Heritage of India Class 10 (PARTH ACADEMY DAHOD)

Heritage of India

✓ North to the India Ocean in the South, from Bay of Bengal in the East to the Arabian Sea in the West.
✓ Area wise India ranks 7th and population-wise second largest country’ in the world.
✓ Our motherland bestowed rich and varied heritage to us and the world.
✓ The values ‘Sat’, ‘Chit’ and ‘Anand’ are realized from the Indian culture. We have accepted values of non-
violence and world peace.
✓ Culture and heritage: Culture is a sum of habits, values, customs, traditions and conduct of life style of
human while heritage means a valuable gift from our forefathers.
✓ We divide our heritage into (1) Natural Heritage (2) Cultural Heritage
✓ Natural Heritage: It refers to the result of close relationship between nature, environment and human
life.
✓ Natural heritage of India is unique and varied. It includes features like mountains, forests, deserts, rivers,
streams, seas, trees, plants, creepers, flowers, leaves, insects and varied landscapes, wide range of
minerals, vegetation, plants and animals.
✓ The example of close relation with nature are stories of Panchatantra and Jataka tales of Buddhist religion.
✓ Beautiful landscapes are generally formed due to different shapes of land. For example, Himalaya.
✓ Rivers have been providing natural ways since ancient time. Indian culture has flourished on the river
banks of the Indus and Ravi.
✓ Vegetation. The people of India love their environment since ancient time. Trees such as banyan, pipal
and basil are worshipped in India.
✓ Wildlife: Our religious belief has given a status of God-Goddesses riding on some of the wild animals like
tigers, alligators, eagles, peacocks, etc. Our national emblem is highly valued by having the figure of four
lions, horse and bull.
✓ Cultural Heritage: Whatever is received or created by human with his tact, wisdom, art and skill is called
cultural heritage. It is a man-made heritage.
✓ The art of architecture and sculpture is about 5000 years old. The remains of Indus Valley Civilization is
an evidence of it.
✓ Figures of bullock or lion on an inverted Lotus of Mauryan Era, the statue of Gautam Buddha in a
meditative form or the Kalkhand statues of Jain Tirthankars, the caves of Ellora of Rash- trakuta dynasty
etc. make us feel proud and respect of our cultural heritage.
✓ Cultural Heritage of Gujarat:
✓ The places of cultural, legendary and archaeological importance include Lothal, Rangpur, Dholavira
(Dholaveera) and Rozadi or Shrinathgadh.
✓ The places of historical importance include Victory tower of Vadnagar, stone inscription of Ashoka, Sun
temple of Modhera, Fort of Champaner, Rudra Mahalaya of Siddhpur, Mansar lake of Viramgam, Jama
Masjid, Jhoolta Minar, Sidi Saiyed ni Jali (grill), temples of Hathisinh, Jain temples at Ahmedabad,
Sahastralinga lake of Patan, Rani ki vav, Raj Mahai of Vadodara, Tomb of Mohabat Khan and Parsi Agiari
at Navsari.
✓ Places of Pilgrimage include Owarkadhish temple, Shardapeeth of Shankaracharya, Somnath Jyotirlinga,
Ambaji temple, Bahucharaji temple, Ranchod Rai Temple, Shamlaji temple, etc.
✓ Places of social, religious and tourism include Polo forest, Kite festival, Kankaria carnival, Tana-Riri festival,
Northern dance festival, Rannotsava etc.
✓ Jain and Buddhist caves are seen at Vadnagar, Taranga, Khambhaliya, Shamlaji, Koteshwar, Talaja, Dhank,
Jhagadiya, etc.
✓ Modhera fair, Bahucharaji fair, Shamlaji fair, Bhavnath fair, etc. are famous fairs of Gujarat.
✓ India: Land and people
✓ Mermerised by varied and prosperous heritage many foreign tribes came to India.
✓ Negritoit or Habsi people came from Africa to India via Baluchistan. They had black complexion, curly hair,
four to five feet of height.
✓ Australoid or Nishad people came from the south-east Asia. They were of black complexion, broad head,
flat nose and short height. We find them in Kol and Munda tribals, Khasi tribals in Assam, the tribes in
Nicobar and Myanmar.
 ✓ Dravidians were the direct descendants of Mohenjodaro culture and stone age civilisation. They had
matriarchal system of family. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam are the Dravidian family languages.
✓ Mongoloids or Kirat came from North China via Tibet. They settled down in North Assam, Bhutan, Sikkim
and West Bengal. They had yellow complexion, fiat face, chubby cheeks and almond-shaped eyes.
✓ Alpine, Dinarik and Armenoid migrated from Central Asia. They are found among the tribals in Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Bengal and Odisha.
✓ The Nordic-Aryans were the creators of the Aryan civilisation in India. They were concentrated in North-
west region named ‘Sapta-Sindhu’.
✓ Preservation and Conservation of Heritage
✓ It is the primary and pious duty of every citizen of India to observe that nobody harms the ancient
memorials and also to preserve places having historical importance and values.
✓ In Indian Constitution, the Fundamental Duties of citizens are mentioned in Article 51(A). In that (6), (7)
and (9) describe the following duties for preservation of our cultural heritage.
✓ Understanding the importance of our harmonious culture, prosperity and to preserve it.
✓ Maintaining the forests, tanks, rivers, ponds and the wild animals and birds along with maintaining the
natural environment and to show compassion for all the living creatures.

Heritage of India Class 10 GSEB Notes Important Terms

• Culture: It is a total of habits, values customs, traditions and ideals leading humans to the highest level.
• Heritage: It means a valuable gift from our forefathers to us.
• Natural Heritage: The result of close relationship between nature, environment and human life is natural
heritage.
• Lokmata: Rivers have enriched life of people through natural heritage. So we call it Lokmata with due respect.
• Cultural Heritage: It is a man-made heritage, whatever is received or created by human with it tact, wisdom,
art and skill is called cultural heritage.
• Pre-historic Period: The period in which script or writing was not started is called pre-historic period.
• Fair: A gathering of people welcoming colourful/varied culture traditionally at places having religious and
social importance.
• Nishad: It is a term given by Aryans to Australoid people who came from south east Asia.
• Kirat: Mongoloids were known as Kirat due to yellow complexion.
• Nordic: The tall, fair people of European race are called nordic. The Nordic Aryans were the creations of Aryan
civilisation in India.
a. Sapta Sindhu: The region where seven large rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj, Sindhu, Saraswati) were
flowing via north-west India and Punjab.
• Richas: Aryans had composed hymns for praying various natural element called Richas.
• Indianisation: Foreign tribes came to India were greatly influenced by languages, script, names and religious
beliefs etc., and a fine amalgamation was done with Indians. This is known as Indianisation.
• The Modhera Fair is held at Modhera (Mehsana District) in the third week of January (Shravan VadAmas).
• Bahucharaji Fair is held at Bahucharaji (Mehsana District) on Chaitri Sud Poornima.
• The Shamlaji Fair is held at Shamlaji (Aravalli District) from Kartik Sud 11 to Amas.
• Bhadarvi Poonam Fair is held at Ambaji (Banaskantha District) on Bhadarvi Poonam.
• Bhavnath Fair is held at Gimar (Junagadh) from Maha Vad 9 to 12.
• Tametar Fair in Surendranagar District is famous. It is held during first week of Bhadrapad (Bhadarva).
• Bhadiyad Fair is held at Bhadiyad (Ahmedabad District) on Rajab month date 9,10 and 11.
• Naklang Fair is held at Bhavnagar on Bhadarva Vad Amas.
• Madhavpur Fair is held at Madhavpur (Porbandar District) from Chaitra Sub 9 to 13.
• Vautha Fair is held at Vautha (Dholka, Ahmedabad District) on Kartak Sud Poonam.
• Miradatar Fair is held at Unava (Near Unjha) in Rajab Month 16 to 22.
• Dang’s Darbar Fair is held at Ahwa (Dang District) on Falgun Sud Poonam.
• Gol Gadheda fair is held at Godhra (Dahod Taluka) on 5 to 7 days after Holi. .
• Kartik Poomima Fair is held at Somnath (Gir) on Falgun Sud Poonam.
• Bhanguriya Fair is held at Chhota Udaipur and Kawant from Holi to Rang Panchami
 (PARTH ACADEMY DAHOD)

Chapter 2 Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts

1. India is a country of rich cultural heritage.

2. It includes materialistic and genetic heritage.
3. Physical and mental characteristics from the parents by birth is known as Genetic inheritage.
4. Land, house, estate like properties obtained from ancestors is called Material heritage.
5. There are references of 64 arts in our ancient literature.
6. Art of Clay work: The whole life of men revolves around the clay from the cradle to the grave.
7. We have got many clay utensils of red colour that belonged to Lothal Mohanjodaro and Harappa culture.
8. India was famous for producing the utensils of baked clay as well as unbaked clay (Terracotta). This is
known on the basis of remains of old and handmade clay utensils found from Nagarjuna Kaunda in south
India and Laghnaj.
9. Art of weaving: The art of making long threads using small pieces of cotton from cotton balls and joining
them together is called art of spinning.
10. Hand weaving: Since ancient time, India is known for its textile knowledge. Fine Muslin of Dhaka, carpet
of several regions, knitting work on attires and artistry etc. occupied a prominent place.
11. Patola of Patan, Kanjivaram and Banarasi sarees, Bandhani of Rajasthan are unique identity of India.
Patola of Patan is about 850 years of old art. It is known as Bevad Ikt.
12. Art of Embroidery: The work of embroidery can be seen on the clothes of the idols and statues which
were found during the excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. This art was seen on the clothes of men,
women and children in Sindh, Saurashtra and Kachchh region at the time of Indus valley civilization.
13. Bandhani of Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandvi of Gujarat are very popular. The traditional art of
embroidery, torans, chakda, pillow cover, bedsheets, shakh, todaliya, clothes like dediya is well-known
even today.
14. Embroidery work of ‘Jat’ community of Banni area of kachchh is also unique.
15. Leather Industry: Leather was prominently used for making ‘Masak’ and kos, drum, dholak, table and the
bellows used by blacksmiths and various types of footware. It was also used for making belts to tie
animals, etc.
16. Diamond-bead work and enamel work: Diamond studded ornaments have been in a great demand in
foreign countries.
17. The world famous, diamonds like ‘Kohinoor’ and ‘Great’Mughal’ were found from India only.
18. Diamond, rubies, beads, emerald and topaz were used to adorn and beautify the thrones and crowns and
jewellery like bracelets and garlands etc. of kings and queens.
19. Bead work is also found prominent in Gujarat.
20. The beautiful bead Toran pachit, pots, Bari, chakda, Indhoni, Modiya handfans, animal back covers, etc.
are knitted in a unique artistic way.
21. Enamel work means the artistic skill of inlaying the bright colours like red, green and blue in the gold and
silver ornaments like rings, bangles, earrings, key chains, chains, etc.
22. Experts of enamel work are seen especially in Jaipur, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi and Hyderabad.
23. Jari work: Golden and silver threads are woven with clothes and embroidery is done with gold and silver
threads to decorate the clothes. Surat is a prominent place of Jari work.
24. Metal work: The artisans of Lothal made different weapons like sickles, drills and needles, etc. with
copper and bronze. Also they prepared utensils, idols, and pots. Arms and ammunition for wars were
made up of metal.
25. Wooden Art: Wood was used for different purposes like for making idols, toys for children, wooden
pillars, windows and doors, small huts on top of the terrace, thrones, chairs and grills. Wooden furniture
like swings and toys of Idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are well-known.
26. Inlay work: Indian kings, emperors, rulers and royal people of that time used to wear ornaments as
necklaces, bracelets, crowns, rings, nose rings, etc were studded with precious like diamonds, pearls,
rubies, etc. Bikaner area of Rajasthan is more popular for inlay ornaments.
27. Akik work: Akik is a kind of precious stone, especially found in valley areas of the river. It is chiefly
chalcedonic mixed with silica blue or white stone. Camelian is main stone with semi-transparent quality
and red in colour. In Gujarat it is available at Rangpur and Surat.
28. Painting: It is an art which can be expressed through lines and colours. We have evidence of Indian art of
painting from the remains of 5000 years old Harappan culture. We have traces of .the pictures of animals
and birds in the cave paintings of primitive man of stone age at Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh). Ajanta and
Ellora caves are incomparable specimens of such paintings.
29. Music: Indian music is unique in the world from the viewpoint of tune, rhythm and harmony. Out of the
four Vedas, Samveda is considered to be associated with music. Indian music can be divided in classical
music and folk music. We have five main ragas in classical music:
30. Shree
31. Deepak
32. Hindol
33. Megh
34. Bhairavi.
35. It is believed that all these ragas naturally came out of the Panchmukh of Lord Shiva. In ancient India
many texts were written on music.
36. Sangeet Makarand: A music scholar Narad had written it about 900 BC. It describes 19 veenas and 101
rhythms.
37. Sangeet Ratnakar: This was written by Pandit Sarangdev who lived in Daulatabad. Pandit Vishnu Narayan
Bhatkhande considered it the most authentic in music.
38. Sangeet Parijat: Pandit Ahobale had written this in 1665 on Northern Hindustani music. It describes 29
types of tunes.
39. Art of Dance: The word ‘Nritya’ has been derived from the original Sanskrit word ‘Nrit’. Shiva is considered
the originator and the lord of ‘Dance’ and said to be ‘Natraj’. India has wide variety of traditional classical
dances such as Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, Odissi and Manipuri.
40. Dramatic art: It is amalgamation of all the arts. Describing it Bharatmuni says,” There is no sculpture,
there is no knowledge, there is no deed which is lacking in dramatic art”. The first drama of Bharatmuni
was ‘Devasur
41. Sangram’. He has also written dramas like ‘Kamabhar’, ‘Urubhanga’, ‘Dutvakyam’ based on Mahabharata.
42. Kalidas gifted us plays like ‘Abhigyan Shakuntalam Vikramovarvashiyam and Malvikagnimitram.
43. The name of Jayshankar Sundari is foremost in the dramatic art of Gujarati.
44. Bhavai: It is special dramatic art that started 700 years ago by Asait Thakar. This art which has been
providing public education along with entertainment at the economical rate, promoted during Solanki
era.
45. Characters disguised in the form of Ramdev, Jhanda Jhulan, Kajoda, etc. are the main features of Bhavai.
46. The characters like Rangla-Rangli are used to programmes like girls education, save the girl- child etc.
47. Dances of Gujarat: Tribal dance of Gujarat is seen at the time of festivals, marriages, fairs and to please
the God-Goddesses. Dances like Mali No Chaalo and Thakryo Chaalo, are seen in Dang. Tippani Dance of
labourers performed by Bhil and Koli communities dancers.
48. Garba: The word Garba is derived from the word ‘Garbh deep’. Earthen lamp is placed in a holed earthen
pot. Dancers keep it on their head and move around in circle. Garbas are performed during Navratri
festival.
49. Gujarati people perform and sing garba to worship and pray Aadya Shakti (Durga). Gujarati poetry known
as Garba and Garbi are chiefly associated with Krishna-bhakti.
50. Rasa: This dance is to be performed in circle along with singing. There is a story that Lord Krishna had
shown ‘Rasa Lila’ to devotee Narsinh Mehta. The other dances of Gujarat are Gof Gunthan, Dhamaal of
Siddis, Merayo, Padhar Kali and Mer.
51. Thus, Indian culture is universal assimilating all. As a result of arrival of various tribes, many changes
occurred. This shows rich and varied heritage of India.

Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts : Notes Important Terms

a. Genetic Inheritance: A child inherits physical and mental characteristics from the parents by birth
is known as genetic inheritance.
b. Material Inheritance: House, land, estates like properties obtained from ancestors is called
material inheritance.
c. World Yoga Day: Today the education of Yoga has been considered as a part of cultural heritage
which has been accepted by the whole world. Consequently 21th June is celebrated as ‘World
Yoga Day’.
d. Terracotta: It is a brownish-red clay that has been baked and is used for making things like pots,
ornaments, etc.
e. Tuti-e-Hind: During the time of Alauddin Khalaji, the contribution given by Amir Khusro in the field
of music and poetry has came to be known as “Tuti-e-Hind”.
f. Bhavai: Scripts writers have said the Bhavai is an emotion oriented drama.
g. Rasa: Rasa is dance to be performed in circle along with singing.
h. Chado Dance: Imitations of birds like peacocks, squirrels, sparrows are seen in this tribal dance.
For example, Mali no Chaalo, Thakyro Chaalo of Dang.
i. Shramhjari Tippani Dance: This dance is performed by labourers of Bhil and Koli communities in
which dancers perform dance in group on the set of thick stick which are joined with small sticks
stuck to the ground.
j. Gof Gunthan Dance: In this dance of Gujarat, it is performed on drumbeats and taal and laya of
music tying rope with mandapa, pillar, tree and holding the other end in the hand in group holding
the rope in one hand and dandiya in other. They make cripper life formation going one inside and
other coming outside repeatedly in a circle. This is called Gof Gunthan Dance.
k. Traditions: The customs having all values and life-style continues from the ancestors that can be
obtained either traditionally or as a heritage are called traditions.
 (PARTH ACADEMY DAHOD)

Chapter 3 Cultural Heritage of India: Sculpture and Architecture

1. The art of sculpture and architecture has brought a unique identity to India.
2. Sculpture means the art of shaping figure or design with the help of chisel and hammer.
3. Architecture means construction. Art of constructing buildings, houses, towns, wells, forts, minarets,
temples, mosques and tombs is called architecture.
4. The towns of ancient India were divided into three sections:
5. Fort of rulers
6. Houses of administrative officers situated on the upper part of town
7. Residences of common people situated on the lower part of town.
8. People of Indus valley civilisation has developed many more beautiful and systematic towns. Among all
of them Harappa and Mohenjodaro had the best town planning.
9. Mohenjodaro: In 1922 archaeologists named Rakhal Das Banerji and Dayaram Sahani found Out remains
of huge town planning under the guidance of Sir John Marshal and colonel Meke, in Larkana district of
Pakistan.
10. Mohenjodaro means ‘the heap of the dead’.
11. Houses of Mohenjodaro were’ built op-high plinth to protect them frgm floods and dampness. Houses of
the rich people were double storeyed having five toTSfeven rooms, while those of poor people were single
storeyed having-two to three rooms.
12. The roads were 9.75 metres wide, the small link roads crossed the major ones at right angles.
13. Pits on the roadside suggest that thereYnight have been lamp posts. There were two main roads – One
was going from north to south and the other was going from East to West.
14. Drainage system is a unique feature of this town planning. This planned, systematic and efficient drainage
system clearly proves that they were very careful about their health and hygiene.
15. There was an arrangement to put fresh water in and dirty water out. These public baths might have been
used on festivals and religious ceremonies.
16. The ruins of two huge buildings have been found at Mohenjodaro. They might have been used as a town
hall or as a theatre or an administrative office or a granary. The barrack of such buildings was also found
out. This must have been used to accommodate soldiers.
17. Harappa : In 1921 under the leadership of Sir John Marshal and Colonel Meke, Dayaram Sahni discovered
very ancient remains of Indian civilisation from Montegomary in Punjab district near Harappa. The
remains of this civilisation were found from Ropar in Himalayan region, Alamgirpur at Meerut in Uttar
Pradesh, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Lothal at Dholka in Gujarat, Deshalpur- Shikarpur in Kachchh,
Dholaveera, Rangpur near Limbdi in Saurashtra, Shrinathgad near Gondal, Kutasi near Morbi and
Somnath, etc.
18. The culture which developed here is known as Indus Valley Civilisation. Its remains were found first of all
from Harappa, and therefore, it is known as Harappan Civilization. Town planning of this civilization was
very systematic.
19. A huge and systematic ancient town, contemporary to Harappan civilization has been found 2 km away
from Dholaveera village at Khadirbet, in vast desert of Bhachau taluka. It is about 140 km away from Bhuj
in Gujarat.
20. India had undertaken the research work in 1990 AD. Special task of excavation was carried out under the
guidance of Ravindra Singh Bisht.
21. Remains at Dholaveera, palaces and main walls of town were painted with white colour. This wall is made
up of clay, stone and bricks, potable water was available here as well as a proper system of water
purification was set up here.
22. Lothal is situated in Dholka taluka of Ahmedabad district between two rivers, i.e., Bhogavo and
Sabarmati. It is 18 km far from Bay of Khambhat, from where three layers of human habitat were found.
23. The huge dockyard, storage shop etc. show, the proof of important and export which suggest that it might
be a rich and prosperous port of India.
24. An oval-shaped construction under which the remains of Lord Buddha’s body were placed in a box is
known as Stupa.
25. There are five famous stupas of the time of king Ashoka. They are Stupas of Sanchi, Sarnath, Berat,
Nandangadh, Devanimori (Gujarat) respectively. Chaityas, Viharas and Maths were also found there.
26. Stone inscriptions carved out by the religious order of emperor Ashoka are the best specimen of stone-
engraving. Such pHlars were eracted in Ambaia, Meerut, Allahabad, Samath, Loriya near Nandangadh,
Sanchi, Kashi, Patna and Bodhivruksha near Bodh Gaya. They were carved in Brahmi script.
27. In stone inscriptiorf at Sarnath is the best specimen of sculpture. The pillar has four lions facing four
directions.
28. Samath is a preaching place of Lord Buddha while Dharmachakras are carved below the lion images.
29. Images of four lions have been placed as our national emblems.
30. Stone inscriptions carved by religious order of Ashoka have been found from Peshawar, Dehradun, Thane,
Mumbai, Qhauli, Jaugada and Chennai, etc. Such inscription is found from the foot hills of Girnar mountain
on the way to Junagadh in Gujarat.
31. Many Buddhist stupas were built in the regions near Krishna and Godavari river during the reign of
Satavahana kings. Stupa of Nagarjuna-Kaunda and Amravati are the best specimen of Dravid style of art.
32. Chola kings adopted Dravid style of architecture upto the great extent.
33. During the Gupta period, architecture, sculpture, painting, dancing and music flourished.
34. Parvati temple at Jabalpur, Bhumra Shiva temple, Narsinh temple, Gopmandir, stupas, Chaityas maths,
viharas, flags and pillars are the unique examples of Gupta art.
35. Caves of Ajanta and Ellora, Elephanta caves, Udaygiri and Bagh caves, Bhuvneshwari caves, Khandgiri and
Nilgiri caves are the specimens of cave architecture of Gupta period.
36. Caves in Gujarat are found at Junagadh, Khambhalida, Talaja, Sana, Dhank, Jhinjhuri, Khapra-Kodiya and
Kaliya Dungar.
37. A unique feature of Pallava age can be seen in the famous chariot temple of South India. It is carved out
from a single rock. Kailashnath temple of Kanchi and temple of Vaikutha Perumal, Mandapas at
Mahabalipuram and temple of Mahabalipuram are world famous rock-cut temple.
38. The chariots were named after the names of Pandavas. Many famous temple architecture are seen with
high pedestal and pinnacle with ladder. Temples in Kanchi, the capital city of Pallavas are very famous.
39. Gopuram means the entrance of the temple. The construction of temples gained momentum due to
encouragement of Pandya rulers of south India. Gopuram of Kanchi and Madurai gives us pleasure even
today when viewed from distance.
40. Brihadeshwar temple of Tanjavur has thirteen storeyed ‘Gopuram’. Meenakshi temple has four main
Gopurams from the architectural point of view. It is a wonderful temple.
41. Chandela rulers built a beautiful temple of Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Jain temples are found at
various places of India. Vaibhar at Rajgriha, Vipulachal, Ratnagiri, Udayagiri and Shramgiri are five main
jain temples. Sidhakshetra Pilgrim in Samet Shikharji, Bihar is known as Madhuvan.
42. Aadinath Bhagwan and other twenty, Tirthankars attained Nirvana.
43. There is a jain temple at Palitana and Shankheshwar temple at Panchasara in Gujarat. Jain temple at
Delwara (Mouth Abu) and Ranakpur in Rajasthan are excellent and wonderful form of construction
carving, artistic skill and sculpture.
44. Modhera temple in Gujarat was built in 1026 AD during the reign of Solanki king Bhimdev-I. Medieval
Architecture The architecture of mosques, minarets, royal palaces, bridges and inns etc. are seen in
medieval age.
45. Qutub-ud-din Aibak built Qutub Minar and Qutwwat-ul-lslam mosque and Adhai-din-ka Jhopra was built
by Qutub-ud-din Aibak.
46. Adina Mosque at Pandua region of Bengal, Sultans of Turky built Atala mosque, etc. were well known
architecture of medieval period. Architecture of Gujarat Royal palaces, forts, gates, kirtistambh (tower of
fame), inns (sanctuaries), Upashrya, Visamas, Varandas, Skylight watch tower, arches, stepwells, lakes and
ponds, figures of birds and animals are the most beautiful magnificent structures of Gujarat.
47. Today Gujarat shines like star in the world map because of its art of sculpture, architecture and carving.
48. Cultural Heritage of India: Sculpture and Architecture Class 10 GSEB Notes Important Terms
a. Vastu: The word ‘Vastu’ is used for architecture in Sanskrit language. Vastu has direct contact with
residence / habitat.
b. Citadel: Under the town planning in Indus Valley Civilization, forts of rulers were constructed on
the upper parts of the town in called Citadel.
c. Harappan Civilization: The remains of Indus Valley Civilization were found first at Harappa. So, it
is known as Harappan Civilization.
d. Fortification: Fortified walls encircling town for strong arrangement of protection, is called
fortification.
e. Lothal: It is situated in taluka Dholka region between two rivers, i.e., Bhogavo and Sabarmati. It
can be considered a rich port of ancient India.
f. Harmika: The railing around the top of the oval-shaped stupa is called Harmika.
g. Medhi: Elevated circular path around stupa is known as medhi, which is used for pradakshina.
h. Toran: It means a gateway that is built on two high pillars with artistic horizontal beam on it. The
devotees use this toran as an entrance.
i. Pillar inscription: Stone inscriptions made from single rock made shiny carved out by the religious
order of emperor Ashoka are the best specimens of engraving on stone. This is called Pillar
Inscription.
j. Dravid style: Many Buddhist stupas were built in the regions near Krishna and Godavari rivers
during the region of Satavahana kings. They were of semi-circular, oval and bell shaped. They are
known as best specimen of Dravid style of architecture, for example, Stupa of Amravati.
k. Trimurti: In three forms of God – painting of Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh is curved in this great
statue. It is seen in- Elephanta caves.
l. Chariot temple: Architecture carved out from a single rock is called Chariot temple. It is a unique
feature of Pallavi age can be seen in the famous chariot temple of south India. For example,
kailasnath temple of Kanchi is the example of architectural art.
m. Garbha Gruha: Garbha Gruha means a small and dark rectangular room in which idol is kept. In
Gujarat, is known as ‘Gabharo’.
n. Gopuram: Pandya rulers of South India built high outer walls and beautifully decorated gates
outside the temple. The gates of this temple are known as ‘Gopuram’. Hence, Gopuram means
entrance gateway of the temple. For example, temples Temples of Kanchi and Madurai.
o. Taaldhwajagiri: Mountain of Talaja is situated near the mouth of Shetrunji river in Bhavnagar
district. It is famous as a pilagrim of Taaldhwajagiri.