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Lecture 01

This document provides an introduction to programming languages and the basic structure of a C++ program. It discusses why high-level languages like C++ were developed, explains the structure of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, and defines some common programming terms. The key elements of a C++ program include preprocessor directives, a main function, C++ statements, and curly braces delimiting code blocks.

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Zubair Khan
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34 views

Lecture 01

This document provides an introduction to programming languages and the basic structure of a C++ program. It discusses why high-level languages like C++ were developed, explains the structure of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, and defines some common programming terms. The key elements of a C++ program include preprocessor directives, a main function, C++ statements, and curly braces delimiting code blocks.

Uploaded by

Zubair Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Engineering and Technology,

Peshawar, Pakistan

EE-271: OOP & Data Structures

Lecture 1
Introduction

By;
Dr. Muhammad Athar Javed Sethi
Why Programming Language?

 Computer only understands machine


language
 Consists of 1s and 0s
 1001011100001000
 Initially all computers were
programmed using machine language
 Difficult and cumbersome
 Only small programs can be written
MEMORY ORGANIZATION

10001000100101
DATA
DATA 01001010101010

CPU

11100101010101
10101000011001
PROGRAM
INSTRUCTION

MEMORY
LOW AND HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING

 Lowest Level: Machine Codes


 Directly process able, written in binary:
 10001011 01100111 10011011 11000111
 Hard to „read‟, slow to create, fast to
run.
LOW AND HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING

 Next lowest level: Assembler


 Mnemonics directly represent machine
code, Symbolic, :
 mov A, 90h;
 inc A;
 jnz loop;
 Human readable, slow to create, fast to run,
processor specific.
LOW AND HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING

 High level: Pascal, ‘C’, Fortran,


‘C++’/Java etc
 One statement is equivalent of many
machine code operations.
 Human understandable, fast to write.
High-Level Language

10100110 01110110
#include <iostream> 00100110 00000000
11111010 11111010
int main() 01001110 10100110
{ 11100110 10010110
std::cout<<“HelloWorld”; 11001110 00101110
return 0; 10100110 01001110
11111010 01100110
}
01001110 10000110
etc...

Source code Executable code

 Compilers and linkers translate a


high level program into executable
machine code.
++
Structure of C++ Program

 C++ program consists of three main parts;


 Preprocessor Directives.
 Start with “#”
 The main( ) function.
 C++ statements. C++ Program:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout<<“Hello World!”;
return 0;
}
Basic Structure of a C++ Program

Example: Hello World


C++ Program:
#include <iostream>

int main()
output “Hello World!” {
std::cout<<“Hello World!”;
return 0;
}
Basic Structure of a C++ Program (cont)

Example: Hello world


C++ Program:
#include <iostream>

Includes standard int main()


input/output library of {
std::cout<<“Hello World!”;
procedures.
return 0;
Read: “Hash-include” }
Basic Structure of a C++ Program (cont)

Example: Hello world


C++ Program:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout<<“Hello World!”;
return 0;
every C++ program must }
have a main
Basic Structure of a C++ Program

Example: Hello World


C++ Program:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
Curly braces mark the std::cout<<“Hello World”;
beginning and end of a return 0;
block of instructions. }
Basic Structure of a C++ Program

Example: Hello World


C++ Program:
#include <iostream>
Instruction (function call) int main()
to output “Hello World” {
std::cout<<“Hello World”;

return 0;
}
Basic Structure of a C++ Program

“Statements” (lines of
instructions) always end
Example: Hello World with a semi-colon (;)
C++ Program:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
std::cout<<“Hello World”;
return 0;
}
C and C++
 Traditionally C programs use the file
extension .C and C++ programs the
extension .CPP
 C is essentially a subset of C++, so you
could use a C++ compiler to run a C
program. The two languages are
extremely similar.
 In the labs we will be using a
Code::Blocks software (codeblocks-
16.01mingw-setup.exe).
https://sourceforge.net/projects/codeblocks/files/Binaries/16.01/Windows/
Some Programmer Jargon

 Some words that will be used a lot:


 Source code: The stuff you type into the
computer. The program you are writing.
 Compile (build): Taking source code and
making a program that the computer can
understand.
 Executable: The compiled program that the
computer can run.
 Library: Added functions for C++.
programming to do certain tasks.
 Header file: Files ending in .h which are
included at the start of source code.

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