Design and Development of Battery Integrated PV

System using MPPT

Md. Nahidul Alam Rofiqun Nobi Md.Abdullah Al Rajin
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Electronic Engineering Electronic Engineering
Bangladesh Army International Bangladesh Army International Bangladesh Army International
University of Science and Technology University of Science and Technology University of Science and Technology
Cumilla, Bangladesh Cumilla, Bangladesh Cumilla, Bangladesh
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Maraz Hussain Ifty Sarowar Hossain

Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Electronic Engineering
Bangladesh Army International Bangladesh Army International
University of Science and Technology University of Science and Technology
Cumilla, Bangladesh Cumilla, Bangladesh
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Maintaining a constant voltage and power level a boost converter, and the incremental conductance [2] MPPT
with changing irradiation is a significant challenge for a PV technique to work. The battery storage system helps to keep
system. In this paper, we have tried to solve this problem with the DC bus voltage near the reference level by pushing power
MPPT and an integrated energy storage system. Incremental to the bus when solar irradiation is low. A simple solar electric
conductance is a MPPT algorithm that governs the boost and battery setup is shown in "Fig. 1." .
converter on the solar array side and extracts the most power
possible from fluctuating solar irradiation. To maintain
constant power and voltage in the DC bus, a separate control
system switches the energy storage system's mood between
charging and discharging. This paper discusses both the
charging and discharging methods of the bidirectional
converter. To achieve faster MPP, this paper discusses the
method in three sections in the result analysis section.

Keywords— irradiation, incremental conductance, boost

converter, DC bus, MPPT.
Fig. 1. Simple representation of the solar electric and battery setup.
I. INTRODUCTION
The two sources of renewable energy that are expanding II. LITERATURE REVIEW
the fastest are solar and wind power. Since the only irregular In [3] authors describes the creation of an integrated
source of energy is solar power, it is not possible to get the system based on microcontrollers for monitoring solar
best output by connecting it directly to the load without using systems. Their proposed system consists of a primary
any converters. In a variety of operating scenarios, a middle electrical measurement unit for measuring meteorological
electronic controller must be provided between the solar conditions in outdoor. S. Y. Mousazadeh et. al [4] describes
electric source and the load in order to get the best output from a multi-functional control of a DC/AC inverter for grid
the solar panel. With the help of this electronic controller, the integration of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy
PV source can be used at its peak output, which increases the storage systems as well as Power Quality adjustment of
energy efficiency of the PV system. There are numerous nonlinear and uneven local loads. The main focus of their
control strategies available, including incremental work area is Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of PV
conductance, constant voltage, perturbation, and observation. array using a DC/DC converter and a multi-layer neural
To enable quick frequency control, energy storage devices network estimator. N. Mhiri et. al [5] introduces a novel
utilizing batteries or ultra-capacitors can be employed in place analog integrated maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
of fossil fuels. As opposed to lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion chip. Designing and implementing an integrated circuit (IC)
batteries have several benefits from recent breakthroughs in in CMOS technology to regulate the MPP in a PV panel is the
battery technology, which include excellent charge-discharge primary task.
efficiency, a low self-discharge rate, a high working cell In [6] authors discussed an enhanced MPPT technique
voltage, and significant energy and power densities. that employs an adaptive scaling factor to speed up tracking
Three subsystems make up the system depicted in “Fig. for any PV system. Additionally, this approach gets rid of
1”, a battery module , a solar system, and a boost converter oscillations brought on by the steady state. S. Singh et. al [7]
from DC to DC in both directions [1]. The bidirectional DC- discussed about perturb and observe method for
DC converter functions as the link between the solar and MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) to utilize best
energy storage modules, and it must be capable of output from PV array. In [8] researcher discussed a voltage
bidirectional power transfer. At the DC link, the PV system regulator with MPPT control logic and an efficient battery
and battery storage system run together. The PV system uses storage system to deliver controlled and dependable power
supply to the continuous residential demands from a
freestanding PV system. Using a DC-DC boost converter, b) Case 2:
incremental conductance-based MPPT control logic is Case 2 involves turning off the power (G1) and (G2) and
employed to get the most power possible out of the PV panel. turning on the diode (D2), as shown in “Fig. 3” (b).
In [9] researchers discussed a mathematical model of PV
cell using MATLAB Simulink. They overcome the irradiance VL = -Vbatt (3)
problem using PV arrays with the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. In
[10] author discussed dual input transformer linked in the So that the current in filtering inductor (L) begins to
system that incorporates both the MPPT and battery charging decrease linearly with slope.
discharging management, the DC-DC converter is examined.
The system is operated in four separate modes thanks to a IL = Vbatt/L (4)
coordinated control, which satisfies the effective MPPT and
battery current tracking.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. DC to DC bidirectional converter
"Fig. 2" below shows the circuit diagram of a DC-DC
converter with two directions. Two power switches (S1 and
S2), two diodes (D1 and D2), an inductor (L), and two
capacitors (C1 and C2) make up the circuit. There are two
operational modes of this bidirectional circuit.
• Charging mode.
• Discharging mode.
Which controls the flow of current between the battery and
PV array. (a)

Fig. 2. Simple representation of the bidirectional inverter.

B. Operating Principle (b)

The red line shows the direction of current flow.
Fig. 3. Operation of DC-DC converter at charging mode.
1) Charging mode
"Fig. 3" (a) and (b) show the equivalent circuit diagrams 2) Discharging Mode
of the proposed charge mode of a bidirectional DC-DC "Fig. 4" represents the circuit diagram for a bidirectional
converter. The suggested converter from DC-DC in both DC-DC converter in discharge mode. The suggested
directions functions as a buck converter when in charging converter from DC-DC in both directions functions as a boost
mode. Here Ib= battery current, and Vb= battery voltage. In converter when in discharge mode. Thus, the current flows
order to charge the battery module with current Ib, the from the battery to the DC bus.
suggested battery controllers work in such a way that the
a) Case 1:
battery bank receives electricity in the opposite direction
from the DC bus. The current in the inductor (L) is decreased to zero in this
case while the power switch (S1) remains off and power
a) Case 1: switch (S2) turns on, the polarity of the charge is then
As shown in “Fig. 3” (a), Case 1 entails activating the changed as shown in “Fig. 4” (a). Approximately, the voltage
power switch (S1), deactivating the power switch (S2), and across the inductor (L) is
reversing the diode (D2). The voltage charges the inductor L
linearly under these circumstances. VL = −Vb (5)

VL =Vbus -Vb (1) To begin growing linearly with slope, the current in
inductor (L) must increase.
IL =(Vbus -Vb)/L (2)
IL = −Vb/L (6)
 b) Case 2:
∗ ∗ (9)
As illustrated in “Fig. 3” (b), the power switches (S1) and
(S2) are off in this state, and the diode (D2) begins to conduct.
There is a voltage across the inductor (L).
∗ (10)
∗
VL = Vbus − Vb (7)
Equations for determining the inductance and capacitance
The current in inductor (L) must begin to decrease of the bidirectional DC-DC converter.
linearly with slope.
∗
IL = (Vbus − Vb)/ L (8) (11)
∗ ∗

∗ (12)
∗

(a)

(b) Fig. 6. Flow chart of incremental inductance method.

Fig. 4. Operation of DC-DC converter at discharging mode.

3) Control circuit of the converter

The control circuit generates the switching pulse for the
converter. Here, VDC bus voltage is taken as a reference.
When VDC is lower than the reference controller, it activates
discharging mode. When VDC is higher than the reference
controller, it activates charging mode.

Fig. 7. Simplified circuit diagram of boost converter with MPPT.

V. RESULT ANALYSIS
A. Modes of the operation
The battery module helps to achieve the MPP faster. This
Fig. 5. Bidirectional control circuit of DC-DC converter. paper has separated the analysis into three cases.
IV. DESIGN AND ALGORITHM OF PV ARRAY AND MPPT a) Case 1( 0 to 1 sec):
In this study, the PV panel's power output is monitored In this case, as we can see from "Fig. 8", the solar
using the incremental conductance MPPT method[11] and a irradiation is 1000 watts/m2. The DC bus voltage is a little
boost converter from DC-DC [12]. PV panel voltage and higher than the reference voltage (220 v). The PV output
current are monitored, and the MPPT receives the signals and power is near the MPP (KW), and the SOC% of the battery is
computes the duty ratio based on variations in voltage. "Fig. gradually increasing, meaning the battery is in charging
6" represents the flow chart of the incremental conductance mode.
method. b) Case 2( 1 to 2 sec):
Equations for determining the inductance and capacitance In this case, as we can see from "Fig. 8", the solar
of the boost converter. irradiation comes down to 600 watts/m2. First, the DC bus
voltage falls way below the reference voltage. But gradually
catches up to the reference voltage. The PV output power is
following near its new MPP (9 KW), and the SOC% of the
battery shows almost a flat line, meaning the battery is going
towards discharging mode. That means the battery is pushing
power to the DC bus to keep the voltage level near the
reference voltage.
c) Case 3( 2 to 3 sec): Fig. 10. Output diagram of time vs irradiation.
In this case, as we can see from “Fig. 8”, the solar irradiation
rises to 800 watts/m2. At first there is a sudden rise in DC bus VI. CONCLUSION
voltage, but gradually it comes down to the reference voltage. This paper has discussed a possible solution to fluctuating
The PV output power is followed near its new MPP (12 KW), voltage and power with MPPT (incremental conductance)
and the SOC% of the battery shows an increase in charge, and energy storage. The demerit of this system is that when
meaning the battery is in charging mode. This means the the solar irradiance is above 900 watts/m2 and below 600
battery is pulling power from the DC bus to keep the voltage watts/m2 the DC Bus voltage is unable to follow the reference
level near reference voltage. voltage. In the future, we will address this problem. Another
one is that, in this paper, we have only used pure resistive
load; in the future, we will be using inductive and capacitive
load to further analyze the performance of the system. Also,
we will see the performance of the system when connected to
the grid.
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