Chapter – 8

B. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

1. Write the molecular formula of aluminium oxide.

Ans: Al2O3

2. The elements present in sodium bicarbonate are sodium, carbon, _______ and oxygen.

Ans: Hydrogen

3. Which one has more mass 1 mole of hydrogen gas or 0.20 mole of nitrogen gas?

Ans: 0.20 mole of nitrogen gas

4. Which one has more number of molecules 1 mole of N2 or 1 mole of O2?

Ans: Same. Because 1 mole of any substance always contain 6.022 × 1023 of that substance.

5. What is the value of Avogadro’s constant?

Ans: 6.022 × 1023

6. What is the valency of carbon in (a) CCl4 and (b) CO2?

Ans: (a) CCl4 – 4, (b) CO2 – 4

7. If the atomic symbol of Cobalt is Co, then what is the atomic symbol of Copper?

Ans: Cu

8. What is the number of moles in 18g of water?

Ans: 1

9. What is the mass of 1 mole of water?

Ans: 18g

C. Short Answer Questions Type - I:

1. State the Law of constant proportion and name the scientist who proposed this law?

Ans: Law of constant proportion states that,

A chemical compound always contains the same element combined together in the same definite
ratio by mass.

This law was proposed by Joseph L. Proust.

2. Name the 2 laws of chemical combinations and write the statement of one of them.

Ans: The 2 laws of chemical combinations are:

i) Law of conservation of mass

ii) Law of constant proportion

Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

(You may also write law of constant proportion if u prefer)

3. Calculate and compare the masses of 0.5 mole of CO and 0.5 mole of N2.

Ans: Mass of 1 mole of CO = molar mass of C + molar mass of O

= 12g + 16g = 28g

Mass of 0.5 mole = 0.5 × 28g = 14g

Mass of 1 mole of N2 = 2 × molar mass of N

= 2 × 14g = 28g

Mass of 0.5 mole = 0.5 × 28g = 14g

They have the same mass.

4. Convert the following into number of moles:

i) 8g of oxygen gas ii) 24g of carbon iii) 6g of water

Ans: Number of moles = mass of substance / molar mass of substance

Or, n= m / M

i) m = 8g

M = molecular mass of O2 = 2 × 16 = 32g/mole (or g mol-1)

So, n = 8g / 32g mol-1

n = ¼ mole or 0.4 mole

ii) m = 24g

M = atomic mass of C = 12 g mol-1

So, n = 24g / 12 g mol-1

n = 2 mole
 iii) m = 6g

M = molecular mass of H2O = 2×H + O = 2×1 + 16

= 18g mol-1

So, n = 6g / 18 g mol-1

n = 1/3 mole or 0.3 mole

5. Write the molecular formula of each of the following:

(a) Zinc phosphate ( valency of zinc = 2 and phosphate = 3)

(b) Aluminium oxide ( valency of aluminium = 3 and oxygen = 2)

(c) Sodium sulphate ( valency of sodium = 1 and sulphate = 2)

Ans: a) Zn3(PO4)2

b) Al2O3

c) Na2SO4

6. Select elements and compounds from the following:

(a) NO (b) N2 (c) CO2 (d) HCl (e) Cl2 (f) CO

(g) Hg (h) Unh

Ans: Elements : N2, Cl2, Hg, Unh

Compounds : NO, CO2, HCl, CO

7. Calculate the mass of each one of the following:

(a) 0.3 mole of ammonia (b) 0.1 mole of carbon dioxide

(c) 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O

Ans: From the equation on pg. 189, mass = number of mole × molar mass

Or, m =n×M

(a) Ammonia (NH3)

n = 0.3mol

M = N + 3×H = 14 + 3×1 = 17g/mol

So, m = 0.3 x 17

m = 5.1g
 (b) 0.1 mole of carbon dioxide (CO2)

n = 0.1g

M = C + 2×O = 12 + 2×16 = 44g/mol

So, m = 0.1 × 44

m = 4.4g

(c) 6.022 ×1023 molecules of H2O

From the equation on pg. 191,

mass = (number of particles /Avogadro number) × molar mass

Or, m = (N/NA) × M

Here, N = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

NA = 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol

M = 2×H + O = 2×1 + 16 = 18 g/mol

So, m = (6.022 × 1023/6.022 × 1023) × 18

m = 18g

8. Which one of the following will have more number of atoms? Justify your answer.

(a) 100g of sodium (Atomic mass of sodium = 23u)

(b) 100g of iron (Atomic mass of iron = 56u)

Ans: The number of atoms in 100g of sodium will be more than the number of atoms in 100g of iron.

We can know this by calculating,

number of atoms(N) in 100g of sodium = (mass/ molar mass) × Avogadro number (pg. 190)

Now, mass = 100g

molar mass = 23g/mol

So, N = (100/23) × 6.022 × 1023

N = 26.18 × 1023 atoms

number of atoms in 100g of iron (N)

N = (100/56) × 6.022 × 1023

N = 1.78 × 1023 atoms

D. Short Answer Type – II:

1. Define Avogadro’s number. Why is it also known as Avogadro’s constant?

Ans: Avogadro’s number is the number of particles present in one mole or mol, and is equal to 6.022 ×
1023 particles. This means 1 mole of anything contains 6.022 × 1023 of that particle/ substance.

This number is known as Avogadro's constant because its value is fixed (6.022 x 1023).

2. State the significance of 1 mole.

Ans: With the knowledge of mole concept, and its relation with the mass of chemical substance, we
can easily collect any number of atoms and molecules by weighing them without counting. So if
we want to collect 1 mole of oxygen gas (6.022 × 1023 atoms), we just collect 32g of oxygen gas.

3. Define molar mass. What are its units?

Ans: The mass of one mole of molecules is called its molar mass. Its unit is gram per mole, written as
g/mol or g mol-.

4. An element P shows two valencies 3 and 4. Write the formula of possible oxides of this element.

Ans: When P shows 3 valencies, P2O3

When P shows 4 valencies, P2O4

5. Write the formulae of the compound formed by following:

(a) Sodium ion and chloride ion (b) Potassium ion and oxalate ion

(c) Magnesium ion and hydride ion

Ans: (a) NaCl

(b) C2K2O4
(c) MgH2

6. Ravi prepared a solution of sodium chloride by mixing 5.85g of salt in 1 litre of water (Atomic
masses of Na and Cl are 23.4 and 35.4 respectively. Find:
(a) molar mass of sodium chloride
(b) number of moles of sodium chloride dissolved
(c) concentration of sodium chloride solution

Ans: (a) molar mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) = 23.4 + 35.54 = 58.94g/mol

(b) number of moles of NaCl, n =m/M = 5.85/58.94

= 0.99 mol or 1mol

(c) mass of 1 litre of water is 1 kg or 1000g

and mass on NaCl is 5.85g

So, mass of the solution = NaCl + Water = 5.85g + 1000g = 1005.85g

Concentration of NaCl solution = 5.85 / 1005.85 × 100 = 0.58%

7. If the number of molecules in a given sample of sulphur dioxide (SO 2) is 3.011 × 1023, calculate
the following: [Atomic mass of S = 32u and
O = 16u]

(a) the number of moles of the given sample

(b) mass of sulphur dioxide in the given sample
(c) number of oxygen atoms in given sample

Ans: (a) We know, 6.022 × 1023 molecules = 1 mole

So, 3.011 × 1023 molecules = (1 / 6.022 × 1023) × 3.011 × 1023

Number of moles of the given sample = 0.5 mol

(b) mass of 1 mole of sulphur dioxide (SO2 = 64g

mass of sulphur dioxide (SO2) of the given sample,

= 0.5 × 64g

= 32g

(c) mass of oxygen in 64g of SO2 = 32g ( 2×16)

mass of oxygen in 32g of SO2 = 16g

E. Long Answer Type:

1. What are the general rules for writing a chemical formula? Explain with examples.

Ans: There are 2 methods namely, Mass ratio method and Valency method.

1) Mass ratio method

- Find the mass ratio of each element

- Find the atomic ratio of each element

- Change the atomic ratio into whole number to get simple ratio

Example: Experimentally we found that for 90g of water, 10g is Hydrogen and 80g is Oxygen

So, Mass ratio of hydrogen = mass of H/ mass of water = 10g/90g = 1/9

Mass ratio of oxygen = mass of O/ mass of water = 80g/90g = 8/9

Hence, Mass of hydrogen : Mass of oxygen = 1/9:8/9 = 1:8

Atomic ratio of hydrogen = mass ratio of H/ relative atomic mass of H

= 1/1 = 1

Atomic ratio of oxygen = mass ratio of O/ relative atomic mass of O

= 8/16 = ½

Atomic ratio of H and O = H : O = 1 : 1/2

 Now, On multiplying atomic ratio by 2 we get,

H : O = 2×1 : 2×1/2 =2:1

So molecular formula of Water is H2O

2) Valency method

- Atomic symbol is written side by side, and symbol of metal is written first than non-metal

- Valency of element is written below its symbol

- Valency of one element is transferred to right bottom side of the other element

Example: To write the formula of CCl4, we follow the steps above.

Step 1. C Cl

Step 2. C Cl
(4) (1)

Step 3. C1 Cl4

Thus the formula is CCl4

2. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances:

(a) Ethyne(C2H2) (b) Sulphur molecule(S8) (c)Phosphorus molecule(P4)

(b) Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) (e) Nitric acid (HNO3)

Ans: (a) Ethyne (C2H2), Atomic mass of C = 12 and H = 1

Molar mass = 2×12 + 2×1 = 24 + 2 = 26g/mol

(b) Sulphur molecules (S8)

Molar mass = 8×32 = 256g/mol

(c) 124g/mol
(d) 36.5g/mol
(e) 63g/mol

3. You are asked by your chemistry teacher to buy 5 moles of distilled water from the medical store
where small bottles each containing 10ml (10g) distilled water is available. How many such bottles
of distilled water would you buy?

Ans: We know 1 mol of water = 18g

So 5 moles of water = 18×5 = 90g
We also know 1 bottle contains 10ml (10g),
So we will have to buy = 90/10 = 9 bottles

4. Write the main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.

Ans: (see textbook page. 168)

F. Numericals:

1. Two grams of hydrogen combine with 16 grams of oxygen to form water. How many grams of
water will be formed? Write the name of the law of chemical combination which you have used in
this calculation.

Ans: 2 grams of hydrogen combine with 16 grams of oxygen,

So the molecule formed is H2O.

Mass of H2O = 2×1 + 16 = 18g

Now, the mass of the reactants = 2g + 16g = 18g

(mass of reactants = mass of product, H2O)

So we can observe the law of conservation of mass for this calculation.

2. When 6 grams of hydrogen gas was burnt with 48 grams of oxygen, 54 grams of water was
produced. In other experiment when electric current was passed through 36 grams of water then 4
grams of hydrogen and 32 grams of oxygen were formed.

i) Calculate the mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen which combine to form water.

ii) Calculate the mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen formed when electric current was passed
through water

iii) Write the name of chemical combination which is verified by these experiments.

Ans: i) mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen = mass of hydrogen / mass of oxygen

= 6/48 = 1/8 or 1: 8

ii) mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen when electric current was passed through water

= mass of hydrogen / mass of oxygen

= 4/32 = 1/8 or 1: 8

iii) The chemical law which verified these experiments is the Law of constant proportion.

3. The actual mass of a single carbon atom is 1.992 × 1023g. Compute the number of C atoms in 12
grams of carbon. [Number of C atoms = 12g/1.992 × 1023g atom-1]

Ans; 6.024 × 1023 atoms

4. Compute the molecular mass of each one of the following and write the corresponding value of
gram molecular mass.

i) Water (H2O) ii) Sugar (C12H22O11) iii) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

iv) Baking soda ( NaHCO3) [Atomic masses: H=1u, C=12u, O=16u, Na=23u]

Ans: i) molecular mass of H2O = 2×1 + 16 = 18u

gram molecular mass = 2×1 + 16 = 18g

ii) molecular mass of C12H22O11 = (12× 2) + (22×1) + (11×16) = 342u

gram molecular mass = 342g

iii) molecular mass of Na2CO3 = 2×23 + 12 + 3×16 = 106u

gram molecular mass = 106g

iv) molecular mass of NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + 3×16 = 84u