An Overview of Basic Calculus MELCs

Chapter 1: Limit and Continuity (3 weeks)

- illustrate limit and limit laws
- apply laws to algebraic functions (polynomial, rational and
radical)
- use table of values and graphs to compute the limits of
exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions
- use table of values to find special limits
- illustrate the continuity of functions at a point and on an interval
- solve problems involving continuity of functions
An Overview of Basic Calculus MELCs

Chapter 2: Basic Differentiation (6 weeks)

- relate the derivative of a function and the slope of the tangent line
at a point
- relate differentiability and continuity of a function
- apply differentiation rules to algebraic and some transcendental
functions
- illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem
- solve optimization problems involving polynomial functions
- apply chain rule and implicit differentiation
- solve related rates problems
An Overview of Basic Calculus MELCs

Chapter 3: Basic Integration (9 weeks)

- compute the (general) antiderivative algebraic, exponential and
trigonometric functions
- use substitution rule to find the antiderivative of a function
- solve problems on antidifferentiation
- solve problems on exponential growth and decay
- relate definite integral and Riemann sums
- apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to compute the
definite integral
- compute definite integral using substitution rule
- solve problems involving areas of plane regions
Investigate 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1

Values close to 1 from the left

𝑥 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1 from
the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 2.8 2.98 2.998 and closer to 3.

Values close to 1 from the right

𝑥 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.5 2 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1 from
the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 3.002 3.02 3.2 4 5 and closer to 3.
 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
Investigate 𝑓 𝑥 = at 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−2

Values close to 2 from the left As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2 from
𝑥 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
and closer to 5.
𝑓(𝑥) 4 4.5 4.9 4.99 4.999

Values close to 2 from the right As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2 from
𝑥 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5 3 the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
and closer to 5.
𝑓(𝑥) 5.001 5.01 5.1 5.5 6
Investigate 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3 at 𝑥 = 3

Values close to 3 from the left

𝑥 2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 3 from
the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 do not
𝑓(𝑥) und und und und und approach to a real number.

Values close to 3 from the right

𝑥 3.001 3.01 3.1 3.5 4 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 3 from
the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 0.032 0.1 0.316 0.707 1 and closer to 0.
 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 < 4
Investigate 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ 2 at 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 − 4 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 4

Values close to 4 from the left

𝑥 3 3.5 3.9 3.99 3.999 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 4 from
the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 4 4.5 4.9 4.99 4.999 and closer to 5.

Values close to 4 from the right

𝑥 4.001 4.01 4.1 4.5 5 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 4 from
the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 3.000001 3.0001 3.01 3.25 4 and closer to 3.
 THROUGH TABLES OF VALUES AND GRAPHS

Most Essential Learning Competency

Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the function
 𝑏 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓′ 𝑥0 = lim න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘∗ Δx
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑘=1
Definition
Consider a function 𝑓 of a single variable 𝑥 and a constant 𝑐 which the
variable 𝑥 will approach (𝑐 may or may not be in the domain of 𝑓). The
limit of the function 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 is equal to 𝑳, written as

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿,
𝑥→𝑐

if for any 𝜖 > 0 , however small, there exists a 𝛿 > 0 such that
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝐿 < 𝜖 whenever 0 < 𝑥 − 𝑐 < 𝛿.

The limit, to be denoted by 𝑳, is the unique real value that 𝒇(𝒙)

will approach as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄.
 𝑐
One-sided Limits
• The left-hand limit is the value that 𝑓 𝑥 approaches as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐 from the left, or through values less than 𝑐 . In
symbols, lim− 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑥→𝑐
• The right-hand limit is the value that 𝑓 𝑥 approaches as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐 from the right, or through values greater than 𝑐. In
symbols, lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑥→𝑐

Remark: lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists and is equal to 𝐿 if and only if lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 and lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Illustration 1
Investigate lim 1 + 2𝑥 .
𝑥→1
Values close to 1 from the left
𝑥 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1 from
the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 2.8 2.98 2.998 and closer to 3. Thus,
lim 1 + 2𝑥 = 3.
Values close to 1 from the right 𝑥→1−

𝑥 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.5 2 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1 from

the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 3.002 3.02 3.2 4 5 and closer to 3. Thus,
lim 1 + 2𝑥 = 3.
𝑥→1+
Therefore, lim 1 + 2𝑥 = 3.
𝑥→1
Illustration 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
Investigate lim .
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
Values close to 2 from the left As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2 from
𝑥 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
and closer to 5. Thus,
𝑓(𝑥) 4 4.5 4.9 4.99 4.999 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
lim = 5.
𝑥→2− 𝑥−2
Values close to 2 from the right As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2 from
𝑥 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5 3 the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
and closer to 5. Thus,
𝑓(𝑥) 5.001 5.01 5.1 5.5 6
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
lim = 5.
𝑥→2+ 𝑥−2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
Therefore, lim = 5.
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
Illustration 3
Investigate lim 𝑥 − 3 .
𝑥→3
Values close to 3 from the left
𝑥 2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 3 from
the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 do not
𝑓(𝑥) und und und und und approach to a real number. Thus,
lim 𝑥 − 3 DNE.
𝑥→3−
Values close to 3 from the right
𝑥 3.001 3.01 3.1 3.5 4 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 3 from
the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 0.032 0.1 0.316 0.707 1 and closer to 0. Thus,
lim 𝑥 − 3 = 0.
𝑥→3−
Therefore, lim 𝑥 − 3 DNE.
𝑥→3
Illustration 4
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥<4
Investigate lim 𝑓 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4 2 + 3, 𝑥≥4
Values close to 4 from the left
𝑥 3 3.5 3.9 3.99 3.999 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 4 from
the left, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 4 4.5 4.9 4.99 4.999 and closer to 5. Thus,
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 5.
𝑥→4 −
Values close to 4 from the right
𝑥 4.001 4.01 4.1 4.5 5 As 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 4 from
the right, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 get closer
𝑓(𝑥) 3.000001 3.0001 3.01 3.25 4 and closer to 3. Thus,
lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥→4
Therefore, lim 𝑓 𝑥 DNE.
𝑥→4
Let’s Practice!
Consider the graph of the function below and fill in the given table.

𝑐 lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

−3

−1

5
 VERSUS

Most Essential Learning Competency

Distinguish between lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Illustration
𝑓 𝑥 𝑐 lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑥 1

𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−2

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3 3

𝑥 + 1, 𝑥<4
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ 4
𝑥 − 4 2 + 3, 𝑥≥4

lim 𝑓 𝑥 is NOT NECESSARILY the same as 𝑓 𝑐 .

𝑥→𝑐
Let’s Practice!
Consider the graph of the function below and fill in the given table.

lim 𝑓 𝑥 Equal or
𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 𝑐
Unequal
−3