COMPONENTS OF CPU

CPU stands for “Central Processing Unit“, and it also known as the “Processor” and “Brain” of computer
system.
CPU is placed on its compatible CPU socket, which is embedded on the motherboard. CPU generates more
heat while processing data, so it is connected with heat sink which helps to keep cool.

Importance of CPU
CPU plays vital role for performing great performance in computer system, and it helps in running all devices
of system. CPU controls all the instructions, which are received from the system’s hardware and software,
process them, and finally produces the result through output devices likes as monitor and printer etc. So, we
can consider that CPU (Central Processing Unit) is more important part of computer system.

Parts of CPU
Internal Components of CPU (Central Processing Unit) and their Functions

Memory Unit
Memory unit is the main components of CPU, because its main objective is to store all instructions, and pass
them to other component of CPU (Control unit).
In the computer industries, computer memory is spited into two main categories such as primary and secondary
memory. Entire performance, computing power, and execution speed of computer memory is totally depends
upon its design layout and types like as (SRAM or DRAM).
After processing of all instructions by CPU, memory unit helps to store the generated output, and finally it is
moved to output devices.

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Control Unit
Main goal of control unit of CPU is to control entire operations of its units, and it helps to move all data or
instructions in between the all units of system. Memory unit is received all instruction and data from control unit,
interprets them, and finally transfer entire operations to different units.
Control unit is a communication medium between the all input and output devices to transfer or obtaining all
instructions from memory units.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

ALU is divided into two parts like as arithmetic and logic unit. It contains the digital circuit which is made with
registers, and they help to solve the various arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic unit is designed to solve
the different operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.
Prime functions of logic unit is to perform various types of operations like as comparing, selecting, matching and
merging of numerous data value.

Input/output Unit
Input unit means all input devices, which are used for inserting instructions from user side such as
keyboard, mouse, touchpad and more. Every input device consists own hardware controller which are linked to
CPU and, and they provide the all instructions CPU that how to use them.
Output unit means all output devices, which are produced the result in the text or graphic form after processing
the entire data that are given by user. Some output devices are monitor, printer, speaker etc. CPU grabs the binary
code like as 0 or 1 and converts it into appropriate format which are needed by output’s hardware.

Other CPU Components Lists are –

System Bus – Prime objective of system bus is to transmits all data and instructions, as well as it sends the address
locations that aware the CPU where in the main memory all data and instructions are receiving from and where
processed data should be saved.
External Bus – It is communication medium in between the main data bus and system board.
Internal Data Bus – This type of data bus makes the connection between the all internal components of processor
and motherboard. The size of internal buses are depended that how much information processor can process
concurrently.
Address Lines – Address lines are designed to identify the appropriate location in the memory unit where data
is presented.

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Registers – Register is also known as “Accumulator”, and it works as temporary storage location where data is
coming from main memory side for execution and move it for storing.
Flags – Flags are embedded into CPU, and they work as registers because they indicate the all currently running
states of entire functions and other operations.
Cache – Cache is also integrated into chip, but it is fastest memory to primary memory, and it helps to increase
the performance of processor.

Function and Uses of CPU

CPU is an input and output device because it receive data from memory unit for processing, and after
manipulation move it to again memory unit for displaying result on the screen.
CPU obtains various instructions from input devices (mouse, keyboard, trackball), and processed them into four
different phases then finally it produces the appropriate output.
Here, we will explain different four main functions of CPU (Central Processing Unit). Describe below each
one.

Uses of CPU (Processor) and its Function

Fetch Phase
In this phase, CPU fetches all instructions from the memory unit. All instructions are stored in the memory unit
in own address location, and CPU gets the address number to fetch instructions with the help of program counter.
When CPU fetch first instruction then program counter increases itself automatic, and then CPU takes next
instruction in the consecutively.
Decode Phase
After completing fetching phase, CPU decides that what to perform next step of receiving data. In this phase,
CPU decodes the fetched data with help of “Decoder Circuit”. These data are converted into Assembly
instructions, and further Assembly instructions are decoded in the form of binary language, CPU easily can
understand to binary instructions such as 0 and 1.
Execute Phase
After completing fetching and decoding phase, next phase execute to be performed, but it totally depend upon the
CPU architecture, it means execution is done may be serially or parallel fashion.
Execution phase is completed into three steps such as done calculation along with ALU (Arithmetically Logical
Unit), and then transfer data from one memory place to other place finally switch to their allotted address location.

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Store Phase
After completing above three phases, CPU releases the finally feedback, then produced output data is moved to
memory units for storing. But these memories have slow speed and cheaper to registers.

Features of CPU
CPU’s features are classified into various eight categories such as –
 Cache Memory
 Cores in CPU
 Speeds
 Bandwidth
 Hyper Threading
 Virtualization Help
 Architecture of CPU
 Embedded GPU

Characteristics of CPU and its Impact

Cache Memory
CPU takes more time for receiving data from the main memory of system, so CPU’s registers reserve important
data which are used in processing and further precede them to cache memory.
Cache memory is small piece of memory but it is fastest memory to main memory, which is built into CPU core.
Cache memory is divided into three level s such as L1, L2, and L3. L1 is small in size to L2 but it is faster compare
L2, and further L3 is much faster to L1 and L2.

Cores in CPU
Today, modern CPU are developed along with multi-cores such as dual core, quad core, core i5, core i7 and i8,
and those cores help to process data in parallel nature for enhancing the entire performance of computer system,
as well as to manage their workload and speed.
Each core has own cache memory, and they can make communication with its cache as needed. For example
– AMD Phenom II processors are designed with level 3 cache, and GPU core is built into AMD’s Accelerated
Processing Unit (APU) for getting excellent performance in mathematically.
Speeds
The performance of CPU is measured in different parameters such as GHz (Gegahertz) and MHz (Migahertz)
but Hertz unit is used for measuring the frequency. CPU is capable to perform multiple tasks with using their
frequency in few seconds. The frequency is measured into different parameter such as “how many times the
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 internal clock of a processor ticks in cycles/sec”. For example – 2.5 GHz CPU can tick 2.5 billion times in every
second.
Bandwidth
Every input/output devices and memory unit need internal circuit to make communication with CPU. PCI slots
are designed for communicating with PCI cards, which are placed on the motherboard. USB controllers are used
for USB devices likes as mouse, keyboard, printer etc., and memory controller for main memory. The level of
speed of all controllers, on which they communicate, is called as “Bandwidth” but it varies CPU to CPU. For
example – Multi-core processors contain more bandwidth to single core processors.

Hyper Threading
Hyper threading is also called the HTT because it has single CPU but it acts as double processor. It is not able to
chase double speed, but entire performance is enhanced as dramatically. Intel Company provides the HTT
technology to boost up the performance of processor.
Virtualization Help
Virtualization technologies help to run multiple operating system at once on the server or computer system, and
can be increased the speed and abilities of those systems. Intel has released Intel VT, and AMD released AMD
Virtualization.

Architecture of CPU
Operating system is designed with bit form like as 32 bit and 64 bit; it means some amount of data can be
processed at once. So CPU architecture is also depend on the 32 bit and 64 bit, because if you use 32 bit O/S then
your system can manage memory unit along with 32 bit architecture, CPU can access only 32 bit data buses.
Embedded GPU
GPU stands for “Graphical Processing Unit”, and its main objective is to gather all information and move to
screen for displaying the output. So it is integrated into CPU that is placed on the motherboard.

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