f1 Geog Notes
f1 Geog Notes
When we draw a plan, we just need to draw the objects that are fixed. Others
which can be taken away such as curtains are not included in the plan.
Elements of map
From 3D to 2D (bird’s-eye-view drawings)
From real objects to drawing (keys)
From large to small
p.1
Marginal Information
Five kinds of information
Title
- to explain the theme and the function of a map
Direction
- to show the direction of a map
- Maps are usually placed vertically to the north unless pointers show otherwise
Grid squares
- to help readers find a place listed in the index
Scale
- to show the ratio between actual and reduced size of an object shown on the
map
Legend/key
- to explain what the different symbols on the map represent
Functions of map
1. Designed to show where things are.
2. Show the distribution of roads or rivers or country boundaries.
3. Locate ourselves.
4. Find new places in our daily lives.
5. Planning and development.
Kinds of map
Topographic map - mainly shows natural landscape such as mountains and rivers.
Political map - mainly shows the boundaries of different countries and cities.
Thematic map - has a particular theme.
- population map
- land use map
- geological map
p.2
Maps and aerial photos
Aerial photos are taken from the air to show objects on the ground. However, they
cannot show such information as bus routes or names of buildings. As a result, it is
difficult for us to look for a place using an aerial photo. (Aerial photos can be
divided into vertical aerial photos and oblique aerial photos.)
Map shows an area as seen vertically from above. We use different symbols and
colors to represent various objects on a map. As a result, a map gives us a lot of
information that we need to find a place.
Conventional signs
Conventional signs are designed according to the characteristics of the objects
they represent, so it is easy to understand their meanings. In addition, colors of the
conventional signs also give us hints on what they represent. For example, blue
represents features related to water bodies such as rivers and oceans; ✚ represents
features related to medical aspects such as hospitals and clinics.
Grid system
Grid lines are vertical and horizontal lines that divide the map into a number of
squares. We can use them to tell a location.
Besides using letters and numbers, we can name a grid square by northings and
eastings. Eastings are the vertical lines on a map and northings are the horizontal
ones.
A grid system allows the location of a point on a map on the surface of the earth
to be described in a way that is meaningful and universally understood. p.3
The concept of a 4-figure grid square and a 6-figure grid reference is the same. The
only difference is a 6-figure grid reference can show the location more accurately.
Besides a 4-figure grid square. We can use a 6-figure grid reference to ell a location.
We divide a grid square into one hundred smaller squares. A 6-figure grid reference
is therefore more accurate than a 4-figure grid square.
Map scale
In our daily lives, we usually use ratio to show the number of times things are
enlarged or reduced. Generally a map is smaller than the area it shows, so the scale
of a map shows the number of times the actual features are reduced. This is usually
represented in a fraction, such as 1/20000, 2/5000 and 1/1000. These scales show
that the distance between two points on the map is 20000, 5000, 1000 times less
than the actual distance respectively. Some map use “:” to represent the dividing
line of a fraction, that means to replace 1/20000 by 1:20000.
The maps we use have different scales according to their different fractions.
3 types of scales
Representative fraction
Linear scale
Statement scale
Direction
The compass is divided into 360º counting clockwise from the north.
p.5
Reduced bearing
Reduced bearing is just like the whole circle bearing but it is read from the north or
the south towards the east or the west.
p.6
Latitude
lines of latitude are horizontal lines round the earth. Latitude of 0º is known as the
equator. It divides the earth into the southern and northern hemispheres. The closer
to the Poles, the shorter the lines of latitude are.
Four oceans
Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Seven continents
Asia
Europe
Africa
Australia
North America
South America
p.7
What is land use?
Land use means the way we use a piece of land.
p.8
The Central Business District (CBD)
Land use in the Central Business District
A. Shops
Shops in the CBD mainly sells high-class, rare or expensive goods.
B. Bank Headquarters and Other Financial Institutions
Almost all bank headquarters can be found in the CBD. Moreover, insurance
companies and other financial institutions are also found here.
C. Professional Services
Many professionals, such as lawyers, doctors, accountants and architects, set up
their offices in the CBD.
D. Government Departments
Many government departments and offices are also located in the CBD.
1. Administrative center
The government headquarters are set up in the CBD and many other government
departments are also located there. This can help the daily contact between
commercial companies and the government departments.
2. Good transports
The CBD is located in the focal point of Hong Kong with convenient transport.
There are different types of public transport connecting Central District and Tsim
Sha Tsui with other parts of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, the New territories, the
outlying Islands and mainland China.
3. A symbol of status
Many businessmen believe that to have their offices in the CBD is a symbol of
status and reputation. This is why they are willing to pay high rents and land prices
to set up their offices there.
p.9
Problems in the CBD
Solve it:
A. Traffic congestion
1. Set up restricted area
2. Encourage staggered working hour
3. Reduce the number of bus stops
4. Widen the roads / build flyovers / footbridges / subways
B. Air pollution
What is the major source of the air pollution?
Vehicles
Limited the numbers of vehicles in CBD
Fine the drivers if their vehicles give out black smoke
p.10
Section 4 Where are our factories moving to?
Production
1. Involves the collection of raw material
2. Manufacturing and
3. Product
Types:
Primary production
- use the natural resources directly
- e.g. Fishing and farming and lumbering
Secondary production
- turn raw materials into products (both semi-finished and finished)
Tertiary production
- refers to the provision of services to customers or other industries
- e.g. Retail, financial and commercial services
What is a system?
A system is a collection of parts that interact to function purposefully as a whole.
What is manufacturing?
Manufacturing means a raw material becomes a product.
Manufacturing system
Input
Process
Output
Input include
- Raw materials
- Capital
- Labour
- Machinery
- Land
- Energy
p.11
Classify the manufacturing industries
A. Light and heavy industries
i. Light industry
- light raw materials
- Little space needed
- Light products
- Generally labour-intensive
- e.g. Textile, electronics
II. Heavy industry
- heavy raw materials
- Need more space
- Heavy and bulky products
- Generally capital-intensive
- e.g. Iron and steel, shipbuilding
Characteristics
1. Industries in Hong Kong are mostly light industries
2. Most of them are labour-intensive
3. Small scale of production
4. Expert-oriented (for oversea market more than Hong Kong people)
p.12