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WS - QHSE - S05 - Wellsite Operations PDF

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2K views74 pages

WS - QHSE - S05 - Wellsite Operations PDF

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DAMASO MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ

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Well Services QHSE Standard

05: Wellsite Operations

Reference: InTouch content ID# 3313681
Version: 3.0
Release Date: 13-Jul-2011
EDMS UID: 1650293660
Produced: 13-Jul-2011 18:30:55
Owner: Well Services Operations Support
Author: Well Services HSE Manager

Private Services,WS,WSSS,Safety,standard,5,five,location,pressur
IPC,Well
pumping, wellsite, r igup, rig, up , rig-up,qhse e

Copyright © 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

WS QHSE Standard 05: / Legal Information

Legal Information
Well Services Operations Support\Well Services HSE Manager\InTouch content ID# 3313681\3.0\Release Date:13-Jul-2011\EDMS UID: 1650293660\Produced: 13-Jul-2011 18:30:55

Copyright © 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger
and may not be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred,
used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, in whole or in part, without the express written
permission of the copyright owner.

Trademarks & Service marks

Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used

to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks,
trade names or service marks of Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the
property of their respective owners. These marks may not be copied, imitated
or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of
Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and
other design elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress
of Schlumberger, and may not be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part,
without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger.

A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger

Oilfield Services Marks page: http://markslist.slb.com
Marks of Schlumberger include but may not be limited to CemSTREAK.

Private
Copyright © 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
Well Services Operations Support\Well Services HSE Manager\InTouch content ID# 3313681\3.0\Release Date:13-Jul-2011\EDMS UID: 1650293660\Produced: 13-Jul-2011 18:30:55 WS QHSE Standard 05: / Document Control

Document Control
Owner: Well Services Operations Support

Author: Well Services HSE Manager

Reviewer: InTouch

Approver: Graeme Anthony

Contact Information
Name: Well Services Operations Support
LDAP Alias: InTouchSupport.com

Revision History
Version Date Description Prepared by

3.0 12-Jul-2011 5.7.11 units of measure correction, LTO Author: John Schneider
specific items throughout, Approved Supplier
lists in Tables 5-3 and 5-5, add Appendix B
LTO, add Appendix C Twin-Path sling

2.7 16-Dec-2010 5.11.5 Wings to the well rigup: Units Author: John Schneider
(cementing) with threads first must use double
wing as first connection so wings are to the
well for the rest of the rigup

2.6 09-Dec-2010 Hybrid added as approved cement head Author: John Schneider
supplier (DNV). Responsibilities for all
employees changed. Added approved
suppliers for coiled-tubing components
purchased and rental components.

2.511 06-Dec-2010 Responsibilities for all employees changed. Author: John Schneider
Added approved suppliers for coiled-tubing
components purchased and rental
components.

2.51 03-Jun-2010 5.13 clarify low pressure test before final Author: John Schneider
pressure test

2.5 24-May-2010 sections 5.7.1 Job Risk Index 5.9.2.1 for Author: John Schneider
orienting a relief valve output, 5.10.3 3-in
suction hose rate, and 5.13 for pressure
testing the bleed-off assembly. Delete PIM
from Appendix

2.4 17-Dec-2009 Drawings 5.1, 5.4, section 5.7.4.1 for persons Author: John Schneider
in high pressure area during testing, 5.9.2
PRVs for energized fluid jobs, 5.9.2.1 for PRV
installation, 5.11.5.2 Bleed line, 5.13 Pressure
test pass criteria, 5.7.10.2, Burst disc table
5.11.1.1 Table 5–3 update approved supplier
lists, 5.11.4 Table 5–4

Foreword IPC,Well Services,WS,

New releases of this document supersede any other version. The most current
version of the document is in InTouchSupport.

If you have a printed copy, check the "Release Date" against the content in
InTouch to be sure you have the most current version.

Private
Copyright © 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
vi WS QHSE Standard 05: / List of Figures vi

List of Figures
Well Services Operations Support\Well Services HSE Manager\InTouch content ID# 3313681\3.0\Release Date:13-Jul-2011\EDMS UID: 1650293660\Produced: 13-Jul-2011 18:30:55

5-1 PRV standard installation _________________________________________ 5-17

5-2 Discharge valve above head level _________________________________ 5-17
5-3 Relief valve rig up on location treating line or annulus to pit or tank___ 5-18
5-4 Relief valve rig up for energized fluids______________________________ 5-19
5-5 Approved high-pressure hose rig up application ____________________ 5-31
5-6 High-pressure hose rig up _________________________________________ 5-31
5-7 Swivel prevents stress on hose ____________________________________ 5-32
5-8 Securing of hose ends ____________________________________________ 5-32
5-9 SPM flow line safety clamp ________________________________________ 5-33
5-10 Elevation change requires three swivel joints _______________________ 5-37
5-11 Change of direction requires double swivel-joint bridge ______________ 5-37
5-12 Rig up from pumps to common treating line or missile manifold ______ 5-38
5-13 Required check valve and bleed-off line hookup ____________________ 5-39
5-14 Ball injector installation____________________________________________ 5-40
5-15 Bleed-off line hookup using Tees, not swivel joints __________________ 5-40
5-16 Wellhead connection for a <10,000 psi water based fluid job_________ 5-43
5-17 Drilling-rig treating-line rig up with loops ____________________________ 5-43
5-18 Drilling-rig treating-line rig up with loops and extra swivel ____________ 5-44
5-19 Drilling-rig treating-line rig up with loops and air hoist________________ 5-45
5-20 Cement-head safety-sling rig up ___________________________________ 5-45
5-21 Casing threads, Part A ____________________________________________ 5-55
5-22 Casing threads, Part B ____________________________________________ 5-56
5-23 Sling positions on a cement head. _________________________________ 5-64
5-24 Tell-tails __________________________________________________________ 5-65
5-25 Testing fiber-optic integrity_________________________________________ 5-65

Private
Copyright © 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
vii WS QHSE Standard 05: / List of Tables vii

List of Tables
Well Services Operations Support\Well Services HSE Manager\InTouch content ID# 3313681\3.0\Release Date:13-Jul-2011\EDMS UID: 1650293660\Produced: 13-Jul-2011 18:30:55

5-1 Approved PRV Designs ___________________________________________ 5-15

5-2 Burst Disc Pressure Specifications_________________________________ 5-16
5-3 Approved Piping and Wellhead Connections _______________________ 5-23
5-4 API-Approved Machine Shop Requirements ________________________ 5-24
5-5 Approved Coiled-Tubing Components______________________________ 5-25
5-6 Number of Valves Required _______________________________________ 5-42
5-7 Recommended Make-Up Torque for Short Casing Threads __________ 5-54
5-8 Cement-Head Sling Selection _____________________________________ 5-62

Private
Copyright © 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
5-i WS QHSE Standard 05: / Wellsite Operations 5-i

Wellsite Operations
Well Services Operations Support\Well Services HSE Manager\InTouch content ID# 3313681\3.0\Release Date:13-Jul-2011\EDMS UID: 1650293660\Produced: 13-Jul-2011 18:30:55

5.1 Statement of standard __________________________________________ 5-1

5.2 Objective _______________________________________________________ 5-1
5.3 Scope __________________________________________________________ 5-1
5.4 Exemptions ____________________________________________________ 5-1
5.5 Responsibilities ________________________________________________ 5-2
5.5.1 Responsibilities of line management __________________________ 5-2
5.5.2 Responsibilities of sales, logistics, and support personnel ______ 5-2
5.5.3 Responsibilities of the job supervisor __________________________ 5-2
5.5.4 Responsibilities of all involved employees _____________________ 5-3
5.6 Definitions _____________________________________________________ 5-3
5.7 General rules ___________________________________________________ 5-4
5.7.1 Job Risk Index _______________________________________________ 5-5
5.7.2 Contingency plans ___________________________________________ 5-6
5.7.3 Job design and preparation ___________________________________ 5-6
5.7.3.1 Wellhead information needed _____________________________ 5-6
5.7.3.2 Prejob information package _______________________________ 5-7
5.7.4 PPE and personnel safety requirements _______________________ 5-7
5.7.4.1 Additional personnel safety requirements __________________ 5-8
5.7.5 Prohibited practices __________________________________________ 5-8
5.7.6 Required practices ___________________________________________ 5-9
5.7.7 H2S ________________________________________________________ 5-10
5.7.8 Handling of radioactive material ______________________________ 5-10
5.7.9 Power utility lines ___________________________________________ 5-10
5.7.10 General equipment requirements ____________________________ 5-11
5.7.10.1 Equipment identification and labeling _____________________ 5-11
5.7.10.2 Burst disc valves ________________________________________ 5-11
5.7.10.3 Trailers _________________________________________________ 5-12
5.7.11 Equipment location and positioning __________________________ 5-12
5.8 Safety and operations meetings _______________________________ 5-13
5.8.1 Pre-rig up meeting __________________________________________ 5-13
5.8.2 Prejob meeting _____________________________________________ 5-14
5.9 Safety systems and equipment ________________________________ 5-15
5.9.1 Unit safety equipment _______________________________________ 5-15
5.9.2 Pressure relief valves (PRVs) ________________________________ 5-15
5.9.2.1 Relief valve installation requirements _____________________ 5-16
5.9.2.2 Relief valves when pumping flammable or hazardous fluids 5-19
5.9.2.3 Relief valves when pumping energized fluids ______________ 5-19
5.9.2.4 Relief valves on cementing units _________________________ 5-20
5.10 Suction and discharge hoses _________________________________ 5-20
5.10.1 Hose specifications _________________________________________ 5-20
5.10.2 Mandatory safety procedures when using hoses ______________ 5-20
5.10.3 Hose rig up procedures _____________________________________ 5-21
5.11 High pressure rig up __________________________________________ 5-22
5.11.1 Approved treating equipment ________________________________ 5-22

5.11.1.1 Standard approved treating equipment ____________________ 5-23

5.11.1.2 Approved high pressure unions and connection types ______ 5-25
5.11.1.3 Interchangeability concerns ______________________________ 5-27
5.11.1.4 Flanged connections using studs or bolts _________________ 5-28
5.11.1.5 Requirements for suppliers of rental iron and pressure-control
equipment ______________________________________________ 5-28
5.11.1.6 Miscellaneous connections _______________________________ 5-29
5.11.2 Unacceptable treating equipment ____________________________ 5-30
5.11.3 Pumping through hoses _____________________________________ 5-30
5.11.3.1 Applications of the Parker Hannifin hoses _________________ 5-33
5.11.3.2 Application of the Parker Hannifin Coalmaster/Ironclad (previously
Dayco) hose used on the CemSTREAK ___________________ 5-34
5.11.3.3 Inspection of Parker Hannifin hoses ______________________ 5-35
STEM 1 _____________________________________________ 5-35
STEM 2 _____________________________________________ 5-35
5.11.4 Flow rate specifications of treating equipment _________________ 5-35
5.11.5 Pump to wellhead rig-up _____________________________________ 5-36
5.11.5.1 Pump to main treating line or manifold trailer (missile) ______ 5-37
5.11.5.2 Main treating line rig-up __________________________________ 5-38
5.11.5.3 Connecting to the wellhead ______________________________ 5-41
5.12 Priming the positive displacement pumps _____________________ 5-46
5.12.1 General principles for pump priming __________________________ 5-46
5.13 Pressure tests of treating lines and the wellhead ______________ 5-47
5.13.1 Pressure Testing with offshore cementing units _______________ 5-48
5.14 Shutdown _____________________________________________________ 5-48
5.14.1 Emergency shutdown _______________________________________ 5-49
5.15 Pressure bleed off _____________________________________________ 5-49
5.16 Flowback and circulating of wells _____________________________ 5-50
5.16.1 Flowback conditions ________________________________________ 5-50
5.16.2 Circulating conditions _______________________________________ 5-51
5.16.3 Use of a gravel collection vessel _____________________________ 5-51
5.16.4 Flowback treating iron _______________________________________ 5-51
5.17 Disassembly (rig down) after the job __________________________ 5-52
5.18 Common hazards on location _________________________________ 5-52
5.19 References ___________________________________________________ 5-54
5.20 Appendix A: Minimizing iron failures due to vibration _________ 5-56
5.21 Appendix B: License To Operate ______________________________ 5-60
5.21.1 Pressure-Control Equipment _________________________________ 5-60
5.21.2 Requirements for “Critical” Pressure-Control Equipment _______ 5-61
5.21.3 Radiation requirements ______________________________________ 5-62
5.22 Appendix C: Twin-Path brand cement-head safety sling _______ 5-62

5 Wellsite Operations Services,Safety,s tandard,5,five,location,pres sure,pumping

IPC,Well

5.1 Statement of standard

We are involved with wellsite operations every day. These operations involve
risk. To reduce this risk, the following Well Services QHSE Standard outlines
basic rules and procedures that shall be implemented at all locations that involve
Well Services operations.

5.2 Objective
To prevent injury to Schlumberger and third party personnel and damage to
equipment involved with well site operations, as well as ensuring delivery of the
best service quality possible.

5.3 Scope
This standard applies to all Well Services wellsite operations, and is presented
in addition to any applicable Schlumberger QHSE and Well Services standards
and guidelines.

If clients, duty holders, or regulatory agencies have additional standards, follow

them as long as they meet or exceed Schlumberger requirements.

5.4 Exemptions
Any deviation from a Schlumberger or Well Services Standard is by exemption
only, as outlined in the Schlumberger QHSE Standard S010: Management of
Change and Exemptions, InTouch content ID# 3260269, and the Well Services
Appendix to Standard S010, InTouch content ID# 3999148. Exemptions will be
approved only if both of the following conditions are met:

• A complete hazard assessment and risk control is performed, as per QHSE

Standard S020: Hazard Analysis and Risk Control, InTouch content ID#
3757610
• Appropriate risk-mitigation measures are discussed and put in place

5.5 Responsibilities

5.5.1 Responsibilities of line management

Line Managers must ensure

• Compliance with this and other relevant Schlumberger and Well Services
standards
• Personnel involved at all levels have received the appropriate training and
are deemed competent for the job
• Personnel have the necessary resources to allow them to comply with this
standard
• Approved exemptions are in place and documented where a deviation is
needed from this standard or other relevant Schlumberger standards
• Appropriate staffing levels for the job requirements
• License to Operate (LTO) requirements are fully met on all Well Services
operations.

5.5.2 Responsibilities of sales, logistics, and support

personnel
The responsibilities of sales, logistics, and support personnel include

• Knowing and understanding this, and all other, relevant Well Services and
Schlumberger standards
• Designing and selling jobs that conform to this, and all other, relevant Well
Services and Schlumberger standards
• Ensuring the client understands that all jobs must be done in compliance to
Schlumberger and Well Services standards.

5.5.3 Responsibilities of the job supervisor

The responsibilities of the job supervisor focus on

• Ensuring that all Well Services employees and contractors at the worksite
are in compliance with this, and other, relevant standards

• Recognizing risks associated with the operation, and reducing these risks to
as low as reasonably possible
• Identifying any potential unplanned changes to the job program at the
wellsite, and initiating the district’s Management of Change procedure
• Taking appropriate action, up to and including terminating the job, if
unacceptable risks exist
• Ensuring that all personnel assigned are competent to drive and/or operate
their assigned equipment
• Ensuring that all Schlumberger relevant equipment at the wellsite is fully
compliant with LTO requirements, and that there are no non-compliant items
anywhere on location.

5.5.4 Responsibilities of all involved employees

Each employee involved in operations bears a personal responsibility for these
key areas:

• Operate equipment and perform duties in accordance with their competency

and training as documented in iLearn or local training and competency matrix
• Being up to date on the certifications required for the job assigned
• Recognizing and reducing, to as low as reasonably practicable, risks
associated with the operation.

5.6 Definitions
Term Definition
API approved machine The supplier that has a Certificate of Authority to use the Official
shop API Monogram for API Spec 6A. The Certificate of Authority
contains: the license number i.e. 6A-XXXX, name of the company,
that it meets API Spec 6A, and an expiration date
Bleed off The releasing of pressure from the Well Services treating lines with
the wellhead closed or in the case of cementing or miscellaneous
pumping when the casing or tubing is sealed off
Circulation The movement of pumped fluids into and out of the well through
Well Services treating equipment with minimum entry of reservoir
fluids
Energized fluid Any fluid being pumped which contains or has gas of any type
(such as N2, CO2) injected at any concentration up to and
including 100% gas.
Flowback The return of reservoir fluids with the well and reservoir open
Fluids Any liquid which is to be pumped with a mechanical pump

Gases See Energized fluids

KSQR Key Service Quality Requirements
Line Management Anyone in a management role, such as engineer-in-charge, field
service manager, district manager, etc. A cell leader does not
qualify as a line manager.
Logistic and support Anyone not in line management that provides support to
personnel field operations, including bulk plant, laboratory, engineering,
maintenance, etc.
Priming The act of completely filling pumps with liquid that is to be pumped
Pressure-Control Any pressure-control equipment that is designed for creating or
Equipment (Critical) maintaining wellbore pressure while attached to the wellhead.
Examples include: for coiled tubing – BOPs, strippers, risers, spool
pieces, crossovers, etc.; for cementing – cement heads, drillpipe
subs, crossovers, etc.; for stimulation – frac heads, tree savers, etc.
Reservoir Fluids Any fluids (water, oil, or gas) produced from an underground
reservoir
Simultaneous Operations Operations being performed on the same well or wellsite, at the
same time
Treating equipment Any component that will contain or control fluids under any
pressure. This equipment is usually installed to allow the
contracted service to be performed.
Treating iron Refers to components of treating equipment made out of steel
Wellhead The part of the wellhead which belongs to a client and to which Well
Services is expected to connect to perform the contracted service
Wellsite A field location that has one or more wellheads or rigs

5.7 General rules

Personnel

All personnel involved in Wellsite operations must be trained and deemed

competent to perform their assigned tasks. Required training is detailed in SLB
QHSE Standard S005: Training and Competency, InTouch content ID# 3254848,
in addition to those certifications required in iLearn or a local competency
program.

License to Operate

License to Operate (LTO) is a minimum set of requirements which are mandatory

for any operation in Well Services. The requirements for LTO are documented in
5.21: Appendix B: License To Operate (p. 5-60) of this standard.

Third-party equipment

Any third-party supplied equipment shall meet the requirements of Well Services
standards except where noted within this and other Well Services standards. In
general, for pressure-containing equipment, a Certificate of Conformity (CoC)
and evidence of current certification is required.

Wellsite

Assign an appropriately trained and competent person to be the job supervisor

on every crew. This person is the point of contact at the wellsite with the client
and any involved third parties.

Perform and document formal shift handovers with sign-offs by the job supervisor.

If during operations of any type treating equipment is exposed to a pressure

greater than 10% of the working pressure of the component then remove these
from service immediately and destroy. If the treating equipment is exposed to
a pressure greater than 2.5% but below 10% of its working pressure, remove
from service and contact InTouch for direction. If the treating equipment is
exposed to a pressure less than 2.5% above its maximum working pressure, it
can be continued to be used.

If standard service treating equipment is exposed to H2S during any type of

operation, this iron must be immediately removed from service and destroyed.

In addition to this standard, always comply with the associated procedures

and guidelines. If it is necessary to remove a pump from service while the job
is on-going, follow Well Service QHSE S05 P01: Isolating a pump during an
operation, InTouch content ID# 3313681.

5.7.1 Job Risk Index

Determine the Job Risk Index (JRI) according to Well Services - Service Quality
Job Risk Index (JRI), InTouch content ID# 4038067 for every operation prior
to load out or dispatching of personnel or equipment. Include all recognized
HSE, Service Quality, and technical aspects. Give special attention to unusual
conditions, such as simultaneous operations, 24 hour fracturing, etc.

Perform a review of this JRI with the job supervisor and direct line management
(as a minimum, the engineer in charge or field service manager), preferably
prior to leaving for the wellsite.

At the wellsite, the job supervisor shall:

• Survey the site and identify any hazards

• Review the JRI and relevant contingency plans and, if applicable, perform
a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) to document any additional hazards and risk
control measures
• Reduce or eliminate any risks to an acceptable level and communicate the
remaining risks to all personnel on location
• Review the JRI and JSA with the crew members, client representative and
involved third parties.

If the remaining risks are deemed unacceptable, the job supervisor has the
authority to postpone or cancel the treatment until the risks are addressed.

5.7.2 Contingency plans

Contingency and emergency response plans shall be established and reviewed
with operations personnel prior to the job. Examples include but are not limited to:

• equipment failure
• chemical leaks
• line parting
• procedures in case of accident or emergency
• change in pumping schedule
• change in downhole conditions
• calculating the casing lift pressure for surface and conductor jobs, advising
the client if calculations show casing may be lifted, and ensuring that the
client secures the casing, if required. (Refer to Calculations for Casing,
InTouch content ID# 3963989.)

5.7.3 Job design and preparation

The job design shall support the implementation of, and compliance to, all
relevant Schlumberger and Well Services standards.

Prepare the job design in accordance to the specific KSQR. Perform and
document a peer review of the job design before handing over to the job
supervisor.

5.7.3.1 Wellhead information needed

The following wellhead data is needed:

• type and size of the wellhead connection

• pressure rating of the wellhead
• size, weight, threads, and configuration of tubular/casing
(Wellhead and tubular/casing ratings shall be within job-design
specifications.)
• confirmation that the wellhead is not leaking.

5.7.3.2 Prejob information package

These materials shall be collected before departing to the job site:

• materials and equipment needed

• directions to location
• wellhead information
• treatment procedure, including load-out calculations
• prejob checklists
• any known job site hazards
• HARC and KSQR Job Risk Index (JRI) reviewed with line management.

5.7.4 PPE and personnel safety requirements

In addition to the requirements of QHSE Standard S003: PPE, InTouch content
ID# 3260259, observe these minimum personal protective equipment (PPE)
requirements on location and in designated areas:

• fire retardant uniforms - long-sleeved Nomex, with the sleeves rolled down
(Dale coveralls must NOT be worn by Well Services personnel due to loss of
fire retardant properties after exposure to certain chemicals.)
• lace-up boots are preferred for better ankle support
• hearing protection
• appropriate additional PPE, depending on the types of fluids or chemicals in
use, according to section 8 of the MSDS
• no jewelry that can get hooked on or caught on equipment, e.g. finger rings,
wrist chains, necklaces, wrist watches with metallic bands, etc.
• no contact lens
• When breathing apparatus (SCBA, dust mask) is required, facial hair must be
groomed to allow proper fit and function.

• Hard hats and safety glasses can be removed inside protective cabins such
as the CTU control cab or a FracCAT van.

5.7.4.1 Additional personnel safety requirements

All personnel at the job site must comply with these safety guidelines:

• Apart from the person operating the pump, no person is permitted to be in

the high pressure area during any pressure test while the pressure is being
applied. If a line walk is required during the pressure test, the pump must be
placed in neutral and the pump operator confirms this prior to permitting the
personnel entry. All personnel must be confirmed to be out of the area prior
to continuing with the test.
• Working at height is deemed to be working in any area where there is a
change in elevation, regardless of the height of the change. Any such
changes in elevation must be identified and considered within the HARC,
and additionally, when working at heights above 6 feet (2 meters), a full
body harness with automatic safety brake shall be worn unless appropriate
handrails are in place around all open sides.
• Well Services employees are not permitted to ride on a catline. If it is
necessary to ride an air hoist or bosun chair, make sure that the following
items are addressed before proceeding.

– Ensure that the air hoist is approved for man-riding.

– Identify the individual that is to operate the hoist.
– Review hand signals.
– Always maintain a clear line of sight between hoist operator and rider.
– Identify and reduce hazards.
– Secure all loose items such as hammers, valve bars, and plugs.

5.7.5 Prohibited practices

These activities and practices are prohibited on all locations:

• Never exceed the working pressure of any treating equipment components.

• Never strike a union under pressure with a hammer.
• Never tighten bolts on a connection that is under pressure.
• Never strike a bulk container with a hammer, rubber mallet or any other
object.

• Never start pumping without the direct instructions or approval of the job
supervisor.
• Never perform any welding on treating equipment that could be installed on
the discharge side of a positive displacement pump.
• Never rent or lend treating equipment to the rig or client without an associated
Well Services operation.

While performing operations at the wellhead or cement plug container, pumping

into the well is not allowed. The only exception is the launching of plugs from
cement heads.

Well Services employees must restrict their activities to those that are directly
related to the performance of the specific Well Services portion of the treatment.
For example, Well Services employees shall not help with the installation of
casing or tubing, racking of pipe or troubleshooting, maintenance or repair of
client wellheads.

Never operate equipment that is not owned or rented by Well Services, except
when contractually obligated, and then only operate equipment that falls within
Well Services core competencies and with appropriate certification.

5.7.6 Required practices

Compliance with these activities and practices is required.

• The client must be present or must provide written permission before Well
Services personnel operate the wellhead valves, remove part of the wellhead
or release wellhead pressure.
• During the Well Services portion of the well treatment, only the Well Services
job supervisor or an assigned, competent person is permitted to operate
Well Services valves.
• There must be a clear understanding of safety procedures and communication
signals between the Well Services job supervisor and the person operating
the high pressure isolation valves. Two-way radios are the preferred method.
• Shut down any radio frequency (RF) sources, when required, during
perforating operations.
• Any leaks from Well Services equipment must be collected and properly
disposed. This requirement indicates the need to use drip pans or some
equivalent form of containment beneath Well Services equipment.
• Smoking or open flames on location are permitted only in areas assigned
by the job supervisor.

• All Well Services containers, boxes, and trash must be removed from the
well site after each job is completed.
• The risks associated with being on top of tanks for the purpose of measuring
fluids must be identified. Each operating location is responsible for
establishing, communicating, and implementing procedures to minimize the
risks.
• The pump operator must be able to see the main treating line pressure or
be able to communicate directly with location personnel that can see the
main treating line pressure.
• Adequate lighting must be provided for any operations at night or in poor
visibility.
• Use of cell phones is permitted only in approved, designated areas.

5.7.7 H2S
If H2S gas is present or if there is a risk of H2S, refer to SLB QHSE Standard
S015: H2S, InTouch content ID# 3260280. All employees must receive training in
the hazards of H2S before working on a location with potential exposure to H2S.

Never use standard service treating equipment when pumping or flowing back
fluids containing any level of H2S. For any level of H2S in the fluid above 0,
only use treating equipment that complies with NACE MR0175 for the sulphide
stress-cracking region.

5.7.8 Handling of radioactive material

Well Services does not handle radioactive tracer materials. Well Services
will pump these materials as part of a treatment only if a company, qualified
and licensed to handle radioactive tracer materials, provides all handling and
injection equipment. Well Services will not be responsible for any remaining
radioactive material. Well Services will not be responsible for the disposal of any
contaminated materials, products, or equipment.

5.7.9 Power utility lines

Never touch or move any power utility lines.

5.7.10 General equipment requirements

Use only Well Services approved manufactured components and treating
equipment on Well Services equipment and lines (section 5.11.1: Approved
treating equipment (p. 5-22). Ensure that all applicable equipment has received
a prejob or pretrip inspection (STEM1) and is current on STEM 2.

If a well is open to the atmosphere while the Well Services equipment is

connected, and it is anticipated that gas and/or reservoir hydrocarbons will
be returned to the surface, gas monitoring equipment is required at the Well
Services equipment. Continuous monitoring is required. Set the low-level alarm
at 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) or Lower Flammability Level (LFL). If
the low-level alarm is heard, stop all engines and sources of ignition. Move all
personnel away from the area until the gas level decreases below the 10% level.

5.7.10.1 Equipment identification and labeling

Fluid ends

Mark the working pressure in white, 1 in (2.4cm) letters on the front of the fluid
end.

Cement heads

Mark the working pressure and size in white letters with a minimum height of
1 in (2.4cm).

High pressure plug valves

Paint the indicator bars on the bonnet of the valve a different color from the valve
so that it can clearly be determined whether the valve is in the open or closed
position.

5.7.10.2 Burst disc valves

All Well Services positive displacement pumps must have burst disc valves
installed in the suction of the pump as per the parameters stated below.

Maximum Pump Pressure Rating Burst Disc Pressure Rating

up to 7,499 psi (51,704 Kpa) 10,000 psi (69,000 Kpa)

Maximum Pump Pressure Rating Burst Disc Pressure Rating

7,500 to 12,499 psi (15,705 Kpa
15,000 psi (103,500 Kpa)
to 86,180 Kpa)
12,500 psi and above (86,181 Kpa) 22,500 psi (155,250 Kpa)

For further information regarding burst disc valves, including part numbers, etc.,
refer to The Treating Equipment Manual, Version B, Section 10: Fluid Ends,
InTouch content ID# 3013931, available in InTouchSupport.com.

5.7.10.3 Trailers
Do not use utility or "pup" trailers that are towed using a pintle hook or ball hitch.
Trailers that are pulled with a standard king pin/fifth wheel connection, e.g. frac
pump trailer, cement bulk transport, etc. are acceptable.

Under no circumstances are combination trailers to be pulled (that is, a trailer

being pulled by another tractor / trailer combination).

5.7.11 Equipment location and positioning

General equipment placement considerations for land operations:

• Unless prohibited by location size, place equipment upwind or crosswind

from the well and at least 60 ft (18.3 m) from the wellhead.
• If manned equipment (e.g. blenders, sand chief, FracCAT) cannot be
positioned at least 60 ft [18.3 m] from the wellhead and the expected treating
pressure is above 10,000 psi (69,000 kPa), obtain an exemption using the
process in section 5.4: Exemptions (p. 5-1).
• Cementing operations: location configuration may determine the acceptable
placement of cementing equipment.
• Well killing jobs or blowouts: refer to Well Services QHSE Standard
28: Pressure Management Operations, InTouch content ID# 3313708, for
equipment positioning.
• Pumping combustible and flammable fluids: refer to Well Services QHSE
Standard 30: Pumping Combustible and Flammable Fluids, InTouch content
ID# 3313709, for positioning of equipment.
• Pumping energized fluids: refer to Well Services QHSE Standard 09:
Pumping Carbon Dioxide, InTouch content ID# 3313683, or Well Services
QHSE Standard 11: Pumping Nitrogen, InTouch content ID# 3313684.

• Position equipment to provide free movement of personnel and unobstructed

escape paths in the event of an emergency.
• Locate the control center of the treatment to minimize personnel exposure
to pumping risks.
• To the extent the location allows, position mobile equipment so that in the
event of an emergency, equipment can be removed from the location.
• Orient the equipment in such a way that exposure to pressured lines or
hoses, e.g. during refueling, tank filling, etc. will be minimized throughout the
operation for all personnel.
• Provisions in the rig up must be made for the isolation and priming of the
pumps in the event that the pumps have to be taken off line or put on line
during the treatment.
• Clearly identify the high-pressure area, and restrict access to this area with
warning tape or some other highly-visible barrier. While pumps are engaged,
strictly limit access to this area to only those people performing tasks critical
to the completion of the pumping operation and only with direct approval
of the job supervisor or designee.
• When three or more pumping units are connected to a common line or
manifold each pumping unit must be uniquely marked. Each remote control
panel and the associated pumping unit must have the same marking; this
marking must be distinctly visible to personnel on location.
• If any personnel movement is required on top of equipment, like walking on
tanks, the equipment must be positioned to allow this activity to be performed
safely.
• Position equipment so that no point is closer than 20 feet (6 m) to above
ground power lines.
• Set up a sign at the entrance of the location warning that high-pressure
operations are in progress.

5.8 Safety and operations meetings

5.8.1 Pre-rig up meeting

The Well Services job supervisor shall hold a safety meeting with the crew
before moving the equipment into position, covering, but not limited to, the
following tasks:

• Ensure that the required personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn by all.

• Review these issues:

– the risks and hazards identified in section 5.7.1 (p. 5-5)

– the emergency response plan
– any hazards for fluids, chemicals, and flammable materials
– the requirements for the location of fire extinguishers
– requirements for pressure testing
– the wind direction in relation to the planned rig-up area.

• Identify these areas:

– the positions for the equipment and land guides

– escape routes and assembly point
– the areas where smoking is permitted (if applicable) and install “No
Smoking” signs
– a safe area for personnel who are not associated with the rig up
– the areas where cell phone use is permitted.

Assign responsibilities between two individuals in the same work area to know
the location of their assigned partner upon arriving at the assembly point.

Make sure each person understands his or her job assignment during placement
and connection of the equipment.

Note
A Wellsite Job Checklist must be used on the job site. The checklist can be
developed locally and, to aid in the development process, a sample checklist is
available for reference in InTouch, content ID# 3313681.

5.8.2 Prejob meeting

A meeting, normally led by the job supervisor, shall be held after rigging up,
but prior to initiating operations on the well. The attendees should include all
Well Services crew members and, when possible, a client representative and
all third-parties involved in the operation. Define key positions and tasks for
crew members.

Perform additional safety and operations meetings at the occurrence of any

task change, including a shift change, rig up, or rig down, a deviation from set
program, or other situation that affects the operation. These meetings must be
documented and signed off by the job supervisor.

Review, and amend as needed, all JSAs and the JRI. Cover any applicable
contingency plans.

5.9 Safety systems and equipment

Ensure that all safety systems and equipment are provided, maintained, and
operational.

5.9.1 Unit safety equipment

Remove fire extinguishers from the unit and place them on the ground near the
equipment before the job is started.

Trailer and driving lights must be checked and working before leaving the district
or the wellsite.

Ensure that all pump units have pressure gauges, transducers, over-pressure
shutdowns, and emergency “kill” switches. If faulty, these safety devices must be
repaired before the unit can be sent to perform a job.

5.9.2 Pressure relief valves (PRVs)

When required by a client, use pressure relief valves (PRVs) in treating lines to
protect sub-surface and surface equipment from excessive pressures.

Table 5-1: Approved PRV Designs lists the various approved PRV designs for
particular job applications:

Table 5-1: Approved PRV Designs

Design Max. Wkg

Mfg Size Type of work Approved for
Type PRV Pressure
Isolated Annulus
FMC or 2-in or 15k psi or
Spring Main treating line (Not approved for
SPM 3-in 20k psi
energized fluid or sand-laden fluid jobs)
Wood
2-in or
Gas Oper. Machine or All jobs - Annulus or Main Treating Line 15k psi
3-in
SPM
Wood
0.44-in 15k psi
Machine
Adapter w/ opening (adapter) 10k
(adapter) All jobs – Annulus or Main Treating Line
Burst Disc 2-in psi (burst
BS&B (burst
adapter disc)
disc)

Design Max. Wkg

Mfg Size Type of work Approved for
Type PRV Pressure
Wood
0.44-in 15k psi
Machine
Adapter w/ opening (adapter) 15k
(adapter) All jobs – Annulus or Main Treating Line
Burst Disc 2-in psi (burst
BS&B (burst
adapter disc)
disc)
Wood
0.78-in 15k psi
Adapter w/ Machine
opening (adapter)
Variable (adapter) All jobs – Annulus or Main Treating Line 1
2-in Various
Burst Disc1 BS&B (burst
adapter Burst Disc
disc)
1
Various Burst Discs that can be used with this adapter:

Table 5-2: Burst Disc Pressure Specifications

Burst Disc Disc Setting Max. Oper.

Burst Pressure (psi)
Part Number (psi) Pressure (psi)
551785000 5,000 4,500 4,750-5,250
551786000 6,000 5,400 5,700-6,300
551787000 7,000 6,300 6,650-7,350
551788000 8,000 7,200 7,600-8,400
551789000 9,000 8,100 8,550-9,450
551790000 10,000 9,000 9,500-10,500
551791000 11,000 9,900 10,450-11,550
551792000 15,000 13,500 14,250-15,750

For further information, including part numbers, specifications, etc, is located

in Section 3: Valves of the Treating Equipment Manual, Version B, InTouch
content ID# 3013931.

5.9.2.1 Relief valve installation requirements

If a relief valve is required on the job, install the PRV in the treating line according
to the following requirements:

• Install the relief valve between the triplex pumps and the main treating line
check valve on all jobs other than those with energized fluids.

Figure 5-1: PRV standard installation

• Position the outlet of the relief valve such that it cannot cause harm to
personnel, equipment or the environment should the valve be actuated.
Where hazardous fluids are being pumped it is preferable to hard pipe the
outlet to a safe controlled area. Where pumping a non-hazardous fluid or
where the effluent would be gas, position the outlet such that it is above
head height. Ensure that at all times all PRVs are adequately anchored to
prevent rotation.

Figure 5-2: Discharge valve above head level

• If the discharge of the PRV needs to be piped to another area, do not use
hoses or other non-standard treating iron (See Figure 5-3). The use of
swivels is not permitted in the discharge line, At no time should a valve be
placed at any point in the discharge line of a PRV

Figure 5-3: Relief valve rig up on location treating line or annulus to pit or tank. (Optional)

• Install an isolation valve between the PRV and the main treating line. Control
this valve remotely on energized or sand-laden fluid jobs.
• Ensure that the PRV is installed in a manner which prevents it from rotating
on the line. This can be accomplished by fixing it to a stand, or securing it
firmly to an immovable object.
• Secure treating lines attached to the discharge of a PRV with stakes or other
competent restraint system.
• Locate the relief valve at a distance that allows the operator safe access to
the main control valve.
• Install the correct size and type of relief valve to relieve the pressure at the
rate at which the job will be pumped. Contact Well Services Operations
Support for details for any particular application.
• Test the pressure relief valve at the same pressure as the treating line before
the job is started.

• Test spring operated PRVs before use to make sure that the opening
pressure is correct.

5.9.2.2 Relief valves when pumping flammable or hazardous fluids

When pumping flammable or hazardous fluids, relief valves can be used as long
as the flow from the relief valve is piped to an environmentally sound tank or
containment area. This tank or containment area must be located a minimum
of 100 feet (30.5 m) away from the personnel work area and equipment. In
addition, the flow line rig-up must comply with Figure 5-3: Relief valve rig up on
location treating line or annulus to pit or tank (p. 5-18).

5.9.2.3 Relief valves when pumping energized fluids

If a relief valve is required on a treatment that contains energized fluid, install
it between the fluid pump unit(s) check valve and the main treating line check
valve. The only acceptable PRV for energized fluids is the gas operated relief
valve. See Figure 5-4: Relief valve rig up for energized fluids (p. 5-19) for rig up
of PRVs for energized fluids.

Figure 5-4: Relief valve rig up for energized fluids

5.9.2.4 Relief valves on cementing units

If relief valves are required on cementing units, they must have a rating of at
least 10,000 psi (69,000 kPa). The discharge ports must be connected by a
metal pipe to a safe area below the unit and away from any work areas. Also see
section 5.13.1: Pressure Testing with offshore cementing units.

5.10 Suction and discharge hoses

This section deals with low pressure hoses, normally referred to as suction and
discharge hoses. All hoses should be inspected as per Well Services S23 G15:
Low-Pressure Hose Inspection and Test.

5.10.1 Hose specifications

Use only hoses for suction (hard) and discharge (soft) that meet the performance
specifications, as shown in Section 6: Hose and Fittings, of the Treating
Equipment Manual, Version B, InTouch content ID# 3013931.

There are two essential hose specifications:

• suction hose - 28 in of mercury vacuum (1 bar) and 100 psi (700 kPa)
pressure rating.
• discharge hose - 100 psi. (700 kPa) WP with a 5:1 safety factor.

Use only approved nipples and clamps, as shown in the Treating Equipment
Manual, Version B, InTouch content ID# 3013931. Integral crimped-style hose
connections are acceptable for use.

Do not use clamp-on, quarter turn, or similar connections, e.g. Camlok

connections, on any hoses or connections, except as described in Well Services
QHSE Standard 18: Chemical Product Management, InTouch content ID#
3313694, in section 18.16.

5.10.2 Mandatory safety procedures when using hoses

Do not use suction hoses on the discharge side of any centrifugal pump.

Do not use suction hoses to pneumatically transfer dry bulk materials. Use the
standard discharge hose, as shown in the Treating Equipment Manual, Version
B, InTouch content ID# 3013931.

Use hose covers on all discharge hoses when pumping flammable fluids, acid, or
other hazardous materials. Refer to Well Services QHSE Standard 30: Pumping
Combustible and Flammable Fluids for additional information about pumping
flammable fluids.

Never connect a suction or discharge hose to the discharge side of any positive
displacement pump. If the rig must supply mud or water using a positive
displacement pump, use approved treating iron from the rig pump to the Well
Services unit.

For wash-up purposes, use only hose PN 452694000, which must be held in
place with a chain. See section 5.12.1: General principles for pump priming
(p. 5-46)

Never use canvas or fire hoses to transfer liquids or on any centrifugal or positive
displacement pump.

Prior to every use, perform a visual inspection on suction and discharge hoses.
Ensure that there is no erosion or corrosion that has visibly damaged the inside
the end fittings of the hoses. Do not use hoses that show damage to hose ends
and clamps, or cuts or abrasions that expose wire or woven fabric reinforcement.
Regularly grind off damage to wing lugs as indicated in Well Services QHSE
Standard 23: Testing and Inspection of Treating Equipment, Section 23.8.3.

5.10.3 Hose rig up procedures

Ensure there is a positive shutoff valve between the suction hose and fluid
source.

On well stimulation jobs, ensure there are positive shut off valves on both
ends of each discharge hose. Use only positive shutoff valves that meet the
requirements set out in the Treating Equipment Manual, Version B, InTouch
content ID# 3013931.

When transferring liquids from one tank to another tank, or when circulating a
tank, use the fill line on the receiving tank to discharge fluid. If no permanent fill
line is available on the tank, and when discharging fluid through the top of the
tank, rig up a temporary fill line using standard high-pressure treating equipment.
Secure this line to the tank to ensure it does not move. Ensure that the line
extends close to the bottom of the tank.

Reduce the length of the discharge hose(s) as much as possible to minimize the
potential for cavitation.

• The maximum rate for each 4-in discharge hose is 10 bbl/min (1.6 m3/min).

• For blenders with separate suction pumps, such as the S&S blender or the
open tub E231 style blender, the maximum rate for each 4-in suction hose is
8 bbl/min (1.3 m3/min) or 35 bbl/min (5.6 m3/min) for 8-in suction hose.
• For POD blenders, the maximum rate for each 4-in suction hose is 4 bbl/min
(0.65 m3/min) for each 20-ft (6 m) section, or 20 bbl/min (3.2 m3/min) for
8-in hose.
• For cementing operations, the maximum rate for a 3-in suction hose is 4.5
bbl/min.
• If the pump rate is greater than the parameters listed above, or if the delivery
line is longer than one section (20 ft [6 m]), use more than one parallel line.

5.11 High pressure rig up

This section describes the high-pressure connections and rig up of the main
treating line from the pump to the wellhead. This standard applies to all services.
Additional requirements for the use of CO2 or N2 are described in Well Services
QHSE Standard 09 and Well Services QHSE Standard 11.

5.11.1 Approved treating equipment

Use only approved treating equipment between a positive displacement pump
and the client’s connection. When connecting to a client’s connection, evidence
that the connection has been tested and certified within the previous 12 months
is required.

Potential Severity: Light

Potential Loss: Assets, Personnel
Hazard Category: Machinery equipment hand tools, Pressure

It is not possible to tell the difference between a 602 and a 1502 female (thread)
by visual inspection. Before connecting to an unknown 2-in thread half, a use a
Go/No-Go gauge ring to check the OD of the threads (female sub) and therefore
identify quickly if it is a 2-in Fig 602 or a 2-in Fig 1502. The ring will go over the
2-in Fig 602 threads but it will not pass over the 2-in 1502 threads. The FMC part
number is P511389, GO/NO-GO GAUGE: UNION, 2" FIG 602 FEMALE SUB
GO, 2" FIG 1502 FEMALE SUB NO-GO. The Schlumberger part number is
477990000.

5.11.1.1 Standard approved treating equipment

The Well Services Treating Equipment Manual, Version B, InTouch content
ID# 3013931, defines the approved treating equipment. Table 5-3: Approved
Piping and Wellhead Connections lists the approved suppliers of Well Services
high-pressure treating equipment.

Table 5-3: Approved Piping and Wellhead Connections

Approved Standard Piping and Connections Supplier

Swivel joints, hammer unions FMC or SPM
Standard 1-in to 4-in treating iron and connections FMC, SPM, Wood Machine, or PPC
Standard plug valves FMC or SPM
Coiled-tubing flanged valves FMC, SPM, MSI Dexie Work
Frac manifold trailer clamp hub valves FMC or MSI Dexie Work
Gardner Denver, MSI Dexie Work, SPM, or
Pump 1502 connections
PPC

5.5-in (7.5k) treating iron and connections FMC or Wood Machine

Relief valves (spring or gas operated), adjustable

FMC, SPM, or Wood Machine
chokes
Ball injectors Wood Machine, GN, or PPC
Dart check valves Grant or FMC
Flapper check valves FMC, SPM, or Wood Machine
Coiled-tubing connector by 1502 connection HCS CoilTOOLS
Hoses used on the discharge of the triplex
Parker-Hannifin
(Cement and acid)
Hoses used on the discharge of the triplex or
Quintuplex Coflexip
(Frac, cement and acid)
Hoses used on the discharge of the triplex or
Quintuplex Parker Hannifin Coalmaster / Ironclad
(previously Dayco)
(3,000 psi, CemSTREAK only)

Approved Wellhead Connections Supplier

Wellhead connections (Flange to 1502, 1002, FMC, SPM, Wood Machine, Wood Group
2002) Jebel Ali, PPC, or NOV ASEP ELMAR1
Wellhead connections (Bowen style) TOT or NOV ASEP ELMAR1
FMC, SPM, Wood Machine, IRI, Wood
Casing swages and drill pins Group Jebel Ali, Argus, or NOV ASEP
ELMAR

Approved Wellhead Connections Supplier

Cement heads or cement-head bowls IRI, Argus, UIE, Hybrid (DNV only)
Casing pins (casing pin by casing box, except IRI, Argus, UIE, FMC, SPM, Wood Machine,
premium thread) or PPC
Cement head manifolds FMC, IRI, and SPM
Cement quick coupler FMC Fast Latch, IRI
FMC FloTREAT, SPM, Wood Machine,
Specialty connections and adapters Wood Group Jebel Ali, PPC, or NOV ASEP
ELMAR1
API-approved machine shop, or contact
Wellhead connections (Flange to Flange)
InTouch2
1
Equipment manufactured prior to June 2011 by NOV ASEP ELMAR subsidy companies such as KEA and
ASEP may or may not meet the requirements of LTO. To confirm the status, submit the details of the equipment
and available CoC and Material Traceability to InTouch.
2
InTouch must be contacted prior to placing any order with any other supplier., InTouch will provide documented
requirements for a supplier to meet to be considered for approval. Any approved supplier is approved on an
item by item basis, and just because they built an approved item does not make them an approved supplier.

Wellhead connections (flange to flange) from an API-approved machine shops

must be built to the requirements in Table 5-4.

Table 5-4: API-Approved Machine Shop Requirements

Description Requirements
Stamp to the body Inlet flange size, pressure rating and ring gasket number (For example
4-1/16” 10,000 PSI BX155)
Outlet flange size, pressure rating and ring gasket number
Product PSL-3
Specification Level
Temperature P+U [-20 degF (-29 degC) to +250 degF (+121 degC)] for non-Arctic
Classification service
L+U [-50 degF (-46 degC) to +250 degF (+121 degC)] for Arctic service
Material Class EE
Pressure testing As per API 6A PSL-3 requirements

Only use high-pressure treating equipment that has been inspected according to
Well Services QHSE Standard 23, InTouch content ID# 3313701.

Use wellhead adapters of integral construction manufactured by an approved

supplier. Never use wellhead adapters made by screwing a union half onto
a line pipe nipple of any sort.

Do not install or repair threaded discharge manifolds on existing cement

pumpers. If the manifold fails inspection for Well Services QHSE Standard 23,
replace it with an integral manifold.

Well-control components and treating equipment for coiled-tubing operations

must be purchased from an EMS-approved supplier for that specific component
and must be built to EMS-approved drawings and material specifications.

Table 5-5: Approved Coiled-Tubing Components

Coiled-Tubing Well-Control Supplier

Components
BOPs, strippers, wellhead quick TOT
connects, Hydraconns, pressure
deployment windows, CIRPs, injection
subs
Quick-test subs TOT or NOV ASEP ELMAR
Riser ( Bowen-style) TOT or NOV ASEP ELMAR1
Riser (Flange to flange) TOT, API-approved machine shop, or NOV ASEP
ELMAR
Wellhead connections including flow TOT or NOV ASEP ELMAR1
crosses and tees (Bowen style)
Wellhead connections including flow TOT, API-approved machine shop, or NOV ASEP
crosses and tees (flange to flange) ELMAR, or contact InTouch2
Wellhead connections (threaded API-approved machine shop or NOV ASEP ELMAR
couplings)

Specialty connections and adapters TOT, FMC FloTREAT, SPM, Wood Machine, Wood
(such as Greyloc or API hub-type Group Jebel Ali, PPC, or NOV ASEP ELMAR, or
connections) contact InTouch.2
Flanged gate valves FMC, WOM, or PPC
Coiled-Tubing Treating Equipment Supplier
Flanged plug valves FMC, SPM, or MSI Dexie Work
1
Equipment manufactured prior to June 2011 by NOV ASEP ELMAR subsidy companies such as KEA and
ASEP may or may not meet the requirements of LTO. To confirm the status, submit the details of the equipment
and available CoC and Material Traceability to InTouch.
2
InTouch must be contacted prior to placing any order with any other supplier. InTouch will provide documented
requirements for a supplier to meet to be considered for approval. Any approved supplier is approved on an
item by item basis, and just because they built an approved item does not make them an approved supplier.

The minimum requirements for the manufacturing specifications for well-control

components are found in section 22.10.1 of Well Services QHSE Standard 22:
Coiled-Tubing Operations, InTouch content ID# 3313710.

5.11.1.2 Approved high pressure unions and connection types

Integral connections

A connection that is machined out of one piece of metal. Examples would be

a tee or a 1502 tubing thread adapter where the 1502 union configurations are
machined out of the same stock as the body of the connection.

Non pressure seal thread connection (NPST)

A connection that has the unions attached using the NPST method as described
in Section 4, Figure 4-5 of the Treating Equipment Manual, Version B, InTouch
content ID# 3013931.

Threaded connections

The only application where threaded connections are allowed are in standard
pressure cement heads and cement pump truck manifolds manufactured before
the integral manifolds were introduced.

Threaded couplings

Connections with a threaded coupling and an independent seal such as an

O-ring are allowed. An example of this type of connection is the Bowen-type
connection in coiled tubing operations, or the ACME connection in frac crosses.

Approved high-pressure unions

The information that follows lists the type of union configurations that are
approved for use in Well Services.

• FMC or SPM 1-in, 1.5-in, 2-in, 3-in, and 4-in 1502 working pressure = 15,000
psi
• FMC or SPM 4-in 1002 working pressure = 10,000 psi

• FMC 5.5-in 1002 working pressure = 7,500 psi

• FMC or SPM 2-in and 3-in 2002 working pressure = 20,000 psi
• FMC or SPM 2-in 2202 working pressure = 15,000 psi, H2S service

Locally manufactured connections

Local API-approved machine shops can make wellhead connections such as

flange to flange or casing thread to casing thread if the they meet the following
requirements.

• The company must be able to prove it has a current API certification.

• All parts must be serialized with a unique number, and the number must be
permanently attached.
• The part must be marked with the name of the manufacturer.
• The part must be traceable by means of its material of construction.
• The company must be able to prove the design meets API requirements.

Welded connections

The only approved welded connections are treating components, such as risers
for coiled tubing, flange by flange change-overs, or fabricated standard pressure
cement heads that may have welds made during the manufacturing process.
This manufacturing technique is acceptable if the component can meet the
requirements of Well Services QHSE Standard 23.

5.11.1.3 Interchangeability concerns

Some components from different manufacturers are built to different tolerances
and may have different designs. To avoid potentially catastrophic consequences,
use only original equipment manufacturer (OEM) approved parts to repair or
rebuild any pressure containing equipment components. No exemptions are
allowed.

Never install an SPM swivel elbow into an FMC triple step elbow – the SPM
male matches up with the FMC female but the load is not sufficiently supported
in all three ball races.

5.11.1.4 Flanged connections using studs or bolts

Use only studs and bolts that meet or exceed ASTM A320 Grade L7. Use only
nuts that meet or exceed ASTM A194 Grade 7L. If there is any doubt as to the
quality of the studs, bolts, or nuts, replace them with new ones. Destroy all
studs, bolts, and nuts that are removed from service.

As per API Section 10.4.2.4, use a new ring gasket when connecting flanges.
Ensure the ring gasket groove is clean and undamaged before installing the ring
gasket. Never apply grease or oil to a ring gasket. Destroy all used ring gaskets.

Ensure stud, bolt, and nut threads are clean and undamaged. Before connecting
together, apply a small amount of thread lubricant to the threads.

Make up the studs or bolts using an impact wrench and then torque up to the
manufacturer’s specifications using a torque wrench. Combination impact torque
wrenches can be used. Do not use hammer wrenches.

Make up and torque studs, bolts, and nuts in a star pattern, tightening opposite
sides to ensure even load distribution.

5.11.1.5 Requirements for suppliers of rental iron and

pressure-control equipment
Use only rental iron or pressure-control equipment if the supplier meets all of
the following conditions:

• Must have current documentation that verifies inspection and pressure

testing to working pressure. The testing and inspection timing must have
been performed within the last twelve months, and supporting documentation
must be available. Well Services QHSE Standard 23, InTouch content ID#
3313701, should be used as a reference when evaluating the inspection
process of the supplier.
• Individual connections, pipes, and adapters must be serialized with unique
numbers that are permanently attached.
• All pieces must have integral connections except for the long joints, which
can have the unions attached using the non-pressure seal thread (NPST)
configuration.

Use only third-party or client-provided well-control components that are verified

to meet these requirements:

• All parts are manufactured as per section 22.10.1 of Well Services QHSE
Standard 22: Coiled-Tubing Operations, InTouch content ID# 3313710.
• All parts are marked with the name of the manufacturer.
• All parts are serialized with a unique number that is permanently attached.
• All part must have traceability for the material used in its construction.
• All parts must have current documentation that verifies inspection and
pressure testing to the working pressure. The inspection and testing must
be within the past 12 months. Well Services QHSE Standard 23, InTouch
content ID# 3313701, should be used as a reference when evaluating the
inspection process of the supplier.

Potential Severity: Major

Potential Loss: Assets, Environmental, Personnel, Reputation
Hazard Category: Pressure

Only purchase or rent coiled-tubing well-control equipment (such as BOPs,

strippers, annulars, etc) manufactured by Texas Oil Tools (TOT). The use of
any other supplier must be approved by headquarters Operations Support on a
case-by-case basis via OSP InTouch.

5.11.1.6 Miscellaneous connections

Connect to the client’s line or wellhead with Well Services approved treating
equipment as defined previously. The only approved exceptions to this are:

• Coflexip or other high-pressure hose supplied by the client or rig contractor.

• Permanently installed service lines on land and offshore rigs.

In both cases above, the line must have a verifiable working pressure (WP)
rating, e.g. an engineering drawing or a documented pressure test in the last
12 months to the rated WP.

For integral casing, tubing, or drillpipe adapters, never exceed the working
pressure rating of the casing, tubing, or drillpipe thread, as defined by the
manufacturer of the adapter. When pumping CO2, N2, energized, or flammable
fluids, do not exceed 80% of the rated working pressure. Implement additional
mitigation measures when using these types of adapters, such as, torquing up
to the manufacturers specifications, frequent thread verification by a qualified
thread inspection company, etc.

Limit any line pipe or 11 ½ V thread to 5,000 psi or the rated working pressure,
whichever is lower. Adequately support these connections to avoid fatigue
failure. Never use these connections for CO2, N2, energized, or flammable fluids.

5.11.2 Unacceptable treating equipment

The following types of treating equipment or manufacturing techniques are
prohibited for use in Well Services operations:

• Welded connections, except as detailed in section 5.11.1.2 (p. 5-25)

• High-pressure connections or components that have been modified or
repaired at the operating location through the use of welding
• Treating equipment that is not in compliance with Well Services QHSE
Standard 23.
• Pressure-control equipment which does not meet the requirements of 5.7:
General rules (p. 5-4).

5.11.3 Pumping through hoses

This section describes the use of hoses in high-pressure applications.

The Coflexip high pressure hose is used as a substitute for high pressure treating
iron from the pump to the wellhead on all types of jobs.

The Parker Hannifin Black Eagle / Phalcon hose is used as a substitute for
high-pressure treating iron from the pump unit to the connection on the well
(See Figure 5-5).

The Parker Hannifin Coalmaster/Ironclad (previously Dayco) hose is used only

on the 3,000 psi version of the CemSTREAK cement pump truck.

Figure 5-5: Approved high-pressure hose rig up application

Do not lay the hose over the edge of the platform or sharp corners (See Figure
5-6). Use conventional iron when going over edges or sharp corners, suspend
the hose, or use some other protective material, such as, a piece of tire.

Figure 5-6: High-pressure hose rig up

Never impart torque on the hose. Use 3-way swivel joints in the rig up to allow
the hose to rotate freely as shown in Figure 5-7.

Figure 5-7: Swivel prevents stress on hose

Secure each end of the hose to the treating line by attaching the hose
containment grip to an SPM clamp (See Figure 5-8 (p. 5-32)).

Figure 5-8: Securing of hose ends

Figure 5-9: SPM flow line safety clamp

The use of hoses in industrial applications is covered in Well Services QHSE

Standard 6: Industrial Services, InTouch content ID# 4032171.

In all applications of pressure pumping through a hose, both ends of the hose
must be connected before pumping can start.

Do not pump perforation ball sealers through Parker Hannifin hoses. These
hoses must not be used in conjunction with the dropping of balls, pumping of
diverting agents, or similar diverting operations.

It is expressly forbidden to pump or flowback formation fluids, such as natural

gas, condensate, crude oil, etc., through Well Services hoses.

5.11.3.1 Applications of the Parker Hannifin hoses

The only polyurethane hose approved for high-pressure pumping is supplied by
Parker Hannifin Corporation. (Refer to the Treating Equipment Manual, Version
B, InTouch content ID# 301393, for part numbers and ordering information.)

The Parker Hannifin Black Eagle or Phalcon hose is approved for the following
services or fluids.

Cementing services
Acid services:
28% HCl and lower concentrations toluene
acetic acid xylene
ethylene mud acid (12-3)
glycol U-66
methanol U-100

Nitrogen or energized fluids can be pumped through this hose only under an
approved exemption.

When transporting the hose, position it on the truck such that the road vibration
will not cause wear to the outer cover.

Return the Parker Hannifin hose to the approved supplier to perform any hose
repair.

5.11.3.2 Application of the Parker Hannifin Coalmaster/Ironclad

(previously Dayco) hose used on the CemSTREAK
This hose must be used only with the 3,000 psi version of the CemSTREAK unit.

Refer to the CemSTREAK Operations Manual or the Well Services Treating

Equipment Manual, Version B, InTouch content ID# 3013931, for additional
part numbers for other hose lengths.

The Only approved supplier for the CemSTREAK high-pressure Parker Hannifin
Coalmaster/Ironclad (previously Dayco) hose is Fluid Specialties/Aberdeen
Dynamics.

The Parker Hannifin Coalmaster/Ironclad (previously Dayco) hose is approved

for use in the following services or fluids:

Cementing services
Acid services:
28% HCl and lower concentrations regular mud acid
A166, A261, and A264 corrosion inhibitors U66 solvent up to 5%
U100 solvent up to 3%

The Parker Hannifin Coalmaster/Ironclad (previously Dayco) hose Is Not

Approved for with the following (check the CemSTREAK Operations Manual for
additional details or contact InTouch):

• xylene A26 or P130

• Clean Sweep 1
• diesel
• gas well acid
• nitrogen
• P121 toluene
• P020 solvent
• any other fluids not listed above

5.11.3.3 Inspection of Parker Hannifin hoses

STEM 1

All Parker Hannifin hoses are to be visually inspected after every treatment

• If the polyurethane cover of the hose is damaged and any wire braid is
showing, the hose is to be removed from service immediately. The hose can
be returned to the supplier for repair.
• If the hose body is deformed, flattened, or bent beyond the minimum bend
radius, the hose shall be destroyed or returned to the supplier for repair.
• Inspect the "Containment Grips" on each end of the hose.
If the grips can no longer function to restrict the movement of the hose in the
event an adapter connection were to break, remove the hose from service.
• If there is any bubbling of the polyethylene outer covering, the hose can no
longer be used on any treatments, and must be replaced. This indicates
that the inner liner has been compromised and fluid is being forced through
the wire braiding.

STEM 2

Perform an inspection every six months as required by Well Services QHSE

Standard 23, InTouch content ID# 3313701, section 23.13.

5.11.4 Flow rate specifications of treating equipment

Do not exceed the maximum pumping rates through treating lines as shown in
the table below.

Size (OD) Max. Working Pressure Recommended Max. Flow Rate

1.5-in 15,000 psi (103,500 kPa) 4.5 bbl/min (0.72 m3/min)
2-in 20,000 psi (138,000 kPa) 4.5 bbl/min (0.72 m3/min)
2-in 15,000 psi (103,500 kPa) 8.5 bbl/min (1.35 m3/min)
3-in 15,000 psi (103,500 kPa) 20 bbl/min (3.18 m3/min)
4-in 10,000 psi (69,000 kPa) 40 bbl/min (6.36 m3/min)
4-in 15,000 psi (103,500 kPa) 25 bbl/min (3.97 m3/min)

If these rates are exceeded, the treating iron will wear at a faster rate and will
require more frequent inspection to prevent line failure. These rates are based
on a maximum velocity of 45 ft/s (14 m/s).

Refer to Well Services QHSE Standard 09, InTouch content ID# 3313683,
and Well Services QHSE Standard 11, InTouch content ID# 3313684, for the
maximum rates to pump pure N2 and CO2 .

5.11.5 Pump to wellhead rig-up

Rig up all jobs with the wings facing the well. Where the first connection from
the pump or manifold is a thread (generally cementing units) use a double-wing
swivel or cross-over as the first connection to allow the rest of the rigup to have
wings facing the well.

Verify all segmented wings to ensure that no segments are missing.

Make sure that treating lines are flexible and can move during the treatment.
Install swivel joints to make a bridge that allows the line to move without stiffness.
Any change in elevation requires a 3-swivel joint configuration using, as a
minimum, one three-way and two two-way swivel joints, as shown in Figure 5-10.
Any change in direction requires a double swivel-joint configuration (bridge)
using, as a minimum, either two two-way swivel joints or one two-way and one
three-way swivel joint, as shown in Figure 5-11. Refer to Figure 5-17 and Figure
5-18 for specifics to rigging up with loops.

Figure 5-10: Elevation change requires three swivel joints

Figure 5-11: Change of direction requires double swivel-joint bridge

All treating lines must be supported and stabilized. Do not configure treating
iron in a manner where it cannot be supported. Do not impart side loading or
bending to the treating iron

5.11.5.1 Pump to main treating line or manifold trailer (missile)

The lines from the pumps to the common treating line or missile must contain
an isolation valve and bleed off assembly, and must be rigged up to enable
movement without “stiff” connections.

Although rigging up from a frac pump to a frac manifold usually involves two
elevation changes, this line can be rigged up using at least four swivel joints in
the following configuration: frac pump, 3-way swivel joint, small straight joint,
2-way swivel joint, small straight joint on the ground, 2-way swivel joint, small
straight joint (if necessary to gain height), 2-way swivel joint, frac manifold.

Figure 5-12: Rig up from pumps to common treating line or missile manifold

5.11.5.2 Main treating line rig-up

Install a check valve in every line, as close to the well as possible, except in
cement operations or miscellaneous pumping operations when using a cement
unit. Place the check valve on the ground, ensuring that the direction of the
arrow on the check valve is pointed towards the well.

Use the flapper-type check valve (made by Wood Machine, FMC, or SPM) when
pumping slurries and/or solids.

Use a dart-type check valve when pumping fluids that are free of solids or on all
N2 or CO2 lines.

Figure 5-13: Required check valve and bleed-off line hookup

Install a bleed-off assembly in the main treating line on all jobs except
non-foamed cement jobs. Install the bleed-off assembly downstream of the
check valve and as close to the wellhead as possible.

The bleed-off line must have two 2-in x 1-in or 2-in x 2-in valves, followed by a
fixed choke followed by a minimum of at least one joint of standard 1502 straight
pipe that is 4 feet or longer. The 2-in x 1-in valves are preferred as they are
easier to open under pressure. See Figure 5-14.

Do not use an adjustable choke; instead, use only a positive choke nipple. Do
not use anything larger than a 0.5-in (12.7 mm) choke for water-based fluids, and
a 0.25-in (6.4 mm) choke for energized fluids or gases.

Ball injectors must be remote-actuated for all jobs and installed downstream of
the check valve.

Figure 5-14: Ball injector installation

Never use swivel joints downstream from a choke. If a turn must be made in the
line use a Tee (or lateral) and a blanking plug. The end of the bleed line must
be open-ended.

Figure 5-15: Bleed-off line hookup using Tees, not swivel joints

Minimum requirements for securing the bleed-off line

Any bleed-off line, regardless of orientation, must be secured to prevent the

possibility if it rotating at any point. For clarification, this includes horizontal and
vertical bleed off assemblies.

• A significant anchor could be a pair of stakes, a dead-man anchor, a cement

block anchor, a rig frame, or a truck. Secure each pair of crossed stakes
together at the top with a metal ring, chain, or cable.

• Vertical bleed-off assemblies can be secured to an anchor, placed in a stand

or tied off securely to a non-movable object
• Non-energized fluids: Minimum of one significant anchor behind the Tee
(see Figure 5-13) plus a minimum of one significant anchor over the bleed or
flow line. Install additional significant anchors every 20 feet with the last one
at the end of the line.
• Energized fluids: Minimum of one significant anchor behind the Tee plus
at least one significant anchor over the bleed or flow line. Install additional
significant anchors every 10 feet with the last one at the end of the line.

If the potential exists to return ball sealers to the surface, a ball catcher shall be
installed between the control valve and the choke on the bleed line.

An alternate method to trap ball sealers is to use an additional tee and 2-in x 2-in
valve. If ball sealers equal to or larger than 7/8-in (0.875-in) are used, then 2-in x
2-in valves must be used as the master valve and control valve of the bleed line.
On the downstream diversion side of the ball catcher, there should be a joint of
treating iron (minimum 4 feet) and a valve installed to act as a reservoir to collect
ball sealers. Refer to Section 4: Treating Adapters of the Treating Equipment
Manual, Version B, InTouch, content ID# 3013931, for details on the ball catcher.

5.11.5.3 Connecting to the wellhead

General safety procedures

Before installing a valve or other treating connections, the job supervisor must
check the working pressure rating of the wellhead valves and fittings or the
drillpipe or tubing connection. If the rating is not marked on the equipment, the
job supervisor must get the information from the client before proceeding. Stop
the rigup and advise the client if the pressure rating of the wellhead is lower
than the expected treating pressure.

Never exceed the working pressure of the wellhead unless a treesaver is used.

Never attempt to make a connection to the top of a wellhead if the master valve
is leaking.

The pressure on the wellhead above the Christmas tree master valve must be
released by the client prior to rig up.

All personnel in the area must be advised that the wellhead or casing is about to
be bled down before the operation is started. All noninvolved personnel must
gather at the muster area during the operation.

In the event that gas lift pressure is on the casing side and the client is requiring
Well Services to bleed down and fill the casing with fluid, follow the procedure
defined in WS Standard 05 G01: Procedure to Bleed Gas Lift Pressure, an
attached file to WS QHSE Standard 05, InTouch content ID#3313681.

Well Services personnel can install treating adapters and flanges on the wellhead
without the client on location, if the client wellhead valves are closed and there is
prior authorization from the client to proceed.

Making the wellhead connection

Before making the connection to the well head ensure that all threads, ring joint
grooves, and ring joint seal rings are clean and in a usable condition.

There must be a master valve on the well before connecting any other Well
Services equipment. The master valve can be provided either by Well Services
or the client.

Table 5-6: Number of Valves Required

<10K psi
One wellhead + SLB ground
Water-based fluid [69,000 kPa]
>10K psi
Two wellhead + SLB ground
[69,000 kPa]
<5K psi
One wellhead + SLB ground
Energized/flammable fluid [34,500 kPa]
>5K psi
Two wellhead + SLB ground
[34,500 kPa]

The master valve on the wellhead is not capable of acting as a pressure control
barrier when a tree saver is in use. Under these conditions, the number of
valves on top of the tree saver is designated by the preceding table. For all
jobs over 10,000 psi (69,000 kPa) using a tree saver, one master valve must
be remote-controlled.

Figure 5-16: Wellhead connection for a <10,000 psi water based fluid job

Well connections for cement and miscellaneous pumping jobs

A loop is considered as two swivel joints. To meet the requirement of 3 swivel

joints to change elevation, use a minimum of two loops such that one loop will
have both swivel joints on the rig floor. For rig-ups using many loops (such
as rigging up high in the derrick) both swivel joints on the loop closest to the
standpipe or mud line must be completely on the floor.

Figure 5-17: Drilling-rig treating-line rig up with loops

Use an additional swivel joint at the lead off swivel joint if extra flexibility is
required for planned pipe movement (reciprocating, moving drill pipe during
BOP testing, etc).

Figure 5-18: Drilling-rig treating-line rig up with loops and extra swivel

Use the air hoist to lift and support the weight of the treating iron when more
than two loops are suspended from the cement head or drill pipe connection.
The air hoist cable should be attached in a position that takes the weight off the
lead swivel joint but still allows flexibility in the iron rig-up during pipe movement.
Refer to Figure 5-19.

Figure 5-19: Drilling-rig treating-line rig up with loops and air hoist

Attach the cement head (or first connection on pumping jobs) to the elevators
with a safety sling as shown in 5.22: Appendix C: Twin-Path brand cement-head
safety sling (p. 5-62). Figure 5-20 below shows the correct method for securing
the cement head and connecting treating pipe.

Figure 5-20: Cement-head safety-sling rig up

If the client uses a cement head other than a Well Services-provided head,
the responsibility for Well Services for high-pressure connections ends at the
connection to the client-supplied head. Make the client aware of this before Well
Services arrives on location.

Even if the rig crew helps make up the wellhead connection, the Well Services
job supervisor is still responsible for ensuring this is performed correctly.

5.12 Priming the positive displacement pumps

Always prime the pumps before pumping to prevent cavitation and stress on the
treating line. Cavitation is known to shorten the life of the major components of a
pump unit as well as leading to treating iron failure.

5.12.1 General principles for pump priming

Follow these important points when priming pumps or washing lines:

• Before priming the pumps, make sure that all equipment is connected,
including all monitoring equipment.
• The Well Services job supervisor is the only person who can authorize pump
engines to be started or pumps to be engaged.
• The job supervisor or a designated employee must operate all valves.
• Personnel not required for priming pumps must leave the area near the
high-pressure pumps and treating lines.
• Use radio communication between the pump operators; valve operators, and
supervisors. The only exception is when using pumps with high-pressure
manifolds such as combos and cement pumpers.
• The wellhead master valve must be closed.
• Use water-based fluids to prime the pumps.
• On jobs where oil-base fluids are used, the crude oil or diesel can be used
to prime pumps. If a pump is primed again during the job, the treating fluid
must be used.
• Set the overpressure shutdowns to 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa) after ensuring
that they function correctly.
• Always start the priming in the highest gear and with the engine at idle speed.
• Prime each pump separately, until a steady stream of fluid is observed.

Each pump must have a prime up return line. This line can flow to a tank, the
blender, or a pit. Use treating iron or a 2-in 2,500-psi (17,500-kPa) Well Services
hose, Part Number 452694. Never install a valve on the end of the hose. If the
hose enters a tank, the end of the hose must be fastened in position.

If the fluid must circulate back to a frac tank through a line with a butterfly valve,
the valve handle must be secured in the open position. All personnel are to be
made aware that this butterfly valve is not to be closed without the Supervisor’s
permission. Lockout/tagout procedures must be used.

5.13 Pressure tests of treating lines and the

wellhead
Before testing the lines, discuss the line test pressure and the pressure limits
with the client. Test all treating lines and connections at a pressure that exceeds
the maximum expected treating pressure. It is a good practice is to test lines
to 1000 psi (6,900 kPa) above maximum allowed treating pressure or to the
working pressure of treating iron system, whichever is lower.

Always perform a low pressure test at 300 psi to 2,000 psi (2,000 kPa to 13,800
kPa) before continuing on to the final test pressure. Take this opportunity to
check for visible leaks.

Potential Severity: Major

Potential Loss: Personnel
Hazard Category: Human

Never enter the high-pressure area while pumps are in gear. When required to
enter, ensure the pumps are shut down and the pressure has stabilized. Ensure
all personnel are clear of the high-pressure area prior to re-engaging the pumps.

In order to ensure that all components of the treating line (including the bleed-off
assembly) are adequately tested, the following procedure should be followed:

• With the control valve closed and the master valve open, perform a low
pressure test against the control valve, ensure no leaks in the line
• Increase the pressure to the desired test pressure and hold for 1 minute,
observe for any bleed off of pressure (2.5% in 1 minute is acceptable)
• Close the master valve and open the control valve and hold for a further 1
minute, observe for any bleed off of pressure (2.5% in 1 minute is acceptable)

• Close the control valve, open the master valve and bleed off pressure in
controlled manner.

Consider the pressure test successful if one of the following conditions is met:

• The pressure is stabilized and holds steady within +/- 2.5% of the agreed
test pressure, for at least 1 minute.
• The client’s wellsite representative accepts the pressure test results

Use water for pressure tests, except for the following conditions.

• For CO2 or N2 jobs, follow the requirements of Well Services QHSE Standard
09, InTouch content ID# 3313683, and Well Services QHSE Standard 11,
InTouch content ID# 3313684,.
• For oil-based frac jobs, diesel fuel or the frac fluid can be used.
• For drilling rigs with only oil-based mud available, pressure testing can be
done with oil based mud.

Make sure that the pump(s) are primed and all the air is removed from the
system before pressure testing.

Always test the wellhead and client master valve. This test checks the final
connection of the Well Services equipment to the client equipment. If the client
valve does not hold the internal pressure, the client must give approval before
continuing with the treatment. The client approval must be recorded on the
Treatment Report. Never start any treatment if there is an external leak on the
wellhead or connections.

5.13.1 Pressure Testing with offshore cementing units

When pressure testing cementing units to 15,000 psi a PRV set between 15,700
psi and 16,000 psi must be installed on top of the fluid end of the pump. This
will permit testing of 15,000 psi to be performed while ensuring that in the event
of over pressure, the PRV will protect the system below the 10% limit which
requires a mandatory removal from service.

5.14 Shutdown
At the expected end of the pumping operation, slowly reduce the pump rate by
reducing the engine RPM and bringing the pumps to neutral position. Once all
the pumps are stopped, close off the tanks.

If the treating pressure increases quickly, the overpressure shutdowns on the

pump units or in the control room will stop the pumps. These safety systems
must be operational on all pump units.

Note
Do not use the overpressure shut down or emergency kill to stop the units.

5.14.1 Emergency shutdown

In the case of a wellsite emergency or risk to personnel, such as fire, H2S, etc.
use the following procedures:

1. Activate the emergency kill switches to stop the engines.

2. Evacuate personnel from the location to the designated safety/muster area.
3. For jobs using fluids energized with CO2, if the emergency situation does not
allow bleeding the lines off before leaving the location, be aware that the
lines can have a significant pressure increase over time due to energized
fluid expansion created from heat.
4. After an evacuation, when the location is once again safe for our personnel,
an assigned team can return to secure the Well Services equipment and
location. Well control is the responsibility of the client.

5.15 Pressure bleed off

Potential Severity: Major

Potential Loss: Personnel
Hazard Category: Human

Never stand directly over the valves or lines when bleed off operations are taking
place. The bleed off valves must be pointed away from personnel and equipment.
Never leave the valve bar in the valve during the pumping operation.

Use the following procedure to release pressure from the treating line through
the bleed line:

• In stimulation operations, close the client master valve on the wellhead,.

• Fully open the first valve, or “master valve,” on the bleed line.
• Slowly open the second valve, or “control valve” in the bleed line until the
valve is open all the way and the pressure is reduced across the choke.

Note
Do not use anything larger than a 1/2-in (12.7 mm) choke for water-based
fluids, and a 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) choke when energized fluids or gases.

• When the pressure is released from the treating line, close the “control
valve,” and then close the “master” valve.
• Open the “control” valve again to release the pressure between the valves.

To prevent well fluids or gases from being accidentally returned to Well Services
equipment when equipment is left rigged up to a client’s well, after the pressure
has been bled off, close the Well Services master valve. Then close all the
discharge valves on the units.

5.16 Flowback and circulating of wells

Never flowback or circulate reservoir fluids that contain any presence of H2S
through standard (non-H2S) treating equipment.

The client is responsible for the control and flowback of reservoir fluids through
their surface production equipment.

Do not flow, circulate, or let any reservoir fluid return from the well into any Well
Services tanks. The only exception is when using the gravel collection vessel.
The operating procedure for the gravel collection vessel is described in section
5.16.3: Use of a gravel collection vessel.

Never perform well testing and flaring with Well Services treating line. Any well
testing or flaring must be done according to testing standards through proper
testing manifolds and surface equipment.

If there is any potential to return reservoir fluids to Well Services equipment,

install a windsock and appropriate gas monitoring equipment.

5.16.1 Flowback conditions

In the following cases, the client may request Schlumberger to flowback reservoir
fluids through Well Services equipment:

• Flowback through any Well Services line should be limited to surging balls,
forced closure, or release of well pressure after a screen out. Follow the rig
up as per section 5.11.5.2: Main treating line rig up (p. 5-38).

• Limited flow testing of the well immediately after an offshore well stimulation
treatment.
• Limited flow during coiled tubing treatments, in clean out and lifting
operations.

5.16.2 Circulating conditions

Circulate a well with the reservoir open only if the well is in a hydrostatically
balanced or overbalanced condition.

Use standard treating equipment between the wellhead and the tanks or choke.
Follow the requirements in section 5.16.4: Flowback treating iron for any treating
iron installed downstream of a choke.

Follow the same rig-up requirements as for the main treating line, in section
5.11.5: Pump to wellhead rig-up (p. 5-36).

5.16.3 Use of a gravel collection vessel

A gravel collection vessel is a vessel that has an open top and a removable
screen. There is an inlet which allows for the controlled flow into the vessel from
the choke manifold. The screen container collects the returned gravel and the
fluid is allowed to flow from the lower drain line in the bottom of the vessel.

A degasser or the open top of the vessel allows any gas to release into the
atmosphere. The vessel must be connected downwind from any ignition sources.

If other Well Services equipment is installed within 60 feet (20 meters) of the
vessel, install a combustible gas meter on the Well Services pumping unit.

Districts that use a gravel collection vessel must write additional safe operating
procedures for their specific locations.

5.16.4 Flowback treating iron

The requirements for flowback iron apply to the treating equipment installed
downstream of a choke.

The flowback treating iron is limited to straight joints, Tees, solid plugs, fixed
chokes, and laterals.

The flowback treating iron must comply with section 5.11.1.1: Standard approved
treating equipment (p. 5-23), and be approved and inspected according to Well
Services QHSE Standard 23. A visual inspection must be done after each job.

Paint all flowback treating iron yellow. Use flowback treating iron only for
flowback services. This treating iron can be reused as standard non-flowback
treating iron if it passes Well Services QHSE Standard 23 inspection and is
repainted standard Schlumberger blue.

Store the flowback treating iron in a separate area away from all other treating
iron.

Install the flowback line as close to the wellhead connection as possible to

minimize flow of reservoir fluids through the main treating line. If available,
connect the flowback line to the wellhead wing valves.

5.17 Disassembly (rig down) after the job

The job supervisor must hold a pre-rig down safety meeting attended by all
personnel involved in the disassembly process. The purpose of the meeting is to
clearly define the responsibilities and hazards of rigging down.

Before performing any work on the treating line, make sure all pressure is
released. All transducers and pressure gauges should show zero pressure and
all OPSDs must be reset to zero.

Before disassembly, flush all treating lines with water to remove corrosive
materials and flammable or combustible fluids. If water is not available, take the
necessary steps to minimize the risks to personnel and the environment.

5.18 Common hazards on location

The following items are hazards or risks that have caused accidents and must be
checked. All personnel on location must understand these hazards and tasks.

• Notice the presence of guy lines, stakes, flow lines, and other items
• Inspect the area where you plan to install the equipment. Make sure that the
area is free of equipment, crude oil, flammable, or combustible materials,
other equipment, and other company employees. Check for holes or
obstructions in the area where the equipment will be assembled.

Make these checks:

• The condition of ladders on the tanks (Make sure the tops of the tanks are
safe and have handrails. Make sure there is no oil, ice, or holes on top of
the tanks.)
• The condition of the cat line, hoisting ropes, cables, and hooks
• Hazards caused by flow lines and tanks
• Any open fires or ignition sources, when combustibles or flammable fluids
are present
• The well cellar, tanks, etc., for the presence of H2S
• Any hazards when moving trucks (Use a land guide when moving any trucks.)
• The wellhead for loose connections or connections not approved by
Schlumberger (Make sure that the working pressure is marked on the
wellhead or can be determined by the client.)
• Any possible risks when you install equipment in the derrick or the wellhead
• The wind direction
• Other supplier’s nitrogen or CO2 equipment and connections
• All unions that are not owned or rented by Schlumberger using the union
thread gauge
• Cranes in the area where Schlumberger equipment or personnel are present
(Never stand under any equipment that is lifted by a crane or hoist)
• The position of electric lines around the rig and across the roads to the
location. Make sure that all personnel know the location of electric lines
in their area

• Verify these work-related conditions:

– The ladders and steps on the rig are tight and in good condition.
– The working area and the rig floor is clear and clean.
– There is somewhere to connect the fall protection equipment if
Schlumberger personnel are working at a height above 6 feet (2 meters).
– The rig crew and their work does not create hazards for Schlumberger
personnel.
– Whether or not Schlumberger must move equipment across flow lines
at the location.
– You have procedures ready to fill oilers or fuel equipment during pumping.
– Vehicles are not parked near the rigs. Tubing that falls from the rig can
damage these vehicles. If possible, do not park any Schlumberger
equipment in this area.
– There are no galvanized fittings in any line in which any Schlumberger
equipment is connected. Make sure that other threaded connections are
correct for the pressure in the line.

• Do not use or connect to any equipment that is not rented or owned by Well
Services.
• Review any hazards when working under the rig floor.
• Stop any engines or motors that are not needed for the job.

A Wellsite Job Checklist is available through InTouch, content ID# 3313681.

5.19 References
Table 5-7: Recommended Make-Up Torque for Short Casing Threads

Torque Range for J-55 Pipe (ft-lbs)1

Pipe weight
Size Minimum Optimum Maximum
#/ft
4.5-in 10.5 990 1320 1650
5-in 13.0 1270 1690 2110
5.5-in 15.5 1520 2020 2530
6 5/8-in 20.0 1840 2450 3060
7-in 23.0 2130 2840 3550
7 5/8-in 26.4 2360 3150 3940
8 5/8-in 32.0 2790 3720 4650

Torque Range for J-55 Pipe (ft-lbs)1

Pipe weight
Size Minimum Optimum Maximum
#/ft
9 5/8-in 36.0 2960 3940 4930
10 3/4-in 45.5 3700 4930 6160
11 3/4-in 54.0 4260 5680 7100
13 3/8-in 61.0 4460 5950 7440
16-in 75.0 5330 7100 8880
18 5/8-in 87.5 5660 7540 9430
20-in 106.5 6850 9130 11410
1
Shaded areas for 4.5-in, 5-in and 5.5-in casings sizes show optimum torque could be applied by operators
using a 60-in pipe wrench. Larger sizes will require power tongs or chain tongs. Torque specification is based
on threads that are shiny clean, free of corrosion and paint and no Teflon tape.

Figure 5-21: Casing threads, Part A. Correct and incorrect installation of a treating adapter if the
casing collar or box end has thread relief. (See the next picture for clarification of thread relief.)

Figure 5-22: Casing threads, Part B. Examples of threaded wellhead

adapters installed in a client valve

Note
API BRD casing collars will have the thread relief cut on the ID. As a result, thread engagement
will be as shown in Figure 5-22.

If the frac valve has thread relief (picture on the left) there will be no threads left
showing if the wellhead adapter is properly torqued.

If the frac valve does not have thread relief (picture on the right) there will be 5/8
inch of threads showing if the wellhead adapter is properly torqued.
Apdx C 5.22: Appendix C: Twin-Path brand cement-head safety sling (p. 5-62)

5.20 Appendix A: Minimizing iron failures due to

vibration
Refer to the Blender Operator Manual, InTouch content ID# 3039913, and other
Well Services QHSE standards for more detailed information.

The following steps must be taken to reduce the number of iron failures due
to vibration on fracturing operations.

1. Define the minimum fluid requirement on location to avoid cavitating at any

point during the job, based on the type of tanks, the volume of fluid per tank
and the amount of bottom per tank.
2. Achieve the correct low-pressure suction, depending on whether the tank is
connected to a centrifugal pump or a POD blender.

• Tanks to centrifugal pump (i.e. PCM, S&S Blender, Transfer Pump,

LTM SuperPOD): 8 bbl/min per 20 ft length of 4-in suction hose or 35
bbl/min per 20 ft length of 8-in suction hose
• Tanks to POD blender (tank could be frac tank, PCM tank, header tank,
etc): 4 bbl/min per 20 ft length of 4-in suction hose or 20 bbl/min per
20 ft length of 8-in suction hose.
There can be no leaks on the suction side. Clean the threads, install an
O-ring in a Figure 206 wing half, and minimize the use of elbows and ”T"s.
If the pump rate is greater than the parameters listed or if the delivery line
is more than 20 ft, use additional hoses.

3. Monitor blender performance throughout the treatment.

• POD blender - suction pressure

• All blenders - discharge pressure at the blender discharge

4. Achieve the correct low-pressure discharge rate.

• Maximum rate of 10 bbl/min for each 20-ft section of 4-in discharge hose.
The discharge hose(s) from the blender to the pumps should be as short
as possible. Use additional hoses if the pump rate is greater than the
parameters listed, or if the delivery line is more than 20 ft (6 m)in length.
• Pulsation dampeners:

– must be charged to 30 psi with nitrogen (recommended) or shop air

– must be checked and charged during each STEM II, or every 2 or 3
months. Label with the last charge date and pressure.
– must have the air bled off after discharge pressure is applied.

Monitor the pressure on the suction of the triplex pump. During prime up
it should be 80 psi.

5. High pressure rig-up

A missile choke (pump vibration dampening choke) should be installed in the

discharge line of each frac pump on fixed missiles, and is recommended on
ground manifolds. All chokes are made for 3-in lines. Choke selection is
based on the following table:

Part Number
Choke Part Number
Rate Range (ground
Bore (Missile Trailer)
manifold)
4.5 bbl/min – 10
1.00-in 603360090 597084090
bbl/min
6.25 bbl/min –
1.1-in 100040431 100011560
14 bbl/min
8.5 bbl/min – 20
1.38-in 606004090 601467090
bbl/min

Make sure that treating lines are flexible and can move during the treatment.
Install swivel joints to make a bridge that allows the line to move without
stiffness. Any change in elevation requires a 3 swivel-joint configuration (See
Figure 5-12 (p. 5-38) and Figure 5-16 (p. 5-43). Any change in direction
requires a 2 swivel-joint configuration (bridge).
For high rate jobs, a 4 swivel-joint configuration can be used with this order
of make up.

• one 2-way swivel joint from the wellhead to standpipe

• a 2-way swivel joint from end of standpipe to a 4-ft joint
• a 2-way swivel joint from end of 4-ft joint to another 2-way swivel joint
• a 4-ft joint between that 2-way swivel joint and a 3-way swivel joint off
the main line.
Each pump must have a working pressure transducer.
Pumps closest to the blender should be pumped at a higher rate than those
further away, i.e. bigger fluid ends placed closest to the blender.
6. Prime the positive displacement pumps. Use this procedure to prime the
pumps on various types of treatments.

Potential Severity: Serious

Potential Loss: Personnel
Hazard Category: Human

Personnel that are not required for priming pumps must leave the area near
the high-pressure pumps and treating lines.

a. Connect all equipment, including all monitoring equipment, before priming

the pumps.

b. Isolate and prime each pump individually.

c. Manually trip the overpressure shutdown system to verify it functions
properly.
d. Set the overpressure shutdown at 1000 psi (7000 kPa).
e. The blender discharge pressure must be kept at a minimum pressure
of 80-psi during prime-up.
f. Verify that fluid flows freely from the blender through the pump and out
the return/bleed line.
g. Run the engine at IDLE speed and select the highest gear. Pump for
approximately one minute to remove air from the lines.
If the pump does not rotate at idle speed, DO NOT MOVE THE
THROTTLE. Stop the unit, then locate and correct the problem.
h. Open the pulsation dampener bleed line valve to bleed the air from the
pulsation dampener. When the dampener is full, close the bleed line
valve.
i. Slowly increase the speed of the pump while remaining in the highest
gear. Rate increases are determined by the size of the pump:

i. at least 3 bbl/min (0.48 m3/min) for pumps with a maximum diameter

of 3.75-in
ii. at least 5 bbl/min (0.8 m3/min) for 4.5-in and 5-in pumps
iii. at least 8 bbl/min (1.3 m3/min) for pumps with a diameter larger than
5 in.
DO NOT EXCEED 1000 PSI (7000 kPa).
j. Continue pumping for two minutes or until a steady stream of fluid is
obtained.
k. When the pump is primed, move the throttle to the IDLE position and
return the pump to the NEUTRAL position.
l. Close the pump isolation valve while maintaining blender pressure. Verify
that the pump stalls and does not continue to roll over.
m. Leave the blender pressurizing valve open and engage the brake.
n. Repeat Step ”a" through Step ”m" to prime the next pump.
o. When all pumps are primed, open all pump isolation valves.

7. Job Execution

a. Mark the “danger zone” and keep all personnel out of this area while
pumping.

b. Minimize the vibration during multiple pump jobs by making minor

adjustments in the pump rate (stagger each pump 0.15 bbl/min).
c. If blender pressure cannot be maintained, pump operators must reduce
the flow rate or stop pumping completely until the blender pressure is
fully restored.

5.21 Appendix B: License To Operate

License To Operate (LTO) is a minimum set of requirements which must be met
prior to any Well Services operation being started. The LTO requirements for Well
Services apply to operations involving pressure or equipment with radioactive
sources. No job or operation may commence unless LTO requirements are
fully met.

5.21.1 Pressure-Control Equipment

While some of the requirements for LTO may apply to all Pressure-Containing
Equipment, the actual mandatory LTO compliance applies only to that equipment
which is deemed “critical”. “Critical” Pressure-Control Equipment is that
equipment which is connected to the wellhead for the purpose of controlling the
wellbore or applied pressure during any operation, regardless of whether Well
Services personnel are in attendance or not.

Coiled-tubing critical equipment includes:

• BOPs
• Strippers
• Risers
• Crossovers
• Other equipment used for the containment of pressure on the wellhead

Cementing critical equipment includes:

• Cement heads
• Quick couplings
• Swedges
• Pump in subs
• Crossovers
• Other equipment used for the containment of pressure on the wellhead

Pumping critical equipment includes

• Treesavers
• Frac heads
• Pump in subs
• Other equipment used for the containment of pressure on the wellhead

5.21.2 Requirements for “Critical” Pressure-Control

Equipment
All Pressure-Control Equipment must be supplied by EMS or an EMS-approved
supplier as listed in Table 5-3: Approved Piping and Wellhead Connections
and Table 5-5: Approved Coiled-Tubing Components. Where purchased from
an approved supplier it must be clear that the supplier is approved specifically
for the item of equipment. The location must have evidence of compliance to
this requirement documented in their history files.

Each piece of Pressure-Control Equipment must have a unique serial number

easily visible on the item. This number must be recorded in the location’s
Pressure-Equipment Register clearly identifying the piece it is assigned to.

Each piece of Pressure-Control Equipment must have a written scheme of

inspection. This inspection requirement must be consistent with Well Services
requirements in addition to any industry or regulatory requirements. It is the
location’s responsibility to determine if there are any additional requirements
over those documented in Well Services standards. Well Services QHSE
Standard 23 sets the requirements for the inspection and testing for certification
of Pressure-Control Equipment.

Each piece of Pressure-Control Equipment must be current on its certification,

there must be evidence of this available at the wellsite.

Each piece of Pressure-Control Equipment must be maintained using competent

personnel and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) parts. This must be
documented in the location’s maintenance files and be available for review at
any time.

5.21.3 Radiation requirements

All radioactive sources must be transported in full compliance to both
Schlumberger and regulatory requirements. The location shall maintain evidence
of any regulatory compliance requirements and retain documentation to show
compliance on all journeys.

All radioactive sources must be tracked on every journey through an approved

tracking process which clearly shows and records the sending and receiving
locations (including in-field movements).

The physical inventory at the location must match exactly the RIMS accounting
for those sources out of the location on jobs or on loan to other locations.

5.22 Appendix C: Twin-Path brand cement-head

safety sling
A table showing the recommended sling for different sizes of cement head
is shown in Table 5-8.

Table 5-8: Cement-Head Sling Selection

Cement Head size Temperature Bishop PN Description

For 8 5/8-in cement above -18 degC [0 CHSS1X8A 8’ TPXC 1000 with 3-ton hook
head and smaller degF]
below -18 degC [0 CWCHSS1X8A 8’ TPXC 1000 with 3-ton hook
degF] WSL-320AN
For 13 3/8-in cement above -18 degC [0 CHSS1.5X8 8’ TPXC 1500 with 3-ton hook
head and below degF]
below -18 degC [0 CWCHSS1.5X8 8’ TPXC 1500 with 3-ton hook
degF] WSL-320AN
For 16-in through above -18 degC [0 CHSS3X12 12’ TPXC 3000 with a 3-in S253
20-in cement head degF] Crosby sling-saver shackle with
1/4-in x3-ft lanyard
below -18 degC [0 CWCHSS3X12 12’ TPXC 3000 with a 3-in S253
degF] Cold Tuff Crosby sling-saver
shackle with 1/4-in x3-ft lanyard

The sling and hook or shackle should be cleaned and inspected before and after
each use. After each use, place it in the bag (Bishop PN: NSSB241018).

Do not allow the sling to be stretched over sharp corners or between the treating
iron and the elevator where it can be damaged.

In the event that a cement head comes out of the casing and the sling breaks
the fall, the sling must Not be returned to service without performing a integrity
check through the use of the optical line and checking the mechanical tattle-tale.

To rig-up a Twin-Path safety sling:

1. Wrap the Twin Path sling around the cement head between the manifold
nipples as shown in the left side of Figure 5-23
2. Pass the sling through itself, forming a choker.
3. Wrap the free end of the sling around the bail until snug, and then secure
it back to the sling between the head and bail using the special Crosby
hook or shackle.
4. For an alternate solution, take the loose end of the sling to the upper eye of
the elevator bail to take up the slack. Pass the end through the eye and
then hook back to the sling as in step 3. This is shown on the right side of
Figure 5-23.

Figure 5-23: Sling positions on a cement head.. Left: loose end wraps around the
bail, Right: loose end passes through the upper eye of the bail.

5. Clean, inspect and properly store the sling after each use. It is recommended
that the sling be cleaned with soap and water before inspection. A
high-pressure washer may be used. A carrying case is provided with each
sling for storage.

To inspect the sling:

1. Inspect the position of the yellow tell-tails. The tell-tails should extend to or
past the black line marked across the sling. If both tell-tails are retracted past
the line or are not visible then remove the sling from service. If the tell-tails
show signs of chemical degradation, then remove the sling from service.

Figure 5-24: Tell-tails

2. Inspect the outer cover for evidence of cutting, tearing, or abrasion. If any
white core yams are exposed, then remove the sling from service. If there are
any cuts on the inner red jacket, then remove the sling for service. Damage to
the cover can indicate load core damage.

3. Inspect the slings for evidence of heat damage. Using the sling in
temperatures beyond -40 degC [-40 degF] to 80 degC [180 degF] requires
manufacturer approval.

4. Evaluate both fiber-optic lights for core integrity. Shine a light into one end of
the fiber and observe the light at the other end. If either fiber fails to transmit
light, then remove the sling from service.

Figure 5-25: Testing fiber-optic integrity

5. Examine the sling for fitting distortion. If there is any distortion, remove the
sling from service.

6. After cleaning and inspection, store the sling in the bag provided by the
manufacturer. Make sure the sling is dry before storing it.

Any sling that is removed from service may be sent back to the manufacturer
for evaluation and possible repair. Any sling that the manufacturer deems is
unrepairable shall not be returned to service.

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