POLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will display the research method, population, sampling size, and

sampling technique, respondents’ description, research instruments, data gathering

procedure and the statistical tool to be used to interpret the collected data.

Method of Research

The study is an experimental research design that will apply quantitative

method. Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research

design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher,

and variables that can be measured, calculated, and compared. Most importantly,

experimental research is completed in a controlled environment. The researcher

collects data and results will either support or reject the hypothesis. This method of

research is referred to a hypothesis testing or a deductive research method (Babbie,

2016).

The researchers will use online survey because of its mobile compatibility and

to minimize physical interaction in compliance with the physical distancing measure

for the pandemic. An online survey will be deployed largely, and its result weighted for

statistical accuracy. The researchers will use different social media platforms such as

Facebook, twitter, Instagram, etc. to find relevant respondents. “The COVID-19

pandemic has taken a significant toll on economies and people of all ages, from all
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 2

walks of life, across the globe. Social media and virtual meetings have become the

“new normal” as people strive to keep normalcy in their lives” (Flor & Tomacruz,2019)

Quantitative method will be used to meet and convene the objectives of the

study, which is to further understand the viewpoint of the respondents with regards to

the effectiveness of e-commerce to the small businesses during pandemic and to

meet the best answers for the questions that seeks to determine a relationship

between two (2) variables—the dependent variable and the independent variable (e-

commerce and small business).

Population, Sampling Size, and Sampling Technique

The respondents of the study are small business owners from Polytechnic

University of the Philippines. The researchers will focus on business owners that

switched from physical selling to online selling during the pandemic. The location of

the study is in Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Sta. Mesa, Manila; however,

due to the Covid-19 pandemic, all data are gathered online. The respondents are

suitable as the population of the study because they are in the best state to help the

researchers with the information needed to answer the research questions. The

sample size of this study will compose of 200 respondents.

The sampling technique of the study is convenience sampling. According to

Dörnyei, Z. & Griffee, D., 2010; Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016),

convenience sampling is a sort of non-probability sampling where individuals from the

objective population meet similar functional rules like availability, topographical

closeness, accessibility at a given time, or the readiness to take part with the end goal

of the study. It is a well-known and commonly used sampling technique because it is

not complicated, immediate, and reasonable. The researchers will collect research

data from a conveniently available set of respondents.

Description of the Respondents

The researchers will acquire their respondents through online platforms. There

will be 200 respondents for the survey questionnaire to be observed in this analysis.

The criteria for selecting the respondents are the following: (1) must be an owner of a

small business, (2) must have a physical store before the pandemic, (3) must be using

an E-commerce platform to sell their products during the pandemic, (4) must be 18-

30 years old, and (5) must be a student at Polytechnic University of the Philippines-

Manila campus. The researchers will be able to know the effectiveness of E-

commerce in local small businesses of students from the Polytechnic University of the

Philippines during the pandemic and E-Commerce users prior and through pandemic

will be vital in this study as they will give the main data in seeking how effective E-

commerce platforms to their small businesses.

Research Instruments

The researchers will use a validated questionnaire as the instrument in this

study. The questionnaire will be divided into three (3) parts. The first part is about the

situation of their small business before the pandemic in terms of advertising, sales,
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 4

customer satisfaction and other challenges. The second part is about situation of their

small business during the pandemic with a use of E-commerce platforms in terms of

advertising, sales, customer satisfaction and other challenges. The last part is about

evaluating changes in switching from physical store into E-commerce platforms due

to COVID-19 pandemic.

Gathering Procedure

Questionnaire and Interview

A questionnaire is characterized as a record containing questions and other

matters intended to request data suitable for study or investigation (Babbie, 1990;

Acharya, 2010). The questionnaire was designed by the researchers and will be

validated by a statistician. The questionnaire comprises dichotomous questions,

multiple statements, multiple response questions and a Likert scaling.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Statistical approach involves planning, designing, data collection, data

analysis, extracting, understanding, and writing research results (Ali, Z. & Bhaskar, S.

B., 2016). The statistical tool to be used for data interpretation is Pearson r Correlation

Method.

The researchers used the questionnaire in gathering data from the

respondents. Survey questionnaire, stated in English, are used to observe all students
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 5

who have a local small business in Polytechnic University of the Philippines. The data

gathered were arrange using quantitative method and expressed by Likert Scale.

Afterwards, the researchers arranged the questions and result of the

observation of respondents. The statistical treatment that the researchers chosen was

the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, to test the correlation and significance of e-

commerce during the pandemic.

Formula:

Σ(𝑥1 −𝑥) (𝑦1 −𝑦)

Where:

𝑟= Correlation Coefficient

𝑥1 = value of the x-variable

𝑥= mean of the value of the x-variable

𝑦1 = value of the y-variable

𝑦= mean of the value of the y-variable

The standard table for interpretation of the correlation was stated below:

RANGE INTERPRETATION

0 NO CORRELATION

0.0-0.2 VERY WEAK CORRELATION

0.2-0.4 WEAK CORRELATION

0.4-0.6 MODERATELY STRONG CORRELATION

0.6-0.8 STRONG CORRELATION

0.8-1.0 VERY STRONG CORRELATION

1 PERFECT CORRELATION
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 7

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