Marinos Ioannides

Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann

Ioannides et al. (Eds.)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
The LNCS series reports state-of-the-art results in computer science
Eleanor Fink Roko Žarnić
research, development, and education, at a high level and in both printed Alex-Yianing Yen Ewald Quak (Eds.)
and electronic form. Enjoying tight cooperation with the R&D community,
with numerous individuals, as well as with prestigious organizations and
societies, LNCS has grown into the most comprehensive computer science
research forum available.

The scope of LNCS, including its subseries LNAI and LNBI, spans the
whole range of computer science and information technology including
Digital Heritage

LNCS 8740
interdisciplinary topics in a variety of application fields. The type of
material published traditionally includes
– proceedings (published in time for the respective conference)
Progress in Cultural Heritage:
Documentation, Preservation,
– post-proceedings (consisting of thoroughly revised final full papers)
– research monographs (which may be based on outstanding PhD work,
research projects, technical reports, etc.) 1 and Protection
More recently,several color-cover sublines have been added featuring, LNCS 5th International Conference, EuroMed 2014
beyond a collection of papers, various added-value components; these 8740 Limassol, Cyprus, November 3–8, 2014
sublines include
Proceedings
– tutorials (textbook-like monographs or collections of lectures given at

Digital Heritage
advanced courses)
– state-of-the-art surveys (offering complete and mediated coverage
of a topic)
– hot topics (introducing emergent topics to the broader community)
In parallel to the printed book, each new volume is published electronically
in LNCS Online.
Detailed information on LNCS can be found at
www.springer.com/lncs
Proposals for publication should be sent to
LNCS Editorial, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 0302-9743
ISBN 978-3-319-13694-3

9 783319 136943

› springer.com EuroMed
123
2014
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8740
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
Marinos Ioannides
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann Eleanor Fink
Roko Žarnić Alex-Yianing Yen
Ewald Quak (Eds.)

Digital Heritage
Progress in Cultural Heritage:
Documentation, Preservation,
and Protection

5th International Conference, EuroMed 2014

Limassol, Cyprus, November 3-8, 2014
Proceedings

13
Volume Editors
Marinos Ioannides
Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
E-mail: [email protected]
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann
University of Geneva, Switzerland
E-mail: [email protected]
Eleanor Fink
2360 N. Vernon Street, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Roko Žarnić
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
E-mail: [email protected]
Alex-Yianing Yen
China University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
E-mail: [email protected]
Ewald Quak
Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349

ISBN 978-3-319-13694-3 e-ISBN 978-3-319-13695-0
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13695-0
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955211

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 3 – Information Systems and Application, incl. Internet/Web

and HCI
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection
with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication
or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location,
in ist current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use
may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution
under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
 Organization

Conference Chairs
Marinos Ioannides, Cyprus
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, Switzerland
Eleanor Fink, USA
Roko Žarnić, Slovenia
Alex-Yianing Yen, Taiwan
Ewald Quak, Estonia

Paper Review Chair

Nikolaos Doulamis, Greece

Local Organizing Committee

Agapiou, Athos Louka, Andreas
Christodoulou, Andreas Mallouris, Stefanos
Eliades, Ioannis Marangou, Anna
Hadjigavriel, Loukia L. Michail, Harris
Hadjigavriel, Stella Nikolaou, Dimitris
Koukounidou, Sylvia Polyviou, Zachos
Lanitis, Andreas Stylianou, George
Loizou, Christos Themistokleous, Kyriakos

International Scientific Committee (ISC)

Agapiou, Athos (CY) Bryan, Paul (UK)
Albertson, Lynda (IT) Caliandro, Rocco (IT)
Angeletaki, Alexandra (NO) Callet, Patrick (IT)
Ashley, Michael (US) Colla, Camilla (IT)
Balet, Olivier (FR) Corsi, Cristina (IT)
Barcelo, Juan (SP) Dallas, Costis (CA)
Bebis, George (US) De Jong, Annemieke (NL)
Belgiorno, Maria-Rosaria (IT) De Leeuw, Sonja (NL)
Bellini, Francesco (IT) De Masi, Alessandro (IT)
Berni, Marco (IT) De Niet, Marco (NL)
Bockholt, Ulrich (DE) De Polo Saibanti, Andrea (IT)
Boochs, Frank (DE) Degraeve, Ann (BE)
Brner, Wolfgang (AT) Dobreva, Milena (MT)
X Organization

Doneus, Michael (AT) Makantasis, Konstantinos (GR)

Doulamis, Anastasios (GR) Marcella, Stefano (IT)
Drap, Pierre (FR) Masini, Nicola (IT)
Eppich, Rand (US) Mate, Toth (HU)
Farrag, Maged (EG) Mazzi Boém, Marika (IT)
Filin, Sagi (IL) Michail, Harris (CY)
Fotakis, Costas (GR) Moropoulou, Antonia (GR)
Fouseki, Kalliopi (UK) Nabil, Mohammad (EG)
Fresa, Antonella (IT) Nanetti, Andrea (SG)
Frick, Jürgen (DE) Nurminen, Antti (FI)
Fritsch, Dieter (DE) Nys, Karin (BE)
Gebhardt, Andreas (DE) Ouimet, Christian (CA)
Georgopoulos, Andreas (GR) Panagou, Eleni (GR)
Giuliano, Angele (MT) Papageorgiou, Dimitris (GR)
Giuliano, Angele (IT) Papagiannakis, George (GR)
Graf, Holger (DE) Pechlivanidou, Anastasia (GR)
Grammalidis, Nikos (GR) Petrelli, Daniela (UK)
Grosset, Marie (FR) Porfyriou, Heleni (IT)
Grussenmeyer, Pierre (FR) Potsiou, Chryssy (GR)
Gutierrez, Mariano Flores (ES) Protopapadakis, Eftychios (GR)
Gutiérrez Meana, Javier (ES) Radoslav, Pavlov (BG)
Hagedorn-Saupe, Monika (DE) Rajcic, Vlatka (HR)
Hanke, Klaus (AT) Rodriguez-Echavarria, Karina (UK)
Ibáñez, Francisco (ES) Ronchi, Alfredo (IT)
Ioannidis, Charalambos (GR) Ruther, Heinz (RSA)
Jabi, Wassim (DE) Saleh, Fathi (EG)
Jin, Shang (CH) Sánchez Andreu, Joan (ES)
Kaminski, Jaime (UK) Santana, Mario (CA)
Klein, Michael (AT) Santos, Pedro (DE)
Klein, Reinhard (DE) Schindler, Mathias (DE)
Kolias, Stefanos (GR) Sempere, Isabel Martnez (ES)
Koukios, Emmanuel (GR) Shang, Jin (CH)
Krizova, Romana (CZ) Snyders, Marius (NL)
Kyriakaki, Georgia (GR) Stachniss, Cyrill (DE)
Landes, Tania (FR) Stan, Alexandru UK)
Lange, Guus (BE) Stork, Andre (DE)
Laquidara, Giuseppe (IT) Stylianidis, Stratos (CY)
Leissner, Johanna (DE) Tapinaki, Sevasti (GR)
León, Alfredo Grande (ES) Themistokleous, Kyriakos (CY)
Lerma, José Luis (ES) Theodoridou, Maria (GR)
Liestøl, Gunnar (NO) Theofanous, Panagiotis (CY)
Lobovikov Katz, Anna (IL) Thwaites, Harold (MY)
Lonnqvist, Minna (FL) Truyen, Frederik (BE)
Lopez-Menchero Bendicho, Victor (IT) Tsai, Fuan (TW)
Madija, Lidija (RS) Tsapatsoulis, Nicolas (CY)
 Organization XI

Tsiafaki, Despoina (GR)

Tsoupikova, Daria (US) Walczak, Krzysztof (PL)
Uueni, Andres (EE) Wehr, Aloysius (DE)
Vander Vorst, Daniel (ES) Whatley, Sarah (UK)
Vavalis, Manolis (GR) Wilk, Christian (DE)
Verdiani, Giorgio (IT) Yen, Alex (TW)
Vermeulen, Frank (BE)
 Table of Contents

Digital Data Acquisition Technologies and Data

Processing in Cultural Heritage
Automatic Registration of Non-overlapping Laser Scans Based on a
Combination of Generated Images from Laser Data and Digital Images
in One Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Wassim Moussa and Dieter Fritsch

Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage: Key Questions in 3D Optical

Documentation of Material Culture for Conservation, Study and
Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Frank Boochs, Anna Bentkowska-Kafel, Christian Degrigny,
Maciej Karaszewski, Ashish Karmacharya, Zoltan Kato,
Marcello Picollo, Robert Sitnik, Alain Trémeau, Despoina Tsiafaki,
and Levente Tamas

In the Pursuit of Perfect 3D Digitization of Surfaces of Paintings:

Geometry and Color Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Maciej Karaszewski, Krzysztof Lech, Eryk Bunsch, and Robert Sitnik

Architectural Historical 4D Documentation of the Old-Segeberg Town

House by Photogrammetry, Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Historical
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Thomas P. Kersten, Nils Hinrichsen, Maren Lindstaedt,
Christoph Weber, Kristin Schreyer, and Felix Tschirschwitz

Capturing the Sporting Heroes of Our Past by Extracting 3D

Movements from Legacy Video Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Jon Goenetxea, Luis Unzueta, Maria Teresa Linaza,
Mikel Rodriguez, Noel O’Connor, and Kieran Moran

A High Speed Dynamic System for Scanning Reflective Surface with

Rotating Polarized Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ryo Ogino, Jay Arre Toque, Pengchang Zhang, and Ari Ide-Ektessabi

Orthoimage of Asclepieion at the Ancient Messene from UAV Images

Applying Dense Image Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Evangelos Maltezos and Charalabos Ioannidis

Innovation Technologies and Applications for Coastal Archaeological

Sites” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Alessio Di Iorio, Dimitrios Biliouris, Lars Boye Hansen,
and Antonella Canestro
XIV Table of Contents

Content-Based Filtering for Fast 3D Reconstruction from Unstructured

Web-Based Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Konstantinos Makantasis, Anastasios Doulamis, Nikolaos Doulamis,
Marinos Ioannides, and Nikolaos Matsatsinis
Semi-supervised Image Meta-filtering in Cultural Heritage
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Eftychios Protopapadakis, Anastasios Doulamis,
and Nikolaos Matsatsinis
Semi-automatic Segmentation and Modelling from Point Clouds
towards Historical Building Information Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hélène Macher, Tania Landes, Pierre Grussenmeyer,
and Emmanuel Alby
From a Model of a City to an Urban Information System:
The SIUR 3D of the Castle of Pietrabuona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Duccio Troiano, Andrés Garcı́a Morro, Alessandro Merlo,
and Eduardo Vendrell Vidal
Beyond Software. Design Implications for Virtual Libraries and
Platforms for Cultural Heritage from Practical Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Sander Münster and Nikolas Prechtel
Cultural Heritage Information Systems State of the Art
and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Barbara Vodopivec, Rand Eppich, and Roko Žarnić
Distribution of Cultural Content through Exploitation of Cryptographic
Algorithms and Hardware Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Harris E. Michail, Constantinos Louca, Dimitris Gavrilis,
Andreas Gregoriades, Lazaros Anastasiou, and Marinos Ioannides
Beyond Crude 3D Models: From Point Clouds to Historical Building
Information Modeling via NURBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Daniela Oreni, Raffaella Brumana, Fabrizio Banfi, Luca Bertola,
Luigi Barazzetti, Branka Cuca, Mattia Previtali, and Fabio Roncoroni
M3art: A Database of Models of Canvas Paintings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Jan Blažek, Jindřich Soukup, Barbara Zitová, Jan Flusser,
Janka Hradilová, David Hradil, and Tomáš Tichý
Bridging Archaeology and GIS: Influencing Factors for a 4D
Archaeological GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Berdien De Roo, Kristien Ooms, Jean Bourgeois,
and Philippe De Maeyer
 Table of Contents XV

The e-Documentation of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Analyzing Taiwanese Indigenous Folk Dances via Labanotation and
Comparing Results from Interdisciplinary Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Huaichin Hu, Rayuan Tseng, Chyicheng Lin, Likuo Ming, and
Katsushi Ikeuchi

LMA-Based Motion Retrieval for Folk Dance Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . 207

Andreas Aristidou, Efstathios Stavrakis, and Yiorgos Chrysanthou

Standards, Metadata, Ontologies and Semantic

Processing in Cultural Heritage
Ontology-Driven Processing and Management of Digital Rock Art
Objects in IndianaMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Daniela Briola, Vincenzo Deufemia, Viviana Mascardi,
Luca Paolino, and Nicoletta Bianchi

How Linked Open Data Can Help in Locating Stolen or Looted

Cultural Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Eleanor E. Fink, Pedro Szekely, and Craig A. Knoblock

Automatic Enrichments with Controlled Vocabularies in Europeana:

Challenges and Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Juliane Stiller, Vivien Petras, Maria Gäde, and Antoine Isaac

Data Management and Visualisation/Presentation of

Cultural Heritage content
Along the Appian Way. Storytelling and Memory across Time and
Space in Mobile Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Gunnar Liestøl

A Geometric Algebra Animation Method for Mobile Augmented

Reality Simulations in Digital Heritage Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
George Papagiannakis, Greasidou Elissavet, Panos Trahanias,
and Michalis Tsioumas

Interactive 3D Visualisation of Architectural Models and Point Clouds

Using Low-Cost-Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Felix Tschirschwitz, Thomas P. Kersten, and Kay Zobel

3D Visualization via Augmented Reality: The Case of the Middle Stoa

in the Ancient Agora of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Styliani Verykokou, Charalabos Ioannidis, and Georgia Kontogianni
XVI Table of Contents

Between the Fragment and the Atlas: A Device for the Visualization
and Documentation of the Cité de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine
in Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Fabrizio Gay and Matteo Ballarin

Innovative Technologies to Assess, Monitor, Restore

and Preserve Cultural Heritage
Using Heritage Risk Maps as an Approach for Estimating the Climate
Impact to Cultural Heritage Materials in the Island of Taiwan . . . . . . . . . 300
Ping-Sheng Wu, Chun-Ming Hsieh, and Min-Fu Hsu

Documentation and Evaluation of the Positive Contribution of Natural

Ventilation in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Aimilios Michael, Maria Philokyprou, and Chrystalla Argyrou

Shared Solutions to Tackle Restoration Restrictions and Requirements

for Cultural Landscape and the Sustainable Conservation of Cultural
Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Elena Gigliarelli and Giuliana Quattrone

Preservative Approach to Study Encased Archaeological Artefacts . . . . . . 332

Théophane Nicolas, Ronan Gaugne, Cédric Tavernier,
Valérie Gouranton, and Bruno Arnaldi

Microwave Assisted Preparation of Calcium Hydroxide and Barium

Hydroxide Nanoparticles and Their Application for Conservation of
Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Khaled M. Saoud, Imen Ibala, Dana El Ladki, Omar Ezzeldeen,
and Shaukat Saeed

Quality of Rural Life and Culture: Managing Change through the

Identification of Good Practice, Pilot Implementation Projects and
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Rand Eppich, Alexandra Kulmer, Juan Carlos Espada,
Barbara Vodopivec, and Roko Žarnić

Accessing the Impact of EU Research, Development

and Technology in the Digital Heritage Domain
MAXICULTURE: Assessing the Impact of EU Projects in the Digital
Cultural Heritage Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Francesco Bellini, Antonella Passani, Francesca Spagnoli,
David Crombie, and George Ioannidis
 Table of Contents XVII

Digital Data Acquisition Technologies and Data

Processing in Cultural Heritage
Characterisation of Spatial Techniques for Optimised Use in Cultural
Heritage Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Ann-Kathrin Wiemann, Frank Boochs, Ashish Karmacharya,
and Stefanie Wefers
Integration of Innovative Surveying Technologies for Purposes of
3D Documentation and Valorisation of St. Herakleidios Monastery
in Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Branka Cuca, Athos Agapiou, Andreas Kkolos,
and Diofantos Hadjimitsis
More Than a Flight: The Extensive Contributions of UAV Flights to
Archaeological Research – The Case Study of Curium Site in Cyprus . . . 396
Kyriacos Themistocleous, Athos Agapiou, Helen M. King,
Nigel King, and D.G. Hadjimitsis
Accurate and Cost-Efficient 3D Modelling Using Motorized Hexacopter,
Helium Balloons and Photo Modelling: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Britt Lonneville, Berdien De Roo, Cornelis Stal, Bart De Wit,
Alain De Wulf, and Philippe De Maeyer
Combination of 3D Scanning, Modeling and Analyzing Methods around
the Castle of Coatfrec Reconstitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Jean-Baptiste Barreau, Yann Bernard, Quentin Petit,
Laurent Beuchet, Emilien Petit, Volker Platen, Ronan Gaugne,
Julien Le Rumeur, and Valérie Gouranton
Design for Knowledge and Restoration: Instrumental Survey at Santa
Maria in San Celso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Angela Baila, Lorenzo Mazza, and Anna Anzani
Historic Center 3D Metric Documentation Updating by Low Cost
Solution: The Lençóis Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Arivaldo Leão de Amorim, Gabriele Fangi,
and Eva Savina Malinverni
Digital Survey and Material Analysis Strategies for Documenting,
Monitoring and Study the Romanesque Churches in Sardinia, Italy . . . . . 446
Stefano Columbu and Giorgio Verdiani
3D Reconstruction of Saltanat Gate in Dolmabahce Palace . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Ovgu Ozturk Ergun, Bo Zheng, Bahtiyar Kaba, Huseyin Inan,
Masataka Kagesawa, and Katsushi Ikeuchi
Architectural Perspectives Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Riccardo Migliari, Marco Fasolo, Leonardo Baglioni,
Marta Salvatore, Jessica Romor, and Matteo Flavio Mancini
XVIII Table of Contents

3D Technologies for the Integrated Analysis of World Heritage:

The Case of UNESCO’s Škocjan Caves, Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Gregor Novakovič, Dimitrij Mlekuž, Luka Rozman, Aleš Lazar,
Borut Peric, Rosana Cerkvenik, Karmen Peternelj, and Miran Erič

Integrated Application of Digital Technologies for Transmitting Values

of Cultural Heritage in Remote Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Yi-Jen Tseng, Tsung-Chiang Wu, and Sheng-Fa Hsu

Innovative Graphic Applications and Techniques

Experimental BIM Applications in Archeology: A Work-Flow . . . . . . . . . . 490
Andrea Scianna, Susanne Gristina, and Silvia Paliaga

Bologna Porticoes Project: 3D Reality-Based Models for the

Management of a Wide-Spread Architectural Heritage Site . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Fabrizio Ivan Apollonio, Marco Gaiani, Federico Fallavollita,
Massimo Ballabeni, and Sun Zheng

GAs and Evolutionary Design in Architectural Heritage-The Case of

Islamic Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Osama Mohammad Alrawi

Keeping the Equilibrium: The Static Aspects of the

Restoration Project. The Case Study of the Mother Church
of San Cataldo (Sicily) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Antonella Versaci, Alessio Cardaci, Davide Indelicato,
and Luca Renato Fauzia

Giving Life to John Calvin the Reformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Marlène Arévalo, Nedjma Cadi-Yazli,
and Nadia Magnenat Thalmann

meSch – Material Encounters with Digital Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . 536

Daniela Petrelli, Elena Not, Areti Damala, Dick van Dijk,
and Monika Lechner

Playhist: Play and Learn History. Learning with a Historical Game vs

An Interactive Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Ainhoa Perez-Valle, Pablo Aguirrezabal, and Sara Sillaurren

Intelligent Interactive Applications for Museum Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Kemal Egemen Ozden, Devrim Unay, Huseyin Inan, Bahtiyar Kaba,
and Ovgu Ozturk Ergun

Digital Archive System with 3D Web Portal Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

Ryosuke Matsushita, Hiroshi Suita, and Yoshihiro Yasumuro
 Table of Contents XIX

Presenting Cypriot Cultural Heritage in Virtual Reality:

A User Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
F. Loizides, A. El Kater, C. Terlikas, A. Lanitis, and D. Michael

2D and 3D GIS in Cultural Heritage

Research on the GIS as a Communication Platform in the Risk
Management of Traditional Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Alex Ya-Ning Yen and Chin-fang Cheng

An Application of G.I.S on Integrative Management for Cultural

Heritage- An Example for Digital Management on Taiwan Kinmen
Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Wun-Bin Yang, Hung-Ming Cheng, and Ya-Ning Yen

Geospatial Technologies for the Built Heritage Management:

Experiences in Sardinia, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Michele Campagna, Maddalena Achenza, Yuri Iannuzzi,
and Chiara Cocco

Worthy Outcomes from a System Advancing the Sharing of CH Data

and Stakeholders’ Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Antonia Spanò, Elena Cerutti, Carla Bartolozzi,
and Francesco Novelli

Innovative Technologies to Assess, Monitor, Restore

and Preserve Cultural Heritage
Digital Morphometric Survey for Documentation, Conservation and
Restoration Works: The MUDI Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Roberto Di Giulio, Marcello Balzani, Federica Maietti,
and Federico Ferrari

Recovery of Fragile Objects from Underwater Archaeological

Excavations: New Materials and Techniques by SASMAP Project . . . . . . 625
Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, David John Gregory, and Jørgen Dencker

The VernArch Digital Database Project: Documentation and Protection

of the Vernacular Architecture of Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Maria Philokyprou

Preservation of a Computer-Based Art Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Franc Solina, Gregor Majcen, Narvika Bovcon, and Borut Batagelj

A Study on Spatial Changes within Rukai Indigenous Settlements

during the Japanese Colonial Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Sheng-Fa Hsu, Yi-Jen Tseng, and Min-Fu Hsu
XX Table of Contents

Informing Historical Preservation with the Use of Non-destructive

Diagnostic Techniques: A Case Study at Ecab, Quintana Roo,
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Michael Hess, Dominique Meyer, Aliya Hoff, Dominique Rissolo,
Luis Leira Guillermo, and Falko Kuester
Assessment of Structural Natural Frequencies and Application in the
Calibration of FEM Models and Structural Health Monitoring . . . . . . . . . 669
Davor Uglešić and Ante Uglešić
Restoration of the Dome of St. James’s Cathedral in Šibenik . . . . . . . . . . 678
Davor Uglešić and Miljenko Domijan
Heritage Landscape Conservation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Jia Guo
Non-invasive Materials Analysis Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence
(XRF) in the Examination of Two Mural Paintings in the Catacombs
of San Giovanni, Syracuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Samantha Stout, Antonino Cosentino, and Carmelo Scandurra
The Madonna of the Goldfinch by Raphael: Chamera of Perception . . . . 706
Perla Gianni Falvo

Standards, Metadata, Ontologies and Semantic

Processing in Cultural Heritage
Ontology-Driven Visual Browsing of Historical Industrial Archives . . . . . 716
Monica De Martino, Marina Monti, Simone Pastorino,
and Chiara Rosati
Graph Based Keyword Spotting in Medieval Slavic Documents – A
Project Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Kaspar Riesen, Darko Brodić, Zoran N. Milivojević,
and Čedomir A. Maluckov

Data Management and Visualisation/Presentation of

Cultural Heritage Content
Design Considerations for Implementing an Interactive DigiLog Book . . . 732
Taejin Ha and Woontack Woo
Modeling the Past Online: Interactive Visualisation of Uncertainty and
Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Joanna S. Smith, Szymon M. Rusinkiewicz, Silvana Alberti,
Junjun Chen, Maricela Coronado, Garrett Disco,
Anastasia Georgiou, Tamara Pico, George Touloumes,
and Gina Triolo
 Table of Contents XXI

Logboats: A Global Symbolic Content for New Reflections on the

Protection of World Heritage in the Future with the Help of Cutting
Edge Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Miran Erič

QRCODE and RFID Integrated Technologies for the Enhancement of

Museum Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Mincolelli Giuseppe, Biancardi Michela, Fabbri Matteo,
Feriotto Chiara, Massarente Alessandro, Munerato Stefano,
and Raco Fabiana

The e-Documentation of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Multilingual Specialist Glossaries in a Framework for Intangible
Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Maria Teresa Artese and Isabella Gagliardi

Fuzzy Archives. What Kind of an Object Is the Documental Unit of

Oral Archives? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Calamai Silvia, Biliotti Francesca, and Bertinetto Pier Marco

Accessing the Impact of EU Research, Development

and Technology in the Digital Heritage Domain
The Digitization Age: Mass Culture Is Quality Culture. Challenges for
Cultural Heritage and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Valentina Bachi, Antonella Fresa, Claudia Pierotti,
and Claudio Prandoni

From Europeana Cloud to Europeana Research: The Challenges of a

Community-Driven Platform Exploiting Europeana Content . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Agiatis Benardou, Costis Dallas, and Alastair Dunning

Using ICT in Cultural Heritage, Bless or Mess? Stakeholders’ and

Practitioners’ View through the eCultValue Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Yannis Ioannidis, Eleni Toli, Katerina El Raheb, and Maria Boile

Tangible versus Intangible in e-Learning on Cultural Heritage:

From Online Learning to On-site Study of Historic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Anna Lobovikov-Katz, Antonia Moropoulou, Agoritsa Konstanti,
Pilar Ortiz Calderón, Rene Van Grieken, Susannah Worth,
JoAnn Cassar, Roberta De Angelis, Guido Biscontin,
and Francesca Caterina Izzo

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

 Digital Survey and Material Analysis Strategies
for Documenting, Monitoring
and Study the Romanesque Churches in Sardinia, Italy

Stefano Columbu1 and Giorgio Verdiani2

1
Dipartimeno di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Italy
[email protected]
2
Dipartimeno di Architettura, University of Florence, Italy
[email protected]

Abstract. The position of the Sardinia Island made it the crossing point of
many cultural and political events, but at the same time its isolation has favored
the manifestation unique Cultural Heritage phenomena. The network of the
Romanesque churches disseminated all around this island clearly shows how an
architectural language can be declined. On the bases of different architectural
characteristics and petrophysical features of lithologies used, 18 significant
churches have been chosen from the different medieval geographical-political
areas of the Sardinia named “Giudicati”. Each of these were surveyed with the
following methods: photography, 3D Laser Scanner for the whole interior and
exterior parts, photogrammetry of a selected set of stone surface samples, direct
sampling of representative rocks for geochemical and petrophysical analysis.
All data were then treated and analyzed to deepen the knowledge about the
most meaningful aspects of different construction techniques and use of
materials, provenance of raw geomaterials, stone alterations and structure decay
As the result, a base was created to read common behaviors, design choices,
recursive constructive solutions, and the “models” guiding the ancient
intentions. This contribution will present the progress state of this research and
its results.

Keywords: 3D Laser Scanner, Photogrammetry, Petrophysical Analysis,

Geochemical Analysis, Sardinia, Italy, Mediterranean, Romanesque, Churches,
Digital Survey.

1 Introduction
The Romanesque churches are a common element all around the Mediterranean area,
they are one of the many example of an european architectural language spreading all
around the world and linking the matter of faith to the architectural expression. In
Sardinia, in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea, the introduction of the
Romanesque architecture assumed very specific and original aspects, reinterpreting
the church subject according to a mixture of elements with the use of the local
geomaterials, with the evident effort to replace the elements of the continental

M. Ioannides et al. (Eds.): EuroMed 2014, LNCS 8740, pp. 446–453, 2014.
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
 Digital Survey and Material Analysis Strategies for Documenting, Monitoring 447

language with the use of local stones, and rereading the structure of the church
according to the particular materials offered on the major island of the Mare Nostrum.
Starting from the 2012, a project from the University of Cagliari, the collaboration of
the C.N.R. in Cagliari and the University of Florence has been financed by the
regional government of Sardinia (“Regione Autonoma della Sardegna”) to allow a
correct reading and documentation of this system of churches. The project is called:
“The Romanesque and the territory. Construction materials of the “Sardegna
giudicale”: new approaches for the valorisation, protection and restoration”. The
structure of the project is articulated around four main tasks: the comprehension of
this Architecture language in its particular sardinian declination; the comprehension
of the single Building; the comprehension of the Arts applied and related to each
monument; and last but not least, the comprehension of the materials used in these
churches. To allow a complete and detailed development of these tasks, the team
working on this research project is composed by: Department of Scienze Chimiche e
Geologiche (coordination, sampling of the materials, Petrographical analysis),
University of Cagliari; Dipartimento di Architettura, University of Florence (Digital
Survey; 3D Laser Scanner; Photogrammetry and Data treatment); C.N.R.- IGAG
(National Research Center) Cagliari Unit (MSA analisys, XRD analisys of the
material surface alterations); Dipartimento di Studi Storici, Geografici e Artistici,
University of Cagliari (taking care about all the historical studies; archive retrivings;
formal reading and interpretation).

1.1 Timeline of the Main Moments of the Romanesque Churches in Sardinia

The story of the Romanesque churches in Sardinia is concentrated in a range of

almost three centuries. From the second half of the XI century to the second half of
the XIII century. In the 1063 Barisone I opens the migration of the monastic orders to
Sardinia. A group of monks from Montecassino arrives and adapt to their use the
church of St. Maria in Bubalis. In 1065 Judike Gonnario Comita orders the
construction of St. Gavino in Porto Torres, it is indicated as the first Romanesque
church in Sardinia. In 1089 Judike Costantino Salusio II starts the transformations on
the St. Saturnino church in Cagliari. In 1107 church of St. Maria del Regno in Ardara
is completed and in 1116 there is the completion of the church of St. Simplicio in
Olbia, these two works sign the start of the main period of the Sardinian Romanesque.
In 1118, the church of St. Gimigliano in Sestu present a typical structure with the bell
tower placed over the façade. In 1291, the realization of the church of St. Pietro in
Zuri sign the beginning of the last architectural works inspired by the Romanesque. In
this period a large number of churches has been built, they are settled all around
Sardinia, with a meaningful concentration around the North-West part of the Island
and with a very minor presence on the East coast. The area called “Campidano” has
various buildings and all coast and the inland of Cagliari are rich of them.

2 The Digital Survey

To create a base to refer all the gathered information coming form the various units
involved in the research it was decided to create an extended and complete survey of a
meaningful set of Romanesque churches. This selection was done considering the
448 S. Columbu and G. Verdiani

specific solutions, the architectural characterization, and most of all the geographic
position and the type of construction materials. The digital survey of the system of the
churches was operated using three different solutions: 3d laser scanner survey,
photogrammetry of small elements and artworks, photogrammetry of construction
material samples.

2.1 3D Laser Scanner Survey

The 3D laser scanner survey was done for all the external and internal surfaces of the
church. All the accessible rooms were surveyed, the main guidelines in the definition
of each survey campaign were: a) gathering a level of details capable to describe all
the main details if the masonry; b) define a complete pointcloud with all the
references useful to support and integrate the other survey and sampling operations.
The survey of all the 17 churches was done in two phases, the first one in July 2013
and a secondary one in April 2014. Both the campaigns were operated using phase
shift 3D laser scanners. For the first campaign it was used a Cam/2 Faro Photon unit,
while for the second one the scanner was a Leica Geosystem HDS 6200. Both the
scanners showed a level of performance and of practical use highly compliant with
the needs of the missions. In facts there were often only two operators around the
digital survey task, and the will to reduce to the minimum the time dedicated to each
monument were two important factors that encountered in these scanners two well
working tools. All the materials in the churches gave a very good response to the laser
scanner signal: from the highly contrasted masonry (like the St. Trinita of Saccargia,
with its black and white rows of rocks), to the very dark and porous surfaces (like it is
in the "Nostra Signora" del Regno in Ardara, characterized by almost grey volcanic
stones). A special attention has been dedicated to the planning of each survey, to
reduce the number of the scans to the minimum needed to reach the defined
guidelines. Various churches are not complex, they are quite small and are built with
a single nave. Other churches are very articulated, with three naves, a lot of columns -
which means a lot of occlusion spaces and a lot more scanning time-, some of the
churches have a crypt or even a rich system of ruins in their neighbour, these ruins are
often the remains of their original convent (St. Trinita of Saccargia, St. Antioco of
Bisarcio, St. Maria of Tergu) or the remains of previous buildings (like in it is for St.
Saturnino in Cagliari). When a specific condition like the presence of these remains is
encountered, a dedicated survey is operated to complete the sector of the ruins and
enhance the quality of the general documentation. When each survey is completed the
following phases of data treatment are the classical ones: the alignment (done using
Cam/2 Faro Scene or Leica Geosystem Cyclone), the optimization, the
extraction/exporting of data towards other software. One of the first post processing
task is the common 2D drawing production: plans, sections and fronts are the typical
solutions and in a certain way can be seen as “old” solutions, but they make easy to
use, annotate and transfer information because of the well codified language and the
easy transfer of the contents between different software. The production of surface 3D
model is right now limited to partial elements, but in the next steps it is planned the
realization of general high quality model for the use in graphical rendering and as a
base for digital reconstruction and hypothesis; of multimedia models based on
simplified version of the previous; and partial models for specific use (i.e., analysis,
3D printing).
 Digital Survey and Material Analysis Strategies for Documenting, Monitoring 449

Fig. 1. 3D laser scanner survey of one of the 17 surveyed churches (St. Trinità of Saccargia)

Fig. 2. Phases of the photogrammetric survey, the shooting of various stone samples using
specific and expressly created mask (produced by digital laser cut from a sandwich panel of
aluminium and plastic)

2.2 Photogrammetry of Small Elements and Artworks

Each church has its specific set of unique elements: capitols, decorations, statues, and
sculptures are meaningful and useful to understand and catch the story and value of
the place. When these elements are worth of more detailed survey or have an identity
worth of a specific 3D model, the choice has been the one to made a specific
photogrammetric survey of these elements. This was done to have a superior level of
detail in front of the one offered by the 3D laser scanner and to speed up the overall
operation, separating the detailed survey from the general one, which was optimized
for the architectural scale. The photogrammetric survey was done using two
professional digital SLR, a Nikon D700, with a resolution of 10.3 Megapixel and a
Nikon D800e, with a resolution of 36.3 Megapixel, both the camera have a full frame
size sensor and were equipped with a Micro Nikkor MF 55mm F2.8 lens and a Micro
450 S. Columbu and G. Verdiani

Nikkor AF 60m F2.8 lens, these lenses are well known for their quality and the
capacity to create very sharp and accurate images. The capacity to reach a minimal
distance with the subject made both these lenses extremely versatile to take images of
details. Last but not least the focal length of the lenses allows a good depth of field
stopping down from F8 and has a quite pronounced perspective (similar to the one
perceived by the human eye) and this helps the photogrammetric software. Because of
the fact that these lenses were originally designed for macro photography, they allow
to stop down to F32 with an increase in depth of field, generating a more extended
number of usable pixel in the photogrammetric process. To allow a more rational and
practical use of the features of these equipment a solid and stable tripod was used for
every shot. The tripod has a double rail macro head, to allow accurate moving and
precise positioning of the camera, an useful feature for macro and close range
photography. A remote control (to remove any risk of shaking blur) completed the set
of tools for the photogrammetric shooting. The software used for all the
photogrammetric operations is Agisoft Photoscan, following the classic process of
alignment, dense cloud generation, mesh generation, texture generation and, in the
end, model scaling according to the data of the 3D laser scanner survey.

2.3 Photogrammetry of Surface Samplings

The investigation about the geomaterials has a great importance in this research, so a
specific survey of some meaningful surface sampling was operated for each church.
This was done first of all selecting on the wall the most interesting points, a process
based only on the experience of the geologist and aimed to find clear decay
phenomena and relevant alteration. The idea at the base of this processing was the
possibility to “bring away” a very detailed sample of the stone surface without any
need to damage the original wall. At the same time, it was formulated the idea to act a
monitoring over this spot of interest. The high level of detail of the sample gives the
possibility to check and verify very minimal difference between two models.
Repeating the sampling in time it is possible to hypothesize an accurate check of the
on going decay and transformation of the surface. The need to locate (and in time find
again) the samples made prefer to adopt an original solution for this part of the
survey. It was based on the use of specifically created masks, made to define clear and
easily measurable areas, having at the same time markers along the border to help the
identification of the original placing of the sample. The structure of each mask is a
square and have a cross shaped hole in the centre, the middle of the cross is 49x49
millimetres in one set of masks, while in the other set it is 24x24 millimetres. In this
way it is possible to frame the central area having always at least for point of
reference to help putting in scale the final model in Agisoft Photoscan. Almost all the
picture with the larger cross has been taken framing the whole mask, while in the use
of the smaller cross masks the framing was only around the cross itself. The choice of
using the smaller or the larger cross was done according to the characteristic of the
sample and the “size” of the decay/alteration/phenomenon to be surveyed. The size of
the pixel in the photogrammetry made with the Nikon D800e camera when using the
large cross masks was around 0.017 millimetres (with a certain range of variation) in
the frontal shots. In each church there was the choice of a number of samples from 4
to 10, according to the richness of the masonry. Because the small size of the mask it
 Digital Survey and Material Analysis Strategies for Documenting, Monitoring 451

was not possible to use the data from the 3D laser scanner survey to put in scale the
masks, each mask was numbered and measured again after the survey process to
reduce to the minimum the possibility of an alteration in size of the model. A digital
caliper was used for all these measurements. Every model developed out of these
samples was organized in records with the description of the sample (location,
material, a picture with the whole target applied on the wall, a sequence of sections
according to the two main axis of the target) for each record an Adobe Acrobat PDF
3D is associated to allow the viewing of the generated 3D model.

3 Petrographic, Geochemical and Physical Characterization of

the Geomaterials
In the Romanesque churches of Sardinia it is possible to find the use of different
lithologies belonging most of the time to the classes of the intrusive and effusive
igneous rocks (i.e., granitoids, volcanics) and sedimentary rocks (i.e., sandstone,
limestone, etc.) and, subordinately, metamorphic rocks (mainly marbles). The use of
these stone materials was not accidental but reflects, on one hand, the opportunities in
terms of availability of what the territory was offering and, on the other hand, the
intentions of the designer, motivated by stylistic and architectural choices. It also
shows a clear link between the use of materials, their availability and the geological
characterization of the island. Besides the local availability of the quarry sites, the
choice of lithology was also influenced by aesthetic characteristics (colour, grain,
texture, structure, etc.), the physical properties (e.g., density, porosity, mechanical
strength, etc...) or by the requirements of purely technical aspects (how easy it was to
cut, sculpt, polish the material, durability) all these last factors can be summarized in
the word: workability. Because of the wide presence of volcanic rocks all around the
Sardinian territory, this type of rocks have been widely used for various purposes as
early as the nuragic period (e.g., Neolithic) [1,3,6] up to the historic medieval
architecture [4,5,7,8,11,12], in all their variable composition, from basic to acidic
(basalts, andesites, dacites, trachytes, rhyolites, etc.). Among those, the ignimbrite are
intensely used in the construction of Romanesque churches (e.g., St. Antioco of
Bisarcio, St. Pietro of Bulzi, St. Pietro of Zuri, St. Maria of Otti, St. Maria of Castra,
St. Demetrio in Oschiri), this choice is due to the excellent workability and variety of
colours of these rocks [4,5,7] belonging to the Oligo-Miocene volcanic cycle of
Sardinia [2]. Their good workability is closely related, in terms of petrographic-
volcanological characteristics, to the degree of welding (medium-low to medium-
high) of these volcanics, which allows easy processing and good physical and
mechanical resistance at the same time. They were frequently used as building blocks
in the masonry walls, in the construction as well as in the decorative details. The
ignimbrite shows a higher degree of welding and was usually used to construct the
first rows of blocks placed at the base of the structure (like in the churches mentioned
above), while for realizing the segments of the walls or of the architectural elements
with particular making (i.e., jambs of the openings, lintels with double conch, sills,
cornices and the connection to the roof) it is preferred to the ignimbrite with a degree
of welding from low to medium which is presenting a more easily workable
characteristic. To interpret and understood the characteristic of the stones and the
452 S. Columbu and G. Verdiani

mortars used in the Romanesque churches, a series of samples were taken and
analysed from each church (about 50). The process applied in the laboratory was
aimed to the Minero-petrographic and geochemical characterization of the
geomaterials and to the determination of the main physical properties of the rocks.
These analysis, together 3D laser survey, were aimed to mapping and to
understanding the physical decay processes of a monument [17]. At the same time a
chemical analysis of geomaterials and macro and microscopic analysis of geomaterial
thin sections were operated to read the chemical alteration and create the basis to
know about the geomaterials provenance. The work is articulated in three main
phases. In the fisrt phase – activity on monument: macroscopic analysis of
geomaterials; identification of alteration forms present on the stones; sampling;
creation of a link between these information and the digital models coming from the
survey. In the second phase the laboratory activities take place: microscopic analysis
on thin section (about 30 micron) of the stones; chemical and diffractometric analysis
(by XRF and XRD, respectively) of powdered samples; determination of physical and
mechanical properties (porosity, density, compression and tensile strength, Point Load
Test resistance, etc...). In the third phase all the study activities try to reach a correct
interpretation of all the data coming from the first and second phases. In the case of
marbles, the various provenances from different quarries in the Mediterranean, will be
studied using well-established analytical methods.

4 Conclusions
At the moment of this writing all these procedures are under development, and there
is a robust reasoning about which can be the better way to link this kind of
information with the 3D model. A system of tags putting in relationship the records
from the photogrammetry samples to the data from the petrographic analysis seems a
good solution, but the development of this part of the project is still on the run. The
concept around all the data are going to be organized is the following: the information
coming from the research on history and geomaterials will be organized in the form of
textual and multimedia metadata, then they will be linked to the models coming from
the three phases of the survey. When completed the models from the photogrammetry
works will be linked to the data from the 3D laser scanner, creating an extended base
for a further development of specific models aimed to the use for
multimedia/dissemination and for research and further analysis. The whole work will
be aimed to the definition of a complete and useful base of knowledge for new studies
and as a support for the correct restoration of these monuments.

Acknowledgments. The Research Project: “The Romanesque and the territory.

Construction materials of the “Sardegna giudicale”: new approaches for the
valorization, protection and restoration” is realized on funds from the “Regione
Autonoma della Sardegna”. The research team is composed by: Unit A, Stefano
Columbu, Giorgio Verdiani, Marco Marchi, Marcella Palomba, Fabio Sizia; Unit B,
Rossana Martorelli, Lorenzo Tanzini, Fabio Pinna, Alberto Virdis. The digital survey
first campaign was made in collaboration with Alessandro Peruzzi, Area3D SRL,
Livorno. A special thank to Luca Albergoni for his collaboration to the surveys
operated during the second campaign.
 Digital Survey and Material Analysis Strategies for Documenting, Monitoring 453

References
1. Antonelli, F., Columbu, S., de Vos Raaijmakers, M., Andreoli, M.: An archaeometric
contribution to the study of Roman millstones from the Mulargia area (Sardinia, Italy)
through new analytical data on volcanic raw material and archaeological samples from
Hellenistic and Roman Tunisia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 243–261 (2014),
doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.06.016
2. Beccaluva, L., Civetta, L., Macciotta, G., Ricci, C.A.: Geochronology in Sardinia: results
and problems. Rend. Soc. It. Min. Petr. 40, 57–72 (1985)
3. Bertorino, G., Franceschelli, M., Marchi, M., Luglié, C., Columbu, S.: Petrographic
characterisation of polished stone axes from Neolithic Sardinia, archaeological
implications. Per. Mineral, 71, Special Issue: Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage, pp.
87-100 (2002)
4. Coroneo, R., Columbu, S.: Sant’Antioco di Bisarcio (Ozieri): la cattedrale romanica e i
materiali costruttivi. ARCHEOARTE 1, 145–173 (2010)
5. Columbu, S., Garau, A.M., Macciotta, G., Marchi, M., Marini, C., Carboni, D., Ginesu, S.,
Corazza, G.: Manuale sui materiali lapidei vulcanici della Sardegna centrale e dei loro
principali impieghi nel costruito, 302 p. Iskra Edizioni, Ghilarza, OR (2011)
6. Columbu, S., Guccini, G., Verdiani, G.: Petro-physical characterization and 3D digital
modeling for geometric reconstruction of the Neolithic “domus de janas” of Sedini field
(North-Sardinia, Italy). Advances in Computer Science: an International Journal 1, 70–80
(2013)
7. Columbu, S., Gioncada, A., Lezzerini, M., Marchi, M.: Hydric dilatation of ignimbritic
stones used in the church of Santa Maria di Otti (Oschiri, northern Sardinia, Italy). Ital. J.
Geosci (Boll. Soc. Geol. It.) 133(1), 149–160 (2014a)
8. Coroneo, R.: Architettura romanica dalla metà del Mille al primo ‘300, Nuoro, Ilisso
(1993), ISBN 88-85098-24-X
9. Argan, G.C.: L’architettura protocristiana, preromanica e romanica, Bari (1978)
10. Delogu R., L ’Architettura del Medioevo in Sardegna, Roma, 1953. (reprint, Sassari, 1988)
11. Columbu, S., Marchi, M., Carcangiu, T.: Le vulcaniti mioceniche sarde utilizzate come
materiali costruttivi nell’architettura storica: l’esempio della chiesa Romanica di San Pietro
di Zuri (Sardegna, Italia). Miscellanea Roberto Coroneo. In: Sarda, S. (ed.) Le vulcaniti
mioceniche sarde utilizzate come materiali costruttivi nell’architettura storica: l’esempio
della chiesa Romanica di San Pietro di Zuri (Sardegna, Cagliari (in print, 2014b)
12. Macciotta, G., Bertorino, G., Caredda, A., Columbu, S., Coroneo, R., Franceschelli, M.,
Marchi, M., Rescic, S.: The S.Antioco of Bisarcio Basilica (NE Sardinia, Italy): water-rock
interaction in ignimbrite monument decay. In: Cidu (ed.) Water-Rock Interaction
(WRI-10), vol. 1, pp. 415–418. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse (2001)