Bt wean Je a9) xa 4o Alx? +9) + Bx? + Cvexdt Equate x? terms: A + B= 0 1 Equate constant terms: 94 =1= A Equate x terms: C 14x a 2) tes Iles) effi. “We ate) 1 a glaret tle Hine? +49) 4 2 3! 2 49)+ Larctan tnx ~ sinks? + 9) + Larcta 4 2 a = ypl2hns ~ lle? + 9) + Sarctan + Larctan 3 10 wein(S) #6 2 (3) + (3)+¢ 1 «| +9) (3)Methods in calculus atex 8 EXPOS Sy 5x46 as partial fractions. 4 b Hence find Se +*_ dx. M4546 a xt + Sx? + 6 = (42 + AM? + 3) Bree, | wee 2 ad xtHx 80 Ges But +3) wha v= AGE 4 2M? + 9) + (Bx + Cha? + 3) + (Dx + Bla + 2) 4 B+D=0 3B+2D=1 So B=1 and D 5A+C+E=0 644+3C+2E=0 So C= 4 and E xtex eee 4e xa Ho x242 3243 So Problem-solving There are other ways of determining the coefficients. You could find A = 1 by writing xtex (645x246) (x? —x +6) x4 5x +6 MEEK +O _ Sxé=x46 x ESxE+O Methods such as this are often quicker than using polynomial long division. You could also substitute x= iv2 and x=iV3 to eliminate terms. 1Chapter 3 b Using the partial fraction decomposition: ses tag f_* waaay + feeepee sxe Sinks? + 2l+ Faia) of522 a— | +3) 1. Express the following as partial fractions. inlx? + 31 ~ Factor 2 a — 1 _ »—_1 _ eg aeas eer i42R-D XoPaD 2 Find [ees giving your answer in the form Ain |x + 21+ Barctan (2) +e, where A and B are constants to be found, and cis an arbitrary constant. (4 marks) @ 3 forte -de- 2-2 a Given that (x +2) isa factor of f(a), fully factorise f(x). (marks) b Hence find {Seesaw giving your answer in the form ax ded in 242% 4 Darctan (3) +c, where A, Band D are constants to be found, “x38 2 and cis an arbitary constant. (S marks) 4 Find f Z < Fd, giving your answer in the form In x where 4 and B are constants to be found, and ¢ is an arbitary constant. (S marks) dx, giving your answer in the form 4 + Barctan and Bare constants to be found, and c is an arbitary constant. (5 marks) 12Methods in calculus 34 9x2 —a 6 Show that [2+937#5+1 ge = nM parctan.x+ c, where , Band Dare 4-1 lx 1 xo constants to be found, and cis an arbitary constant. (5 marks) 7 fix) = 53 4x? + 6x — 24 a Given that (4) = 0, ally faetorise f(x). (2 marks) bb Express 2" = 38424 oe ee 3y it partial fractions, (marks) Use your answer to part b and an appropriate substitution to calculate 2x?=3x424 Ix. —4s?4 ex (4 marks) 1 8 f= CT poe- a Calculate [fix dx. marks) 1 . b Hence show that fj ——5y5¢ =) 4 diverges. marks) xt $x24 2x ifs EB) 9 a Express aay low 23a #8 Partial fractions (4 marks) +4 5x24 2x b Hence find [+> 42* ax, (5 marks) ome |e * c= 10 Use the method of partial fractions to find [4 4*+10 4, x > 0, (4 marks) paials rr da = @u Show that | pera dr +2In2). (4 marks) xtl saat te @r2a Express Ty pi as Pattial fractions. (4 marks) b Hence find I Soe (5 marks) + Challenge Geico Find: First complete the square in the denominator 1 1 and then use an appropriate substitution. oO eres cece 3Chapter 3 LES ra © 1 @ Using the substitution w= e%, find f 7 2 ord. (3 marks) b Hence show that (3 marks) © 2 Find the exact mean value of fix) = 120082 over the interval fg a} (4 marks) sin?x 3 © 3 Show that the exact mean value of fix) = xsin 2x over the interval [o. 5 is} (4marks) © 4 a Find the derivative of arccosx* (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, calculate [- (1 mark) _ Qx+ 3) @® 5 feo =aretan(*} Mg -—_b a Show that 09 = S555 (4marks) b Given that -2 < x <2, show that [F(x] <1 (2 marks) ©® 6 a Explain what it means for an integral to be improper. b Identify two features of [/ “hs te which ‘make it an improper integral. By differentiating arctan \7, or otherwise, show that f cane its exact value. a is convergent and find L+ 5x 7 fty= tS @ 1 wee Find J fix) dx, giving your answer in the form Av1 - 5x? + Barcsin v5 x) + ¢ where ¢ is an arbitrary constant and 4 and B are constants to be found. (4marks) © 8a Show that [GL dr=arctans. (2 marks) b Hence evaluate: jr Leg a [- (2 marks) (2 marks) 1hMethods in calculus 1+2x 9 = Tags a Find /fixidx, giving your answer in the form Aln(1 + 4x2) + Barctan(2x) + ¢ where c is an arbitrary constant and A and B are constants to be found. (4 marks) os bb Henee find the exact value of [fund (marks) = Paresin Qx + ¢ where cis an arbitrary constant and P and Q are © 10 a Show that f- constants to be found. (4 marks) marks) RD te= a \ a Use the substitution «= x? to caleulate [fonds (4marks) b Hence show that f fix dx converges and state its value. (marks) @®13 Show that /2°= 2418849 gy = ainls|~ 24 D arctan xe Ox constants to be found. (S marks) +c, where A, Band D are Sf. where P and Q are constants to be found. (3 marks) b Find ffi dx, giving your answer in the form Aln|x — 4] + Barctan( 3) 5) +e where A and Bare constants to be found. @ (4 marks) € Hence show that [fin dx diverges. (2 marks) @s5 t=, a Find [fixidx. (4 marks) D Hence show that the mean value of f(x) over the interval [1, 2] is ing (2 marks) ¢ Hence, or otherwise, find the mean value, over the interval [1, 2], of 2f(x) -§ (3 marks) 15Chapter 3 ‘A function is said to attain its mean value on the interval [a, 6] if there 1 ft exists a value ¢ € [a,b] such that fd) = =[ f(a) dx. a Show that the function f(x) = x° 2+ 4 attains its mean value on the interval [0, 2], and find the exact values of c € (0, 2] for which fd =}, f fla) dx. Give an example of a function which does not attain its mean value ‘on the interval [0, 2, fully justifying your answer. Summary of key points 4, 1. The integral |’ fx) dx is improper if either: + one or both of the limits is infinite + f(x) is undefined at x = a, x = b or another point in the interval [a, 6). 2. The mean value of the function f(x) over the interval [a, b], is given by » pela fC ae Nae 3. IF the function f(x) has mean value F over the interval [a, bl, and kis a real constant, then: + f(x) +k has mean value f + k over the interval (a, 6] + Kf(x) has mean value KF over the interval (a, 6] + -f(x) has mean value —f over the interval Ia, 6]. caer 4 + GeGrcsin.») d Ge RUCCOSA) = = 4 Gerctany) = Ix 1 16Volumes of revolution After completing this chapter you should be able to: @ Find volumes of revolution around the x-axis — pages 72-80 © Find volumes of revolution around the y-axis > pages 81-83 Find volumes of revolution for curves defined parametrically > pages 83-87 © Model real-life applications of volumes of revolution > pages 87-89 Poe aoe eed 1 Evaluate: a Peon rex c SPter dx € Pure Year 2, Chapter 11 2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y =+sec4x, the x-axis, the yraxis and the line x= 1. + Pure Year 2, Chapter 11 The region R is bounded by the curve y= 4x2+ 5, the x-axis and the lines and x= 4, The region is rotated through 2z radians about the x-axis. Find the volume of the object generated. ‘© Book 1, Chapter 5 Volumes of revolution can be used to ‘model objects with circular cross-sections. By defining curves parametrcally, you can find volumes of a wider range of objects. > Exercise 4D 6Chapter 4 @ Volumes of revolution around the x-axis You need to be able to find volumes of revolution of more complicated curves. In this chapter you might need to use any of the functions and integration techniques you encountered in your Alevel course. You have already encountered volumes of revolution with simpler functions. € Book 1, Section 5.1 = The volume of revolution formed when y = f(x) is rotated through 27 radians about the a-axis between x = a and x = bis given by Volume = 7 f*y?dx EMD sive wctimescrreniuion CP ‘around the x-axis using GeoGebra. The region R is bounded by the curve with equation y = sin2x, the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and the x-axis, Find the volume of the solid formed when region R is rotated through 2 radians about Ve af sintexae aren aeminano ns 5nd tester [201 ~ cosaxja alex gsinay|) 9-2 Baca 1 Find the exact volume of the solid generated when each curve is rotated through 2 radians about the x-axis between the given limits, between x= 0 and x=2 x41 x and.x=7 = Vxsecx between x = a iin e y=*2* between x= 1 and.x=2 2 The curve with equation y = cosx sin 0 — between x =0and 10x? +1 between x = 0 and =2 ft J7= cosee x + cot x between x= 3 and x= 5 5, y= 00sx VEER zGB) 3 The diagram shows the finite region R, which is bounded by the curve = Inx, the line x = 3 and the x-axis. The region Ris rotated through 27 radians about the x-axis. Use integration to find the exact volume of the solid generated. (7 marks) eeu You will need to find the value of a, where the curve crosses the x-axis 4a Using the substitution x = 3sin8, or otherwise, find the exact value of = L f =a (7 marks) ‘The diagram shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y = —2—. x(9— x7} ‘The shaded region R, shown in the diagram, is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the lines with equations x Sana x 8 The shaded region Ris rotated through 2x radians about the x-axis to form a solid of revolution. b Using your answer to part a, find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed. (2 marks) ; av43 ; GB) 5 The curve with equation » $2) 0x21 8 shown in the diagram. The shaded region R, bounded by the lines x = 1, x=4, the x-axis and the curve, is rotated 360° about the x-axis, ‘Use calculus to find the exact volume of the solid generated. (marks) 6 The curve shown in the diagram has equation 2y? = xsinx +x. a Show that the coordinates of point 4 are (E.0). (1 mark) The shaded region R is rotated about the x-axis to generate a solid of revolution. b Find the volume of the solid generated. (S marks) 6 Volumes of revolution aves &Dee=] 19Chapter 4 i 7 lo. . 7 The curve with equation y = =", > is shown in the diagram. The region R bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x= -1, x =2is shown in the diagram. The region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. 10 36 +20) a Find the exact volume of the solid generated. (6 marks) ‘The region S, bounded by the curves y = seas and __20 7° 364207 is shown in the diagram. The region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. and the lines x = —1 and x = 2, b Find the exact volume of the solid generated. (3 marks) 8 The region R is bounded by the curve with equation y= xe and the line with equation y = $x, as shown in the diagram, The region is rotated through 27 radians about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. (8 marks) The diagram shows the region R, which is bounded by the curve with equation y= sin.x, 0.x = and the line with equation y= v2 Region Ris rotated through 2m radians about the line y “3 Show that the solid of revolution formed has area 5(r —3) 80Volumes of revolution @ Volumes of revolution around the y-axis You can apply A level integration techniques to volumes of revolution formed when a curve is rotated about the y-axis. "= The volume of revolution formed when PSD wien you use this formula you are integrating with respect to y. You might need to rearrange functions to get an expression for x?in terms of y. € Book 1, Section 5.2 CUD Snataincecone Cy around the y-axis using GeoGebra. x= f()) is rotated through 27 radians about the y-axis between y= a and y = bis given by Volume = x [*x?dy ‘The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 4Inx - 1 The finite region R, shown in the diagram, is bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line y = 4. Region Ris rotated by 2x radians about the y-axis. Use integration to show that the exact value of the volume of the solid generated is 2nVee? - 1). ys4ine 1 (were _| {Ee 1 Find the exact volume of the solid generated when each curve is rotated through 27 radians about the y-axis between the given limits. axse between y =O and y b x= ye" between y=Oand y=1 between y= 1 and y=5 ax-— y yylny 2. Find the exact volume of the solid generated when each curve is rotated through 2 radians about the y-axis between the given limits. between y =e! and y =e? a y=4-1 between y =Oand y=1 by 552% between y'=—1 and y 1 © y= 2e* between y= 2and y=4 dy =arccos VX between y =O and y 5 81Chapter 4 ®) 3 The diagram shows the curve with equation x FT ‘The finite region bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the lines y= Land y= b is shown in the diagram. The region is rotated through 27 radians about the y-axis to generate a solid of revolution. Given that the volume of the solid generated is find the value of b. (S marks) B®) 4 The curve with equation x = /¥siny is shown in the diagram. J 4 x= vysiny é * The finite region enclosed by the curve and the y-axis is shaded. The region is rotated through. 2n radians about the y-axis. a Find the value of h. (1 mark) b Find the volume of the solid generated. (6 marks) 5 The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 3In(x - 1). y The finite region R, shown shaded in the diagram, is bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line . The region R is rotated by 2 radians about the )vaxis, Use integration to find the exact value of the fy = An(e= 1) volume of the solid generated. marks) Firs rearrange the equation to make sx the subject. 6 a Express cos y + y3siny in the form Reos(y — a), where R > O and avis acute. (4marks) The region R is bounded by the curve with equation x= , the y-axis and the x y+V3siny lines y = Oand y = cosy +9 siny 3 b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the volume of the solid formed when the region R is rotated through 2m radians about the p- a3 (marks) 82Volumes of revolution 7 a Using the substitution w= 2, or otherwise, find the exact value of oo» [ oer” (6 marks) Det The shaded region R, shown in the diagram, is bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the lines y = 0 and y = 1. The region is rotated through 2x radians about the y-axis to form a solid of revolution. The diagram shows part of the curve with equation x= b Using your answer to part a, find the exact volume of solid of revolution formed. (2 marks) GP) 8 a By writing a suitable expansion for sin 56, or otherwise, show that sin3@ = L(10sind — 5sin30 + sinSd) (marks) ‘The curve shown in the diagram has equation x /siny. ‘The finite region bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the line ye a is shown in the diagram. The region is rotated through 2 radians about the y-axis to generate a solid of revolution. b Show that the volume of the solid generated is 7 (s s 42) i marks) * @ Volumes of revolution of parametrically defined curves When the equations of curves are given parametrically, you can adjust the formulae for volumes of revolution by using the chain rule. Fora parametric curve, x and yare each given asa function of a parameter, ‘Pure Year 2, Chapter 8 = The volume of revolution formed when the parametric curve with equations x = f() eee eee ee entey and y= g(t) is rotated through 2m radians you are integrating with respect to the parameter, about the x-axis between x=aandx=bis Generally then =a. You can evaluate given by the definite integral by rewriting the limits of the a egral Volume=x/""'y?dx= 7] age integral in terms of ¢. a 14 = The volume of revolution formed by rotating the same curve through 2 radians about the yraxis between y=a andy 83