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Spec 11 0 Speech and Theatre Arts
Unit II. FUNDAMENTALS OF SPEECH
What do you feel when you are about to speak aloud before a group? If your answer
is nervous, then, yours is not an isolated case. Speaking before a large number of
people is the most dreaded task for any individuals. Even the most seasoned speaker
has this feeling when addressing an audience. However, this problem will be
overcome by acquiring the basic skills of oral communication by practicing as often as
you can, resulting to extra adrenalin to speak with greater energy and confidence.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
Employ effective verbal and nonverbal delivery techniques in presentation.
Deliver a video recording speech before the class
Pre-test
Directions: Read the following questions and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It known as communication apprehension or speech anxiety?
a. Stage presence
b. Stage projection
c. Stage fright
d. Stage flight
e. Back stage
2. It is the best style of speech delivery?
a. Reading method
b. Memorized method
c. Impromptu method
d. Extemporaneous method
e. Listening method
3. The spur of the moment speech
a. Reading method
b. Memorized method
c. Impromptu method
d. Extemporaneous method
e. Listening method
4. The critical variable that makes speaking in public dreadful for most neophytes?
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a. Public
b. Private
c. Interview
d. Dyadic
e. Group
5. The secrets of successful speech are:
a. Eye communication
b. Voice projection
c. Voice variety
d. Speak slowly and articulate your words clearly
e. All of the above
f. None of the above
Content
NATURE OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
According to Padila et al, (2004), pages 183-184, the following are the four nature of Public
Communication:
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION IS AUDIENCE CENTERED
When you are to speak before an audience, you have first examine yourself – your
knowledge and background, your interest and capabilities. This can help you choose a topic,
purpose, or mode of presentation. However, the main consideration is the audience.
A presentation is not public communication if there is no audience. Therefore, a speaker has
to analyse his/her audience, the receiving end of the message. What are the social, political and
religious affiliations of the audience? What are their personal, educational or professional
interests? To what age or ethnic group do they belong? Successful public communication is
achieved when the desired effect on, or action from the audience is achieved.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION DEVELOPS CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking according to (Verdever, 2000) as cited by Padilla et al., (2004), is an
analytical and evaluative process, using logic or reasoning to present information in a way that
is likely to provide understanding, change a belief or uncover problems in another person’s
informative or persuasive message.
In public communication, one should consider all the elements – the self as the speaker, the
audience, the occasion, the pervading social, economic and political situations - and thus, with
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evaluation, logic and at times, conformity, develops one’s critical thinking skills and allows one
to apply them in his/her own presentations.
WITH PUBLIC COMMUNICATION COME ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Accepting the fact that infused with the sense of responsibility is public communication.
Knowledge of ethical issues helps in focusing on the correctness or wrongness in human
behaviour. It does not dictate what one has to do in a given situation, but it does not serve as a
guide in what to consider in decision making.
In public communication, everything has ethical implications. As a speaker, you must be
cautious of what you say and how you say it so that you conform to ethical standards. The
audience except the speaker to be honest and to say true to the facts. He is also expected to
keep his information in perspective, avoiding exaggeration, which most people deem unethical.
Hence, a speaker should always cite the source of his information: (a) to avoid slander when
sharing negative information and (b) to give due credit to other people and their works.
PUBLIC COMUNICATION IS AN EMPOWERING ACTIVITY
Mastery of public communication skills enables one to present clearly complex information
and be understood by all members of the audience. By making the audience understand, one
can easily convince them or even influence their attitudes and behaviour.
Public communication is empowering activity because mastery of the necessary skills puts
one where one wants to be – whether it be getting a job or being promoted or simply making
people believe and getting their trust.
FIVE P’S OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
According to Diaz, (2014), pages 270-279, to be a good speaker, all you need to do is armed
with the five p’s of public speaking. They are:
1. Perceptions,
2. Positive Attitude,
3. Preparation,
4. Practice, and
5. Prayer.
These are the five important things you will consider when preparing for an oral talk.
PERCEPTIONS
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The first prerequisite is all in the mind. What you think about public speaking and what you
should believe it to be may affect your feelings towards the activity. The wide spread myths of
public speaking must be dispelled. Knowing what it is not and what it is, will, therefore, be a
great help.
Public speaking is not a unique form of speaking with grand display orally or physically. It is
not a parade of one’s vocabulary. It is not making a mountain out of molehill. Neither is it an
unnatural speech of inflated language. It is not all sound and fury. It may show electrifying styles
of speaking, of vocal bombast and grandiose gestures, but certainly, these are for gifted and
exceptional speakers.
Actually, public speaking is nothing more than speaking in public! It has the features of
ordinary speaking. In a sense, it is essentially oral communication, an enlarged type of
conversation, where there are more listeners and which requires louder speaking.
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
The second requirement is attitudinal. Bad thoughts and negative feeling of being afraid should
be done away with. Break the chains of those bad thoughts. They will only scare you all more.
Think positive. What is mentally possible can be physically possible. If you think you can, you
surely can! Live up to those thoughts and use the following reminders to buoy your spirit up:
1. Stage fright is a human phenomenon. It is normal. FEAR is just False Emotions
Appearing Real.
2. Capitalize on your tensions. Use them to your advantage when the brain gets messages
of stress or excitement, your adrenalin emerges. It keeps you on your toes and enables
you to cope.
3. Have self-esteem believe in yourself and in what you can do. Learn to take risks. Do
away with wild imaginings like, “what if…”, “I don’t think I can …”, or “I’m scared!” master
the ten-letter words: “If it is be, it is up to me”. Accenture your strengths and downplay
your weaknesses. Self-esteem protects us from the horror of our shortcomings.
4. Set your goal and be determined to be a good speaker. Good speech may not happen
overnight, but if you keep yourself motivated by this Chinese quotation, “A journey of a
thousand miles begins with a single step”, you will find that the first step is after all not
hard to make.
5. Be patient with your progress. Learn to labor and to wait. Take time to stumble and rise
again. Success is measured not by never failing but by rising every time you fall.
Remember that growing is going through life’s up’s and down’s more like the succession
of sunrise and sunsets.
6. Cultivate other positive attitudes. Develop self-confidence, self-esteem, determination,
patience, sensitivity, enthusiasm, integrity, friendship and love. It is not bad to dream
dreams, but be sure to wake up to make your dreams come true.
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TACKLING STAGE FRIGHT
Nervousness is a problem every speaker must face. It is an unavoidable part and parcel of
public performance. According to Tennessee Ford, “the mind is a wonderful thing. It starts to
work the moment you were born, and never stops until we stand up in front of an audience to
speak.”
Stage fright has the following physical manifestations-sweating, dry mouth, cold and
trembling hands, wobbling knees, fast heartbeat, butterflies in the stomach, and turning pale.
The problem, however, is not whether the speaker is nervous, but whether it will hinder his/her
successful speech delivery.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols has found out that “while anxiety is known to be helpful in
delivering a great speech and many to learn to healthily channel their anxiety to use it to
heighten the quality of their performance, many others find anxiety as a stumbling block. She
further says, “It is essential that speakers come to grips with the self-defeating state of mind that
has caused the deliberating anxiety.”
To resolve this problem, Ms. Nichols recommended smiling to relax the muscles when
tension begins to build up because of negative thinking, and deep breathing to lower the state of
psychological arousal.
The idea is not for the anxiety to disappear but for the speaker to be able to use it to
advantage by channelling it constructively to performance-enhancing ways.
Training technique and concentration on the task and objective at hand can help fight stage
fright. The more one thinks of the subject and the audience, the less s/he thinks of him /herself.
That way, since nervousness is self-consciousness, the less nervous the speaker will be.
PREPARATION
“The reason why there are so few talkers in public is that there are so few thinkers in
private,” says an American author. Thinking things through before a speech spells the difference
between success and failure. Hence, preparation is important. How long and how much time is
needed, it depends.
How are you going to prepare? The following will serve as your guidepost in preparation:
1. KNOW WHAT IS EXPECTED
What do the organizers of the event expect of you? What do they want to talk about?
Do you have a choice? If you do, what are your bases for your choice? Do you find it
interesting? Is it something you know a lot about? What is the occasion? Is there a
theme? What would be your purpose; to inform, to convince, to entertain or to persuade?
2. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE
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What is demographic profile of your audience? Do you know their age range, gender,
occupation, educational background, culture, attitudes, needs and wants? How big will
your audience be?
3. KNOW WHERE YOUR VENUE IS
Where will you be speaking, indoors or outdoors? Would it be too warm or too cold in
it? Is the room small or big? What is the room layout? Would you be using devices?
4. GATHER YOUR MATERIALS
Do research work. Find plenty of facts and figures to help you. Dig out, as well, plenty
of anecdotes, jokes and quotations to add color and life to your talk and to lighten the
load of hard fact. Sometimes you have to talk about yourself. It is also a good idea to
establish your credentials. It also pays to advertise, but do not overdo, finally, anticipate
likely questions and have your answers ready.
5. STRUCTURE YOUR SPEECH
Plan your ideas logically. Prepare an outline. It is easier for a speaker to remember
three, five or seven points. Three points are better than two. There are several ways of
structuring a speech. The following are a few examples:
a. Topic by topic
b. Geographically
c. Chronologically
d. Problem and solution structure
Once your structure is worked out, then you can start filling it in. Remember it’s not
how many hours you put in, but how much you have put into the hours that really
matters.
PARTS OF SPEECH
Your speech will have three parts:
1. The introduction
2. The body, and
3. The conclusion.
Techniques on how to go through these three parts are given below.
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THE INTRODUCTION
Consider the likely need of the audience when making an introduction. Here are some
opening devices to use:
1. Greet the audience and remind them why they are gathered together.
2. Catch their attention and amuse them by saying something in character with the
occasion.
3. Invite direct involvement of the audience through questions and requests.
4. Surprise the audience and challenge their assumptions.
5. Thank the organizers for asking you to speak and say how pleased you are to be there.
For better effect, try delivering your lines from memory.
THE BODY
As the speaker, you are taking your audience on a journey, so you have to lead and show them
the way. If your speech is going to include a great deal of information, remember the old maxim:
1. Tell them what you are about to tell them.
2. Tell them what you want to tell them, and
3. Tell them again what you have told them.
Begin by telling the audience the areas that you will cover. At various stages, remind them all
the points already established. Inject humour at intervals throughout the speech to revive their
attention. Surprise them with direct questions. Visual aids may help catch the eye. Get your
listeners to write things down. But be extra careful with criticism or controversy. In persuasive
speeches, use appeal-to intellect, to social aspiration or group pride or to the instinct to explore
new ideas. But above all, your speech must have substance and don’t forget to follow the
principles of good composition which are unity, coherence, and emphasis.
THE CONCLUSION
Since this is the last part, it needs to be memorable. Make lasting impression by serving the
audience some food for the mind. Pack your remarks with something the audience will long
remember. Use quotations.
LENGTH OF SPEECH
How long a speech should be hinges on the topic, the speaker, the audience and the
occasion. The introduction and the conclusion should not be longer than the body. A well-
proportioned speech would be:
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15% - Introduction
75% - Body, and
10% - Conclusion
Generally, however, it is best to KISS your speech. KEEP IT SHORT AND SIMPLE.
PRACTICE FOR AN EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
To make an impact on an audience, clear structure and well-judged content to be matched
with effective delivery. How many well-thought-of or well-written speeches have failed because
of poor delivery. Success in public speaking depends on good preparation and good
presentation. So whatever is worth doing is worth doing well. There’s no substitute for
painstaking practice. As is often said, constant practice makes perfect.
The following guidelines will be helpful in your preparation:
1. Decide on the form or style of delivery. There are four types:
a. Reading method – is best for beginners. The speech is prepared and read from
manuscript.
b. Memorize method – is preferred by those with good memory.
c. Impromptu method – is for accomplished speakers. This spur – of – the – moment
speech leaves little time for preparation, if at all.
d. Extemporaneous method - is for seasoned speakers. This delivery, so far id the best
style because it combines all forms.
All four types of speech delivery have their advantages and disadvantages. The choice depends
on the occasion, the speaker and his audience.
2. Allocate practice hours in your time budget. Two to three rehearsals would give best
results. Here is how to go about it.
a. First rehearsal – focus on the content of the speech.
b. Second rehearsal – focus on delivery, using the voice, the body and language to the
best advantage.
c. Third rehearsal – do the rehash on the verbal and non-verbal including visual aids, if
any.
3. Practice aloud. It warms up the body and the voice.
4. Check your posture.
5. Execute appropriate gestures. .
6. Know how to use the microphone.
7. Speak in public as often as you can. Welcome every speaking opportunity that comes
your way.
8. Practice at the venue or some familiar place.
9. Come to the venue early and warm up.
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10. Practice with the coach or with a live audience. You can ask some friends fro feed-
backing.
11. Avoid the following bad habits in speaking:
a. Using jargon and superfluous words and phrases.
b. The indiscriminate use of pet words which are often unsuitable for the situation.
Example: cute
c. Giving too much detail and too many dialogues when relating stories.
d. Talking in a colorless monotonous tone.
e. Using too much slang.
f. Using so may filler like ah, eh, er, uh, oh
g. Talking too fast or too slowly when relating events.
12. Be further guided by the following secrets or successful speech:
a. Eye communication.
b. Voice projection
c. Use of the attributes of the voice to achieve variety
d. Speak slowly, and
e. Articulate your words clearly.
PRAYER
Man proposes, but it is God who disposes. This is why we need His support through prayer.
Prayer is man’s strength and God’s weakness. Let’s therefore, speak to him in private before we
speak to our audience in public. Here’s how:
1. Pray for the audience. Don’t expect miracles. God helps those who help themselves.
Prayer is not the last resort. It is the first recourse. Pray that your objective be attained.
Remember the four best words in prayer: “THY WILL BE DONE”. So work hard, pray
hard, and leave the rest to God.
2. Visualize Him and your loves ones before speaking. Prayer purifies. It keeps our
sincerity in check. Prayer also humbles. It reminds us of our audience as or brothers and
sisters.
3. Thank him for everything after speaking.
Armed with these five ammunitions, you can confidently face the world to attain your goals and
objectives in time. As you go, I urge you FEAR NOT. Go far ahead.
In the words of Quintilian, “God has impressed man with no characteristics so proven to
distinguish him from the other animals as by the faculty of speech.” “Gain this power for yourself
and you will have at your service the greatest force ever put in the hands of mankind.
With this power at your command, you can revive some dreams may have given up on and you
can fan your burning desires towards global competitiveness.
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10 TYPES OF SPEECHES EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW
“Speech is power. Speech is to persuade, to convert, to compel.” — Ralph Waldo Emmerson
Many events in human history can be traced back to that one well-written, well-presented
speech. Speeches hold the power to move nations or touch hearts as long as they’re well
thought out. This is why mastering the skill of speech-giving and speech writing is something we
should all aim to achieve.
But the word “speech” is often too broad and general. So let’s explore the different types of
speeches and explain their general concepts.
Basic Types of Speeches
While the core purpose is to deliver a message to an audience, we can still categorize speeches
based on 4 main concepts: entertaining, informing, demonstrating and persuading.
The boundaries between these types aren’t always obvious though, so the descriptions are as
clear as possible in order to differentiate between them.
1. Entertaining Speech
If you’ve been to a birthday party before, that awkward toast given by friends or family of the
lucky birthday person is considered to fall under the definition of an entertaining speech.
The core purpose of an entertaining speech is to amuse the audience, and obviously, entertain
them. They’re usually less formal in nature to help communicate emotions rather than to simply
talk about a couple of facts.
Let’s face it, we want to be entertained after a long day. Who wouldn’t enjoy watching their
favorite actors giving an acceptance speech, right?
You’ll find that entertaining speeches are the most common type of speeches out there. Some
examples include speeches given by maids of honor or best men at weddings, acceptance
speeches at the Oscars, or even the one given by a school’s principal before or after a talent
show.
2. Informative Speech
When you want to educate your audience about a certain topic, you’ll probably opt to create
an informative speech. An informative speech’s purpose is to simplify complex theories into
simpler, easier-to-digest and less ambiguous ideas; in other words, conveying information
accurately.
The informative speech can be thought of as a polar opposite to persuasive speeches since
they don’t relate to the audience’s emotions but depend more on facts, studies, and statistics.
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Although you might find a bit of overlap between informative and demonstrative speeches, the
two are fairly distinct from one another. Informative speeches don’t use the help of visual aids
and demonstrations, unlike demonstrative speeches, which will be described next.
Some examples of informative speeches can be speeches given by staff members in meetings,
a paleontology lecture, or just about anything from a teacher (except when they’re telling us
stories about their pasts).
3. Demonstrative Speech
ِFrom its name we can imagine that a demonstrative speech is the type of speech you want to
give to demonstrate how something works or how to do a certain thing. A demonstrative speech
utilizes the use of visual aids and/or physical demonstration along with the information provided.
Some might argue that demonstrative speeches are a subclass of informative speeches, but
they’re different enough to be considered two distinct types. It’s like differentiating between
“what is” and “how to”; informative speeches deal with the theoretical concept while
demonstrative speeches look at the topic with a more practical lens.
Tutors explaining how to solve mathematical equations, chefs describing how to prepare a
recipe, and the speeches given by developers demonstrating their products are all examples of
demonstrative speeches.
4. Persuasive Speech
Persuasive speeches are where all the magic happens. A speech is said to be persuasive if the
speaker is trying to prove why his or her point of view is right, and by extension, persuade the
audience to embrace that point of view.
Persuasive speeches differ from other basic types of speeches in the sense that they can either
fail or succeed to achieve their purpose. You can craft the most carefully written speech and
present it in the most graceful manner, yet the audience might not be convinced.
Persuasive speeches can either be logical by using the help of facts or evidence (like a lawyer’s
argument in court), or can make use of emotional triggers to spark specific feelings in the
audience.
A great example of persuasive speeches is TED / TEDx Talks because a big number of these
talks deal with spreading awareness about various important topics. Another good example is a
business pitch between potential clients, i.e. “Why we’re the best company to provide such and
such.”
Other Types of Speeches
Other types of speeches are mixes or variations of the basic types discussed previously but
deal with a smaller, more specific number of situations.
5. Motivational Speech
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A motivational speech is a special kind of persuasive speech, where the speaker encourages
the audience to pursue their own well-being. By injecting confidence into the audience, the
speaker is able to guide them toward achieving the goals they set together.
A motivational speech is more dependent on stirring emotions instead of persuasion with logic.
For example, a sports team pep talk is considered to be a motivational speech where the coach
motivates his players by creating a sense of unity between one another.
One of the most well-known motivational speeches (and of all speeches at that) is I Have a
Dream by Martin Luther King Jr.
6. Impromptu Speech
Suppose you’re at work, doing your job, minding your own business. Then your co-worker calls
you to inform you that he’s sick, there is a big meeting coming up, and you have to take his
place and give an update about that project you’ve been working on.
What an awkward situation, right?
Well, that’s what an impromptu speech is: A speech given on the spot without any prior planning
or preparation. It being impromptu is more of a property than a type on its own since you can
spontaneously give speeches of any type (not that it’s a good thing though; always try to be
prepared for your speeches in order for them to be successful).
Mark Twain once said, “It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu
speech.”
7. Oratorical Speech
This might sound a bit counterintuitive at first since the word oratorical literally means “relating
to the act of speech-giving” but an oratorical speech is actually a very specific type of speech.
Oratorical speeches are usually quite long and formal in nature. Their purpose could be to
celebrate a certain event like a graduation, to address serious issues and how to deal with
them, or to mourn losses and give comfort like a eulogy at a funeral.
8. Debate Speech
The debate speech has the general structure of a persuasive speech in the sense that you use
the same mechanics and figures to support your claim, but it’s distinct from a persuasive speech
in that its main purpose is to justify your stance toward something rather than convince the
audience to share your views.
Debate speeches are mostly improvised since you can’t anticipate all the arguments the other
debaters (or the audience) could throw at you. Debate speeches benefit the speaker since it
develops their critical thinking, public speaking, and research among other benefits.
You’ll find debate speeches to be common in public forums, legislative sessions, and court
trials.
9. Forensic Speech
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According to the American Forensic Association (AFA), the definition of a forensic speech is the
study and practice of public speaking and debate. It’s said to be practiced by millions of high
school and college students.
It’s called forensic because it’s styled like the competitions held in public forums during the time
of the ancient Greeks.
Prior to a forensic speech, students are expected to research and practice a speech about a
certain topic to teach it to an audience. Schools, universities, or other organizations hold
tournaments for these students to present their speeches.
10. Special Occasion Speech
If your speech doesn’t fall under any of the previous types, then it probably falls under
the special occasion speech. These speeches are usually short and to the point, whether the
point is to celebrate a birthday party or introduce the guest of honour to an event.
Special occasion speeches can include introductory speeches, ceremonial speeches, and
tributary speeches. You may notice that all these can be categorized as entertaining speeches.
You’re right; they’re a subtype of entertaining speeches because they neither aim to teach nor
to persuade you.
But this type shouldn’t be viewed as the black sheep of the group; in fact, if you aim to mark a
significant event, special occasion speeches is your way to go. They are best suited (no pun
intended) for a wedding, a bar mitzvah, or even an office party.
If you’ve reached this far, you should now have a general understanding of what a speech is
and hopefully know which type of speech is needed for each occasion. I hope you’ve enjoyed
and learned something new from this article. Which type will you use for your next occasion?
https://www.clippings.me/blog/types-of-speeches/
Illustration which presents the scenario for public communication
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https://www.google.com/search?q=public+communication&rlz=1C1NDCM_enPH786PH786&sxsrf=ALeKk03Py1-
tywrMwo1JczdXd3K0BilIIw:1596435759605&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifj-
7Ssv7qAhXky4sBHWR9CbYQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=2g6wmcFdtHQevM
Learning Activities
1. Choose one of the situations below and write a brief speech of the topic you have
chosen.
a. As a president of an organization, write a short welcome speech for a seminar on
social graces
b. Prepare an opening remarks for a convocation ushering in the English month
celebration.
c. Select an official in your barangay/ municipality for an interview. Be ready to introduce
him/her as a guest speaker.
2. Observe the characteristics of a specific speaker’s delivery and the manner in which
he/she adjust his/her presentation to meet the requirements of the audience. Write your
observations.
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Assessment
Prepare a three- minute persuasive speech on a current issue. Next meeting or two, you will
deliver your speech with an audince. You will be evaluated according to the rubric belo
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366&bih=657#imgrc=nwjChD_A8q-R4M
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REFERENCES
Diaz, Rafaela H., (014). Speech and Oral communication for College Students ( Revised
Edition) National Bookstore, Quad bldg.15 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City.
Flores, C. S., Lopez, E.B., (011)Effective Speech Communication
Igoy, J.L., Saymo, S.S.,(004) Effective Speech Communication, in Various Purposes, Trinitas
Publishing, INC.,Trinitas Complex ,Pantoc Rd. cor. Balantok Street, Pantoc Meycuayan
Bulacan.
https://www.google.com/search?q=public+communication&rlz=1C1NDCM_enPH786PH786&sxsrf=ALeKk03Py1-
tywrMwo1JczdXd3K0BilIIw:1596435759605&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifj-
7Ssv7qAhXky4sBHWR9CbYQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=2g6wmcFdtHQevM
https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1NDCM_enPH786PH786&sxsrf=ALeKk02aEQ-Sp4Adki_-oneY-
3uJZmq2dg:1596723458433&q=speech+rubrics&tbm=isch&chips=q:speech+rubrics,g_1:public+speaking:Ll_4y0CH7FQ
%3D&usg=AI4kT7JQpGQN5PJR2N0YteK4KMz9s2rQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfj6204obrAhVBMd4KHXW1CyoQgIoDKAJ6BAgKEAg&biw=1
366&bih=657#imgrc=nwjChD_A8q-R4M
