Homogeneous Differential Equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥,𝑦)
An equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓1(𝑥,𝑦) in which 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦) are homogeneous
2
functions of x and y of the same degree can be reduced to an equation in which variables are
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
separable by putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ……………(i)
𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + cos 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑣

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= cos 𝑣
𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = sec 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ sec 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣| + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln{𝑐 |sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣 |}

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐 |sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣|

𝑦 𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 |

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + sec 𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 …………..(i)
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + sec 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = sec 𝑣
𝑑𝑥

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= sec 𝑣
𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = cos 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ cos 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = sin 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 sin 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐. 𝑒 sin 𝑣 )

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 sin 𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 …………(i)
𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + tan 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑣

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= tan 𝑣
𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = cot 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ cot 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(sin 𝑣 ) + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐. sin 𝑣 )

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐. sin 𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐. sin (𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + cot 𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 ……..(i)
𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + cot 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = cot 𝑣
𝑑𝑥

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= cot 𝑣
𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = tan 𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ tan 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑣| + ln 𝑐
 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln |cos 𝑣|

𝑐
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = |cos 𝑣|

𝑐
∴𝑥= 𝑦
|cos( )|
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ……….(i)
𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + cosec 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣
𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = sin 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = − cos 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 − cos 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐. 𝑒 − cos 𝑣 )

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 − cos 𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 − cos( 𝑥)
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= ……………(i)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣 𝑥+𝑣𝑥
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥(1+𝑣)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐. 𝑒 𝑣 )

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+𝑦
= ……………(i)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣 2𝑥+𝑣𝑥
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥(2+𝑣)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

𝑑𝑣 2+𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

𝑑𝑣 2+𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣
2

𝑑𝑣 2−𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 2
= 2−𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
∫ = 2 ∫ 2−𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = −2 ln(2 − 𝑣) + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 + 2 ln(2 − 𝑣) = ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 + ln(2 − 𝑣)2 = ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln{𝑥. (2 − 𝑣)2 } = ln 𝑐

𝑦 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥. (2 − ) = 𝑐
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦
= ………….(i)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣 𝑥+2𝑣𝑥
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
 𝑑𝑣 𝑥(1+2𝑣)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

𝑑𝑣 1+2𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥
∫ = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = 2𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒 2𝑣 + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = ln(𝑐𝑒 2𝑣 )

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑣
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= ………….(i)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣 𝑥+𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥(1+𝑣)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣
2

𝑑𝑣 1−𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 2
= 1−𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥 2
∫ = ∫ 1−𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = −2 ln(1 − 𝑣) + ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 + 2 ln(1 − 𝑣) = ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln{𝑥(1 − 𝑣)2 } = ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥(1 − 𝑣)2 = 𝑐

𝑦 2
∴ 𝑥 (1 − ) = 𝑐
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦

Solution: Given that,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
= ……………(i)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (i) we get,

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 +𝑣 2 𝑥 2
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥.𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 (1+𝑣 2)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑣𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣
2𝑣

𝑑𝑣 1−𝑣 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑣

Separating the variables we obtain,

𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
= 1−𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

Now integrating,
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
∫ = ∫ 1−𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑥

𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 = − ln(1 − 𝑣 2 ) + ln 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, ln 𝑥 + ln(1 − 𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, ln{𝑥(1 − 𝑣 2 )} = ln 𝑐

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥(1 − 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑐

𝑦2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑐

𝑦2 𝑐
𝑜𝑟, 1 − =
𝑥2 𝑥

𝑐 𝑦2
𝑜𝑟, 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

𝑐
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)

𝑐
∴ 𝑦 = ±𝑥√(1 − 𝑥)

Problems for Solution

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥𝑦
(i) = 𝑦 2 +3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥−𝑦
(ii) =
𝑑𝑥 5𝑥
(iii) (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 4+𝑦 4
(iv) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
(v) = 𝑥+
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
(vi) = 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥