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New Q2 W5 Propositions

The document discusses various logical operations that can be performed on propositions: 1) Negation inverts the truth value of a proposition. 2) Conjunction uses "and" to yield a proposition that is true only if both propositions are true. 3) Disjunction uses "or" to yield a proposition that is true if either proposition is true. 4) Implication uses "if...then" and is true if the antecedent is false or the consequent is true. 5) Biconditional uses "if and only if" and is true if the propositions have the same truth value.

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Bethel Dizon
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152 views52 pages

New Q2 W5 Propositions

The document discusses various logical operations that can be performed on propositions: 1) Negation inverts the truth value of a proposition. 2) Conjunction uses "and" to yield a proposition that is true only if both propositions are true. 3) Disjunction uses "or" to yield a proposition that is true if either proposition is true. 4) Implication uses "if...then" and is true if the antecedent is false or the consequent is true. 5) Biconditional uses "if and only if" and is true if the propositions have the same truth value.

Uploaded by

Bethel Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I Can Do This

Tell whether each


sentence is declarative,
imperative,
interrogative, or
exclamatory.
1. The stars are shining
in the sky.

Declarative
Sentence
2. What a nice dress
it is!

Exclamatory
Sentence
3. This is the almirah
where we keep our
documents.
Declarative
Sentence
4. How many books
did you take from
the school library?

Interrogative
Sentence
5. Nature teaches
everything.

Declarative
Sentence
6. Stop wandering
here and there.

Imperative
Sentence
7. 10𝑥 + 3 = 36,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 3.
Declarative
Sentence
8. Who will talk
to the Principal?
Interrogative
Sentence
9. Five is an even
number.
Declarative
Sentence
10. Don’t
speak here.
Imperative
Sentence
Propositions

Prepared By:
Ms. Grace D. Pediongco
OBJECTIVES:

K: Identifies proposition and


distinguishes between simple
and compound proposition;

S: Symbolizes proposition; and

A: Values the importance of


symbolizing statement
for making codes or messages.
DEFINITION
A proposition is a
declarative sentence
that is either true or
false, but not both.
If a proposition is true,
then its true value is true
which is denoted by T;
otherwise, its true value
is false and is denoted by
F. (Debbie Marie B.
Verzosa 2016)
Propositions
1. The stars are shining in the sky.
3. This is the almirah where we
keep our documents.
5. Nature teaches everything.
7. 10𝑥 + 3 = 36, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 3.

9. Five is an even number.


Not Propositions
2. What a nice dress it is!
4. How many books did you
take from the school library?
6. Stop wandering here and
there.
8. Who will talk to the Principal?
10. Don’t speak here.
True Value
of Proposition
Determine whether
each of the following
statements are
proposition or not. If
a proposition, give its
true value.
P: Mindanao is an island
of the Philippines.

This is a declarative
sentence, and Mindanao is
an island in the Philippines.
Hence, 𝑃 is a true
proposition
Q: Find a
number which
divides your age.
This is an imperative
sentence, and so it is
not a proposition.
R: My classmate will get
a perfect score in the
Logic exam.
Statement is a declarative
sentence. Although the truth value
will only be known after the logic
exam, we know that it can only be
either true (my seatmate gets a
perfect score) or false (she has
some mitakes), but not both.
Hence, R is a proposition.
S: Welcome
to the Philippines!
Statement S is an
exclamatory sentence,
and so it is not a
proposition.
T: 3 + 2 = 5
obviously, 3 + 2 = 5 is a true
mathematical sentence. But is it
a declarative sentence? Yes! To
see this, note that you may read
it as “the sum of three and two
is 5,“ which is clearly a
declarative sentence. Therefore,
T is a true proposition.
U: What is the domain
of the function?
It is an interrogative
sentence. Hence, it is
not a proposition.
Definition:
A compound proposition
is a proposition formed
from simpler proposition
using logical connectors
or some combination of
logical connectors.
Some logical connectors involving
propositions p and/or q may be
expressed as follows:
not p
p and q
p or q
If p, then q
where <.> stands for some
proposition. A proposition is simple
if it cannot be broken down any
further into other component
propositions.
There are logical
connectors that involves
in some propositions.
Some of logical
connectors involving
propositions p and/or q
may be
expressed as follows:
not p
p and q
Not p but q
p or q
Either p or q
Neither p nor q
If p then q
These are symbols used in some logical connectors:
Let’s try symbolizing some
propositions and distinguish whether
it is simple or compound proposition.

Consider the following dictionaries:


H: It is hot.
I: It is sunny.
J: Logic is fun.
K. Logic is interesting.
L: Logic is boring.
M: You Study hard.
N: You get good grades.
O: You can drive.
P: You have a driver’s license.
a) It is hot and sunny.
Answer: H and I
𝑯 Ʌ 𝑰 compound proposition

b) It is not sunny.
Answer: not I
∼𝑰 simple proposition
c) It is not hot, but it is sunny.
Answer: not H but I
∼𝑯 Ʌ 𝑰 compound proposition

d) Either logic is fun and


interesting, or it is boring.
Answer: either J and K or L
(𝑱 Ʌ 𝑲) 𝑽 𝑳 compound proposition
e.) If you study hard, then you
will get good grades.
Answer: if M, then N
𝑀 → 𝑁 compound proposition

g) You cannot drive.


Answer: not O
∼𝑂 simple proposition
h) If you have a driver’s
license, then you can drive.
Answer: if P, then O
𝑃 → 𝑂 compound proposition

i) It is hot.
Answer: H simple proposition
Activity 6:
Direction: Symbolize the
following propositions and
identify whether it is simple or
compound proposition:

H: I have missed the bus.


B: The bus is late.
L: I am late.
S: I slept in.
W: I will get to work on time.
1. The bus is not late.
2. I am late, and I have
missed the bus.
3. The bus is not late but I
am.
4. It’s not true that the bus
is late and I am late.
5. If the bus is not late,
then I have missed it.
6. I am not late, and I did not
sleep in.
7. Either the bus is late or I
am.
8. If I slept in, then I’m late
and I have missed the bus.
9. I won’t get work on time.
10.If the bus is late or I am, it
won’t get to work on time.
Operations
on
Propositions
OBJECTIVES:
K: Identifies the different
operations of propositions;

S: Performs the different


operations of propositions; and

A: Develops perseverance and


patience in performing the
different operations of
propositions.
a. Negation - is the simplest
operation of propositions. This is
that operation (function) of
proposition p which is true when p is
false, and false when p is true.
b. Conjunction - The joining of
two or more propositions by
the word "and" results in their
so-called conjunction or logical
product; the propositions
joined in this manner are
called the members of the
conjunction or the factors of
the logical product.
The conjunction, "p and q",
has truth for its truth-value
when p and q are both true;
Otherwise, it has falsehood
for its truth-value.
c. Disjunction - The joining
of two or more propositions
by the word "or" results in
their so-called disjunction
or logical sum; the
propositions joined in this
manner are called the
members of the disjunction
or the summands of the
logical sum.
The disjunction, "p or q", has
truth for its truth-value when
p is true and when q is true,
but if falsehood when both p
and q are false.
d. Implication/Conditional - We
shall talk implication in a
separate section, in depth. Here,
we simply define and talk about
the meaning in a general sense.
We interpret the meaning of
Implication, i.e. "p implies q," or
"if p, then q" as "Unless p is
false, q is true," or "either p is
false or q is true," where p and q
are proposition variables.
That is to say, "p implies q" is
to mean "~p or q"; its truth-
value is to be truth if p is false,
likewise if q is true, and is to be
falsehood if p is true and q is
false. The fact that "implies" is
capable of other meanings does
not concern us: For the time
being this is our "meaning" and
we are sticking to it.
e. Biconditional - The
biconditional of propositions
p and q is denoted by p ↔ q:
(p if and only if q) and is
defined through its truth
table. The proposition may
also be written as ‘p iff q’.
The propositions q and q are
the components of the
biconditional.
Thank You!

Stay Safe
and
Stay Blessed!

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