PRINCIPLES OF AIR CONDITIONING - Provides comfort for the occupants of

residential houses.
Air Conditioning – is the process of treating 3. Air Conditioning of Commercial Buildings
air to 1. Supermarket (SM)
control simultaneously the following: 2. Puregold, etc.
Temperature 4. Air Conditioning of Vehicles
Humidity Human Comfort
Cleanliness - “Comfort” is a subjective matter .
Engineers aims to ensure 'comfort' for most
Distribution
people found from statistical surveys .
Cooling is typically done - Survey says 90% are comfortable when
using a simple refrigeration the air temperature is between 18-22°C and
cycle for comfort cooling in the
buildings and motor %sat is between 40-65%. This zone can be
vehicles. In construction, a shown
complete system of heating, on the psychrometric chart also known as
ventilation and air the
conditioning is referred as “comfort zone”.
"HVAC". COMMON TYPES OF AIRCONDITIONER
Refrigeration - the 1. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER
process of cooling If you have a large home & wish to cool
and maintaining the multiple rooms at
temperature of space once, then this type of air conditioning is
or material below its best suited for you. A
surrounding central air conditioning unit uses a split
temperature. system that regulates air
APPLICATION OF AIR CONDITIONING through dustings. It is also known as a
ducted system.
1. Industrial Air Conditioning
- Type of air conditioning that provides at 2. SPLIT-TYPE AIRCONDITIONER
least a partial measure of comfort for If you want better efficiency, or you want to
workers in do away with a
hostile environment and also for lot of ducting, or you simply just want a
maintaining the portion of your home to be
required conditions of material processing. cooled, then opting for a ductless mini-split
air conditioners is a
Industrial Air Conditioning Examples: great choice.
1. Manufacturing facilities
2. Printing Companies 3.WINDOW TYPE AIRCONDITIONER
3. Environmental Laboratories The most common type of air conditioner. A
4. Textiles window air

2. Residential Air Conditioning

conditioner is a single unit with all its COMFORT ZONE
components enclosed inside. Temp. - 18-22oC
4. PORTABLE AIRCONDITIONER RH - 40-65%
Portable air conditioners
are similar to window air PROPERTIES OF AIR
conditioners. They are also placed 1. AIR TEMPERATURE – is a measure of how
in a single unit with all its hot or cold the air is.
components enclosed inside but
1.1 DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
the difference is that it is a freestanding
1.2 WET BULB TEMPERATURE
unit and therefore can be
1.3 DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
moved from room to room.
2. PRESSURE – The total pressure of air-
PSYCHROMETRY water vapor mixture is the sum of the
partial pressures of dry air and water vapor
Is the study
3. HUMIDITY RATIO (𝒘) – is the ratio of the
of the properties mass of water vapor to the mass of
of mixtures of air dry air.
and water vapor 4. RELATIVE HUMIDITY (𝑹𝑯) – is the ratio of
the partial pressure of water vapor
Dry bulb temperature(𝒕𝒅𝒃)-is the in the air to the saturation pressure
temperature of air as registered corresponding to the temperature of the air.
by an ordinary thermometer. 5. S𝐏𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐅𝐈𝐂 𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐌𝐄 (𝒗) – is the number
Wet bulb temperature(𝒕𝒘𝒃)-is the of cubic meters of mixture
temperature of air registered by a per kilogram of dry air.
thermometer whose bulb is covered in 6. D𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘 (𝝆) – is the reciprocal of
water-soaked cloth. specific volume.
7. E𝐍𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐋𝐏𝐘 (𝒉) – the enthalpy of the
Specific volume(𝒗)-is the number of cubic mixture of dry air and water vapor is the
meters of mixture per kilogram of dry air. sum of the enthalpy of the dry air and the
enthalpy of the water vapor.
Enthalpy(𝐡)-is the sum of the enthalpy of 8. W𝐄𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐁 𝐃𝐄𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝑵 (𝑾𝑩𝑫) – is
the dry air and the enthalpy of the water the difference between the
vapor. dry bulb and wet bulb temperature.
9. D𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝑫) – is the
Relative humidity (𝑹𝑯) -is the ratio of the ratio of the air humidity ratio to the
partial pressure of water vapor in the air to humidity ratio of the saturated air at the
the saturation pressure corresponding to same dry-bulb temperature.
the temperature of the air.
AIR MIXING
Humidity ratio (𝒘)-is the ratio of the mass Is a chamber in which the
of water vapor to the mass of dry air. recirculating air is mixed with air
from outdoors.
AIR CONDITIONER substance does not change state.
Is a mechanism primarily for comfort a. Heat transmitted thru floors,
cooling that lowers the ceilings, walls
temperature and reduces the b. Occupant’s body heat
humidity of air. c. Appliance & Light heat
d. Solar Heat gain thru glass
Heating load calculations are carried e. Infiltration of outside air
out to estimate the f. Air introduced by Ventilation
heat loss from the building in winter
to arrive at required LATENT HEAT GAIN IN THE SPACE
heating capacities. Heat gain occurs when moisture is
added to the space either
The cooling load occurs during the from internal sources or from
daytime and the outdoor air.
outside conditions also vary a. Moisture added from outside air
significantly throughout the from Infiltration & Ventilation
day due to solar radiation. In b. Occupant Respiration & Activities
addition, all internal c. Moisture from Equipment &
sources add on to the cooling loads Appliances
and neglecting them
would lead to underestimation of the OUTSIDE VENTILATION AIR
required cooling Outdoor-air ventilation is a key
capacity and the possibility of not component of better
being able to maintain Indoor Air Quality IAQ. It's a simple
the required indoor conditions. concept: replace indoor air
with outdoor-air.
SPACE HEAT GAIN a. Sensible heat gain due to
• Instantaneous rate at which heat temperature difference
enters in to, out b. Latent heat gain due to moisture
of, or generated within a space. difference
Components are:
1. Sensible Heat Gain COMPONENTS OF COOLING LOAD
2. Latent Heat Gain EXTERNAL LOAD
3. Outside Ventilation Air heat transferred through the building
envelope such as walls, roof,
SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN IN THE SPACE floor, windows, doors.
- Heat which a substance absorbs, and INTERNAL LOAD
while its temperature goes up, the
heat generated by occupants, temp difference, daily temp range, solar
equipment, and lights radiation and heat storage in the
construction assembly/building mass. It is
affected by orientation, tilt,
DESIGN INFORMATION month, day, hour, latitude, etc.
OUTDOOR DESIGN : WEATHER
CONDITIONS CLF (Cooling Load Factor) accounts for the
Check for PAG-ASA weather fact that all the radiant energy
conditions for an interval of time. that enters the conditioned space at a
particular time does not become a part
INDOOR DESIGN : THERMAL
of the cooling load instantly. The CLF values
COMFORT for various surfaces have been
The indoor design conditions are calculated as functions of solar time and
directly related to human orientation and are available in the
comfort. form of tables in ASHRAE Handbooks.
• “comfort zone,” representing the
SCL (Solar Cooling Load Factor) factors are
optimal range and combinations
used for adjustment to
of thermal factors, and personal transmission heat gains from glass.
factors with which at least 80%
of the building occupants are EXTERNAL COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
expected to express satisfaction. ROOF LOAD
WALL LOAD
SOLAR LOAD THROUGH GLASS
THERMAL ZONING
PARTITIONS, CEILINGS, FLOORS LOAD
Thermal zoning is a method of
designing and controlling the INTERNAL COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
HVAC system so that occupied areas PEOPLE
can be maintained. LIGHTS
EQUIPMENT LOADS
A zone is defined as a space or group
APPLIANCES
of spaces in a building INFILTRATION AIR
having similar heating and cooling
requirements MISCELLANEOUS LOAD CALCULATION
throughout its occupied area so that SUPPLY FAN HEAT LOAD
comfort conditions VENTILATOR AIR
SUPPLY AIR CAPACITY
may be controlled by a single
thermostat. COOLING TOWER
a device commonly used to cool
CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature
condenser water in power
Difference) is a theoretical temperature
difference that accounts for the combined plants and refrigeration plants.
effects of inside and outside air
COOLING TOWER CALCULATIONS 3.HEARTH DRYER
RANGE Used for drying a copra, coal and enamel
Is the reduction in temperature of the wares.
water through the cooling tower. 4.CENTRIFUGAL DRYER
APPROACH Consists of a centrifuge revolving at high
Is the difference between the cooled speed.
water temperature and the wet bulb Used for:
temperature of the air entered. Fertilizer
COOLIGN TOWER EFFICIENCY Salt
Is the cooling effectiveness of a cooling Sugar
tower. 5.TRAY DRYER
TOWER MOISTURE REMOVED AIR Consists of trays, carrying the materials to
HEAT REMOVE FROM WATER be dried.
HEAT RECEIVED BY AIR Used for:
HEAT BALANCE Ipil-ipil
MAKE-UP WATER Leaves
Grains
DRYER 6.INFRARED RAY DRYER
Consists of infrared lamps in which the rays
Is the removal of relatively small
are
amounts of water or other directed to the object to be dried.
liquid from the solid material. Used for:
Painted object like cars
TWO COMMON TYPES
CONTINOUS DRYER
DRYER FORMULAS
RATCH DRYER
MOISTURE REMOVED
CLASSIFICATION OF DRYER HEAT SUPPLIED BY THE HEATER
ROTARY DRYER Is the moisture removed from materials is
Is the most commonly used dryer which equal to the
consists moisture absorbed by air
of a rotating cylinder inside which the DRYER EFFICIECY
materials MASS/WEIGHT BASIS(BDW)
flow while getting in contact with the hot DRY AND WET BASIS
gases.
2.TOWER DRYER
Consist of a vertical shaft in which the wet
feed
in introduced at the top and falls downward
while coming in contact with the hot gases.
Used for:
Copra
Sand
Wood chips