Government of Pakistan

Federal Directorate of Education

~~~~~~

KEY NOTES
These Notes may not be considered as
standard for absolute performance

Centralized Annual Examination

Class-VIII, 2023
 Government of Pakistan
Federal Directorate of Education
~~~~~~

ENGLISH
Centralized Annual Examination
Class-VIII, 2023
 GRADE VIII ENGLISH GUIDE

UNIT 1
Peaceful Co-existence

EXERCISE

Poem “A Time to Talk”

Q/Ans
1. How many people are there? How do they know each other? How do you know? Can you, do
it?
Ans. There are two people, Speaker, and the friend. They know each other because they are
friends and we know this because we are comprehending/ reading this poem. And if my friend
came to me to chat, I would also leave my work for the time being and chat with him.
2. What is the setting? (Location, time of day, weather) how do you know?
Ans. The location is the hillside, the time of the day is afternoon and the weather is sunny. We
know this because while reading this poem the expressions, actions tell us the setting.
3. What do you see when you read this poem? Put it into your own words.
Ans. The poem “A Time to Talk” by Robert Frost is a poem about friendship. In this poem the
poet demonstrates a friend should act when his friend comes to talk while he is busy doing
work. Moreover, the poet said even if you are busy, you should stop everything and help your
friend. Also, an indirect message is that work is tough and from time-to-time workers should
take a break. The poem expressed the main idea about friendship by exploring different devices
to build a great image about maintaining a good and strong relationship.

Alliteration

Stanza and line Type of imagery

Stanza 1 line 1 ‘When a friend calls to me Auditory image

from the road ‘

Stanza 1 line 2 ‘slows his horse for a Kinesthetic image

meaning walk’

Stanza 1 line 9 ‘and plod’ Kinesthetic image

Stanza 1 line 9 ‘stone wall ‘ Visual image

Lesson: “Friends can Change Life.”

Rearrange jumbled words and write meanings.

Gvniohtre overnight during the night

rmacepd cramped Sharp abdominal pain

ptmnetar apartment Flat.

dgsursronuoin surroundings Environment.

labeyr barely Hardly.

rgenfoie foreigner Outsider.

poinxemocl complexion Appearance of a person’s

skin or face

adeterspa desperate Hopeless

raetatcncon recontact To count again

esisonpred depression Dejection

efar fear Anxiety, bother

dnasseds sadness unhappy

Comprehension
Q/Ans:
a) What does Omar's story teach us?
Ans. Omar’s story teaches us that friends are important as they give us a feeling of belonging,
bring fun and laughter, lend an extra hand, offer emotional support, and give guidance, when
you need it. Your close friendship helps to shape the course of your life.
b) Why can it be scary to meet new people and make new friends?
Ans. We may feel inferior, different, or unable to relate, which can trigger a fear of
awkwardness and drive the anxiety and avoidance.
C) Why is it important to welcome others when they are in a new situation?
Ans. A welcome goes beyond words, it creates a feeling of caring and gives a sense of pleasure.
A warm and sincere welcome gives a sense of caring and makes people feel appreciated, as well
as making them feel that they have made an excellent choice.
D) When it comes to healthy relationships, communication is the name of the game. List
some rules for communicating effectively with friends and family.

Friends Family

Maintain an eye contact Rephrase when they do not hear

Clarity of language Ask the right questions

Get their attention Precise and concise words

Change the topic Maintain eye contact

E) Similarities and Differences in Venn Diagrams.

-Chinese
food
-Brown hair
-Black hair -Loud
music -English
-Urdu
-To watch horror
-To watch comedy movies - To movies
travel

Use of English

Add the correct demonstrative pronouns to these sentences.

That These Those This
 a) Take this to your grandmother; she has been looking for it.
b) Being able to speak fluently- That is all I want!
c) This is a story we tell in our family, about my grandfather.

d) Those are not good translations. Here let me help you.

Read the dialogue between Omer and his friend Oliver. Change the underlined nouns to
pronouns and fill in the blanks with the reflexive pronouns. Rewrite the paragraph for clarity.
Omer: Hello! Oliver Can you show me where the Science lab is?

Oliver: Hi! Of course I can. The Science lab is on the first floor, next to the computer room, on
the right.
Omer: Can I and you walk there together or shall I go myself.
Oliver: Yes! Let me get my books and we can go.

Omer: Thank you! I am hungry too. You can get your books and I can get a sandwich for myself.
Will you get yours or I get it for you.

▪ Writing
Brainstorming

Paragraph 2: what
I witnessed in the
affected area

Earthquake &
Relief Aid
Paragraph 1: Paragraph 3:
Details
my contribution:
when, how
strong, where nursing
Relief – aid in earthquake
The Great Earthquake of 2005 shocked the nation and left me traumatized. The magnitude of its
destruction was almost beyond imagining. Disaster struck at 11:58 on September 1st, 1923, just
as my family and I were gathering around the table for lunch. My father had come back home
after a short day at work and for us students it was our first day back at school after a long
summer break. Although the quake itself measured 8.2 on the Richter scale, the fires that
resulted from the overturned cooking stoves in many homes, coupled with high winds caused
most of the destruction.
After reaching the affected areas, I realized that the destruction was far worse than what the
media conveyed. I witnessed dead bodies lying around on piles of rubble, with blood gushing out
from their body parts. At first, the sight made me nauseated and I vomited. Looking around, I
observed horrific sights: family members crying hysterically over a dead loved one, others
pleading with the volunteers to help them locate their dear ones in the rubble and pull them out
of the pit of darkness into life.
However, I realized that I was not here to be a nuisance rather a helping hand. Besides, groups
of volunteers including young girls were already working in the area, which motivated me to be
of use. Young men were pulling out bodies from beneath the rubble and tending to their wounds.
Since, I have a major in nursing, I turned to the wounded ones and sanitized and bandages their
wounds.
No matter what the magnitude of the disaster may be, if there are helping hands to mitigate the
suffering of others, its effects could be curbed.

Poem “Everyday It Happens”

Use of English

Write every or ‘ each' to complete the sentences.

a) Each of the pupils lost their books.

b) Wait for the taxi every 30 mins.

c) I have five bottles, please take one of each.
d) You should enjoy every minute of your travel to Manila.
e) Every student has written an email.
f) Every time I speak, another person hates me.

g) These bags cost Rs 3000 each.

 h) They are open every day except Friday.
i) Each of them have their e-mail address.
j) Every evening Khurram goes to the Gym.

▪ Writing
Bullying
Brainstorming

What is it…who is affected…depression and anxiety in the bullied kids…violent behavior of bully
in other walks of life…measures adopted by schools to curb it.
Final Draft
Bullying is unwanted aggressive behavior towards schoolfellows, which can affect everyone—
those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying. Kids who are bullied can
experience negative physical, social, emotional, academic, and mental health issues. Kids who
experience bullying suffer from depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and
loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to
enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. Kids others can also engage in violent and other
risky behaviors into adulthood. Hence, for both the bully and the bullied the effects of bullying
can be permanent and life-long. Some of the measures that schools can apply to prevent bullying
are by building a positive environment by advancing emotional and social learning, constant
counseling of both the bully and the bullied and creating opportunities for connection.

Poem: “Do It Anyway “

Vocabulary
1. Write the vocabulary words that best describe the statements.
Unreasonable , frank , Self-Centered , jealous , succeed , serenity
, motives , illogical

Motives a) Something that causes a person to act in a certain way, do a certain thing,
etc. ; incentive.
Unreasonable b) Not guided or based on good sense.
Illogical c) lacking sense or clear, sound reasoning.
Jealous d) Feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their
achievements.
Serenity e) The state of being calm, peaceful, and untroubled.

Frank f) Open, honest, and direct in speech or writing.

Succeed g) Achieve the desired aim or result.
Self-Centered h) Preoccupied with oneself and one’s affairs.
Match the statements to complete the meaning.

1. If you are honest and frank, people may cheat you. 1. (Be honest and frank anyway).
2. What you spend years building, someone could destroy. 2. ( Build anyway).
3. If you find serenity and happiness, they may be jealous. 3. ( Be happy anyway).
4. If you are kind, people may accuse you of selfish ulterior motives. 4. ( Be kind anyway).

5. If you are successful, you will win some false friends and some true enemies.
5. (Succeed anyway).

Q/Ans:
1. What is the message of the poem entitled ‘Do it anyway’ by Mother Teresa?

Ans. Mother’s Teresa “Do it anyway” are words of wisdom which are great motivation for
everyone to be kind, happy, successful, constructive, positive, forgiving irrespective of people’s
behavior and attitude towards you.
2. What do you think is the most difficult thing to follow in the poem?

Ans. The most difficult thing to follow in this poem is “What you spend years building, someone
could destroy overnight” it is difficult because building something again which took years to
build is difficult. You will feel disheartened, unmotivated and you would want to leave it as it is.
3. List the things that you feel are easy to follow. Explain your answer.

Ans. Forgiving: Forgiving might not be easy for some, but it provides inner peace and
motivation to move forward.
Being Kind: Kindness is not difficult; you can do something even truly little to put a smile on
someone’s face.

4. Analyze and interpret the meaning of the following phrases:

 a) ‘Give the world the best you have, and it may never be enough. Give the best you have
got anyway.’
Ans. This line means that give or do your absolute best, but still some people will insult you or
say it is not enough. But, do not listen to them and do your best.
b) ‘The good you do today, People will often forget tomorrow. Do good anyway’
Ans. It does not matter how much or little good you do to people; they will often forget the
next day or some days later. Still, do not let them stop or dishearten you and do good anyway.

c) ‘You see in the final analysis it is between you and god; it was never between you and
them anyway’
Ans. On the day of judgment your good deeds will appear and then you will realize that only
god can reward you. It doesn’t matter what People say about you as it is the matter between
you and God.

Comprehension Checkpoint:
Match the statements to complete the meaning.

If you are honest and frank, People may Be honest and frank anyway.
cheat you.

What you spend years building, someone Build anyway.

could destroy overnight.

Succeed Anyway. If you are successful, you will win some false
friends and some true enemies.

Be happy Anyway. If you find serenity and happiness, they may

be jealous.

If you are kind, people may accuse you of Be kind anyway.

selfish ulterior motives.

Use of English

1. Underline the adjectives used in this poem.

a) If you are kind, people may accuse you o f selfish ulterior motives. Be kind anyway.
 b) If you are successful, you will win some false friends and some true enemies. Succeed
anyway.
c) If you are honest and frank, people may cheat you. Be honest and frank anyway.

d) What you spend years building, someone could destroy overnight. Build anyway.
2. Complete these sentences using any adjectives that you think is suitable and identify which
type of adjective it is.
a) Your/his character is ideal. (Possessive adjective)

b) Which method is easier? (Interrogative adjective)

c) I would like to bring a few people. (Numeral adjective)
d) We are Muslim nation. (Proper adjective)
e) He is a good/popular singer. (Descriptive adjective)

f) She came with this mission to help everyone. (Demonstrative adjective)

g) I have two dresses but only one fits me perfectly. (Numeral adjective)
h) This time, I will not leave you. (Demonstrative adjective)
i) Which books are you reading?(Interrogative adjective)
j) I could not understand your intention.

3. Prepare your own sentences using descriptive, numeral, proper, demonstrative, possessive
and interrogative adjective.

Types of adjectives Your own sentence

Descriptive adjective My aunt’s cooking is full of taste.

Numeral adjective Only a few people were invited to Sara’s party.

Proper adjective Muslims live in brotherhood.

Demonstrative adjective The coffee is too bitter.

Possessive adjective Your laugh is disturbing the class.

Interrogative adjective Which classes will attend the function in the

auditorium?
 Summary: Unit 1
A time to talk

The poem “A time to talk” by Robert Frost is about the value of friendship and priorities even
while working, take the time to chat with your friend, the work will still be there when you
come back. Friends and family are very important in life. In the poem, the speaker is talking
about how if a friend comes to talk to him while he is busy doing something, he will put down
whatever he is doing and talk to him. It is imperative for people to realize that when they
ignore their friends in order to finish the work they are doing, the work may seem unavoidable
to them right now. But in a few days or months, they will have forgotten about it. However, if
they keep ignoring their friends, they may lose their friends forever. And by that time, it will be
too late. Maintaining friendship holds a lot of importance.
Every day it happens
Poet tell us about a student who is bullied by others everyday in school. It can cause long-term
problems for both the victims of bullying and the bullies themselves. Bullying in school has
negative impacts on individual students and on the school climate as a whole. Bullying behavior
includes tearing, threatening, hitting, stealing etc. The victims of bullying are often anxious,
insecure, and have low self esteem. So in a nutshell we can say that it is the worst horror. It
should be avoided.
Do it anyway

This poem is originally written by Kent M. Keith. The poet says that people always think about
themselves. They are illogical, unreasonable and only declare themselves right. Still, forgive
them and talk to them. Poetess emphasizes on the point that no matter whatever the
circumstances are, whatever people say we should do good deeds just for the sake of God. If
you are good with everyone and successful, people may cheat you or be a fake friend to you,
but still ignore them and continue to learn, live, and grow. If you are honest, frank, and happy,
people may feel jealous, if you spend time to make something or do something it may be
destroyed by some people but continue to grow because whatever you will do it will be
between you and God and God will acknowledge you for it.
Central ideas: Unit 1
‘’A time to talk’’
The central idea of this poem is that friendship is the essence of life.We should always have
time to talk with our friends. We may lose our friends if we ignore them, work is important but
we should never let work take the time which we spend with our family and friends.
“Every day it happens”
The central idea of the poem is the circle of everyday life. This poem talks about the feelings of
a child who has been bullied in school every day. No doubt, bulling is an issue that happens
everywhere in the world. No matter, where you live, where you go to school or how popular
you might be, you have witnessed, caused or been the victim of aggression from your peers.
“Do it anyway”
This poem tells us to be honest, nice, kind, frank and happy under all circumstances. There’ll be
people who would want to cheat on us or let us down. But all of this won't matter because God
will always acknowledge our good deeds.

Paraphrasing: Unit 1
“A time to talk”

Stanza 1:
Whenever a companion shouts out to me from the road. And slows his horse to an intentional
walk. I don’t stop and glance around. On all the high ground I haven’t weeded yet. And shout
from the place where he is working, what is it?
Stanza 2:

As there is always an occasion to talk to a friend. I push my rake in the soft ground. The blade-
end up and five feet high. I walk slowly towards the stone wall of the field to meet my friend.
For a pleasant visit.
“Every day it happens”

● Whenever I speak, another person dislikes me.

● And every time they respond rudely I must forgive them.
● Whenever I listen them, I conceal my angry comments.
● Wherever I hear them, I remove my tears silently.

● Anywhere I go, I become an unspeakable sufferer,

● Every time I try to stay out of their sight but they find me once again.
● Whenever they see me, I switch on a cheerful face.
● Whenever they abandon me, I cry.

● Each night when I sleep I dream of forgettable terrors.

● Each day I'm living I wish I wouldn’t live like this.
 “Do it anyway”
● Sometimes people are uncooperative, irrational and self-regarding. But, we must forgive
them either way.

● And if you are good, people may blame you for selfish unexpressed motives. But, be
good either way.
● On condition that you are successful, you will gain some fake friends and a few real
enemies. But you should achieve success either way.

● Supposing that you are truthful and open, people might trick you. But, be truthful and
open either way.
● And anything that will take you years to build, somebody could destroy it suddenly. But,
keep on building either way.

● And if you discover calmness and happiness, they may feel envious. But, be calm and
happy either way.
● If you do good today, people may not remember the other day. But, be good either way.
● Show the world the best you have, and it may not be much. But, show whatever you’ve
got either way.

● You'll observe that in the conclusion it is between you and God; because it was never
between you and them either way.
▪ Writing
Character description of Mother Teresa

Brainstorming Achievements

Missionaries
Biography of Charity
Year of birth Nobel Peace
Real name Prize

Appearance Place of Mother Teresa

birth
Height Personality
Facial features Faith in God
Personality
Took joy in
Energetic helping others
Confident
Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa (1910-1997), whose real name was Gonxha Agnes Bojaxhiu, was a Roman Catholic
nun who devoted her life to serving the poor and destitute around the world. She spent many
years in Calcutta, India where she founded the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation
devoted to helping those in great need. In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize and became a symbol of charitable, selfless work.
In appearance Mother Teresa was about five feet tall and energetic. Her face was quite wrinkled,
but her dark eyes commanded attention, radiating an energy and intelligence that shone without
expressing nervousness or impatience.
The whole of Mother Teresa’s life and labor bore witness to the joy of loving, the greatness and
dignity of every human person, the value of little things done faithfully and with love, and the
surpassing worth of friendship with God. Mother Teresa felt that serving others was a
fundamental principle of the teachings of Jesus Christ. Her whole life was influenced by her faith
and religion.

UNIT 2
‘ENVIRONMENT’
“Pollution”

Vocabulary

1. Write the synonyms of the following underlined words and rewrite the sentences.
a) I hate pollution.
● I dislike pollution.

b) It makes me really angry.

● It makes me really furious.
c) I think pollution is greed.
● I think pollution is avarice.
d) People don’t care about the environment so they pollute the air just to make lots of
money.
● People don’t care about the habitat so they pollute the air just to make lots of money.
 e) Big companies are the worst.
● Big companies are bad.
f) They pretend they’re not polluting.

● They act like they're not polluting.

g) Pollution affects us all.
● Pollution impacts us all.
h) We are all less healthy because of companies that pollute the air or our rivers.

● We are all unhealthy because of companies that pollute the air or our rivers.
i) Everybody needs to think about how we can reduce the amount of pollution we
create.
● Everybody needs to think about how we can cut down the amount of pollution we
create.
I) Turning off extra lights or avoiding excessive lights.
● Switching off lights we don’t need.

Comprehension checkpoint

Answer questions in detail.

1) Describe the feelings expressed by the speaker.

● The speaker feels sad, angry, frustrated, hopeful, as well as suggestive. Such
feelings are portrayed by the speaker.
2) What word was used to describe pollution?
● “Greed” was used to describe pollution. The speaker thinks that pollution should
be reduced by companies.
3) What are the claims by big companies about pollution?
● Big companies claim that they're “green”. They have the money to claim such
things.

4) List down the suggestions by the speaker to reduce the amount of pollution we create.
● Walking instead of using car.
● Turning off the use of excessive lights.
 5) In your own way, what other ways can you do in order to reduce pollution from
happening?
In our own way, we can follow the following things in order to reduce pollution:

● Less use of vehicles.

● Reuse reusable items e.g. plastic bags, bottles, boxes etc.
● Spreading awareness in the citizens.
● Planting trees.

● Taking care of personal hygiene.

Use of English

1. Rewrite each phrase as a contraction and use it in sentences.

I will I'll I'll reuse the box from now onwards.

Is not Isn't She isn’t as pretty as everyone says.

They are They're They're not my friends anymore.

You are You're You're very pretty as they say.

He will He'll He'll soon find out that his father’s death was a murder
not suicide.

Should Shouldn You shouldn’t talk badly about them

not 't

Would Wouldn' I wouldn’t be hard on her like everyone is.

not t

Should Should'v Her parents should’ve allowed her to come at her best
have e friend’s party.

We will We'll We'll not let them know that we became friends again.

Will not Won't The video of the murderer won't affect his case well.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct Present continuous tense such as “going to”, “shall”
and “will”.
 a) Big companies are going to pretend they are not polluting.
b) We will turn of the lights in the morning.
c) I shall not use excessive water while taking a shower.

d) They are going to say that they are “green company”.

e) Everybody will try to reduce the amount of pollution.
f) Obama says he’s going to do his best to help the Earth.
g) We shall not use the car when we can easily walk.

h) We shall not pollute the environment.

3. Write at least 5 statements for your honest pledge/undertaking on how you can reduce
pollution in your own capacity using 'going to', will and shall.

1. I will turn off the lights when not in use.

2. I am going to maintain my wood stove or fireplace.
3. I will buy recycled products.
4. I am going to eat organic food.
5. I shall not use plastic bags from now on.

▪ Writing
Report on what would happen to planet Earth if nobody cares about the impact of pollution on
our lives.

To,
The Commissioner,
Ministry of Climate Change,
Islamabad.

From,
The environmentalist,
Islamabad.
November 1, 2022

Subject: Impact of uncontrolled pollution on the planet

Respected Sir/Madam,

Introduction
As concerns about the state of the environment continue to escalate, politicians, governments
and businesses are all being encouraged to address the issue and reduce pollution
levels. However, there are still many parties out there who try and play down the effects of
climate change and pollution, whether it be because of misled beliefs or financial interests. I am
an environmentalist, who has visited many areas affected by pollution and would like to bring
your attention to the matter of uncontrolled pollution and its negative impacts.

Report:
Being an environmentalist, I would like to shed light on the impact of unchecked and uncontrolled
pollution on human life. Should air pollution go unchecked, we can expect our skies to become
foggier and our oxygen harder to breathe. Not only will this mean personal discomfort and hazard
but could also play havoc with agriculture. Mounting levels of CO 2 in the Earth’s atmosphere
would raise temperatures, melting the polar icecaps and raising sea levels. As well as the direct
threat to our survival this obviously poses, it would also threaten our economy. Moreover, as the
biggest (land-dwelling) fish of them all, humans are at risk of seeing the food pyramid topple
beneath them if pollution continues. Practices like fracking may even sidestep the food chain
altogether and directly contaminate our drinking water. Besides, the soil is the very foundation
upon which we stand and upon which we depend to grow all of our crops, it might be an idea to
take care of it. If unchecked, soil pollution could lead to extinction of all types of life upon planet
Earth… including us.
Conclusion
The level of pollution has reached such an extent that controlling it will be a slow process. This is
the reason why we need to take small steps to control both indoor and outdoor pollution.
Suggestions
To address this problem seriously, we, as a nation, have to take certain small steps to curb
pollution.

● Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.

● Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment.
● Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible
 ● Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible.

I hope that the matter will be dealt with intently and immediate steps will be taken to curb
pollution.

Yours sincerely,

X.Y.Z.

“Save our planet: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle”

Vocabulary

1. Find the meaning of the following words and use it in sentences.

Reuse Use again more than To conserve resources, please reuse this carrier bag.
once

Inhabitants A person or animal How many inhabitants are there in Moscow?

that lives in and
occupies a place

Purified Clean, refine. We purified the water by boiling it.

Reduce Make smaller or less in We should reduce the use of fossil fuels.
degree, amount and
size

Destruction Demolition , smashing, The destruction of the building caused a huge economic loss.
blowing up.

Obsolete No longer produced or Many people believe the Internet has made the postal service
used obsolete.

Recycle Convert (waste) into Recycling is beneficial for the environment.

reusable material

Landfills the disposal of waste All trash placed in the city’s dumpster was buried deep in the
material by burying it landfill.

Manufactur The process of making The company's manufacturing capability is quite limited.
ing something
 2. Cut apart each of the words into syllables and then try to connect the syllables to
make a new word.

Word syllables New words

industry In-dus-try Dust, try

newspapers News-pa-pers News, papers

existing Ex-is-ting Ex, next, exit

environment En-vir-on-ment Motives, inventor

purified Pu-ri-fied Fired, pride

management Man-age-ment Manage, gamete

manufacturin Man-u-fac-tu-ring Furnace, amateur

g

minerals Min-er-als Linear, mailer

encouraged En-cour-aged Assured, bright

Comprehension checkpoint

1. Choose the best answer

A. Which of the following can be recycled

a) Soda bottle b) Plastic spoon c) paper plates d) plastic

bags
B. Recycling means taking trash and creating it into new products.

a) Making b) creating c) Transforming d)

changing
C. What is the term used to describe the objects that are being washed and used again?

a) Reducing b) Recycling c) Reusing d)

Replanting
D. The following is an example of reducing:

a) Using less water when taking a shower b) bringing used paper and
newspapers to recycling Center
2. Answer the following questions.
A) What does the three R mean?
The three R’s are known as:

★ Recycling: the action or process of converting waste into reusable material.

★ Reduce: make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.

★ Reuse: use again or more than once.

B) Why should we recycle?

Recycling is a way to reduce the amount of garbage that is thrown away. The garbage is
sent to landfills, where some of it pollutes the land air. As a result of recycling, some
things that would have been thrown away are reused instead in new products.

C) What are the two types of recycling operation? Explain in your own words.
There are two types of recycling operations:
● Internal
● External

→ In internal recycling, an industry reclaims materials that are a waste product of a

manufacturing process and reuses them within the same process. Internal recycling is
common in the metals industry.
→ External recycling is the reclaiming of materials from a product that has been worn out
or rendered obsolete. An example of external recycling is the collection of old
newspapers and magazines for the manufacture of newsprint and other paper products.
D) List down the things that can be reduced, reused and recycled?
Things that can be reused, recycled and reduced:

★ Reduced

→ Compositing your veggies.

★ Reused
→ Glass jars, plastic bottles, clothes, cars etc.

★ Recycled
→ Plastic bottles: shampoo and conditioner, detergent and softener, drink, juice etc.
E) What benefits can recycling do to the environment?
 Recycling prevents global warming. By means of reprocessing, there come some energy
savings, which causes less greenhouse gas emissions and it is among the key benefits of
reprocessing.

Use of English

a) Complete the sentences with the correct form of verb.

a) They say that recycling is important in several ways. (Recycle, recycles, recycling,
recycled)
b) The inhabitants of the planet Earth are required to keep our environment clean and
safe. (Requires, required, requiring, require)
c) Before water is reused (reuse, reused , reuses) it is clean and purified (purify, purified,
purifying) at a waste water treatment plant.
d) Governments and groups that try to protect the environment have encouraged people
to recycle. (encourage, encourages, encouraged , encouraging)
e) People can reuse the existing products made from these resources. (reuse , reuses,
reused, reusing)
f) You can help by learning (learn, learns, learning, learned) about and practicing
(practice, practices, practicing, practiced)

b) Write the different verb forms of the following words and use it in sentences.

a. Infinitive protect Sentences

word

-s form protects Sunscreen for plants protects them from ultraviolet and infrared
radiations.

-ing form protecting Irha was protecting her friend from the dogs.

Past simple protected The floor was protected by newspapers.

Past protected The device was protected by patent.

participle

b. infinitive give Sentences

word
-s form gives She gives a glass full of milk to her daughter every day.

-ing form giving Amna was giving candies to little children.

Past simple gave She gave me a charming bracelet.

Past given She was given a particularly important task

participle

c. infinitive go Sentences
word

-s form goes She goes to her grandmother’s home once in a week.

-ing form going She is going to see her parents.

Past simple went She went to the market yesterday.

Past gone Ali had gone to buy groceries.

participle

• Writing
Poster on info-graphics about recycling.
“Health and Environment”

Vocabulary
Find out the meaning of the underlined words.

1. We can work individually and as groups to lessen the detrimental impact of

environmental issues.

a) Harmful b) beneficial c) alarming d) explore

2. Our plan is to stop deforestation in the world.

a) Desertification b) erosion c) logging d) all of the above

3. Our environment supports our ecosystems, allowing them to grow.

a) Environment b) habitat c) biosphere d) all of the above

4. A good immune system works as a strong force against illness.

a) Community b) resistance c) susceptible d) boost

 5. Scientists at the National institute of environmental health Sciences affirm that the
leading cause of autoimmune diseases is using pesticides.
a) Spray b) autoimmune c) insecticide d) none of the
above

Comprehension checkpoint

1. Which of these is the best summary of the passage?

a) Our well-being depends on the environment

b) Our actions impact the environment

c) Autoimmune diseases are caused by a bad environment

d) There is no correlation between the environment and the humans

2. The purpose of this passage is to bring awareness about the environment, a
correlation between humans and health......

a) To bring awareness about the environment, a correlation.................

b) To develop knowledge about food waste

c) Correct our actions to save the planet

d) Explore ways to improve living conditions

3. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect.
a) According to WHO report in 2020, approximately 3,500 children under age 5 died due to
diarrhea, caused by unsafe drinking water.

b) Our environment supports our ecosystems, allowing them to grow and thrive.
c) A bad immune system works as a strong force against illness and a good environment
plays a major role in strengthening it.

d) The reduction and abandonment of chemicals will not decrease the risk of diseases.
e) Humans are part of the environment and with over 10 billion people of the Earth, our
actions can greatly impact the environment.

f) Pollution plays a vital role in our business; be it mental or physical.

Use of English

1. Complete the ideas using the proper connectives

 a. Furthermore/therefore we can protect ourselves from waterborne diseases by
improving drinking sources.
b. However the reduction or abandonment of chemicals will not only decrease the
risk...................
c. So , taking into consideration the relationship between health and environmental
impact, it Is evident that both are interrelated.
d. Consequently, another contributing factor to a weak immune system is unsanitary
drinking water.
2. To help us in connecting ideas, use the following words in sentences.

because It is important to brush your teeth because you do not want to have a bad breath.

As a result The flight was delayed as a result of fog.

Finally After having a problem each day of the week at work, I was glad it was finally Friday

On the other I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying.
hand

Alternatively McDonald is a restaurant you can dine-in or alternatively take out via drive-thru.

afterwards I will take you to the park, but afterwards we must clean the house.
 ▪ Writing
Short dailogue
Outline
discussion between two friends on climate
change

The friends resolved the matter by what Two friends, Arif

agreeing to cause less pollution and Rakib
how
who

where why
To discuss the real cause
Arif's house behind pollution
when

At a time when a protest on

climate change was held

Dialogue
(Both friends Arif and Rakib met each other at Arif’s home. There was a protest going on in the
park opposite the street on climate change)

Rakib: (excitedly) Hey, did you see the protest on climate change in the park?
Arif: Yes, I did. Rakib, how do you think we can reduce climate change?
Rakib: We can reduce climate change by stopping the below mentioned causes, like stopping
deforestation, emitting less heat-trapping gasses to the atmosphere etc. Due to global warming
the ice caps are melting and the sea levels are rising.
As a result, various natural calamities are taking place frequently in different parts of the world.
Arif: You are right. And it is only men who are mainly responsible for all disasters around the
world.

Rakib: I also think so. Indiscriminate cutting down of trees and establishing industries on a large
scale are accelerating this climate change.
Arif: Exactly! Mankind must be serious from now. Otherwise, we will have to face a very
threatening situation.

Rakib: Let’s pledge to live responsibly and emit less pollution.

Rakib&Arif: (shouting together) Think Green, Go Green!

2. Reporting conversation

Things to remember
o Must be in past tense
o Must be in third person narrative
o Transitional devices to be used to connect the dialogues.
o Use of complex and compound sentences to knit the conversation.
o
Final Draft
Two friends Arif and Rakib met each other at Arif’s house. A protest was taking place in the park
on the opposite road on climate change and its negative impacts. The conversation between the
friends started when Arif asked Rakib how pollution could be controlled to which Rakib gave
several measures like stopping deforestation, emitting less heat-trapping gases etc that would
help curb climate change. Both the friends agreed that it is man who is solely responsible for such
destruction of the environment and that they will do all in their capacities to prevent pollution.

“Deforestation”

Vocabulary

Match the words with correct definitions.

A B

Ecosystem The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a specific habitat.

Volcanic eruptions When lava and gas are released from a volcano

Soil erosion The process through which things erode, break or eventually deteriorate.

Global warming An increase in the average temperature of the Earth s atmosphere

throughout time.

Illegal logging Cutting down trees, transferring them, or exploiting their products.

Overgrazing Livestock eats on pasture, depleting mature wildlife.

Bio diversity A biological community comprising interacting organisms and their physical
environment.

Comprehension checkpoint
1. Answer the following questions.

a) What are the most important causes of deforestation?

The most important causes of deforestation are:
1. INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE
2. TIMBER LOGGING

3. MINING
4. EXPANSION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
5. CLIMATE CHANGE
b) How does deforestation affect the environment?

Deforestation affects the environment in the following ways:

⮚ It is estimated that in 100 years time there won’t be any rainforests on earth anymore.

⮚ The loss of Biodiversity.

⮚ One and a half acres of forest is cut down every second.

⮚ The rate of deforestation equals to a loss of 20 football fields every minute.

⮚ Up to 28,000 species are expected to become extinct by the next quarter of the century
due to deforestation.

⮚ Deforestation affects water cycle.

c) What is the role of individuals to control deforestation?
As an individual we can do the following steps to control deforestation:

⮚ Consuming Less and More Consciously.

⮚ Leaving Fossil Fuels and Palm Oil Behind.

⮚ Lead by Example and Spread Awareness.

d) How can deforestation affect bio diversity?
 Deforestation can directly lead to biodiversity loss when animal species that live in the
trees no longer have their habitat, cannot relocate, and therefore become extinct.
Deforestation can lead certain tree species to permanently disappear, which affects
biodiversity of plant species in an environment.
e) What role can the government or other administrative authorities play to control
deforestation?
Government is focusing on large scale “afforestation”. Since June 2015, the “Billion tree
tsunami” project has been striving to save Pakistan’s forests in two ways: to prevent
future deforestation and to repair past harm by planting saplings. 250 million saplings
have been planted in KP in the last year, greatly exceeding the average annual count of
20 million.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

a. Only 18% percent of the world’s forests are protected against destruction.
b. Every minute, 2400 trees are felled.
c. Every year, around 50,000 species (including plants, animals, and insects) are lost due to
deforestation.

d. Forests act as carbon sinks by absorbing atmospheric CO2 during photosynthesis.

e. Forests cover 31 percent of the Earth’s surface or around 4.06 million hectares of forest
were lost each year, representing a 22.58 percent decrease from 1990 to 2010.
Active Voice and Passive Voice.

1. Identify the following sentences as active voice or passive voice.

Answers :
A. Passive voice.
B. Active voice.

C. Active voice.
D. Passive voice.
2. Change the following sentences from active to passive.
Answers

1. Deforestation is affected by agriculture and cattle grazing.

2. The soil bedrock is attached by tree roots.
 3. The extent of erosion can be amplified by floods.
4. Sloped terrain deforestation is frequently associated with landslides.
3. Underline the correct option to complete the sentence.

Answers :
1. Protect
2. Caused
3. Kill

4. Start
Read the cause and write an effect. Then, write one full sentence that states the cause and
effect.

Cause a. People are cutting the trees.

Effect There will be flood everywhere.

Sentence There were flood everywhere due to people cutting the trees.

Cause b. people are dumping trash everywhere.

Effect Garbage everywhere, growing diseases.

Sentence In cities diseases are growing due to the garbage everywhere.

Cause c. Toxic waste was dumped in seas /rivers/streams.

Effect Pollutes marine life and kills sea mammals, corals, and fish.

Sentence Improperly disposed chemicals pollute marine life and kills sea mammals.

Cause d. more people are using polythene bags.

Effect Deadly waste in landfills and the oceans.

Sentence Plastic bags start out as fossil fuels and end up as deadly waste in landfills and the
ocean.
Cause e. many cars are releasing carbon monoxide.

Effect Reduction of oxygen in-take by man.

Sentence Breathing in CO can cause headaches, respiratory problems, and even death if
inhaled in large quantities.

▪ Writing

News Report

HEAT WAVES DRIVEN BY CLIMATE CHANGE

Measures protecting people on hottest days needed now, especially in low-income nations

Date: October 28, 2022

Source: Dartmouth College

Report:
The environment plays a significant role to support life on earth. However, there are some
issues that are causing damage to life and the ecosystem of the earth. It is related to not
only environment but everyone that lives on the planet. Besides, its main source
is pollution, global warming, greenhouse gas, and many others. The everyday activities of
humans are constantly degrading the quality of the environment, which ultimately results
in the loss of survival condition from the earth .Human beings and their greed are the
ultimate cause of all the environmental issue.
Some of the ways of minimizing environmental threats are reforestation and the three
R’s principle including reuse, recycle and reduce. If all humans contribute equally to the
environment then this issue can be curbed. The natural balance can once again be
restored.
Unit#3 Travel and Tourism
Pg: 55:
Vocabulary:
Try to pronounce the words and find their meanings from the dictionary and write
them in the table below.

Passion Strong and barely controllable emotion

Interact Communicate or be involved directly

Sufism The mystical system of the Sufis

Mystical Inspiring a sense of spiritual mystery, awe, and

fascination.

Appreciate Recognize the full worth of.

Perspective A point of view

Listen to the text again and match the following.

Column A Column B Column C

A. Travelling is a great A. And it’s great to explore A-E

way new and exciting places.

B. When you travel, you B. To get to the beach area. B-A

expose yourself

C. One of my travels C. You to move to another C-G

country
 D. The world we live in D. And what that means is that D-F
today when we travel we learn to
appreciate our home more.

E. Travelling might just E. To interact with a culture E-C

persuade which might be completely
different from yours.

F. We took the wrong bus F.Very global and F-B

international

G. Travelling is the G. I met an Iranian G-D

realization of home, philosopher

Pg 57:

Vocabulary:
Match the types of tourism with its definition, write an example and match it
too. One has been done for you.

Type of tourism Definition Answer Example

A.Ecotourism 1)to visit holy places A-6 camping

B.International 2)to explore risky B-7 sightseeing

tourism areas and go on for
extreme activities

C.Cultural tourism 3)to explore the C-5 traveling to a festival

beauty of your own
country

D. Religious tourism 4) to take a trip for D-1 Muslims performing

higher studies hajj
E.Recreational 5) to learn about the E-9 Dinning in a
tourism history, lifestyle and restaurant
culture of a particular
place.

F. Domestic tourism 6) to take responsible F-3 A resident of

trips to protect natural Islamabad visiting
environments. Faisal Mosque

G. Edutourism 7)visit other countries G-4 doing a cooking

to visit famous tourist course in a foreign
spots. institute

F. Adventure Tourism 8)to visit a place just F-2 hiking

to relax or have fun

Pg: 58:
Read the given statements and encircle the correct option.
1)A passport is
a) A bank document
b) b) a tour guide book
c) a booklet issued by government

2) Tourism is
a) going for a walk
b) traveling to places where you do not live
c) going to watch a match in your city

3) Religious tourism is about

a) visiting a historical place
b) visiting a holy place
 c) Visiting to another country for sightseeing

4) Some tourists do not travel by airplane because

a) the travel is very expensive
b) they are afraid
c) airplanes use a great deal of fuel which is harmful for the environment

5) A travel agency
a) A company that arranges food
b) A company that organizes an event
c) A company that arranges for your travel

Comprehension Checkpoint:
1. Why do people travel?
There can be different reasons due to which an individual may choose to travel. Primarily, people
tend to travel on a daily basis by going to schools or offices, visiting friends and taking day trips
shopping. Furthermore, they might travel for business trips or just for the purpose of seeing the
beautiful sights of the world. Lastly, some people seem to be curious about different cultures,
cuisines and civilizations for which they tend to opt for traveling for the sole purpose of exploring
them.

2. Tourism has many forms. Describe the two main types in detail.
The two important types of tourism are religious tourism and edutourism. Religious tourism is the
type of tourism where people go to their holy places for religious practices or just to visit them.
Muslims going to Makkah to perform Hajj can be taken as an example of religious tourism.
Edutourism, on the other hand, is the type of tourism that is educational, people take a trip for
higher studies for the purpose of formal and informal education. An individual taking a trip to a
foreign country to attain a Master's degree can be noted as an example of edutourism.

3. How can tourism boost a country’s economy?

Travelers all around the world tend to invest their money in a country they are traveling to, which
will ultimately benefit the country's economy. Moreover, tourism offers many jobs to people which
leads to economic stability. As many businesses like the transport, restaurants and attraction
industries emerge due to tourism, each industry offers many jobs to the locals which ultimately
contributes to boosting a country's economy.

4. What is meant by ecotourism? Why do people in many countries

promote this type of tourism?
Ecotourism is the type of tourism that aims to minimize the impact brought about by tourism on
the environment. In addition, people in many countries promote this type of tourism because they
want to be sure that the tours do not harm their natural environment.

5. Edutourism is specifically for educational purposes. Can you come up with activities that
are involved in this type of tourism?

Primarily, School trips that are arranged for educational purposes can be taken as an activity that
can be included in edutourism. Moreover, the attempt to take a trip for higher studies can be taken
as another activity that can come under edutourism.

6. How are countries improving their infrastructure to promote tourism? Research.

The development of tourism and infrastructure in a country both go hand in hand for the promotion
of tourism and ensuring that our country becomes one of the top tourist destinations. It is important
to develop facilities such as transportation facilities, healthcare facilities, water management
facilities, waste management facilities, recreational facilities etc. Accessibility to the
aforementioned facilities is the key factor in creating the impression among tourists. Hence,, the
development of a place for tourism also helps in boosting the economy of the locality and also
affects the development of the whole country

Pg 60:
Pick the phrasal verb given in the box and complete the passage given below.
drop off check in check out set out Take off Get in get away
Get on speed up look around hurry up back see off look
forward
The day I left for Malaysia my family dropped me off. We had breakfast on the airport but we
had to hurry up so that I wouldn't miss my flight. It was a teary goodbye, I was looking forward
to new experiences in Malaysia. After I got in the plane I made myself comfortable and sent a
few last minute goodbye text messages. I thought of how much I wanted this holiday and that I
just needed to get away from it all. A short while later the pilot announced that all electronics were
to be switched off, for we were preparing to take off. As the plane was speeding up on the runway
I sat back and took pleasure in brute force and strength of the momentum the plane was creating
to lift itself up from the ground. When our plane landed at KL international Airport (KLIA) there
was already a taxi waiting to get me in. The taxi dropped me off at the hotel where I would meet
up with my friends. After I checked in to the hotel we all went to view the twin towers along with
the shopping mall, where we set out for the rest of the day. The next morning we checked out
after breakfast, rented a car and set out on a cross-country road trip. It would be another 3 months
before I would be back home.
Page no. 61
Travel Brochure

Pg 64:
Read the words given in the box and find their meanings from the dictionary and write them
in the space given below.
destination transportation pamphlet accommodation. restaurants
attraction reservation subways underground
A)Destination
The place to which someone or something is going or being sent.
B) transportation
The action of transporting someone or something or the process of being transported.
C) pamplet
A small booklet or leaflet containing information or arguments about a single subject.
D) accommodation
A room, group of rooms, or building in which someone may live or stay.
E) restaurants
A place where people pay to sit and eat meals that are cooked and served on the premises.
F) attractions
A place which draws visitors by providing something of interest or pleasure.
G) reservation
The action of reserving something.
H) subway
An underground railway.
I)Underground
Beneath the surface of the earth

Pg 65
Comprehension Checkpoint
1) How many travelers arrive at various destinations across the world every year.
25 million international tourists is the estimated figure determined by The United Nations World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

2) Which services and businesses are attached to the tourism industry? Why do you
think that each one of them is important?
The services and businesses attached to tourism are transportation, accommodation, food and
attraction. Moreover, each one of these businesses are important because they offer jobs to people
which leads to economic stability of the country.
 3) What kind of accommodation offers breakfast, lunch and dinner?
Hotels tend to range from budget to luxurious in regard to the accommodation they are offering.
The luxurious ones most likely offer breakfast, lunch and dinner?
4) The components and businesses attached to tourism offer many jobs to people which
leads to economic stability. Given below is a table with each business. List down the
jobs each of these businesses offer.
Industry Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4
Accommodation/hot Receptioni Cook Watchma Cleaning
el st n attendant
Transport Driver Conducto Material Attendant
r handler
Restaurants Chef Watchma Waiter Manager
n
Attractions Salesman Tour Corporate Event
guide travel planner
guide

Read the sentences and correct them by adding “has” or “have”

1. Tourism (became) a multibillion dollar business.
Tourism has became a multibillion dollar business.
2. Ayesha and I (know) each other since we were at school together.
Ayesha and I have known each other since we were at school together.
3. I (play) tennis since I was eight years old.
I have played tennis since I was eight years old.
4. Ali (be) in hospital three times this years.
Ali has been in hospital three times this years.
5. You (have) that suit for more then ten years! Isn’t it time to get a new one?
You have had that suit for more then ten years! Isn’t it time to get a new one.
6. Since he finished university, my brother (work) in five different countries.
Since he finished university, my brother has worked in five different countries.
7. Zara (watch) that T.V programme every week since it started.
 Zara has watched that TV programme every week since it started.

Page no. 56
Paragraph Writing
Outline

Why I love travelling Swat Valley

Paragraph 2 Ushu Forest

Paragraph 1
(Places I would

Travelling in Pakistan love to visit) Attabad Lake

Pakistan’s natural beauty

Traveling
Travelling is one of the best ways to get away from the daily hustle-bustle. It gives me time
and space to enjoy my passions and lets me spend some time with my family as well. There
are an endless number of perfect natural (and man-made) sights to see in Pakistan. Pakistan
is an absolutely stunning country. It has famous mountain peaks, emerald-green and
turquoise-blue valleys and deserts filled with remnants of ancient civilization.

Firstly, I would like to visit the Swat Valley. Though it has had a rough past, the present and
future of Swat Valley are shining very bright. This stunning valley in the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan is something straight out of a fairy tale. In addition, Ushu
forest is a well-preserved forest full of deodar trees and is a fabulous place to get lost. The
road that leads into the forest continues on to several villages set along the Kalam
River. Lastly, I would like to visit Attabad Lake. It is a lake that does not look real. Its bright-
blue turquoise waters make it one of the most beautiful places in Pakistan. A legend of a fairy
is associated with the lake, which makes it even more interesting to visit.

Pg 68:
 Answer the following questions.
1) In the beginning, the article talks about the diverse beauty of the Pakistani landscape.
For Example, Mohin-jo-Daro represents the ancient Indus River civilization. Can you
name others and give reasons for their popularity.
There are plenty of places that show the beauty of Pakistan. Primarily, Abbottabad lake can
be regarded as one of the most beautiful lakes in Pakistan. Formed by a tragic 2010 landslide,
Abbottabad Lake slices through the rocky mountain foothills of the Hunza Valley.
Furthermore, one of the best places that travelers should have in their list while traveling to
Hunza Valley are Rakaposhi because it is the tallest free standing mountain in the world 20000
feet from base to top.
2) Pakistan offers some amazing sightseeing places but they are still undiscovered. Why
do you think tourism is neglected? Give at least 3 reasons for your answers.
Some of the amazing sightseeing places are neglected by tourists due three main reasons.
Primarily, the infrastructure of a region can effect tourism. Secondly, terrorism is also one of the
main reasons due to which tourist tend to neglect a certain place. Lastly, inflation is also a main
reason due to which tourism can be effected in a region.

3) Why is Deosai National Park known as the “Land of Giants”?

Deosai National Park is known as the “Land of Giants” because mountains covered with snow can
be seen rising from the alpine plateau of Deosai National Park.
4) What measures can be taken to improve tourism in Pakistan?
There are several measures the government can take to improve tourism in Pakistan. Primarily, the
infrastructure of many undiscovered regions must be focused on. Moreover, security must be
affirmed to the tourist as they might not prefer traveling to Pakistan due to security issues. Lastly,
hotels and cafes should be built in the remote places of a region that are undiscovered.
5) What are Makran Coast and Hingol National Park known for?
Makran Coast and Hingol National Park are known for their diverse wild-Sindh leopards,
chinkaras, honey badgers and indian pangiolins.
6) Pakistan is the home to many glaciers other than Baltoro Glacier. Research and come
up with a list of as many glaciers as you can.
There are a number of glaciers in Pakistan including Baltoro Glacier, Baifo Glacier, Batura Glacier
and Hispar Glacier etc.

Pg 70:
The following complex sentence is taken from the article; ‘Pakistan’s most wild and beautiful
places’. Rewrite the sentences by changing it into simple sentence.
Known as “Land of the Giants “, a backdrop of snow-dusted mountains rises from the alpine
plateau of Deosai National Park. Each spring, the lush valley is swept by wildflowers and
rare butterflies, earning the name “Summer Palace “ by locals, who enjoy the wildlife after
winter’s thaw.
Simple Sentences.
There is a backdrop of snow dusted mountains rising from the alpine plateau of Deosai National
Park called the “Land of the Giants”. The lush valley is swept by wildflowers and rare butterflies
every spring named as “Summer’s Palace” by the locals.
Pg 71:
Writing Interrogative sentence
Suppose you want to visit the Northern areas of Pakistan you have consulted a company
which offers tourism services. Write ten interrogative sentences which you will ask its
representatives to get maximum information about the nature of the trip including details
about mode of traveling, duration of stay and cost involved.
The following are the interrogative sentences that I would ask the representatives if I was visiting
the Northern areas of Pakistan,
1) What mode of traveling are we going to opt for this trip?
2) How much time will it take to go to those Northern areas of Pakistan?
3) Will we be given lunch during our journey?
4) How much will you take for transportation?
5) Is food included in the cost of transportation or do we need to give extra charges for it?
6) Are we allowed to bring our own eatables?
7) How much will you take for a week worth of trip to the Northern areas?
8) Where are we going to stay during our trip?
9) Does your company offer any family packages?
10) Will we be given surety about our safety and security or do we need to be cautious
ourselves?
Page no. 72
Factual Recount
Mind map

Paragraph 3:
Descritption of
port

Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2:
Gwadar
Introduction of Attractions in
Gwadar Port Gwadar
Travel plan Beaches in Gwadar

Paragraph 4:
Famous cuisines in
Gwadar

Final Draft
Gwadar is the rising gem of a port city of Pakistan, which is in Balochistan province. I was
never excited about going to the sandy beaches in Pakistan but now I am more eager to see
the mesmerizing sunsets on the Gwadar beach. Now a days people make trips to Gwadar,
with or without tour operators who are offering economical value trips to northern areas
and Gwadar too. The trip to Gwadar was completely chalked on our own. It might be a long
haul but a few hours of travelling is nothing for a person like me who likes to travel. Rising
waves and breath taking views took away all the fatigue of our journey.

When it comes to natural beauty, Gwadar has its own unmatchable place. One of the biggest
reasons for this attraction is Gwadar beaches. The beaches are so mesmerizing that they
seem no less than the beaches of Maldives and Thailand. Gwadar port is unique in that it has
two large bays. Gwadar has two hills, the Koh-e-Mehdi, and the Koh-e-Batil. It has God gifted
beautiful geography, it is a port city that has one of the deepest ports of the world, where
large ships are easily anchored.
Besides, Gwadar is famous for its port, which is one of the deepest ports. It provides a
gateway to Central Asia and the Southwest. This port is the first step for the development of
not only Pakistan but the entire region.

Every place has some special Cuisine/ delicacies to offer to its visitors; similarly Gwadar has
to offer a lot of different types of cuisines and food. It is famous for its fish catch - crabs,
prawns and Surma fish are served as a delicacy to guests. They also have some great home
made pickles and desserts that I haven’t had before. Gwadar and its beaches proved to be the
best retreats from city life for me.

Pg 75:
The following words appeared in the article ‘Underwater Railway’. Match the following words in
column A with its meaning in column.
A B C
1. Advancement A.The process of preserving a 4-A
condition or situation or the
state of being preserved
2. Tunnel B. situated, occurring, or done 6-B
beneath the surface of water.
3. Route C. A track made of steel rails 7-C
along which trains run.
4. Maintenance D. A development 1-D
5. Channels E. The outside part or 8-E
uppermost layer of something
6. Underwater F. An artificial underground 2-F
passage
7. Railway G. A length of water wider 7-G
than a strait, joining two larger
areas of water, especially two
seas.
8. Surface H.A way or course taken in 8-H
getting from a starting point to
a destination.
2. Cut apart each of the words into syllables and then try to connect the syllables to make a new
word. The first word is
Word Syllables New words
Destination Des/ti /na/ tion Nation
Surface Sur /face Face
Target Tar/ get Get
Improvement Im/ prove/ ment Prove
Artificial Ar/ ti/ fi/ cial Tea
Development De/ ve/ lop/ ment Develop
Situation Situa/ ion Situate
Railway Rail/ way Way
Started Start/ ed Start
System Sys/ tem Stem

Pg 76:
Comprehension Checkpoint:
1. Identify the tunnel being described in the statements
This trail tunnel was a dream of a sultan, around 150 years ago.
Marmary
2. This is a railway tunnel of Japan, which was considered as the longest and deepest rail
tunnel of the world.
Seikan
3. This is an inter-country train tunnel connecting England with Europe via the English
Channel.
The Channel Tunnel
4. This underwater sea tunnel reaches to a whooping depth of 2300m. The route connects
Zurich with Milan and the trains cover 57 km underwater in just 20 minutes.
Gothard Base Tunnel
 5. This is one of the oldest underwater tunnels in the world, built in 1843.
Thames Tunnel

2. Complete the fact file about the Underwater Railways.

Fact file Thames Gotthard The Seikan Marmara
Tunnel Base Channel Tunnel y
Tunnel Tunnel
Location London Connects Connects Japan Connects
Zurich with England the
Milan with Europe western
and
eastern
Istanbul
Built 1843 2016 19th century 1998 2004
Stretches 0.4 km Depth of 37.9 km Depth of 190m
2300m 140m below sea
level
Special Oldest Route World’s Longest Connects
features underwater connects longest and two
tunnel in the Zurich with undersea deepest continents
world. Milan tunnel rail tunnel
in the
world
Others Interesting If lined Mini-island Route It was a
tourist horizontally had been connects dream of
attraction , the cables constructed Aomori sultan
would in the middle Prefecture around
stretch of the with 150 years
between channel for Hokkaido ago
Madrid and maintenance Island
Mascow purposes

A. Write “C” if the statement is a clause and “S” if it is a sentence.

a. The engineering advancement of building Tunnels. Sentence
b. Transportation started in the 19th century by English engineers. Clause
 c. The first proposed underground system was the London Subway Network.
Sentence
d. Historically, the first tunnel was built in Kibblesworth in 1855. Clause
e. As a test tunnel before their project in London. Clause
f. This tunnel was built for the usage of horse carriage but it was turned into a railway
tunnel under the Thames River. Sentence

Pg 78:
A. rewrite the following simple sentences into compound sentences using and, or, but, so, yet,
nor, for.

Simple Sentences Compound Sentence

● The first underwater The first underwater
railway tunnel was railway tunnel was 396m long
396m long so It was located 23 meter
under river surface
● It was located 23 meter
under river surface

● The tunnel was built The tunnel was built for the
for the usage of horse usage of horse carriage but It
carriage was turned into railway tunnel
under the Thames
● It was turned into
railway tunnel under
the Thames

● This is a railway This is a railway tunnel of

tunnel of Japan Japan
● It was considered as and It was considered as the
the longest and longest and deepest rail
deepest rail
 ● Today, it is one of the Today, it is one of the most
most significant train routes of significant train routes of
London London for An interesting
tourist.
● An interesting tourist

● This train tunnel was a This train tunnel was a dream

dream of a sultan of a sultan for around 150
years ago
● Around 150 years ago

Page no. 78
Essay on Importance of Underwater Railways
Brainstorming

Paragraph 1:
What is it… why are they built
Paragraph 2:
Advantages: rapid… unobstructed… avoid troubling traffic…safe in times of
conflict…best alternative in congested areas
Paragraph 3:
Disadvantages: high cost…skilled labor required…construction duration is
high…specialized equipment
Paragraph 4:
Conclusion: technological advancements… underwater railway is a step further
Final Draft
An underwater tunnel is a tunnel, which is partly or wholly constructed under the sea or a
river. They are often used where building a bridge or operating a ferry link is unviable, or to
provide competition or relief for existing bridges or ferry links.

They are underground artificial passages, which are constructed without disturbing the
ground surface. Shedding light on its advantages, tunnels allow rapid and unobstructed
transport facilities in big congested cities. Besides, they avoid troubling to surface life and
traffic during construction. Moreover, underwater tunnels protect the system from
destruction due to bombarding during wartime. In the most congested urban area,
underground railways or highways is the best alternative to provide means of
transportation.

Coming to the disadvantages of underwater railways, their initial cost of tunnel construction
is very high. Moreover, tunnel construction requires skilled labour and technical supervision
of high order. Besides, the construction duration of tunnels is more than bridges or open
cuts. Lastly, its construction requires advanced and specialized equipment.

Technological developments have seen the transport industry introduce many new
impressive fuel types, touch less technology, robot helpers, and autonomous vehicles.
However, the world has pushed advancements one step further with the construction of
underwater railways.

UNIT # 04
Literature and Poetry

Q- Give the synonyms and antonyms of the following words and use them in your own
sentences:

Words Synonyms Antonyms

1. Befriends - patronize - block
2. Contaminated- deteriorated- clean
3. Exhausting - tiresome - easy
4. Reunited - collected - dispersed
5. Wandered - roamed - stayed
6. Mercilessly - fiercely - kindly
7. Betterment - progress - decline

Words Sentences
1. Befriends - We are willing to befriend weak and poor.
2. Contaminated - The water we drank, was contaminated.
3. Exhausting - It had been an exhausting day.
4. Reunited - The children were finally reunited with their families.
5. Wandered - He wandered aimlessly in the streets.
6. Mercilessly - He teased his sister mercilessly.
7. Betterment - We should work together for the betterment of the society.

Comprehension Checkpoint
1.Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the setting of the story?

The story took place in Southern Sudan in 1985 and 2008.Both times the setting was dry
and dangerous(thorns for Nya and war for Salva).
(b) Who helped Salva to get to the refugee camp in Kenya?
No one helped Salva, infact he led a group of 1500 boys to reach refugee camp in Kenya.

( c ) Share the most challenging aspect of Salva’s life.

Salva had to go through many challenges but the most challenging aspect of Salva’s life was
when he got separated from his family.
(d) When did Salva’s “long walk” start in the story?
Salva’s long walk started when he joined village residents to find a refugee camp.

(e) How would you feel living in a camp? Explain.

If I would be living in a camp, I might be very uncomfortable because life in a refugee camp
includes overcrowding, lack of food and sanitary methods.
(f) Can you list at least three traits you like about Salva Dut ? Explain your answer.

I like the bravery, helpfulness and steadfastness of Salva Dut. Being separated from his
family and at one point even witnessing the murder of his own uncle, he still manages to
summon the courage to carry on and the strength to survive.
(g) Do you think the story would have ended differently, if it happened in 2020?

If it happened in 2020, the problem wouldn’t be prolonged for so long and people wouldn’t
have to face so many hardships, because it’s the era of technology and advancement.
(h) In your life journey who inspired you the most?
Abdul Sattar Edhi has inspired me the most. He was known for spending his life ,helping
others. His actions taught us to go work selflessly for the betterment of needy people.
2- Read these two questions and discuss in groups.
 (a ) How are two characters different? Compare and contrast.
Salva had to go through much harder situations and places to get what he wants rather than
Nya, who had her dreams and grants came to her.

(b) What do you think the author included different time periods in the novel? What can be
learned from this style of writing?
The author included different time periods in the novel to show that in the early times
people had to face immense hardships as compared to the present time. This writing style
teaches us perseverance and hope, that are key to success and survival.

Q- Read the paragraph below and underline the pronoun.

The group finally reached the Nile River and attempted to cross it- Everyone can cross to an
island of fishermen by building boats out of reeds. The refugees enjoyed more food here
after the mind numbing hunger they had for months. Afterwards, they proceed on their
journey to Ethopio . The next phase of Salva's, journey was the hardest of all- The group
must cross the Akobo desert, which will take approximately three days. Midway through
their journey they encountered some people who were near death from dehydration-
Some of the men from the group gave their water to them, hence saving their lives- Salva
was amazed at their generosity.
Q- Identify and write the type of pronoun used in the paragraph
Pronouns Types

1.It object pronoun

2 They subject pronoun
3.Their possessive pronoun
4. Everyone indefinite pronoun

5. Which relative pronoun

6. Who relative pronoun
7. Some indefinite pronoun
8. All indefinite pronoun

Q- Fill in the blanks with suitable pronoun.

a She goes far away to fetch water for her family from the large pond, which is located miles
away from her village.
b. It is exhausting but her family depends on her, moreover, the water is contaminated which is
a source of illness for people.
c. One day she witnessed the villagers start clearing land in the center of the village for
construction.
d. At first she doesn’t understand what the men are building.
e. As the months go by, she learns that it is a well that will provide clean water to the village
people.

Q- Write down the correct pronouns using the reference and rewrite the sentences.
1. I like him but he doesn’t like me.
2. He gave her a rose and she gave him a tulip.
3. They visited us but we couldn’t host them.
4. I don’t like him but he is my brother in law
5. Anna is our friend.
Q- Make sentences of the following pronouns as subjective, objective or possessive.
Pronouns Sentences

1 Them(objective) You should teach them to respect elders.

2. Hers (possessive) Do you have any letter of hers?
3. This(subjective) This is the most interesting thing I have ever seen.
4. Me (objective) This bag belongs to me.

5. Those( subjective) Those monkeys were naughty.

Q- Write a dialogue between two friends discussing about the recent cricket match. Use all
types of pronouns accordingly.

Sana: Hello Amna! How did you enjoy the match between Pakistan and India?
Amna: It was a great match. Both the teams played well.
Sana: Yes, but our players played very well indeed.
Amna: Specially, Babar Azam’s captaincy was a good one.

Sana: He played very well but he was a little bit slow in scoring runs.
Amna: He was slow because the partner players were not supporting him.
Sana: That’s right. Naseem Shah’s bowling saved our team and our team won the match with a
big difference of scores.
Amna: However, we enjoyed the match very much.

Sana: Amna I’m getting late ,I have to go now.

Amna: It was nice to meet you Sana. Take care. Bye!
Sana: Same here. Bye!

WRITING
Character sketch
Write a character sketch. Create a strong mental image of the character including how the
person talks, acts and thinks. The steps below will guide you in writing.
Step 1. Write as many adjectives as you can to describe the character.
Intelligent, good, smart, pretty, positive, loving, caring, courageous, bold, trustworthy,
confident, sincere.
Step 2. Consider the following about your character as you prepare to write the character
sketch.
● Gender: female
● Age and name: Amna, 11 years
● Appearance: Dark and skinny
● Physical and personal strengths and weaknesses: Strong and resolute
● Like and dislikes: Likes to help others, dislikes lying
● Feelings and behaviors toward the characters: positive, loving and caring
● Feelings of other characters towards the character: She is liked by most people.
● Feelings of character towards himself/herself: She is confident and feels strong,
doesn’t pity herself.
● Personality at the beginning of the novel: Simple, kind and positive girl with a dream to
make a change in the world.
● Changes in personality as story progresses: Becomes brave and stronger after facing
different challenges and becomes more steadfast on fulfilling her dream.
● Your opinion about the character: She is the main character of the novel who does not
surrender and faces every difficulty bravely and courageously.
Step 3. Start your writing.
 Amna is an 11-year-old girl living in a small town near Lahore. She is a very intelligent and
strong girl. She is smart and good in her studies. She thinks positively about others and
herself too. She never hurts anyone’s feelings and takes care of people around her. She is
loved by her family and friends because of her nature and kind attitude. She is very
courageous, bold, and always willing to help others. She is determined, focused and
trustworthy. She has a dream of making education accessible for every kid in her small
town. She goes through a lot of challenges and difficulties to make this dream come true.
She believed in her dream and never lost hope. Her steadfastness and courage made a very
difficult task possible and her dream finally came true when a NGO agreed on opening up a
school in her village. She is a very confident and sincere girl.
A FAR AWAY VILLAGE

1- Using your dictionary, give two meanings of the following words and use it in
sentences.

Homograph Meaning Sentences

Tick Clicking • I could hear the clock
Mark ticking.
• Just tick the
appropriate box
below
Light Illuminates • Ali please switch on
Opposite to heavy the lights.
• You can hold this bag,
it is really light.
Dream Fantasy • I saw a dream last
night that I was in a
Vision
fairyland.
• Pakistan was a dream
that Quaid-e-Azam
saw.
Alive Living • The patient was
Lively barely alive.
• Hira is a very alive girl.
Darkness Absence of light • It's going to be
Gloomy another two hours of
darkness due to the
power breakout.
• You could not banish
the forces of darkness
from the future.
 Fire Dismiss • Alizeh got fired by her
Shoot boss because of her
attitude and bad
behavior.
• She fired the arms at
the target.
Spread Layout • I spread a towel on
To grow the sand and sat
down.
• She stood at the
window looking at the
town spread out
below

COMPREHENSION CHECKPOINT:
Answer the following questions

a) What is the central idea of the poem?

The poet escorts the reader to an unnamed and undated village where he grew up. In
the poem he recalls the beautiful memories of his childhood and his family home using
wonderful poetic words which gives both feeling of nostalgia and melancholy. Childhood
memories come flushing and gushing back in this poem as the poet uses imagery and
metaphors to make it more remarkable for the reader.
b) What does the poet feel when he sees the broken stairs?
Broken stairs symbolizes the support the poet grot from his family in raising him up in
life but not it has been advised and is need of support.
c) What do you think symbolizes the “long abandoned house”?
It symbolizes the abandoned village life of the poet because he has now moved to the
city to a new life.
d) What do you think poet’s village becomes dark “even before evening”? What does the
darkness symbolize? Do you think it is associated with life far away from that of
science and technology?
The darkness symbolizes the life close to nature and far away from science and
technology as in village without electricity life becomes dark even before its night tine.
e) What does it reflect about the routine of the inhabitants? How will you find the life in
the poet’s village as compared to the one in cities?
It reflects the routine of the inhabitants. The villager’s day starts with the rising of the
sun and ends even before the sun sets. Whereas the city life does not entirely depends
on the rising and setting of the sun.
f) In your opinion what does the “dim trembling light of lanterns” reflect? What can be
its symbolic meaning?
 In my opinion the dim trembling light of lanterns reflect the coming of good days in
poet’s life. It symbolizes hope that this hard work will pay off and the poet will get to
see bright days in his life as he is working hard in the given resources to succeed.
g) While studying in the lantern light the poet “had seen the dreams of” his “good days”.
Did the poet’s dream came true? Can you feel the level of poets struggle for achieving
his dream?
Yes, the poets dream did come true but it didn’t come easy. The poet worked really hard
and made many sacrifices to be where he is in life now.

USE OF ENGLISH
1-Read the poem and discuss with your classmate the following Figures of speech.
a) Identifying metaphor
In this poem “fire beetles” are used metaphorically, which are still burning and belong
to poets early childhood. What do you think they stand for?
They stand as a symbol of hope, dream and a melancholic remembrance of an inner
child in all of us.

b) Identifying alliteration
Read the poem and pick out the instances of alliteration from it.
Discuss what is the effect of alliteration on the readers mind?
● Tick tacking.
● Fading far, far away.
Alliteration is striking and memorable for the reader. It injects mood and emotion into
the poem.
c) Identifying personification
The poem also depicts the instances of personification. Under line the personifications
used in it.
Discuss how does the use of personification affect the meaning?
How does it affect the mind of the readers?
● Bowed staircase breathing its last
Personification adds life, energy and an element of reliability to things that would
otherwise be lifeless. It affects the mind of the reader by making a poem more
prominent and remarkable.
d) Interpreting similes
Read through the poem and pick up similes appearing in the text.
Decide what the object of comparison is and what is being compared.
How this act of comparison is deepening the meaning?
 ● Long abandoned house like a rapier tucked into the breast of silence
Long abandoned house is the object of comparison and it is being compared to a
rapier tucked into the breast of silence.
This comparison deepens the meaning by showing that the house is useless and
silent now just like a sword is when it is tucked in and not being used.
e) Understanding and analyzing imagery
Imagery is the “use of language to represent objects, actions, feelings, thoughts, ideas,
state of mind and any sensory or extra-sensory experience.”
Read through the poem and pick up the phrases, and expressions which appeal to any
of these senses and thus by appealing the senses appeal to the readers’ emotions.
● Lisping words that fell from my lips once are still alive.
● Aged, bowed staircase
● Breast of silence
2- Paraphrase of a poem. Read through the following statements carefully, the paraphrase
textual expressions from the poem.
a) In poets village the sounds seem to be something like soft snow melting and mixing up
with liquid water which he depicted by synthesizing multiple images.
Thinking of the harnessing bells all are blended into one silent tune to be drowned into
the dark lake of night.
b) In his old deserted home there is something which symbolizes support, the poet got
from his family in raising him up in life but now it has been advised and is in need of
support.
Bowed staircase that’s breathing its last symbolizes the support the poet got from his
family in raising him up.
c) The post describes the place where his village is. According to his description, his
village is where dreams and desires become tangible and are throbbing with life.
Very far away is my village where I saw dreams of happy days ahead, although in the
light of hurricane lamps.
d) The routines of inhabitants are according to the law of nature whether they be birds
or human being.
Very far away is my village-where darkness spreads even before it is evening.

WRITING
Writing an Acrostic Poem
2- Write an acrostic poem about school.
● Think about all the things you can say about school.
● Start each line with a word that starts with the letters down the page.
● Write your poem.
 SCHOOL
Students learning new things
Classes that are interesting

Homework is that can be

Outing with friends
Lessons that are learned
3- Write an acrostic poem about your own topic.4

● Choose a topic, for example a friend, a place, or something you like to do.
● Write the letters of the word down the page.
● Think of words that describe the topic.
● Choose words that start with the letters.

WINTER:
Wind blows
Icicles get on cars
North pole
Tear off wrapping paper
Everyday wind
Ready for snow

'The Gold-Legged Frog'

(Khamsing Srinawk)

Vocabulary:
1.Some of the words from the given excerpt are mentioned below. Write their Synonyms
,Antonyms and parts of speech. The first one is done for you.
Word Synonyms Antonyms Part of speech
1.Isolated detached frequent Adjective
2.Exhausted drained energize Adjective
3.Anxious worried carefree Adjective
4.Blur unfocused clear Verb/ Noun
5.Giddiness dizziness steadiness Noun
6.Sunstroke heatstroke Wellness Noun
7.Blistered burnt cold Verb
8.Pierced making a hole connected Adjective
9.Chilly freezy heated Adjective

2.use any five of the words from the list above in your sentences keeping in view the
contextual meaning.
Words Sentences
1.Exhausted I was exhausted from today's work.
2.Anxious We experienced some anxious moments to have the results.
3.Blur Tears made her vision blur.
4.Sunstroke I was suffering from acute sunstroke.
5.Blistered His face had been blistered by the sun.

Comprehension Checkpoint:
1.Answer the following questions.
a. How is the sun described in the story?
Ans. The sun is described as harsh and torturing. Sun was burnt in a way that it was crisping
every living in the broad field.
b. The leaves of the trees are described as'dirty yellow'and his surroundings as total 'dryness’.
Which weather conditions are being described here?
Ans The weather conditions described in the story ,Early morning freezing temperature and in
the mid-day the sun was scorching hot is being observed.
c. How does Bacon highlight the importance of experience? The author has referred to the
symptoms of sun-stroke in specific words. Can you identify and described them in your own
words?
Ans: It is evident that how to cope with effects of poverty and learning has became an
important part of Nark's and his family's life. Symptoms of sunstroke are headache, dizziness,
sweating , dryskin etc .
d. What is meant by dry padded fields?
Ans: Dry paddy fields are flooded fields of cultivated lands for growing semi-aquatic crops such
as rice .
e. What kind of story 'The Gold-Legged frog' is?
Ans: This story has a third person perspective. The main character of the story is Nark, a rice
farmer with five children and with a poor economic state. He is a man who is helpless not
because he is poor but because he does not have any authority. Nark is shown as a hard
working man who is trying to get food in the paddy fields.

2.Read the following lines from the story and explain them in your own words.
a.Now and again the tall, straight, isolated sabang and paynom trees let go of some of their
dirty yellow leaves.
The author of the story is talking about the different kinds of trees on which there were some
yellow leaves and now they are falling from them because of the arrival of summers. Writer is
using imagery of 'yellow leaves' in the story.
b. The sank exhausted against a tree trunk with his dark blue shirt wet with sweat. The
expanse around him expressed total dryness. He stared at the tufts of dull grass and bits of
straw spun in a column to the sky.'
In the these lines the farmer get exhausted and he take the help of tree's trunk to stand
,because of the dryness his blue shirts was full of sweating and the grass or pieces of straw
were looking very dry and they were standing under the sky in column. Here the author has
used personification of "dull grass".
c. 'In the morning the cold had pierced his bones, but now it was so hot he felt his head
would break into bits and pieces.
In these lines author is telling us that how coldness of morning makes holes in Nark's body and
bones , how hot and dry weather of day breaks his head into pieces means he feel heat strokes
due to extreme heat.

Use of English:
1.Pick three present indefinite sentences from the essay of studies.
a. He picks the carrots and eat them.
b. It looks sweet and delicious.
c. He enjoys a lot to eat it.
2. Change them into present and indefinite tense.
a. They went to the hospital for treatment.
b. They worked very hard.
c. The whirlwind sucked up the brown earth.

Figurative Language :
4. Read the story 'The Gold-Legged Frog' again and highlight the figurative devices used in it.
Put the words in relevant boxes:
1. Imagery Feet blistered (burnt feet).
2.Illustration Two bright eyes in deep crack.
3.Metaphor Ears buzz and eyes blur .
4.Simile Bamboo thickets looking like blades of grass.
5.Comparison and Angry and weather.
contrast

Writing :
Write a narrative essay on the topic "Effects of Poverty on Human Life" by following the steps
to write an essay.
Effects of Poverty on Human life
Poverty can be defined as the condition where basic need of a family like food, shelter, clothing
and education are not fulfilled. The word 'Poverty' is derived from the Latin word pauper which
means poor. It is the condition in which many people around us do not have access to basic
human needs. Pakistan is home to almost 220 million people and according to the report, 65.5
percent population of our country earns less than 500-600 rupees per day. which clearly shows
that majority live under the poverty line. I have seen many people that are malnourished , they
drop out their kids from the schools because they cannot afford to pay the fees due to which
they are forced to work as a child labor with minimum earnings. poverty effects human life as it
can cause many social problems like theft, bribery, corruption, lawlessness, injustice etc. i have
seen many people in Pakistan dying and suffering because of poverty. It is responsibility of the
state to fulfill basic needs of its people so that a healthy and balanced society can flourish.

Reading:
1.What are your favorite stories of all the time?
Ans: My favourite stories of all the time are Tit for Tat, Friend in need is a friend indeed
2.Have you ever experienced being cheated?
Ans: Yes, I experienced it only once in my life.
3.How did you feel about it?
Ans: I feel bad and disturbed after that incident.

THE FARMER AND THE WELL

Vocabulary:
Find out the meaning of the words in the box using dictionary.Use the words to complete the
given sentence below.
Words Meanings
1.Cunning skilful
2. Distraught worried/upset
3.Courtiers attendant
4.Scheme plan
5.Emperor Ruler
a. Distraught the farmer went to the emperor to ask for justice. He explained what had
happened.
b. A farmer was looking for a water sources for his farm when he bought a well from his
cunning neighbour.
c. The emperor called on birbal, one of his nine, and wisest courtiers.
d. Realizing that his scheme had failed, the neighbour apologized and went home.
Comprehension Checkpoint:
1.What is the main gist of the story?
Ans: The main gist of the story is cheating will get you nothing. If you cheat, you'll pay soon
enough and don't try to cheat ,you'll end up paying for it regardless of how smart you think you
are(Tit for Tat).
2.Described the characters in the story and add your personal observation about each one of
the characters.
a. Farmer:
The farmer is a simple and honest man. He is hardworking, loyal and honest. He never like to
cheat or to be cheated.
b. Neighbour:
The neighbour is very cunning, greedy and dishonest man. He wants to cheat the farmer but at
the end his own scheme had failed.
c.Emperor:
Emperor is confident in his own abilities and in the people around him. And he has an ability to
provide justice to the farmer.
d.Birbal:
Birbal is a witted and clever man. H unwitted the scheme of neighbour and give well to the
farmer with his intelligence and wittyness
3.What do you think is the reason for the farmer in seeking justice from the emperor?
Ans: The farmer seek justice from the emperor because neighbour is playing trick. He wants to
cheat the farmer. Farmer is a simple and honest man. He does not like to argue with the
neighbour .So, he contacts the emperor for justice.
4.What did the emperor do to solve the problem of the farmer?
Ans: The emperor called the birbal ,one of his nine, and wisest courtiers to solve the problem
of the farmer.
5.If you were the farmer, how will you resolve the problem?
Ans: If i were the farmer, I will try to make him(neighbour) understand otherwise I'll
contact the higher authorities for justice.
6.Guess who? Find out who said the following statements.
a. I sold you the well, not the water.
Neighbour
b. Why don't you let the farmer take water from the well?"
Birbal
c. You did sell the well to the farmer?"
Birbal
d. I did sell the well to the farmer but not the water within it.'
Neighbour
e. He has no right to draw water from the well."
Neighbour
f. Look, since you sold the well, you have no right to keep the water in the farmer's well.'
 Birbal
g. Either you pay rent to the farmer, or take it out immediately.'
Birbal
7.In your own way, what other ways can you do in order to reduce.
a. I sold you the well, not my water'.
Sold well not the water.
b. Why don't you let the farmer take water from the well?"
Don't let him fetch/ take the water.
c. You did sell the well to the farmer?"
Did you sell it?
d. I did sell the well to the farmer but not the water within it.'
He has no right on the water.
e. He has no right to draw water from the well."
He has no right on the well.
f. Look, since you sold the well, you have no right to keep the water in farmer's well.'
He has no right on the well as well as on the water.
g. Either you pay rent to the farmer, or take it out immediately."
Give him rent of water.

Writing:
Pretend the story doesn't end there, predict the next story line.
what do you think will be the next move of the neighbor? What would be the poor farmer's
reaction to the neighbours plan? What would Birbal, the wisest couriters do?
After the apology of the neighbour ,the farmer who was a nice man, started sharing
water from the well with neighbour. The neighbour was impressed from the courtesy
and honesty of the farmer. The farmer befriend the neighbour and the Birbal advised them to
'Do good have good'.

Use of English:
Active Voice:
When the sentence is written in the active voice, the Subject performs the action.
Example: The emperor called Birbal (Active Voice).
Passive Voice:
When the sentence is written in the passive voice, the subject receives the action.
Example: Birbal was called by the emperor (Passive Voice).
1.Rewrite the following sentences into passive voice.
a. The farmer asked the neighbour and walked away.(Active Voice)
The neighbour was asked by the farmer and walked away.
b. He explained the situation to the emperor.(Active Voice)
 The situation was explained to the emperor by him.
c.Birbal proceede to question the neighbour.(Active Voice)
The neighbour was proceeded to question by Birbal.
d. The neighbour sold the well to the farmer.(Active Voice)
The well was sold to the farmer by the neighbour.
e. The farmer took water from the well.(Active Voice)
water was taken from the well by the farmer.

2.Decide whether the following sentences are written in the active or passive voice. Then
write the doer of the action on the line to the right. If the doer is unknown, write a question
mark(?).
Doer
a. The farmer feeds his dog.(Active voice) Farmer
b. The family went to the beach.(Active voice) Family
c. The letter was written by the Emperor.(Passive) Emperor
d. The farmer was cheated by the neighbour.(Passive) Neighbour

3.Read the sentence and cross out the phrase by...if it does not add important information.
a. English is spoken in Pakistan by Pakistani.
English is spoken in Pakistan.
b. This house was built by my father.
This house was built by my father.
c. The cricket is a game that is played by two teams of 11 players.
The cricket is played by two teams.
d. This car isn't being used by anyone.
This car isn't being used.
e. This mobile was made in China by Chinese workers.
This mobile was made in China.
f. The window was broken by tony.
Tony broke the window.
g. A new school is being built by builders.
A new school is being built .
h. Gold is found in Nigeria by people.
Gold is found in Nigeria.
i. A lot of oil is used by rich western countries.
Oil is used by rich western countries.
j. Stamps are sold in the post office by office by workers.
Stamps are sold in the post office.

Writing:
1.Create your own story with moral lessons.
Title:
A foolish monkey:
There were some fishermen on the bank of the river. They were making their nets to catch the
fish. After preparing the net, as they cast their nets into the river, many fish got caught in the
net. Seeing this, all the fishermen became very happy. They repeated the same work, but this
time they saw that there was no fish in the net, so they decided to take a break for some time
and went away from the river. Beside the river, there was a coconut tree on which a monkey
was sitting watching all the activities of those fishermen. He also thought of doing the same
work that was being done by those fishermen. As he started doing it, he got caught in the net
and started drowning in the river. When the fishermen saw some activities on the bank of the
river, they ran towards the river and saw a monkey trapped in the net. Seeing this, they pulled
that monkey out of the trap and saved his life. The story teaches us that we should never do
things that we are unaware of.
Moral: If you get yourself in something you don't understand, You may very well sorry for it.

a. Think about the story and complete the table.

1. Main characters:
Monkey and fisher man.
2. Setting:
Jungle , River.
3.Plot:
The fisher man were preparing nets for catching a fish ,a foolish monkey tried to do their work
and got caught in the net.
4.Beginning:
There were some fisherman on the bank of the river and they were preparing nets for catching
fish.
5.Middle:
There was a coconut tree on which a monkey was sitting watching all the activities of those
fishermen. He also thought of doing the same work that was being done by those fishermen. As
he started doing it, he got caught in the net and started drowning in the river. When the
fishermen saw the monkey they pulled him and saved his life.
6.End:
The story teaches us that we should never do things that we are unaware of.
b. Write your interesting story.
In my village, a shopkeeper used to sell his fruits at high prices, which brought him a lot of
profit. But, he wasn’t happy with it because he wanted to earn more. So, he thought of
wrongdoing and whenever a customer came to buy fruits from him, he cleverly reduced the
weight by 150 gms from each. Now, he was earning more money. One day my cousin came to
buy some fruits from him and he did the same to my cousin. When he got suspicious, the
shopkeeper told him that it was his illusion. My cousin went to another shop and checked the
weight of those fruits. He found that the weight of the fruits was reduced by 150 gms.
Consequently, he came back to the shop and scolded him for this dishonesty in front of other
customers, leaving him very embarrassed. Now, no one buys his fruits because of his
dishonesty.
Moral:
The story teaches us that we should always be honest about our work.
 Government of Pakistan
Federal Directorate of Education
~~~~~~

COMPUTER SCIENCE
Centralized Annual Examination
Class-VIII, 2023
0 Computer Studies-VIII
 Unit 1: ICT Fundamentals
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs

1) The connection of computer in a small geographical area is called.

✓A. LAN B. MAN C. WAN D. PAN

2) Which of the following network device transmits message intelligently to the

destination device?
A. Router ✓B. SwitchC. NIC D. Access point

3) Which technology uses laser beams to create images?

A. Artificial intelligence ✓B. 3D Holographic imaging
C. Robotics D. Distributed applications

4) Which technology provides telecommunication at high speed?

A. Virtual Reality B. Distributed application
C. Robotics ✓D. 5G

5) __________ is the link from a ground station to a satellite for communication.

A. Downlink B. Bluetooth ✓C. Uplink D. Sky-link

6) __________ is the link from a satellite to a ground station for communication.

✓A. Downlink B. Bluetooth C. Uplink D. Sky-link

7) _________ is a line-of-sight wireless communication technology.

A. Fiber Optic B. Bluetooth ✓C. Microwave D. Wi-Fi

8) _________ is a wireless technology for short range wireless interconnection

devices.
A. GPS ✓B. Bluetooth C. satellite D. LAN

1 Computer Studies-VIII
9) ____________ is a network device that is connected to a wired network and
allows communication devices to transfer data wirelessly.
✓A. Access point B. Switch
C. Router D. Network Hub

10) Li-Fi stands for

A. light Field ✓B. Light Fidelity
C. Line Field D. Line Fidelity

11) University campuses connected within city is an example of ____________

A. LAN B. WAN ✓C. MAN D. PAN

12) _________ is range of frequencies used for transmitting signals.

A. word size ✓B. bandwidth
C. Router D. Throughput

13) ________ is an entity initiating the communication.

✓A. Sender B. Receiver
C. Medium D. sink

14) CAT stands for

A. Computer Aided Translation
✓B. Computer Assisted translation
C. Computer Aimed Translator
D. Computer Assisted translator

15) The network which provides communication overs a short distance, less than
10 meters is called:
A. MAN ✓B. PAN C. VPN D. LAN

16) A network device which connects two or more LANs is called _________.
A. NIC B. Bluetooth ✓C. Router D.

2 Computer Studies-VIII
 Network Hub

1. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.

LAN WAN

1. LAN covers limited area 1. WAN cover large geographical area

2. Data transfer speed is faster 2. Data transfer speed is slow in WAN

3. LAN is inexpensive 3. WAN is expensive

4. LAN usually connected 4. WAN usually connected through

through wires. telephone lines

2. What are the benefits of using networks?

Ans: Benefits of networks:

 Computer networks are used to share hardware.
 Computer networks are used to share software.
 Networks are used to share data and programs.
 Networks are used to share single internet connection.
 Used to communicate with different people around the world.

3 Computer Studies-VIII
 3. What is the role of network switch?

Ans: Network switch:

it is a network device that allows computers in a network to connect with one
another using wired communication. It transmits the message directly to the
destination computer. It maintains a table (MAC) for forwarding data.

4. Differentiate between wired and wireless networks.

Ans:

WIRED NETWORK WIRELESS NETWORK

1. Wired required a physical path 1. Wireless does not require physical path
for transmission. for transmission.

2. Wired network is more secure 2. Wireless network is less secure

3. Wired network is faster 3. Wireless network is slower than wired

network

4. twisted pair, coaxial and fiber 4. Satellite and microwave

optic medium is used in wired
communication media is used in wireless
network.
network.

5. List different tasks that can be performed by robots?

Ans: There are different tasks performed by robots:

4 Computer Studies-VIII
 Robotics are widely used in automobile manufacturing, Packaging, laboratory
research and cleaning home.

6. Why distributed applications are used? List some distributed applications?

Ans: it is used when workload is too much for a single server to handle.
Some example of distributed applications is: cellular networks, online
banking, social networks and super market check-out system etc.

7. What is the purpose of blockchain technology?

Ans: purpose of blockchain:

It is a type of database that provides secure recording of digital information.
Blockchain database is used in banks and financial services for secure recording
and sharing of digital information such as transaction.
8. Describe 3D Holographic imaging?

Ans: 3D Holographic imaging:

3D Holographic imaging is a new technology that uses laser beams to create
three dimensional images called holograms. A 3D Hologram displays objects
and animations that seem to be real. A 3D Hologram exists freely in space and
a person can walk around it and see it from all the sides.

9. Write the difference between PAN and VPN.

Ans:

5 Computer Studies-VIII
 PAN VPN

1. Stands for Personal Area 1. Stands for Virtual Private Network

Network
2. PAN is an interconnection of 2. VPN allows the user to access the
electronic devices within an web privately and securely through
individual person’s work place. VPN gateway.

3. Provide communication over 3. Provide communication over long

short distances. distances.

10. In which applications infrared technology is used?

Ans: Some applications are:

 It is used in TV remote  It is used in car
locking system.  It is used in electronic
toys etc.

11. Write the benefits of wireless communication:

Ans: Benefits of wireless communication: 
Easy to install and easy to maintain

 Users can communicate while on the

move
 Provides faster transfer of information 
Easy to expand the network.

6 Computer Studies-VIII
0 Computer Studies-VIII
 Unit # 2: Digital Skills
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs

1. The basic unit of a worksheet into which you enter data in Excel is called a

✓(a) Cell (b) Table (c) Box (d)Column

2. Which Microsoft Excel function is used to find the highest value in the given range?

(a) SUM( ) (b) AVERAGE( ) ✓(c) MAX( ) (d) MIN( )

3. Formula in Microsoft Excel must start with:

(a) - ✓(b) = (c) + (d)*

4. Which Microsoft Excel function checks whether a condition is true or false?

(a) SUM( ) (b) MIN( )

✓(c) IF( ) (d) AVERAGE( )

5. Excel is used to prepare a

(a) Presentation (b) Email ✓(c) Spreadsheet (d) Webpage

6. In a selection, to calculate the number of numeric entries present,_______ function

is used.

1 Computer Studies-VIII
(a) Sum (b) Average ✓(c) Count (d) Value

1. What do you mean by spreadsheet?

Ans: A spreadsheet is a digital form of paper-based worksheet. It consists of rows and

columns. Intersection of row and column is known a cell where all the data is
filled to apply operations. Commonly used spreadsheet software are:

• Microsoft Excel •Open Office Calc • Google sheets

2. Why are spread sheets used? OR What are the uses of spread sheets?

Ans: Spread sheets are used:

• To perform calculations

• For data analysis

• For interrogation and visualization

• For pay roll and business accounts management

3. Define the following terms:

Cell: each box in an excel worksheet is called as cell. It is intersection of rows and
columns. Each cell is identified by a unique address.

Row: a horizontal collection of cell is called row. Each row has a unique row
number

Column: a vertical collection of cell is called column. Each column has a unique
name consisting of one or more alphabets.

Worksheet: Collection of rows and columns is called as worksheet. It consists of cells

to enter data. By default, there are three worksheets in a workbook.

2 Computer Studies-VIII
Work book: It is the collection of worksheets. By default, it has 3 work sheets but we
can add more sheets. An Excel document is called workbook.

Active cell: A cell that is ready to accept data is called an active cell. It is identified by
a bold border.

Cell address: Each cell in an excel worksheet is identified by a unique name called cell
address. It consists of name followed by row number e.g. A2, X3 etc.

4. Differentiate between copy and cut command.

Ans: Cut: Cut command removes the selection and puts it on clip board. Which can be
pasted anywhere. It simply moves the data

Copy: It makes duplicate of the selection and puts it on clipboard which can be pasted
anywhere at many places

5. Differentiate between work book and work sheet.

Ans: Worksheet: Collection of rows and columns is called as worksheet. It consists of

cells to enter data. By default, there are three worksheets in a workbook.

Work book: It is the collection of worksheets. By default, it has 3 work sheets but we
can add more sheets. An Excel document is called workbook.

6. What is formula in MS Excel

Ans: A formula is an expression that operates on values or cell addresses. It calculates

the results. It always starts with “=” sign e.g. =C5+D5

3 Computer Studies-VIII
7. Define function

Ans: A function is a predefined formula which quickly calculates the result of the given
values. e.g. SUM(C5: E5)

8. Write purpose of the following functions:

Ans: SUM(): It is used to calculate the sum of the given values.

e.g. SUM(C5:B10) will find the sum of all the values of cells B5 to B10.

AVERAGE(): It is used to fine the average of the selected cells.

e.g. AVERAGE(B5:B10) will find the average of all the values of cells B5 to B10.
IF(): If is used to return a value out of given values depending upon applied
conditions.

e.g. IF(B5>=33, “PASS, FAIL”) will show PASS if marks are greater and FAIL
otherwise.

MAX(): Finds the greatest value in the selected cells.

e.g. MAX(B5:B10) will find the greatest values among all values in cells B5 to B10.

MIN(): It finds the smallest values in the given range of cells.

e.g. MIN(B5:B10) will find the smallest values among all values in cells B5 to B10.

9. What do you mean by sorting and Filtering?

Ans: Sorting is the process by which data is arranged. It may be in descending or

ascending order.

4 Computer Studies-VIII
 Filtering is to extract the records based on criteria.

10. What is chart? How can you insert a chart in MS Excel?

Ans: Chart is a graphical representation of data ina worksheet. It is used for easy and
quick analysis. Some types of chart are:

• Bar chart

• Line chart

• Pie chart

Chart can be inserted as:

i. Select the cells containing data.

ii. Click on “chart option” in the insert ribbon. iii.

Select the type of chart you want to insert.

11. What is the use of formula bar?

Ans: Formula bar is located above the frame. It is used to enter or show the formula
or function in a cell.

12. What is use of merge and center in MS excel

Ans: It combines two or more cells to form a single larger cell and centers the contents.

5 Computer Studies-VIII
13. What do you mean by formatting a worksheet?

Ans: Formatting means to set the layout of a document to make it readable and
presentable.

14. What is the use of format painter?

Ans: Format painter is used to apply the formatting of a particular selection to the
other part of document. It offers an easier way to copy formatting from one part
of our spread sheet to another without spending a lot of time to replicate our
formatting manually.

15. Why wrap text is used?

Ans: Wrap text option is used to present long text in multiple lines with in a cell so that
it can be viewed fully.

16. What is Auto-sum?

Ans: Auto-sum is used to apply quick calculations automatically to worksheet. It can

be done by using short-cut keys Alt+=

17. Define Spelling and Thesaurus.

Ans: Spelling is used to check the correct spellings of text while thesaurus suggests
alternative words of a particular word.

6 Computer Studies-VIII
18. Define the following short-cut commands.

Ctrl+N Opens a new/blank workbook Ctrl+Y Redo

Ctrl+A Select All Shift+F3 Insert Function

Ctrl+B Bold F1 Help

Ctrl+C Copy F7 Check Spelling

Ctrl+X Cut F11 Insert a new Chart

Ctrl+V Paste Shift+F7 Thesaurus

Ctrl+S Save Shift+F11 Insert New worksheet

Ctrl+P Print Alt+f4 Exit Workbook

Ctrl+Z Undo Alt + = Auto-sum

7 Computer Studies-VIII
0 Computer Studies-VIII
 Unit 03: Algorithm Thinking and Problem Solving
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs

1. Computer are able to solve problems by performing operations in ___________

a) ✓Nanoseconds b) Minutes
c) Hours d) Week

2. __________ is the graphical representation of an algorithm.

a) Pie chart b) Bar chart

c) ✓Flowchart d) Graph

3. Algorithms are converted to ________ for execution on the computer

. a) Flowchart b) Pseudo code

c) English language d) ✓Program

4. Repetition is construct that allows the steps of an algorithm to be multiple
times.

a) Tested b) ✓Executed
c) Implemented d) counted

5. Conditional statement are the checkpoints in the program that determines

a) a condition is true b) a condition is false

c) ✓Behavior according to situation d) nature of algorithm

6. Value of variable is ________

a) in fixed b) ✓can be changed

c) depends upon situation d) is always based on condition

7. Nested loop always have _______ number of loops.

a) Two b) Three

1 Computer Studies-VIII
 c) Four d) ✓as many as required
8. __________ can be directly input into the computers
a) Pseudo code b) Flowchart

c) ✓code d) algorithm

Q. 1 Define the Problem solving.

Ans The process of analyzing some particular situation and behaving accordingly in
order to generate some response.

Q.2 Explain the feature of information processing model.

Ans. Computer is a problem-solving machine since main features of Computer process

model are

Input, Processor, output and Memory.

Input are data that we enter with the help of input devices like keyboard,
mouse and scanner etc. while processor process data and output are the
processed data or information. While data and information store in memory
location.

Q.3 Demonstrate the main steps to solve the problem. Ans.

To solve a problem, we follow the following steps

i) Understand the problem

ii) Formulate the model iii)
Develop an algorithm iv)
Write the program

2 Computer Studies-VIII
 v) Test the program
vi) Evaluate the solution

Q.4 How Nested loops are useful in arranging a calendar?

Ans. Nested loops are important in arranging a calendar because year consist on
months (outer loop), month consist of weeks (inner loop) and further month
consist seven days (sub inner loop).

Q.5 Differentiate between scope and limitation of problem.

Ans. The scope defines the boundaries of what a solution must provide to meet the
requirements, where the limitation of problem refers to the aspects that are
beyond the study/implementation of the problem.

Q.6 Write an algorithm that allows a user to check whether the input is even or
odd.

Ans. Algorithm to find the weather even or odd.

Line 0 Start

Line 1 Take input (any number)

Line 2 IF number mod 2==0

Lien 3 It is even number

Line 4 Else

Line 5 It is odd number

Line 6 End

3 Computer Studies-VIII
Q.7 Define Program.

Ans. Program is the set of instructions which are written in a programming language
to solve a problem.

Q.8 Define Pseudo code.

Ans. “Pseudo code” are helpful for the programmers to interpret the algorithm into
any programming language of programmer’s choice. Pseudo code is
pronounced by keeping the first character ‘P’ silent and breaking the reaming
word into two parts so ‘pseudo’ and ‘code’.

Q.9 Define Algorithm.

Ans. Algorithm is the step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. Algorithm we write

in any general language.

4 Computer Studies-VIII
Computer Studies-VIII
 UNIT 04: PROGRAMMING
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs

1. Which is not a construct of programming languages:

a) Sequence
b) Condition
c) Loop
d) ✓Business

2. Loop within a loop is called __________ loop

a) ✓Nested
b) Next
c) Newest
d) Narrow

3. A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes _________. a) True

b) ✓False
c) Null
d) Zero

4. Floor ( ) function always __________ a number.

a) Rounds up
b) ✓Rounds down
c) Cycles down
d) Cycles up

5. Where will be the sprite located if value of ‘ Var ’ variable comes out to be 10
in the following code block? a) 0,0
b) 0, 100
c) 100, 0
d) ✓100, -100

Computer Studies-VIII
 1. For the following code block sprite will turn to 30 degrees. How many clicks
are required for sprite to complete a full cycle?

Ans: 12 clicks are required for a sprite to complete a full cycle.

2. What is the difference in outputs of the following code-blocks, having 4

backdrops?

In this case sprite move forward 10

steps delaying 0.5 seconds, and code to
In this case sprite move forward 10
execute a task that is to be achieved
steps and each steps delaying time 0.5
multiple times can iteratively be
seconds, and coder to execute a task
embedded in a simple loop.
that is to be achieved multiple times can

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iteratively be embedded in a simple
loop.

Computer Studies-VIII
3. For the maze game, duplicate the maze map and remain its maze- map2,
next, change the color of the line in the new map from blue to red. Add
scripts such that the games become a multi-level game with 2 distinct
images.

Ans:

Follow the instruction given in the question and perform the activity by using
scratch programming in your computer.

What to do:
Open the scratch program duplicate the map maze and remain its
manemap2, next, change the color of lines in the new map from blue to red.
Add scripts such that the games become a multi-level game with 2 distinct
images.

4. Take a 4-digit number as input for a year and check if the year is leap year or
not. Display your output as: the year 1979 is not a leap year or the year 2020
is a leap year.

Ans: program:

#Python program to check if year is a leap year or not

Year = 1979 and 2020
# To get year (integer input) from the user
# year = int (input (“Enter a year: “))
#Divide by 100 means century year (ending with 00)

Computer Studies-VIII
 #Century year divided by 400 is leap year If
(year % 400==0) and (year % 100==0):

Print (“{0} is a leap year”. Format(year))

# Not divided by 100 means not a century year
# year divided by 4 is a leap year elif(year % 4==0) and (year % 100 !=0)
Print (“{0} is a leap year”. Format(year))
# if not divided by both 400 (century year) and 4 (not century year)
# Year is not leap year Else:

Print (“{0} is not a leap year”. Format (year))

Output:

1979 is not a leap year

2020 is a leap year

5. Take length and width as input from user for a quadrilateral and check if it is
a square or rectangle.

Ans: program:

Class Quadrilateral (): def__int__(self,

l,w):

self. Length=l self.

Width=w

def rectangle_area(self):
return self. Length*self. Width

Computer Studies-VIII
 new Rectangle= Rectangle (12,10) print
(newRectangle.rectangle_area())

Output:
Rectangle area 120

6. Write a program in python for the following output [print a star triangle].

Ans:

# Python 3.x code to demonstrate star pattern #

Function to demonstrate printing pattern triangle
def triangle(n):

#Number of spaces
K = n-1

# Outer loop to handle number of rows for I in range (0, n)

# Inner loop to handle number spaces
# Values changing according to requirements
For j in range (0, k)
Print (end = “ “)
# decrementing k after each loop
K = k-1
# Inner loop to handle number of columns
# Values changing according to outer loop for j in range (0, i+1):

Computer Studies-VIII
 # Printing stars
Print(“* “, end=””)
# ending line after each row
Print(“\r”)
#Driver Code
n=5 triangle(n)
output:

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

7. write a program in python that display squares of the numbers and print in the
form of triangle.

Ans:

#Python 3.x code to demonstrate number pattern

#Function to demonstrate printing pattern of numbers
def countnum(n):

#initializing starting number

Num = 1
# Outer loop to handle number of rows for i in range (0, n):
# note re assigning num
# num = 1
# inner loop to handle number of columns
# values changing according to outer loop for j in range (0, i*i):

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 #printing number
Print(num, end=” “)
# Incrementing number at each column
num=num*num

# ending line after each row

Print(“\r”) n=5

#sending 5 as argument
# calling function
Countnum(n)

Output:

1
4 9
16 25 36
49 64 81 10

Computer Studies-VIII
0 Computer Studies-VIII
 UNIT 05: DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs

1. Rules to be followed while using digital technology is known as:

a) Computer application
b) Computer interaction
c) ✓Computer ethics
d) Computer safety

2. The law that protects creative work is:

a) Internet privacy
b) ✓Copyright
c) Plagiarism
d) Online safety

3. Malware that transmit itself automatically over a network to infect other

computer is: a) Virus
b) ✓Worm
c) Spyware
d) Adware

4. Malware that pops up advertisement is:

a) Virus
b) Worm
c) Spyware
d) ✓Adware

5. To report a cybercrime, you can contact:

a) www.ndma.gov.pk
b) ✓www.nr3c.gov.pk
c) www.fbise.edu.pk
d) www.nadra.gov.pk

1 Computer Studies-VIII
6. The volunteers who help in prevention of cybercrime are called:
a) Cyber friend
b) Eagle scout
c) ✓Cyber scout
d) Cyber bully
1. Who is cyber scout? How can he / she assist in prevention of cyber-crime?

Ans: Cyber scout is a person with unique aim to promote awareness about
cybercrime in the society. A cyber is trained to identity cybercrime activities, and
equipped with adequate preventive knowledge to help fight this menace. He
understands the risks associated with virtual socializing and works to promote
cyber safety in his surrounding environment. A cyber scout plays a vital role to
create cyber awareness among fellow students, teachers and parents.

2. Why we need cybercrime laws?

Ans: Cybercrime laws are standard of acceptable behavior for information and
communication technology (ICT) users. Rapidly increasing rate of internet
penetration in our country, Pakistani authorities have also started to take
necessary measures to keep people and their data safe in the online world. The
more people rely on online services in our country and they become susceptible to
internet crimes.

3. Why computer system should be protected from unauthorized access?

Ans: It’s necessary for most users to take some measures preventing their
computer from unauthorized access. Protection of sensitive data should be top of
mind and a high priority in all organization. Not only to ensure your computer want

2 Computer Studies-VIII
be used by others, but also reduce the possibility for internet threats like hacker
and some malware.

4. How creator of copyright work financially benefits from it?

Ans: copyright is the engine of progress. It encourages creativity and innovations

and enables producers to benefit financially. They include movie, DVDs, music,
books, computer software and a many of other things. The term implies they are
protected by copyright laws and only the holders have the right to sell and profit
from these products.

Benefits of copyright

Exclusive use;
Once you get copyright for your work, others cannot use it without permission. If
any infringement take place, you can carry out legal actions

Preventing misuse;
You can prevent misuse of your work by registering a copyright you will have more
control over how it is presented to the public

Economic gain;
The most crucial benefit is the economy you derive from the same. You will have
the sole right to any revenue that occurs from your original work.

3 Computer Studies-VIII
5. Why digital piracy is crime?

Ans: Digital piracy means illegally copying digital content in any form without the
consent of owner. Digital piracy is cybercrime as it is violation of the owner’s
copyright. People who practice digital piracy are called digital pirates. Copying a
music file or confidential video, all source illegally copying and distributing digital
content refers to digital piracy.

6. Why hackers break into computer system?

Ans: Hackers break into computer system to steal data, funds, and critical business
information without the owner’s consent. Any connected system is at risk of being
exploited by computer hackers. Is cyber criminal’s access to your system, they can
engage in financially and personally costly activities that are difficult to recover
from.

7. How spyware can be harmful?

Ans: Spyware will track web browsing history, passwords and other private
information, such as E-mail addresses, credit cards number, personal identification
number, or banking records. All of this information can be gathered and use for
identity theft or sold to third parties.

8. Define cyber-crime?

4 Computer Studies-VIII
Ans: It is a criminal activity carried out by means of computer or the internet. For
example, pishing, emails, cyber stalking, identify theft etc.

9. Define computer ethics?

Ans: It is the application of moral principle to use of computers and the internet.
Examples include, intellectual property rights, privacy policies, online etiquette,
etc.

10. Define digital plagiarism?

Ans: It is an act of copying and publishing another person’s work without proper
citation. It’s like stealing someone else’s work and releasing it as your own work.

11. Define cyber-bullying?

Ans: Copyright law understands an intellectual copyright granted by the

government that gives the owner exclusive rights to use the original expressive
work with some limited exceptions.

5 Computer Studies-VIII
0 Computer Studies-VIII
 UNIT 06: ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DIGITAL AGE
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs
1. What is the component of business plan?

a) Marketing strategy

b) Sales strategy

c) ✓Operations
d) Digital marketing
2. Which of the following is the example of quality assurance?
a) Validation
b) Verification
c) Documentation

d) ✓Software testing
3. Digital marketing is often referred to as ________________?
a) Billboard

b) ✓Online marketing
c) TV
d) Radio
4. Social media marketing is a type of ____________?

a) ✓Digital marketing
b) Traditional marketing
c) Industrial marketing
d) Telemarketing

1 Computer Studies-VIII
5. Which type of the following the element of marketing?
a) Product, price, promotion and people

b) ✓Product, price, promotion and place

c) Product, plan, promotion and place
d) Product, plan, promotion and people
1. Describe the basic components of business plan?

Ans: Components of business plan:

i. Customer needs

A customer need is a need that motivate a customer to purchase a product

or service. The need can be known or unknown, and is the ultimate factor
that determines with solution the customer purchases.

ii. Product design

Product design is the process that involve steps to launch a successful

product based on user requirements and ultimately acquires customer
satisfaction, theoretically. The key to successful product design is to
understand the exact requirement of the end user for whom the product
being designed

iii. Costing

A business plan includes the set-up estimated cost like legal cost, attorney
fees and licensed fee etc. the plan should also include funding to cover other
expenses, revenue collected against sale and profit or loss.

iv. Operation

2 Computer Studies-VIII
 The operation includes the objectives, goals, procedures, and timeline of
your organization. An operation plan assists the businessman to meet the
deadlines.

v. Marketing

It is the action or business of promoting and selling products or services,

including market research and advertising. It includes identification of
product, determining demand, deciding on its price, and selecting
distribution channels.

2. Describe the four elements of marketing?

Ans:

i. Product

A product (goods and services) is a main entity which your business offers
to the end users. What make your product to be purchased verses the
products offered by the competitors.

ii. Price

Price is an important element to decide keeping in mind the competitive

price of the product for example, is a cheaper product always less in
quantity.

iii. Promotion

This includes the packaging and position/place of the product or service in

the market place, where customer can be attracted. The marketing tools are
used to promote the sakes of the particular product or service.

3 Computer Studies-VIII
 iv. Place

The success of the business also based on the location of the outlet and the
made of sell either by e-commerce or telephone or will your product be
carried in retail outlets?

3. What is the difference between payment and transactions?

Ans:

Payment; It is the transfer of money against the purchase of goods and services.

Transactions; It is an agreement between a buyer and seller to exchange goods,

services or financial assets in return for money.

4. Why a quality assurance is important to assess the quality of product or

services?

Ans: Quality assurance focus on improving the development process and make it
an efficient and effective as per the quality standards defined for the products.
That’s why quality assurance is important to assess the quality of product or
services.

5. Write down the three advantages and three disadvantages of digital

marketing?

Ans:

4 Computer Studies-VIII
 Advantages Disadvantages

Removed all sorts of Depends on technology

geographical barriers

Extremely low risks Security, and privacy

issues
Wins customer loyalty Worldwide competitions
through globalization

6. Define business plan?

Ans: Business plan describe the company’s goal, strategy and implementation
for the growth of organization.

7. Define the term marketing?

Ans: Marketing is the actin or business of promoting and selling products or

services, including market research and advertising.

8. Define SEO?

Ans: Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving your website
to increase its visibility when people search for the product or service related
to your business in different search engines.

9. List the different methods of payment?

Ans:

5 Computer Studies-VIII
 • Credit card

• Debit card

• Interbank transfer

• Easypaisa

• Jazzcash

10. Define digital marketing?

Ans: Digital marketing is a tool used to promote brands and connect with
potential customers online.

6 Computer Studies-VIII
 Government of Pakistan
Federal Directorate of Education
~~~~~~

GEOGRAPHY
Centralized Annual Examination
Class-VIII, 2023
 GEOGRAPHY (CLASS 8th)

CHAPTER 1: OCEAN AND SEAS

SHORT QUESTION/ANSWERS

Q1: what are the causes of the Ocean Currents?

A1: Causes of the Ocean Currents:-
Following are the major causes of the ocean currents:

1. Winds: Continuous dragging affect of winds on the ocean water tends to move water in
certain directions in the form of currents.
2. Variation in the temperature of the ocean: temperature: Temperature differences between
polar and tropical regions of the oceans move warm tropical waters towards the Polar
Regions and cold polar waters to the tropical regions in the form of the currents.
3. Variations in Salts Concentration in Ocean Water: Water with high concentration of salts
sinks and water with less/low concentration of the salts rises.
4. Rotation of the Earth: Rotation of the earth on its axis tends to change the direction of
moving currents.
5. Continental Margins: Continental margins are the edges of the continents. They change the
direction of the approaching currents.

Q2: what are waves?

A2: Waves: - waves are series of crests and trough that are developed on the surface of the water
by dragging effects of the winds. Waves do not displace water from one place to another, rather
they are the means of moving energy through water.
Types of waves

Ripples Chops Swells Tsunamis

Smallest Collection Deep water Set of waves

waves of small waves created by
waves earthquake
Q3: How are Spring and Neap tides caused?
A3: On the basis of relative positions of the Sun, Moon and Earth there are two types of tides: -

 Spring Tides: When the Sun, Moon and Earth are in a straight line, high tides rise to
higher levels and low tides fall to a lower level than normal. These higher high tides and
lower low tides are called spring tides and they occur on the occasions of Full and New
Moon.
 Neap Tides: When the Sun and Moon are at right angles with respect to the Earth, high
tides do not rise so high and low tides do not fall so low. Such moderate tides are known
as neap tides and they occur on the 7th and 21st days of the Moon.

Q4: Differentiate between Isthmus from Strait.

A4:

Isthmus Strait
Definition: Definition:
Isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting Strait is a narrow passage of water bodies
two landmasses and separating two water connecting two large water bodies.
bodies.
Example1: Example1:
Isthmus of Panama is narrow strip of land Gibraltar strait connects the Mediterranean sea
between Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. and the Atlantic ocean.
It links south and north America.
Example2: Example2:
Isthmus of Suez is a narrow strip of land Malacca strait is located between Malaysia and
between the Red sea and the Mediterranean sea Indonesia. It links Indian Ocean and South
connecting the continents of Asia and Africa. China Sea.

Q5: Write the names of the five major seas of the world?
A5: Major seas of the world:

Following are the names of the major seas of the world:-

1. Mediterranean seas
2. Caribbean seas
 3. Black seas
4. Arabian seas
5. Caspian sea

LONG QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
Q1: Describe the main characteristics of major oceans?

Major Oceans of the World:- there are five major oceans on Earth. According to the location,
size, and average depth, each ocean has its own distinct characteristics:

1. Pacific Ocean: Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean of the world, covering an
area of 165 million square kilometer. It is bordered by North and South America, Asia,
Australia and the Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean). Its average depth is approximately
4000 meters, Its deepest part is located near the Mariana Islands, which is named Mariana
Trench. Mariana Trench is about 10,924 meters deep. Thousands of islands of different
sizes are located in the Pacific Ocean.
2. Atlantic Ocean: Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean of the world. It covers an area
of about 106 million square kilometers. It is bounded by Europe and Africa in the East and
by North and South America in the West. In the South it is bordered by the Southern Ocean.
Its average depth is 3646 meters. Its deepest point is Puerto Rico Trench which. It is 8600
meters deep.
3. Indian Ocean: It is the third-largest ocean on the world. It covers an area of about 70 million
square kilometer. It is situated between Africa, Asia, Australia and the Southern Ocean. Its
average depth is 3750 meters, and its deepest point is Java Trench (7258 meters). It is
located about 300 km off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
4. Antarctic/ Southern Ocean: The Southern Ocean is the fourth largest ocean in the world. It
occupies an area between 60 degrees southern latitude and the coast of Antarctica. It's total
surface area 120 million square kilometers its average depth is 3270 meters and its deepest
point (South Sandwich Trench) is about 7235 meters deep.
5. Arctic Ocean: Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world oceans, covering
an area of 14 million square meters. It is situated around the North Pole and is bounded by
Europe, Asia and North America. It has an average depth of 1000 meters and its deepest
point is named Fram Basin, which is 5645 meters deep.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEANS
Name Size Deepest point Area Location

(million
Km2)
Pacific ocean Largest and  10924 meters 165 North and
deepest South America,
 Marina Trench Asia, Australia
Atlantic ocean Second largest  3646 meters 106 Europe, Africa
and deepest  Puerto Rico in the East, in
Trench the West by
North and
South America
Indian Ocean Third largest  7258 meters 70 Africa, Asia,
ocean  Java Trench Australia and
southern ocean
Antarctic/ Fourth largest  7235 meters 20 Antarctica
Southern ocean ocean  South Sandwich
Trench
Arctic ocean Smallest and  5665 meters 14 North pole and
largest ocean deep Europe and
 Fram Basin North America

Q2: Explain the role of Marine biodiversity in our environment?

A2: Role of Marine Biodiversity in our Environment: Marine biodiversity plays a very important
role in shaping and maintaining our physical environment in the following ways:-

1. Marine plants supply about 50% of the oxygen to the atmosphere. About 26% of the carbon
dioxide emitted through human activities is absorbed by them
2. The amount of energy produced per unit area by plants in one year is called primary
productivity. Half of the world's Net Primary Productivity comes from marine plants.
 These plants serve as the basic food for all types of oceanic life. Smaller marine animals
that consume these plants become a source of food for larger marine animals.
3. Fishing provides high-quality protein fish and fishery products provide food security to
hundreds of millions of people.
4. Marine plants such as kelp and seagrass, together with reefs provide habitats for many
marine life forms, such as shrimp, fish and molluscs.
5. Gastropods (marine snails and slugs) and shrimps that feed on micro-algae eventually
become food for larger crabs, lobsters and fish.

Q3: What are the possible threats to the ocean?

A3: Possible Threats to the Ocean: - Only 13% of the total area covered by oceans remains
untouched by the damaging impacts of human activities. Most of the oceans are under the Influence
of human activities. Some such activities are:

 Oil & Gas Drilling: Offshore drilling results in the spilling of crude oil, natural gas liquids,
diesel, or hydraulic fluid into surrounding marine environments. These chemicals kill or
damage plankton, coral reefs, small fish and larvae.
 Pollution: Pollution is a huge problem faced by marine ecosystems as large quantities of
garbage and waste are continuously being dumped into oceans.
 Over-fishing: Humans are catching more and more fish every year, leading to serious
marine biodiversity losses.
 Ocean Acidification: Industrial activities have been emitting large amounts of carbon
dioxide Into the Earth's atmosphere. A significant portion of this carbon dioxide is absorbed
by seawater resulting in the increased concentration of hydrogen ions. This makes the
seawater more acidic.
 Mangrove Deforestation: Mangrove forests act as buffer zones between land and sea, they
protect coastal land from erosion and serve as breeding and nursery grounds for a variety
of marine life forms such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Cutting down
mangrove causes harmful impacts on marine ecosystems.
 EXTRA NOTES
COMPARISON/DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WAVES, CURRENTS AND TIDES
Waves Currents Tides
Definition: Definition: Definition:
Waves are series of crests and Currents are the regular Tides are the rise and fall of
troughs that are developed on channels of flowing water on sea levels.
the surface of the water by the surface of oceans.
dragging effects of winds.
Causes: Causes: Causes:
They are produced by the Currents are caused by the They are caused by the
winds, storms or earthquakes. drifting effects of the winds gravitational pull of the moon
along with temperature and and the sun.
salt concentration differences
in ocean water

MAJOR SEAS OF THE WORLD & THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Name Deepest point Area (million km2) Location
(meters)
Mediterranean sea 1500 2.5 Europe, Africa and
Asia
Caribbean sea 2700 2.7 West Indies island in
the north and east
Black sea 1253 0.44 North of Turkey
Arabian sea 2734 3.86 Yemen, Iran,
Pakistan and Indian
Caspian sea 211 0.37 Russia, Azerbaijan,
Iran, Turkmenistan
and Kazakhstan
 MOVEMENTS OF OCEAN

WAVES TIDES CURRENTS

Ripples Spring Tides

Currents of the
Pacific Ocean
Neap Tides
Chops

Currents of the
Swells Atlantic Ocean

Tsunami
 Chapter No. 2 {Solution of Exercise}
Living with the climate
(Session: 2022-23)
Subject: Geography Class-8th

Q. No. 1: Answer the following questions by choosing the best option a, b, c or d.

1] A gradual increase in average global temperature is called __________.

a. Global warming
b. Weather
c. Climate change
d. Climate

2] lightning is a type of extreme weather seen during __________.

a. Hurricane

e. Thunderstorm
f. Floods
g. Tornados

3] An increase in global_______ will lead to an increase in evaporation.

h. Temperature
i. Pressure
j. Winds
k. Humidity

4] The hottest month of the year in Karachi is__________.

a. January
b. June
c. March
d. April

5] ____ Is the driest m month of New York.

a. April
b. May
c. June
d. February
6] Global temperatures have increased approximately__________ °C over the last 100 years.

a. 4
b. 2
c. 1
d. 5

7] Scientists have predicted an increase in global temperature of 2°C to ________°C during

this century.

a. 6
b. 4
c. 8
d. 10
8] Approximately __________of world population lives in the 500km of diameter of
coastal areas.
a. 90
b. 50
c. 40
d. 60

9] The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season included a record-breaking _______tropical

storms.

a. 50
b. 60
c. 30
d. 90

10] Without Greenhouse effect, our planet would have been __________ °C colder than
it is today _.

a. 50
b. 40
c. 30
d. 60
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is meant by extreme weather? Give examples

Extreme weather is a deviation of weather in terms of intensity form the range that has
been seen in the past. Deviation from regular weather patterns leads to extreme weather
or extreme climate Extreme weather or extreme climate events includes unexpected,
unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather;
Examples;
1. Hurricane or cyclone: incudes strong wind, heavy rain
2. Flood: Happens when heavy rainfall in short period f time
3. Tornado are accompanied with clouds, strong wind, rain, hail
4. Hail storm: Form of precipitating consisting of lumps of ice

2. Discuss the main threats of climate change.

The main threat of climate change includes rising sea eve, ecosystem collapse and frequent
weather changes and severe weather climatic change affect the whole patterns of weather.

1. Rise in temperature due to global warming cause melting of ice results in the rise
of sea levels.
2. The warming of atmosphere is changing weather and vegetation patterns, resulting
more frequent and severe storms and draughts across the globe.
3. Higher temperatures are affecting the length of seasons.
4. The high temperature across the globe can pose health risks and deaths.
5. The impact global warming will be become more severe if we do not act to stop
greenhouse emission.

3. Define global warming.

A gradual increase in average global temperature is called global warming. Global
temperatures have increased approximately 1°C over the last 100 years over the last three
decades, human activities have increased the volume of greenhouse gases in the air and that
has increased the impact of greenhouse effect. Due to increase in greenhouse gases in air, the
climate f Earth is becoming warmer.
4. What are the consequences of global warming?

1. The moisture from land and water is rapidly evaporating due to the high temperature.
This causes drought. Some plants and animals would not be able to survive in drier
conditions.
2. Increased ocean temperatures are melting glaciers and ice caps all over the world.
Melted ice increases the volume of water in our oceans. Warmer temperatures also
result in the expansion of the water's mass, which causes sea levels to rise,
threatening low-lying islands and coastal cities.
3. Increase in temperature may damage crops However, an increase in temperature
due to global warming might improve conditions for crops in colder, northern
regions.

5. What is distinct about the life style of people of coastal areas.

The coast is area where land meets sea or ocean. The climate remains moderate in coastal
areas. The temperature of that area, under the influence of ocean, remains moderate.
People prefer to live in coastal areas because of the suitable climate. People adapt dress,
food and activities according to their climate. In coastal areas, most of the people are
associated with fishing, import and export.

Give detailed answers to the following questions

Q N0 1 What are the main causes of climate change?

Climate change is a change in the average climatic conditions of an area. There are several
reasons of climate change incudes the movement of tectonic plates, changes in Earth
orbits, human activates, and atmospheric changes.

1. Plate tectonics;

The present-day continents were not the same prior to 200 million years. They have formed
millions of years ago when the landmass began to drift apart due to plate displacement. This
 movement had an impact on climate change due to the change on the landmass’s physical
features and position and the change in water bodies’ position like the change in the follow of
ocean currents and winds. These changes affect the temperature and precipitation pattern of
the continents and oceans.

2. Orbital changes;

The shape of the Earth’s orbit around the sun is not constant, and neither are the tilt of the
Earth’s axis and the direction of wobble of Earth on its axis.

A. Changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit

Earth’s orbit changes from elliptical to circular shape and that affects Earth’s distance
from sun. Earth’s distance from the sun cause climate changes on Earth climatic
changes due to changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit take place over 100000 years.

B. Changes in Earth’s tilt

Increase or decrease in the tilt of Earth’s axis results in changes in temperature patterns
on Earth’s surface, as we as its spinning speed.

C. The wobble of the Earth on its axis

The wobble of the Earth on its axis changes the direction of Earth’s tilt and that can
change the occurrence of seasons, these changes occur in cycles of 26000 years.

3. Volcanic Activity:

When a volcano erupts, it emits gases and dust particles, causing a partial block of the Sunrays.
This can lead to the cooling of the weather. Though the volcanic activities last only for a few
days, the gases and ashes released by it can last for a long period, leading to it influencing
climate patterns.
 4. Human Activities;

The top activities that lead to the human causes of climate change include:

A. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, increased the concentration of carbon
dioxide (driving your car, heating your home, etc.)
B. Industrial processes (pollution from factories, product production, etc.)
C. Agriculture (conversion of land, etc.)
D. Deforestation and burning f trees as release carbon dioxide.
E. Decomposition of wastes in landfills.
F. These factors are responsible to increase the concentration f carbon dioxide, which results
increase in temperature this increase in temperature cause climate changes in the word.

Q No. 2 Explain the relationship between extreme weather and climate change.
Human activity is causing rapid changes to our global climate that are contributing to extreme
weather conditions. Over the past decade, researchers have found strong evidence showing that
climate change increases the frequency and intensity of events like extreme heat and extreme
rainfall from hurricanes. For other events like tornadoes or drought periods with little or no rain,
the evidence is currently weaker

 Extreme heat: Extreme heat waves have caused tens of thousands of deaths around the
world.
 Drought: As heatwaves become more intense and longer, droughts can also worsen.
 Extreme rainfall: Extreme precipitation events have produced more rain and become
more common in many regions of the world. Warmer air can hold more water vapor. For
each degree of warming, the air’s capacity for water vapor goes up by about 7 percent. An
atmosphere with more moisture can produce more intense precipitation events which
ultimately cause floods
 Tropical storms and hurricanes: oceans are getting warmer and tropical storms are
becoming stronger. In 2020 Atlantic hurricane season included a record breaking 30
tropical storms with 6 major hurricanes. The united states saw an unprecedented 22 weather
and climate disasters that caused at least a billion-dollar damage in 2020.
 Antarctica has lost nearly for trillion metric tons of ice since the 1990. if burning fossil fuels
at current pace continues, it will cause sea level to rise several meters in the next 50 to 150 years
wreaking havoc on coastal communities worldwide

Q No. 3 Differentiate climatic patterns of Karachi and New York.

Karachi New York

 The climate of Karachi is arid  The climate of New York city is

type climate with extremely hot humid sub-tropical some part of
summers, arid and windy winters. the city transitioning into humid
 Annual temperature typical continental climate.
varies 18°C to 30°C and is rarely  This give the city, wet winters
below 10°C or above 38°C. and hot humid summers with
 The hot season last for 3 to 4 plentiful rainfall all year round.
months.  The city receives frequent, heavy
 The hottest month of the year is rainfall which averages 49.9
June, with an average high inches annual, spring being the
temperature of 34 and low of 28. wettest season and February
 July is the wettest month of the being the driest month.
year.  The city as receive snow in
 The winter season last from winters, but sometimes in the
December to February. autumn and early spring as well.
 The coldest month of the year is  The wind is seldom strong in
January with an average New York city but can
temperature of 14°C and high of occasionally be noticeable. This
26°C. is especially true in the autumn
and winter season when extra
Tropical depressions often bring
strong winds.
 Unit 03

Environmental Pollution

(Short Questions)

Q1. Define pollution and its types?

Pollution: Pollution means all unhealthy changes that are happening in our environment. In
simple words, the addition of anything that brings unhealthy change to the quality of air,
soil, and water and affects man and other living organisms is called pollution.
Types:
i. Water Water
ii. Air
iii. Land Light Air
Types of
iv. Noise pollution

v. Light

Noise Land

Q2. Suggest some remedies to avoid noise pollution?

• Drivers should avoid the use of pressure horns near schools, hospitals, and busy streets.
• Proper noise silencers should be used in vehicles.
• Loud sound systems and the use of megaphones must be avoided.

Q3. What is the impact of air pollution in our life?

• Breathing in polluted air can cause a variety of respiratory problems.
• Air pollution can trigger serious diseases such as heart problems, asthma, pneumonia,
eye issues and lung cancer.
• Children are especially at high risk of asthma.
Q4. How do environmental problems affect different places of the world?

We live in an interconnected world. Any change in the environment of a place affects the
other places directly and indirectly. We are using the same resources as air, water, oceans,
and forests. Human and environmental impacts of the problem cross the borders of any
country and can be felt everywhere.
For example: Pollution, forests fires, deforestation, extinction of species, smog are such
problems which create trouble within the county but also for other countries.
 Unit 03

Environmental Pollution

Long questions:

Q1. Highlight the main causes of pollution and suggest ways to reduce them.

Causes of pollution:
1. Burning of fossil fuels:
Such as coal, oil, gas to produce electricity or transportation.
2. Automobiles
Gasses emitted from vehicles.
3. Agricultural activities
Pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals.
4. Factories and industries
Emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and organic compounds.
5. Mining activities
Dust and chemicals and released while mining.
6. Domestic sources
Household cleaning products and paints contain chemicals.
7. Construction and Demolition
Raw materials such as bricks and concreate cause haze.
8. Open burning of Garbage waste
9. Volcanic eruption.
Volcanoes release sulfur dioxide into the air.
 Burnig fossil fuel
(Coal, oil, and gas)

Volcanic erruption Automobiles (Gas

(They release sulphur emittion from
into air) vehicels)

Open burning of
Agricultural activites
garbage (harmful chemicals
are emitted)
Causes of
pollution

Factories and
Construction and industries (carbon
demolition (Raw monoxide,
material cause haze) hydrocarbon, and
organic compounds)

Domestic sources ) Mining activites

(Claening products (Claening products
contain paints and contain paints and
chemials) chemials

Suggestions to reduce pollution:

Pollution is a worldwide problem it has no boundaries. Pollution that originates in one
country can also damage other countries through water and air. So national and
international efforts must be made to minimize pollution. As an individual and a
 community, we can contribute to reducing the harmful effects of environmental
pollution by following measures:

• People should be educated about the types, causes and effects as pollution.
• Environment friendly ad energy efficient vehicles should be used.
• Use of public transport should be preferred to personal cars.
• Factories, airports, and major bus terminals should be constructed far away from the
residential areas.
• Government must check waste treatment plant in factories. Factories should not be
allowed to discharge their chemical wastewater into streams, canals, rivers, or seas
without treatment.
• Drivers should avoid the use of pressure horns near school, hospitals, and busy
streets.
• Proper noise silencers should be used in vehicles.
• Loud sound systems and the use of megaphones by vendors must be avoided.
• We should focus on planting more trees to make the environment better.
• There should be less use of pesticides and fertilizers crops. This will reduce the
runoff pollutant material into nearby water sources.

Q2. What responsibilities do individuals have to protect natural resources?

1. Reduce, reuse, and recycle:

The best way to minimize pollution is to make sure that you are not adding to the
existing waste. This means finding multiple uses for an item. In the long run, you want to
reduce the amount of waste you generate. However, these wastes are found to end up
in a landfill and contribute to overall pollution.
2. Planting trees:
Planting trees can help greatly in reducing global warming than any other method. They
absorb carbon dioxide which makes up 82% of the greenhouse gases.
 3. Awareness:
People should be educated through media and motivational speakers that can help
them to understand the value of natural resources.
4. Conserve Water:
Individually, taking shorter showers or turning the tap while brushing can reduce water
waste at home levels.
5. Conserve energy:
Turn off any lights, television, or computers after you leave a room. Unplug appliances
like air conditioner, toasters, and microwave ovens when not in use as they continue to
use small amount of electricity, we should use long-lasting bulbs and LED lights.
6. Use of public transport:
Cars are harmful to the environment. Taking public transport, walking, or riding a bicycle
or better options that help options that help the environment.
7. Avoid plastic bags:
Say no to plastic grocery bags and always encourage bags that can be decomposed.
8. Use of alternative resources:
Use alternative resources like hydroelectric power, wind energy and solar energy
instead of coal, gas, and oil.

2. How is excessive use of land causing threats to the environment.

Excessive use of land and natural resources:
i. The natural ecosystem provides services to human and other living organisms for
their survival and better quality of life.
ii. The ecosystem is directly affected by land use.
iii. Human activities have transformed forests, grasslands, and wetland into arable and
built-up lands.
iv. More recent significant effects of land-use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil
degradation, salinization, and desertification.
v. Because of the imbalance provision of economic and natural ecosystem, the of land
use changes on ecosystem services and their economic value have become focus of
concern for scientists, policy makers and stakeholders over a decade.
GEOGRAPHY UNIT:4 PAGE:1

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Q. Give brief answers to the following questions.

I) Name four industries of Pakistan.

Ans: Following are the four main industries of Pakistan

1. Textile industry
2. Cement industry
3. Iron and steel industry
4. Fertilizer industry

II) Give atleast one reason for the migration of people from rural to urban areas.

Ans: Following are the reasons for the migration of people from rural to urban areas:

1) For better employment opportunities

2) For better health facilities
3) For better educational opportunities

III) What is meant by bilateral trade?

Ans: Bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two countries promoting trade and
investment .

IV) What is meant by large scale industry?

Ans: Large scale industry employs large number of persons and consumes vast quantity of
power.For large scale industry huge capital is needed. For example textile industry is a large
scale industry of Pakistan.

V) Give atleast one reason for migration to urban areas .

Ans: Following are the reasons for migration of people to urban areas:

1) For better employment opportunities

2) For better health facilities
3) For better educational opportunities
Q. Give detailed answers to the following questions.

1) Illustrate four stages of the textile manufacturing process.

Ans) Textile manufacturing process involves the following four stages:

Growing and harvesting:Cotton is sown in the suitable areas for the production of cotton.
Then it is harvested and raw cotton is packed in the shape of bales. Ginning: At this stage seeds
are separated from cotton bales. Cotton flowers arefurther compressed into bales to be
transported.

Spinning: In this process the strands of cotton fibers are twisted together to formyarn . The
yarn is placed on the rings of the spinning frames and is allowed to pass through several sets of
rollers.

Weaving: Weaving is the production of cloth from yarn. This is further used ingarments and a
variety of cotton products.

2) Write a paragraph on the role of IMF to help the countries for economic
development.

Ans) Its head office is in Washington D.C in USA. It provides financial assistance in the form of
loans to the countries for their economic progress. It also provides technical help to develop
better projects. It ensures that the loans taken by countries are used properlyand returned.

3) Explain links between industrialization and urbanization.

Ans) Industrialization: Industrialization is a large field of human activities. In this people change the
raw materials in useable finished goods through various processes by machines and tools.

Urbanization: Urbanization is the growth and development of cities when a large number ofpeople
become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas and form cities.

Links between industrialization and urbanization

INDUSTRIALIZATION URBANIZATION
When more people come into cities other Cities grow because industrial factories require
industries such as marketing , banking, insurance large work force and their families need places to
and security also get a chance to flourish. live near their jobs.
 ATTENDANCE

S.# Name Signature

1 Ms. Farida Yasmeen, Principal

2 Ms. Ghazala Bashir Khan, Principal

3 Mr. Kifaiyat Ullah Khan, Principal

4 Ms. Nazia Faisal, Principal

5 Mr. Iftekhar Shehbaz, Principal

6 Ms. Saba Faizal, Principal

8
 Unit 5 -Transport and its importance

Short Questions

1. Define Following Terms. Mobility Infrastructure

Mobility: Mobility is a basic human need which is carried out by transportation.

Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for
operation of a society or enterprise. For example, building roads and power supplies etc.

2. Write the names of sea ports of Pakistan and their importance in trade.
Karachi Port:
It is a deep water port and busiest port of Pakistan that handles about 60% of Pakistan ‘s
cargo deals.
Port Qasim:
It is Pakistan’s second busiest port. It handles the remaining cargo dealings of Pakistan.
Port of Gwadar:
It is very important national as well as international port situated in Arabian sea in
Pakistan. It has gained more economic and strategic importance due to CPEC.
Benefits of CPEC
i. CPEC is a framework of regional connectivity for common interests of china,
Pakistan and other countries.
ii. Government plans to train and develop skilled manpower for long term
requirements for construction and operational phases of this project.
iii. CPEC is helping to strengthen the economy of Pakistan through modern
transportation network.
3. How does transport play a role for the development of a settlement?
Role of Transport For The Development of a Settelment:
 A developed transport system is one of the major reasons for the growth of any
settlement.
 Transport links producers to markets, workers to jobs, students to schools and sick
to hospitals.
  Community’s quality of life depends upon transportation.
 Transport provides access to food, health care, educational opportunities,
recreation and employment.
 An affordable, big and advanced transport can change small towns into big and
mega cities.
4. What are the strengths of transport infrastructure in Pakistan?
Strengths of Transport Infrastructure in Pakistan
 The road networks have been expanding constantly.
 New Motorways and expressways throughout the country have
significantly reduced the time to reach the destination.
 Pakistan railway is providing affective rail service in the country.
 Well organized public transport projects have facilitated people and solved
their problems regarding transportation.

Strengths of Transport Infrastructure

New
airports

Broad
Affordable
network

Strengths of
transportation
Broad
Cost
network of
effective
railways

Gwadar port
LONG Question

1. What are modes of transportation and their characteristics?

Modes of transportation mean a combination of networks, vehicles and their working. The
different modes of transportation are roads, railways, air and water. All these modes have made
the world a much smaller place. Bus, truck, train, airplane and ship etc. are different forms of
transport.

i. Road Transport
 Road transport is most common and cheap mode of transport.
 This involves the use of vehicles cars, buses, and trucks.
 High capacity for carrying goods over short distances.
ii. Railway Transport
 It is used for movement of both passengers and goods.
 It is suitable for transferring bulky goods over long distances.
 It is very cheap, safe and comfortable for passengers.
iii. Air Transport
 It is latest means of transportation.
 It is used to travel and transport goods through air.
 For Example, airplane helicopter and jet fighters.
 It is very expensive mode of transportation.
iv. Water Transport
 It is cheapest way of transporting bulky goods from one country to another.
 Ship transport is primarily used for carriage of people and cargo.
 There are two major types of water transport:
 I) Inland water transport II) Ocean water ways.
2. Evaluate importance of effective transportation for international trade?
International trade is also known as global trade. It is economic link between two or more
countries. It refers to exchange or buying and selling of goods and services across
international borders. Through effective transportation system raises the standard of living
can be raised by generating income from export of goods.
 Well organized transportation system reduces time budget and energy resources.
 An efficient transport system improves and promotes the productions of international
trade.
 Land transport can be most flexible choice for international trade.
 Air transport is best option for international trade for long distances.
 Sea or ocean transport is ideal due to its low costs.
3. Explain how transport is a key measure of economic development.
A government always wants an efficient transport system because it allows easier movement
of labour from homes to labour markets.
 A good transportation system promotes industries and reduces the cost of raw
materials or manufactured goods.
 Building an inter-state high ways system causes the movement of people from
different regions which increase opportunities.
 Transport routes influence land value.
 Fast transportation allows distribution of food to market in less time.
 Transportation enables a country to trade with other countries and strengthens its
economy by import and export of goods.
 Fast safe and comfortable transport contributes to growth of tourism industry, plays a
major role in economic development.
 Transport helps the businessman in moving raw materials to producers and supply
finished products to consumers.
GEOGRAPHY CLASS 8TH
CHAPTER NO. 6
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(Short Question/Answers)
Q1: What is the difference between GDP and GNP?
Ans:- The difference between GDP and GNP is as under:

GDP GNP
i. It is taken from the word Gross a) It is taken from the word Gross
Domestic Product. National Product.
ii. GDP represents the total monetary b) GNP refers to the total value of
value of all finished goods and services finished goods and services
usually in one year within a country. produced by a country’s
citizens in a given financial
year.

Q2:- Write a note on the OECD.

• OECD is derived from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
• It was founded in France in 1961.
• Its members are 38 countries.
• This organization provides solution in the matters of policies to improve the development of
member countries.
• It publishes the reports on economy, and provides analysis regarding policies and their
impacts.

Q3: Enlist the economic development indicators important for development.

Ans:- Following is the list of economic development indicators.
i. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
ii. Gross National Product (GNP)
iii. Wealth inequality
iv. Inflation
v. Unemployment
vi.
Q4:- What are the consequences of wealth inequality?
Ans:
i. Due to wealth inequality, a few people own the major portion of wealth of nation.
ii. Remaining portion becomes the prey to poverty.
iii. Gap between riches and poor increases.

Q5:- Compare two characteristics of developed and developing countries .

Developed Countries Developing countries
1) Population growth rate in developed 1) Population growth rate in developing
countries is low. countries is high.
2) Most people are engaged in quaternary and 2) Most people in developing countries are
tertiary economic activities. engaged in primary and secondary economic
activities.

LONG QUESTIONS
Detailed/Extended response questions.

Q1: Explain human development indicators in detail.

Ans:- Human development indicators(HDI) measures the development of country but not
from economic aspect. HDIs are as under:
i. Education
It is the most important indicator (and a weapon) which reduces poverty. It
also improves health and provide high standards of living. Developed countries have
100% literacy rate(educated people).
ii. Health
This indicator shows the access of people to medical facilities. Health
facilities can be accessed by life expectancy and low infant mortality rate.
iii. Standard of living
Standards of living is directly associated with the level of income of
individuals. It is an average income of individuals also.

Q2: What are the impacts of technology on development of a country?

Ans: Impacts of technology are as under:
a) Technology supports in the production of quality goods and services in short
time.
b) It improves the quality of labour and business.
c) It improves the overall standard of living.
d) It supports in environmental protection.
e) Mobile phones, television, satellite and internet has transformed the world
and its economy.
f) It is proving the way of e-learning, health care and poverty eradication.

Q3: Classify the economic activities with examples.

Ans:
1. Primary economic activities:-
These activities are directly related to the nature of extraction of resources of
earth. E.g. agriculture and fishing etc.
2. Secondary economic activities
These activities use raw material produced by primary activities and change
their form into more valuable finished goods. E.g. industry, manufacturing and
construction.
3. Tertiary economic activities
These activities provide a wide range of services to primary and secondary
activities. E.g. trade, transport etc.
4. Quaternary economic activities
These activities are related to education, health services, recreation etc.
5. Quinary economic activities
These are some kind of new activities which are related to high intelligence.
Like scientists, researchers, and teachers.
 Government of Pakistan
Federal Directorate of Education
~~~~~~

GENERAL SCIENCE
Centralized Annual Examination
Class-VIII, 2023
UNIT NO.01
ECOLOGY
SHORT QUESTIONS:
Q.1)- What are major causes of pollution?
Ans Burning of fossil fuels, automobiles, harmful gases from industries, and use of
plastics are major causes of pollution.
Q.2- Differentiate between primary and secondary consumers?
Ans
Primary consumer Secondary consumer
Feed on producer (green Feed on other animals (herbivores)
plants).
Known as herbivores Known as carnivores
E.g. Goat, cow E.g. Lion, tiger

Q.3- What is mutualism? Give some examples.

Ans Symbiotic interaction in which both members get benefit is called mutualism.
E.g. microorganisms in gut of herbivores, bacteria in intestine of man.
Q.4- Enlist the ways to control air pollution.
Ans Air pollution can be controlled by:
a- Shifting on clean energy
b- Use of wind power station
c- Use of solar energy instead of coal and oil power station
d- Use of electrical vehicles instead of fossil fuel based vehicles
Q.5- Why sewage water must be treated before releasing it into streams?
Ans Sewage water should be fully treated before it enters into water bodies that is used
by both, humans and wildlife. Sewage water contain solid pollutants which consume
oxygen available for plants and animals.
Q.6- How can you grow plants of warm region in a region with low environmental
temperature?
Ans Vegetable and fruit plants which cannot withstand cold can be grown in a
greenhouse. Glass or plastic sheet traps heat energy to keep temperature higher
than the surrounding environment.
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1- Explain carbon cycle and find the reasons for the gradual increase of carbon
dioxide in atmosphere.
Ans The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the
atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere. Carbon
is constantly being removed from and release into the environment in the form of
carbon dioxide. Plant absorbs this carbon dioxide to prepare food by the process of
photosynthesis. Animal gain carbon by feeding on plants or other animals. The
 respiration process in both animals and plants releases carbon dioxide back to the
environment. Animal and plant bodies buried under earth crust converted into fossil
fuels like coal, oil and gas. The combustion of fossil fuel in automobile, houses and
industries is adding up carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rapidly.

Q.2- How positive activities of human can help to restore an ecosystem?

Ans: 1. Reforestation: Reforestation is the plantation of trees where already existing
forest has been destroyed.
2. Afforestation: Afforestation is plantation of forest on land where there was no forest
before.
3. Control of air and water pollution: Control of air and water pollution by shifting on
clean energy sources, reducing use of plastics and sewage water treatment.
4. Conservation of endangered species: Conservation of endangered species will help
to maintain the health of an ecosystem.

*********
UNIT NO.02
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
SHORT QUESTIONS:
Q.1- Name three types of neurons and give their functions.
Ans a. Sensory neurons: transmit nerve impulse from receptors to central nervous
system.
b. Motor neurons: transmit nerve impulse from central nervous system to effectors
c. Interneurons: transmit nerve impulse from sensory neurons to motor neurons
Q.2- Which receptors and effectors are involved in the reflex actions of:
i- Blinking of eyes in light spark
Ans Receptors cells present in eye are receptors while eye muscles are the effectors.
ii- Withdrawal of hand on touching hot object
Ans Receptors present in hand skin are the receptors while arm muscle are the effectors.
Q.3- Which is the significance of peripheral nervous system?
Ans Following are the important functions of the peripheral nervous system:
i- It connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body and the external
environment.
ii- It regulates internal body conditions.
iii- It regulates voluntary actions e.g. muscle movement
iv- It regulates involuntary actions e.g. heartbeat.
Q.4- Differentiate between receptors and effectors.
Ans
RECEPTORS EFFECTORS
Group of cells which receive stimuli and Effectors are the target cells which are
send information to central nervous modified by the order coming from
system. central nervous system.
Involves neurons Involves muscles and glands

Q.5- What is the significance of interneurons?

Ans Interneurons act as middle man and communicate between sensory or motor
neurons and the central nervous system.
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1- What is the Structure of human brain and roles of different parts of brain.
Ans The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together. Brain is wrapped
up in three layers of connective tissue known as meanings. A human brain can be
divided in three parts: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
 Part of Brain Component Function
Intelligence, memory, voluntary
Cerebrum
actions, sensations
Thalamus Receive impulses from all body
Forebrain
Regulate body temperature,
Hypothalamus
appetite, and emotions
Pituitary Gland Secretes hormones
Midbrain Optic lobe Sight and movement of eyeball
Muscular coordination, involuntary
Cerebellum
actions
Hindbrain Pons Regulate breathing rate
Heartbeat, peristalsis, circulation of
Medulla oblongata
blood and respiration

Q.2- Differentiate between reflex arc and reflex action and explain the pathway
followed by nerve impulse in a reflex arc.
Reflex action Reflex arc
A sudden response to a specific Reflex arc is a pathway on which nerve
stimulus without conscious control impulses travels from receptor to effector.
is called reflex action.
Example: Withdrawal of hand on Example: consists of five steps in order:
touching hot object, sensory organ, sensory neuron, interneuron,
mouthwatering on smell of motor neuron, and effector (muscle or gland).
delicious food

*********
UNIT NO.03
VARIATIONS, HEREDITY AND CELL DIVISION
SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1- Why is meiosis important in organisms that reproduce sexually?

1. Meiosis is important in organisms that produce sexually to maintain number of
chromosomes in species. Meiosis reduces number of chromosomes to half in gamete
that is egg and sperm. The Fusion of gametes again restores the number.
2. In Meiosis, crossing over is the process to create variation in the next generation.
Q.2- State the importance of mitosis in human life.
IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS:-
i. Growth: Increase in size is called growth. Growth of human body takes place through
mitosis.
ii. Development: The development of human body starts from a single cell called
Zygote, which divides repeatedly by mitosis and number of cell increases leading to
formation of tissues, organs, organ system and a complete individual.
iii. Healing of Wounds: If human skin is cut, the new skin comes due to process of
mitosis.
iv. Regeneration: The nails and hair of human body regenerate due to process of
regeneration.
Q.3- What is significance of spindle fibers in cell division?
The spindle fiber plays important role in cell division. They are formed by a protein
that helps to divide genetic material (DNA) during cell division. They equally divide
chromosomes from parent cell into two daughter cells.
Q.4- You never see frogs, snakes and lizards during extreme winter as they hibernate.
What type of adaptation is it? Explain.
Hibernation during extreme winter is an example of behavioral adaptation.
Behavioral Adaptation:
It is an adaptation affecting the way an organism responds to its environment.
Examples:
i- Seasonal migration of birds from Siberia to Pakistan to avoid extreme cold.
ii- Many plants shed their leaves in winter to prevent water loss.
iii- Frogs, snakes and lizards hibernate during winter.
LONG QUESTIONS:
Q.1- What are variations? Give different causes of variations.
Variations: Variations are differences in traits between individual of the same
species.
Causes of Variations: In sexually reproducing organisms, Genetic variations are caused by
 Crossing over
 Mutations
  Environmental factors which cause variations include.
 Diet
 Temperature
 Humidity
Q.2- Describe the process of Mitosis in detail.
Mitosis:
“The type of cell division in which a parent cell divides to produce two identical
daughter cells having same number of chromosomes as in parent cell is called
Mitosis”
Mechanism of Mitosis:
Before the start of mitosis, cell replicates its entire DNA, so as to produce an extra
copy of each chromosome.
Mitosis

Karyokinesis Cytokinesis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Flow chart showing process of Mitosis

Karyokinesis: The division of nucleus into two nuclei is called karyokinesis.
Phases of Karyokinesis: It takes place in four phases:
i. Prophase ii. Anaphase iii. Metaphase iv. Telophase
1- Prophase: DNA is coiled up tightly, so chromosomes become visible as DNA is
already replicated and each chromosome has two chromatids attached to
Centromere.
2- Metaphase: In metaphase all chromosomes are aligned in the centre of cell.
3- Anaphase: Each Centromere splits. The separated chromatids move to their poles.
4- Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil and disappear.
Cytokinesis: “The division of cytoplasm is called cytokinesis”. Finally two daughter
cells separated from each other as a result of cytokinesis. (Diagrams of different
phases of mitosis pages 41- 42 are included).
*********
UNIT NO.04
BIOTECHNOLOGY
SHORT QUESTIONS:
Q.1- What could be advantages of microbes produced dyes over synthetic dyes?
Ans 1. The production of microbial dyes cost less. They offer a wide range of new colour
and they impart better properties to dyed materials.
2. Microbes produced dyes are performed due to their easy use and colour
variations.
3. Microbial dyes production is faster than traditional methods.
Q.2- Give the advantages of using biodegradable plastics.
Ans Bio degradable plastics are decomposed by bacteria and fungi, So these plastics do
not cause pollution.
Q.3- What is the significance of fermented food?
Ans 1. Food produced by the use of microorganisms are more nutritious as they contain
essential nutrients like vitamins & minerals.
2. Food produced by fermentation process have better taste & quality and have
longer storage life.
3. Traditional fermented foods are better, faster and more economical.
Q.4- How biotechnology can transform the way of treating diseases?
Ans A biotechnology can transform the way of treating diseases by the following:
1. Diagnosis of diseases in short time. 2. Development of appropriate
medicine.
3. Better vaccines 4. Gene therapy
Q.5- What could be the best solution to mineral deficiency diseases in third world
countries?
Ans 1. Use of multivitamins and Mineral supplement. 2. Education and support about
better diet. 3. Bio fortification of food.
LONG QUESTIONS:
Q.1- Explain how biotechnology is helping to solve issues of food shortage?
Ans Biotechnology is helping to solve issues of food shortage by following method.
1. Production of GMO’s: Genetically modified animals are producing more milk and
meat. Fruits and vegetables with better quality and improved shelf lives are also
being produced on large scale.
2. Production of food by microorganisms: Food produced by the use of
microorganisms is more nutritious as they contain essential nutrients like vitamins
and minerals e.g. single cell proteins.
3. Fermented Food: Foods produced by fermentation process have better taste and
quality and have longer storage life.
 4. High Yield of Food products: More yield of milk, eggs and meat have become
possible by using modern technology.
5. Production of resistant crops: Crops resistant to diseases and harmful insects are
being cultivated in the world to solve food shortage of increasing human population.
Q.2- What are the applications of biotechnology?
Ans i. Food produced by the use of microorganisms is more nutritious as they contain
essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals and have longer storage life.
ii. More yields of milk and meat have become possible by using modern technology.
iii. Many vaccines are in use to prevent infections.
iv. Human hormones like insulin and human growth hormone are produced by
genetically modified microorganisms.
v. Fuels like biodiesel and ethanol are helping to reduce the use of fossils fuels.
vi. Biodegradable plastics are decomposed by bacteria and fungi. So these plastics do
not cause pollution.
vii. Modified microorganisms are more efficient in removing wastes from the
environment.

*********
UNIT NO.05
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
Q.1- Write common names for group of normal elements.
Ans Common names for group of normal element. A
Group IA: Alkali Metals Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals
Group VIIA: The Halogens Group VIIIA: The Noble Gases
Q.2- Suggest why copper and aluminium are used in electricity cables?
Ans Copper and Aluminium are good conductor of electricity. It is therefore used in
electrical cables.
Q.3- Many pots and pans are made up of steel instead of pure iron. Why?
Ans Steel is good thermal conductor. It has higher melting point. Steel is used to makes
Kettles, pots, Frying pans to withstand high temperature during cooking.
Q.4- Write three properties that make gold suitable for making jewelry.
Ans Gold and Silver are soft and can be shaped into rings, bangles, necklaces easily. Their
shiny appearance makes jewelry very attractive.
Q.5- In which portion of the periodic table metals and non-metals are present?
Ans Metals: Metal appear on the left hand side of periodic table.
Non- Metals: Non – Metals are present on the right hand side of periodic table.
Q.6- Metals wires can be transformed into different shapes without breaking why?
Ans Metals wires can be transformed into different shapes without breaking. Because
metals are flexible and bend into different shapes easily.
Q.7- Why electrical cables are covered with plastics?
Ans Plastic does not allow electricity to pass through them. Such material is called
insulator. Plastic is made up of non-metal. Non-metals are poor conductor of
electricity except graphite in non-metals.
LONG QUESTIONS:

Q.1- How can you locate an element in the periodic table: Identify the location of
following element in the periodic table? (Aluminium: Atomic No.13)
 Location of Elements in the periodic table.
 Aluminium:
1. Atomic No. = 13
2 8 3
2. Electronic configuration of Aluminium , ,
𝐾 𝐿 𝑀
3. Valence electrons are 3. So group of Al is III A
4. Valence shell Al is M shell so, period of Al is 3.
 Silicon:
1. Atomic No. = 14
2 8 4
2. Electronic configuration of Silicon , ,
𝐾 𝐿 𝑀
 3. Valence shell electrons are 4. So group of silicon is IVA
4. Valence shell is M shell so, period of Silicon is 3.
 Flourine:
1. Atomic No. = 9
2 7
2. Electronic configuration: ,
𝐾 𝐿
3. Valence shell electrons are 7. So group of fluorine is VII-A
4. Valence shell is L so, period of Fluorine is 2.
Q.2- Justify that properties of metals make it suitable for making many objects or its
parts. Explain with three examples.
Ans 1. Uses of metals in making jewellery:
Gold and Silver are shiny, easy to bend and mold. Gold and Silver are soft and can be
shaped into rings, bangles and necklaces easily. Their shiny appearance makes
jewellery very ductile.
2. Uses of metals in making bicycle and aeroplane:
Aluminum is malleable. Light and strong metal. It is used to make bicycle frames and
rims. It Possess high strength used to make aeroplanes, Solar panels and other
aeroplane technology.
3. Uses of metals in making bridges and buildings:
Iron is used in construction of bridges and buildings because; it can resist high lead
stress and strain.
UNIT NO.06
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND BONDING
Q .8- Give one example for each of the following reactions.
a) Combination: Burning of methane (Sui gas) is a combustion reaction.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2+ 2H2O + heat + light
b) Combination: During electrical discharge in the atmosphere nitrogen combines
with oxygen to produce nitric oxide (NO)
N2+O2 2NO (g)
c) Combination: Iron can be extracted from iron oxide (Fe2O3) by heating with coke
(carbon).
2Fe2O3+3C 4Fe + 3CO2
Q.9- Give one example of each of the following from daily life.
a) Exothermic reaction: An exothermic reaction takes place in our bodies in every
cell. During respiration, glucose molecule combines with oxygen and breaks down
into carbon dioxide and water and release energy.
C2H12O6+6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b) Endothermic reaction: When cake dough is heated in on oven, an
endothermic reaction occurs. Heat absorbed changes cake dough into a fluffy and
delicious material.
Q.10- Show the formation of covalent bond between hydrogen and chlorine.

LONG QUESTIONS:
Q.1- Discuss the formation on ionic bond with an example.
Ans Ionic Bonding: The force of attraction that holds oppositely charged ions together is
called ionic bond.
Explanation: Ionic bonds are formed between two atoms. When an atom loses
electro forming cation and the other atom gain electron to form anion. Cation and
Anion has opposite charges. They attract one another by electrostatic force.
Example: Formation of sodium chloride.
1. Sodium has only one (1) electron in its outermost shell. Chlorine has seven (7)
electrons in its valence shell. It needs one electron to complete its valence shell.
 2. When these two elements react, sodium atom transferred its electron to the
outer shell of chlorine atom. After losing one electron, each sodium becomes sodium
ion (Na+).
3. After gaining one electron, each chlorine atom has become chloride ion (Cl-).
4. These oppositely charged ions are attracted towards one another by strong
electrostatic force. This type of bonding is called ionic bonding.
Electron-dot and electron – cross structure for formation of sodium chloride:

Na + Cl Na+Cl-
Q.2- What are covalent bonds? Discuss its types.
Covalent Bond: The bond formed by mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms
is called covalent bond.
Explanation: We can represent the formation of covalent bond between two atoms
using electron-cross and electron-dot symbol for the atoms and resulting molecule.
A shared pair of electrons is represented by (-) dash in molecule.
Types of Covalent Bond:
1. Single Covalent Bond 2. Double Covalent Bond 3. Triple Covalent
Bond
Single Covalent Bond: The sharing of one pair of electron between two atoms is
known as Single Covalent Bond
Example: Formation of Hydrogen molecule
A Hydrogen atom has single valence electron. Two Hydrogen atoms share their
valence electrons to form a diatomic molecule.

Double Covalent Bond: The sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms is
called Double Covalent Bond.
Example: Formation of Oxygen molecule
Oxygen is present in group VIA, two oxygen atoms combine together to share their
two pairs of electrons to form a double covalent bond. It is represented by lines

Triple Covalent Bond: Triple covalent bond is form by sharing of three pairs of
electrons between two atoms is called Triple Covalent Bond.
Example: Formation of Nitrogen molecule
Nitrogen is present in group V, two Nitrogen atoms share their three pairs of
electrons and form triple bond. It is presented by three lines.

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UNIT NO.07
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
Q.1- You cannot neutralize the effects of wasp sting with calcium hydroxide?
Give reason.
Ans When a wasp stings, it injects an alkali in skin. This causes burning, pain and swelling
on skin. Its effect can be neutralized by rubbing an acid like vinegar on it, whereas
calcium hydroxide is an alkali and it cannot neutralize the effect of wasp sting.
Q.2- You can neutralize the effects of bee stings with calcium hydroxide. Give reason.
Ans When an ant or bee stings, it injects an acid under skin. It can be neutralized by
rubbing baking soda or calcium hydroxide on it because these are alkalis.
Q.3- Antacids are used to treat indigestion. Justify.
Ans Antacids contains alkalis such as magnesium hydroxide also known as milk of
magnesia. During indigestion, taking milk of magnesia gives relief, since it neutralizes
the effect of excess acid.
Q.4 Which acid and base would you use to make potassium chloride?
Ans Potassium chloride ions come from strong acid (HCl) and strong base (KOH).
Q.5- Toothpastes are made slightly alkaline. Justify.
Ans Toothpaste contain an alkali, so brushing tooth paste neutralizes acid and prevent
tooth decay.
Q.6- Which of the following solutions will have pH more than 7.
1. Milk of magnesia 2. Drain cleaner 3. Vinegar
Ans Milk of magnesia and Drain cleaner have PH more than 7.
LONG QUESTIONS:
Q.1- Describe acids and bases with at least three examples.
Ans Acid: An acid is a substance that gives Hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Acids have sour taste.
Examples: HCl, H2SO4 and carbonic acid (H2CO3) are mineral acids. Acetic acid
CH3COOH and formic acid (HCOOH) are organic acids.
Base: A compound that has a bitter taste is called a base. A base that dissolved in
water is called an alkali. Alkalis are compounds that produced hydroxide ions (OH-)
when dissolved in water.
Examples: Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide etc.
NaOH Na+ + OH-
KOH K+ + OH-
Q.2- Differentiate between strong and weak acids with examples.
Ans Acids are classified on the basis of ionizing capacity.
Strong Acids: Acids that ionize in water completely are called strong acids. For
 Example: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 etc.
HCl(aq) H+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)
H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)
Weak Acids: Acids that do not ionize in water completely are called weak acids. For
example: Vinegar, Formic acid, Carbonic acid etc.
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
H2CO3(aq) H+(aq)+ HCO3-(aq)
Q.3- Give examples of strong and weak bases.
Ans Alkalis are classified on the basis of ionizing capacity.
Strong Alkalis: Alkalis that ionize in water completely are called strong alkalis: For
example NaOH , KOH.
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
KOH(aq) K+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
Weak Alkalis: Alkalis that do not ionize in water completely are called weak alkalis.
For example: NH4OH, Cu(OH)2, Al(OH)3 etc.

*********
UNIT NO.08
FORCE AND PRESSURE
B. SHORT QURESTIONS

Q.1- If there are many forces acting on an object, how can the net force be ZERO?
Ans The net force is the total amount of force acted on an object. It becomes O (zero)
when the forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction cancelling each
other out or balancing them.
Q.2- Why stepping of high heeled shoe hurts more than a flat shoe?
Ans High heeled shoes or boots transfer the force through a much smaller area, causing a
much greater pressure. It will hurt more if a person steps on some one’s foot in high
heels then if they are wearing flat shoes.
Q.3- Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes.
Ans Objects moving in fluids face the fluid friction. Therefore objects moving in fluids
must have stream lined shapes in order to reduce friction.
Q.4- Consider two identical pails of water filled to the brim one pail contains only water,
the other has a piece of wood floating in it. Which pail has the greater weight?
Ans 1) the pail without the piece of wood will have greater weight.
2) Wood in the second pail can float in water only if the weight of volume of water
displayed by it, is greater than the weight of wood.
Q.5- Why does the fish float in the middle of the water?
Ans The swim bladder expands it will increase in volume and therefore displace more
water. This increases the fish’s buoyancy and it will float upward.
Q.6- Why is atmospheric pressure greatest at the surface of Earth?
Ans The atmospheric air extends up to many kilometers above the surface of the earth.
Atmospheric pressure varies with height at the surface of Earth, atmospheric
pressure is greatest because it has maximum amount of air gases in form of different
layers of atmosphere above the surface.
C. LONG QUESTIONS.
Q.1- What is net force? How it affect the motion of an object?
Net force is the combined effect of all the forces acting on an object. The net force
tells us whether the forces on the object are balanced or unbalanced.
a) Balanced Forces: - When the forces on an object produce a net force of zero (0) N,
the forces are balanced forces. For example a light bulb hanging from the ceiling
does not move due to balanced forces.
b) Unbalanced Forces: - When the net force on an object is not zero (0) N, the forces on
the object are unbalanced. For example when golf ball is hit, it receives an
unbalanced force.
Q.2- How is pressure related to force and area?
Pressure: - The force acting on a unit area of a surface is called pressure
Pressure = Force / Area
Smaller the area, larger the pressure on a surface for the same force larger the area
smaller will be the pressure.
Q.3- What is buoyancy? What determines the object to sink or float?
Buoyancy: - Buoyancy or up thrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that
opposes the weight of an immersed object.

Buoyant force arises because pressure increases with depth in a fluid.

i. If the buoyant force is greater than the object’s weight, the object will rise to the
surface and float.
ii. If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight, the object will sink.
iii. If the buoyant force equals the object’s weight the object will remain suspended at
that depth.
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CHAPTER NO.09
REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF LIGHT

SHORT QUESTIONS (SHORT RESPONSE QUESTIONS)

Q.1- How can we see ordinary, non-luminous objects?
Ans For ordinary, non-luminous object (such as table or chair) to be visible, the light need
to be reflected into our eyes to make them visible.
Q.2- Do you need a full-length mirror to see your hair and your feet at the same time?
Does it depend on how far you stand from the mirror?
Ans To see our hair and our feet at the same time, we need minimum size of the mirror
should be one-half of person’s height. This is because, in reflection, the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Distance of the object from the mirror
does not affect the image by the mirror.
Q.3- What is the minimum number of mirrors needed to see back of your head?
Ans Minimum two mirrors are needed to see the back of our head.
Q.4- At which position does the image and object have the same magnification?
Ans when an object placed at the Centre of curvature, the image and object has the
same magnification.

Q.5- Can a convex mirror produce a real image of an object?

Ans Convex mirrors always form virtual images. For convex mirrors focal point and centre
of curvature are virtual points, so the image formed inside the mirror and is virtual.
LONG QUESTIONS (EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS)
Q.1- State laws of reflection. Discuss how a plane mirror form a virtual image.
Ans LAWS OF REFLECTION:
The law of reflection describe the behavior of the incident and reflected rays.
FIRST LAW: The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in
the same plane.
 SECOND LAW: The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

IMAGE FORMATION BY A PLANE MIRROR:

When we look into a plane (flat) mirror, we see an image of ourselves two light rays leave
from the top of an object. These rays reflect from the mirror and enters the eye. To the eye,
it appears that the rays originates from behind the mirror. In the similar manner, two rays
leave from the bottom of the object, therefore, each point on an object, there is a single
corresponding point on the image. This image is formed by obeying laws of reflection and as
it is appeared to be originated from behind the mirror, represented by dashed lines it will be
virtual by nature.

Q.2- What is white light? How is the colours of light related to reflection and absorption
of light?
Ans WHITE LIGHT: White light is the ordinary visible light to our eyes. For example, the
sun and the other stars are the sources of white light.

COLOUR OF AN OBJECT:
The colours of the object or material is determined by the colours in light it absorbs
and those it reflect.
1. A material that reflects all colours of light appears white.
2. A material that reflects all colours of light appears black.
 3. An object can reflect only those light colours that fall on it. for example, if blue
light falls on white piece of paper, the paper will appear blue, not white, because
only blue light was available for it to reflect.
4. A mango absorb most of colours of light but reflects yellow, therefore mango
looks yellow.
Q.3- Explain the image formation by convex and concave mirrors?
Ans IMAGE FORMATION IN CONCAVE MIRROR:
Concave mirror form both real and virtual images.
1. When the concave mirror is placed very close to the object, a virtual and
magnified image is formed.
2. If we increase the distance between the object and the mirror, the size of the
image reduces and real images are formed.

IMAGE FORMATION IN CONVEX MIRROR:

1. Convex mirrors always form virtual images. This is because the focal point and the Centre
of curvature of the convex mirrors are imaginary points. So the image formed inside the
mirror and cannot be taken on a screen.
2. For the case of convex mirror, the reflected rays will always be diverging, therefore,
extended back behind the mirror with dashed lines to meet each other. The point at which
the rays meet is the position of top of the image. Similarly obtain the bottom part of the
image.

*********
CHAPTER NO.10
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
SHORT QUESTIONS (SHORT RESPONSE QUESTIONS)
Q.1- Why electric devices need two conducting paths from a voltage source to operate?
Ans We need two conducting wires/paths because when we connect an electric device to
a battery, the electrons releasing from battery need to travel back to the positive
terminal of the battery. So electrons need to travel in a complete circuit and they
have to finish back where they started.
Q.2- Why do wires usually warm up when an electric current passes through them?
Ans This is because wires have certain electrical resistances. This is due to the collision of
free electrons with the atoms of the wire resulting in an increase of the kinetic
energy which causes the wire to heat up.
Q.3- During a floor grinding and polishing repairs in your house, the fuse blows when
the operator starts his heavy machine. He wants to replace a fuse by a piece of
wire. Would you agree? Give reason for your response.
Ans No, one should not be allowed to replace the fuse in the house with a piece of wire.
This is because every wire cannot be used as a fuse wire. A fuse wire must have low
melting point, such that it could melt and break in response to a large amount of
current.
Q.4- Explain why is it dangerous if we use hair dryer in bath tub?
Ans Do not use electric appliances or cables to come into contact with water. If we use
hair dryer in bath tub with our wet body it may cause electric shock. Wet body gives
less resistance to the flow of current and current easily passes through the body to
give an electric shock.
Q.5- What advantage will a crane have with electromagnet over other crane? Can it use
as permanent magnet?
Ans Electromagnets allow industries like scraps yard to work at much more efficient rate
and in turn help them increase profit. No, it cannot be used as a permanent magnet
due to frequently changes in current.
LONG QUESTIONS (EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS)
Q.1- What is resistance and in what units we measure resistance?
Ans ELECTRIC RESISTANCE:
Electric resistance is the opposition to the motion of charge through a material.
Resistance lowers the flow of current in a circuit. The value of resistance “R” is
obtained by dividing the voltage ‘’V” by the current “I” as it carries. R = V/I
UNIT OF RESISTANCE:
The unit of resistance is Ohm and is represented by Greek letter (omega)Ω. The
resistance of wire is one Ohm if potential difference of one volt is applied across its
ends and causes a current of one Ampere to flow through it. 1Ω = 1V/1A
Q.2- State and explain electric power by giving its mathematical description?
Ans ELECTRIC POWER: Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is used in a
circuit.
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRIC POWER.
When charge moves in a circuit, it loses energy. This energy is transformed into
useful work, such as the turning of a motor.
The rate at which electric work is done is electric power(P).
Electric power(P)is the product of total current (I) in and voltage (V) across a circuit.
P =I x V
The SI unit of power is Watt (W).
Q.3- What are electromagnets? Explain their uses in daily life.
Ans ELECTROMAGNET:
It is a coil that has soft iron core that acts as a magnet when an electric current is in
the coil. Electromagnet can be turned ON/OFF by turning the current ON or OFF.
When current flows through the coil, it is a powerful magnet. When current is turned
OFF, the magnetic field disappears. The strength of the electromagnet increases with
increasing current, increasing number of turns in the coil.

APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNET:
STEREO SPEAKER:
Electromagnet used to produce sound waves. As most stereo speakers work. It
consists of a round permanent magnet and an electromagnet attached to a paper
cone. The paper cone vibrates with varying magnitude of current in the coil of
electromagnet and produce sound wave.
ELECTRIC BELL:
It consists of a coil of wire wound on an iron piece. The coil acts as an electromagnet.
An iron strip with a hammer at one end is kept close to the electromagnet. Also a
contact screw near the iron strip when contact with iron strip, current flows through
the coil. It then becomes an electromagnet and pulls the iron strip. In this process,
hammer at the end of the strip strikes the gong of the bell to produce the sound.

*********
UNIT NO.11
TECHNOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
SHORT QUESTIONS ANSWERS:
Q.1- What is the most important material in toothpaste?
Ans An Alkali is the most important material in toothpaste. So brushing toothpaste
neutralizes the acid which prevents tooth decay.
Q.2- Why does milk turn into plastic when vinegar is added to it?
Ans Milk contains a protein called casein when vinegar (acid) is mixed with milk. Casein
molecules combine to form long chain product called casein plastic or milk plastic.
This plastic can be easily molded.
Q.3- What is saponification?
Ans When oil or fats are heated with an alkali Na0H, Sodium salts of fatty acid (Organic
acid) are formed. This reaction is known as saponification reaction.
Q.4- Why it is better to use concave mirror in solar cooker?
Ans Concave Mirrors are the mirrors whose inner surface of spherical section is made
reflecting. After reflection from the mirror, the rays Converge to a single point in
front of the mirror called focus point.
Q.5- What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there
places where solar cookers would have limited utility?
Advantages:
1: solar cooker is environment friendly; as it does not consume any fuel.
2: It causes no pollution. It harnesses the power of the sun to cook food and hence
the nutrients of food are not wasted.
DISADVANTAGES
1: It is slow
2: It cannot be used in rainy or cloudy day.
3: It cannot cook all kinds of food.
4: It cannot be used everywhere on the earth.
Q.6- What potential you see for the solar cooker to be used in Pakistan?
Ans Pakistan has huge solar resources. Solar cookers international has rated Pakistan as
the 3rd country in the world in term of solar cooking potential, because of abundant
sun energy, as solar energy is a renewable source of energy.
Q.7- When can wind power be used?
Ans Wind power can be used to produce electricity by converting the kinetic energy of
air in motion [wind] into electrical energy. The power produce by wind turbine
depends on elevation, wind speed and air temperature
Q.8- Why might engineers be interested in developing wind power?
Ans Engineers are interested to use wind power because it is clean and renewable source
of energy. It is low cost source of energy. It reduces the use of fossil fuel by cutting
 the emission of carbon dioxide, fine particles and other climate alternating
substances in the atmosphere.
Q.9- If you want to install a wind mill for your home, where will you place you wind
turbine?
Ans We will place wind turbine at the roof of our house, a high elevation spots away
from trees and building is the best choice for turbine.
LONG QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Q.1- What is spherical mirror type’s solar cooker. How it can be used to cook food?
Ans In solar cookers concave spherical mirror is used. In concave spherical mirror the
inner surface of the spherical section is made reflecting. A beam of light is directed
towards a concave mirror along it principals axis. After reflecting from mirror, the ray
converges to a single point in front of the mirror called the focus point F

FIG: CONCAVE MIRROR SOLAR COOKER CONSTRUCTION

By using concave mirror we can direct the energy in sunlight to a single
point. This reflected light is very powerful because it carries a lot of thermal energy.
Solar cookers are one of the simplest utensils used to cook food.
It harnesses the power of the sun to cook food.
Q.2- What is a wind turbine? How it is used to produce electricity?
Ans A wind turbine is a large vanned (covered with feather) wheel rotated by the wind to
generate electricity.
Production of electricity through wind turbine: To change the wind energy into
electricity, wind should turn the rotorblades, which need to spin the turbine. An
electric generator is fitted inside the turbine, which is a rotating machine that
supplies an electrical output with voltage and current. A wind turbine is connected
to the motor and its movement generates electricity.
The power produced by a wind turbine depends on
1- Elevation (height)
2- Wind speed
3- Air temperature
 FIG: WIND TURBINE

Q.3- What is UPS? Where and how is it used?

Ans UPS stands for uninterruptible power supply. UPS is an electrical device that gives
emergency power. It is also known as battery backup.
A UPS allows for the safe, shutdown of a computer and other appliances. Its size and
design determine how long it will supply power. It detects loss in primary power
source. The control is transferred to the batteries and DC voltage in batteries is
converted to AC using an inverter. Plug the charger into the wall and power it ON
make sure the inverter is powered OFF.

FIG: UPS
Attach and test the inverter if it is separate from the charger. Hook up the cables to
the batteries, noting polarity. Turn the inverter on and test it with some suitable AC
load. Take a UPS system and connect it with a bulb as load. After charging for
sometime turn OFF the power to the UPS, the light will continue glowing.
*********
UNIT NO.12
OUR UNIVERSE
SHORT QUESTIONS ANSWERS.
Q.1- Why are distances in space often measured in light years?
Ans Light year is a large unit and equal to distance travelled by light in one year. Hence
distance in space is very large and measured in light years.
Q.2- Is our sun in motion through space?
Ans Yes, our sun is in motion through space. In fact, our whole solar systems orbit around
the center to the Milky Way galaxy with an average speed 828000km/h.
Q3- What is the source of the sun’s energy?
Ans Nuclear fusion reaction is the source of sun’s energy. Fusion occurs when protons of
hydrogen atoms violently collide in the suns core to create helium atom.
Q.4- Why the sun will not become a black hole?
Ans The sun would need to be about 20 times more massive to end its as a black hole.
Black hole is a region where gravity is so strong that nothing, no particle even light
can escape from it.
Q.5- What are the advantages of designing space probes for not to return back to
earth?
Ans Advantages of space probe
1. It is not required to carry astronauts.
2. It can overcome any harsh atmospheric conditions.
3. It is equipped to carry other self-sufficient devices to increase the field of
investigation such as, water, temperature and electromagnetic radiations.
LONG QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Q.1- What are galaxies? Explain different types of galaxies?
Ans Galaxies
A galaxy is a huge collection of gases, dust and billions of stars and their solar
system.
Galaxies are classified into three main types.
1. Spiral galaxies.
Spiral galaxies are large rotating disk of stars and the central bright region at the core
of a galaxy is called the galactic bulge. Example: Our milky way is a spiral galaxy.

Fig: Spiral galaxies.

 2. Elliptical galaxies
Elliptical galaxies are roughly egg-shaped and have no galactic bulge at their centers.
These galaxies contain old stars as there is little new stars formation occurring in
them. They can range in size from a few thousand light years across to more than a
few hundred thousand.

Fig: Elliptical galaxies

3. Irregular Galaxies
Irregular galaxies are irregular in shape. They are in constant motion as a group.

Fig: Irregular Galaxies

Q.2- How do stars’ form? What stages does a star pass through? Why do some stars end
up as white dwarfs and other as neutron stars or black holes?
Ans Stars are formed when gaseous clouds contract due to the pull of gravity.
As the particles merge, their kinetic energy increases. Nuclear fusion reaction starts.
These reaction change light elements into heavier ones and release energy in the
process and stars appear to glow. Energy release during this process stops further
contraction due to gravity and stabilizes the size of star.
Star end up or star death
Death of stars occurs when the fuel for nuclear reaction is used up. A dying star collapses
under its gravity as the energy flow from the core of the star stops. Nuclear reactions
outside the core causes the dying star to expand outward in the red giant phase before its
collapse.
After red giant formation, the core of star ends up as one of the following three
types:
1. White dwarf
2. Neutron star (pulsar)
3. Black hole
Formation of white dwarf
If the initial mass of the star is less than or equal to the mass of the sun, the red giant
becomes white dwarf.

FIG: WHITE DWARF

Formation of Neutron star
If the initial mass of star is between one to five times of sun mass, the red giant
becomes a neutron star.

FIG: Neutron Star

Formation of black hole

If the initial mass of the star is more than five times the mass of the solar mass, the red
giant becomes a black hole.

FIG: Black Hole

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 Government of Pakistan
Federal Directorate of Education
~~~~~~

HISTORY
Centralized Annual Examination
Class-VIII, 2023
 Chapter No. 1

1. What were the main causes of the defeat of Siraj ud Daulah in the battle of
Plassey?
Following are the causes for the defeat of Siraj ud Daulah in the battle of plassey

 His army was weak.

 Less number of modern weapons.

2. Briefly describe the transfer of British Power in India from the East Indian
Company to the Crown?
Government of India Act on 2nd August 1858 transferring power from the British East India
to the British Crown.
3. Outline the structure of the British Administration?
The Government of the Raj consisted wholly of British Officials and was headed by the
Viceroy and the appointed members of his council.
4. What were the Objectives of the British Education Policy?
British Education was mainly based on learning of English Modern Education.
5. Specify the advantages of Communication networks introduced by the British?
Railway made travelling easy and fast.

Long Question

1. Describe the causes and result of Battle of Plassey?

Causes of Battle of Plassey:

 Fortification of Calcutta by the British without Nawab’s Permission.
 Misleading Nawab on various fronts by british.
 An asylum was provided to Nawab’s Enemy Krishna Das.
As a result of Battle of Plassey the East India Company Strengthen its rule in India. Now,
Nawab of Bengal was only a puppet in the hands of British.

2. Identify Tipu Sultan as a symbol of Resistance?

Tipu Sultan is also known as the tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of Kingdom of Mysore based
in India. Tipu sultan became a big threat for the British Rule and defeated them. The Fourth
Anglo Mysore War proved to be decisive when British forces attacked capital
seringapatam. Tipu sultan could not get any help form his French allies and after great acts
of bravery, he was martyred on May 4, 1799. His legacy is still alive today as the life of Tipu
Sultan gives message to everyone under illegal dominance living a life like a tiger and not
to live like a coward.

3. What are the salient features of Queen Victoria Proclamation?

Salient features of Queen Victoria Proclamation are:
 Appointment of Viceroy: A viceroy was appointed to run the government affairs in
India.
 Obligation of Treaties: state princes were assured that the treaties made by the East
India Company would be honored.

 Religious Freedom: Religious Freedom was restored as the Servants of British

Government in India were ordered not to interfere in the religious affairs of Local
People.
 Equality: Equality treatment was promised to Indian.
 Regard of Local Rituals: Local People were assured that due regard would be given
to their customs while framing and administering low regard to local rituals.

4. Write a note on Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1836-37)?

On February 2, 1836 Macaulay presented his famous Minute. He declared more funding
for English and Scientific Education. He Declared English as a key to Success and declared
Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit as Inferior languages. Following words truly depict the British
Education Policy in India:
“We must at present do our best to form a class of persons, Indian and colors but English
in best in opinions, in morals and in intellect.”
Macaulay further expressed his preference for higher education for the upper class cost of
ignoring elementary classes. He believed that education form the upper class could be
transmitted to lower class but this could never happen.

5. What measures for the social transformation were taken since the British
accession to power?

 Sati (the practice of burning a Hindu Widow with her Dead Husband) was made
illegal and punishable by law.
 Slavery was made illegal.
 Prevailing cast system was discouraged and people were provided equal
opportunities.
 Female education was promoted.
 Underage marriage was banned and minimum age fixed for marriage.
 Chapter No. 2
REFORM MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

1. What was the Role Played by Shah Wali Ullah in opposing the Marattas?
He wanted to remove Marattas from the throne of Delhi.
2. Explain the role of Faraizi movement launched by Haji Shariat Ullah?
The movement extolled Muslims of Bengal to give up Un Islamic Practices and act
upon their duties as Muslims.
3. Describe the key aim of Brahmo Samaj?
The chief aim of Brahmo samaj was the worship of Eternal God.
4. Why were the Muslims subjected to harsh treatment by the British after
War of Independence 1857?
The British government consciously discriminated against the Muslims, holding the
responsible for the uprising of 1857.
5. Why was Aligarh Movement Formed?
i. Loyalty to British Government
ii. Modern western Education for Muslims.

Long Questions

1. Explain the contribution of Shiekh Ahmed Sarhindi for the revival of

Islamic Teachings. Give Evidence to support your Explanation?

Sheikh Ahmed Revival Efforts:

 He persuaded Muslims to adopt simple Habits in the light of Islam and Sunnah.
 Opposition of Din e Illahi
 Wrote letter to Jahangir.

Administration Structure & Political Structure:

 Central Authority
 Constitution
 Way of Life

Zille Illahi (Fear of God)

Main Contribution:

Fight against Din E Illahi:

Mughal Emperor Akbar Presented Deen-e-Illahi combination of the teaching of Hindu and
Muslim Beliefs. Shiekh Ahmed efforts became successful when Emperor Jahangir
cancelled all those orders to his father Akbar which were against the teachings of Islam.

Muktabat-Imam Rabbani:

Maktab in urdu means letter. Shiekh ahmed wrote letters to the Noble personal of Royal
Court. Shiekh ahmed was a role model for the Muslims. He laid stress on practicing the
true and pure Islamic principles in all walks of life. The biggest milestone achievement was
his resistance against Deen e illahi which highlighted the need for revival of Islamic
practices.
2. Describe the Faraizi Movement and it’s Impacts?
Haji Shariat Ullah wanted Muslims to return to their roots by proper observation of Islamic
Duties called Faraizi. His Movement is known as Faraizi Movement. H realized that the
Muslims of Bengal were in constant state of Oppression by both British and Hindus. His
teachings led to the religious and spiritual revival which brought them back to the folds of
Islamic Teachings. He also provided platform to the Bengali peasants to get united against
the discriminatory economic policies of British and Hindus against Muslims.

3. Write a note on Syed Ahmed Barelis vision of Jihad?

Syed Ahmed Shaheed started jihad movement to purity the area from Sikh Domination.
British crown allowed the domination of Sikhs in Punjab in terms of Power and Authority.
Syed Ahmed founded his Jihad Movement which called for armed struggle aiming at
overthrowing the Non-Muslim Oppressive.
He started the Jihad Movement aiming to liberate the Muslims from the Non-Muslims and
the foreign domination. His desire to sacrifice for the cause of Islam was an inspiration for
others. He invoked the desire in the hearts of the Muslims to demand religious and
spiritual freedom, defend their culture, religion and their identity.

4. Explain the Aims of Arya Samajh and also shed light on the influence it creates
under the banner of Hindus Revivalist Movement?
The main aim of movement was to reestablish the old Hindu sculptures and to improve
spiritual and physical wellbeing of mankind.
Arya samajh had played a great role in all social and emotional platforms. This movement
fought against caste determination and idolatry status of woman untouchability.

5. Analyze the impacts of the educational efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed on the uplift
of Muslim Society?
Sir syed Ahmed Khan played a vital role in the uplift of Indian Muslims. He aspired to
transform Muslim’s Educational Achievement by instilling a desire for high quality
education. He wanted Muslims to understand the need of education for progression and
to be able to exercise their political and administrative rights. He believed that the Holy
Quran Emphasizes the importance of obtaining scientific education which contributes to
comprehending Allah Almighty’s Entire Significance. His contribution including opening of
Schools in Muradabad and ghazipur replicating British education for Muslims of India.
Opening of Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College and organization of Muhammad
Educational Conference in 1886.
 Chapter No. 3
World Wars

1. What was the immediate cause of the World War-I?

The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Archduice Franz
Ferdinand of Austria Hungary.
2. Why did the league of Nations fail in reaching its objectives?

League of Nations fail because it had no army and it could not enforce its
decisions
3. Who was Hitler? What did he promise to his nation?

He was leader of German Nazi Party and became the ruler of Germany in 1933.
He promised his nation to restore Past Glory of Germany Nation.
4. Which Two Japanese cities were destroyed by Atomic Bombs?

The First Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

5. As a result of World War-II which country faced more causalities?

More than 80 percent of the deaths was in Russia China, Germany and Poland.

6. Do you think united Nations could Achieve its Objectives?

United Nations could achieve its Objectives by political will and strong
decisions.
7. What do you think was the worst effect of Cold War?

It resulted in the start of arm race among the countries.

8. What are the objectives of UN?

The main objectives of the United Nations are the maintenance of International
Peace and security wellbeing of the World.
 9. What do we need to do to make this world a peaceful place?

We can make this world better by keeping environment clean and by serving
humanity.

Detailed Answers

Q1. What were the Main Causes of World War-I?

Causes of World War-I

Militarism: European Alliances: Different Military

Imperialism: to Capture more
countries had started to Agreements were made in Nationalism: A strong
territories and resources European
build strong armies and an Europe and world was Movement of Nationalism
nations had started to build their
arm race had being in divided into two hostile was at full swing in Europe.
colonies.
Central Europe. blocks Aris and Allied poers.

Q2. Critically Analyze the Causes Behind World War-II?

Causes

Great Depression: Arm Race: Arm Race

Appeasement: soft policy of
Political Instability among great Britain,
Treaty of Versallies. Rise of Nationalism Great Britain and France
due to great Germnay, Japan and
Towards Germany
Depression. Italy
Q3. Cause of Formation of the United Nation? Enlist its Main Organs

United Nations was founded in 1945.

Causes

International Peace: The

Cordial Relations: To Social Progress: To promote
purpose of United To Promote
promote Friendly better living standards and
Nations was to maintain Globalisation.
Relation among Nations Human Rights.
International Peace

Organs

General Security Economic and International Trusteeship

Secretariat
Assembly. Council Social Council Court of Justice Council
 Chapter No. 4
POLITICAL AWAKENING IN INDIA

1. Answer the Following Questions Briefly?

i. Enlist primary objectives of All India Muslim League?

 To create among Muslims the feelings of loyalty towards British Government.
 The Safe Guard the political Rights of Muslims.

ii. What was the significance of Khilafat Movement in the creation of Pakistan?
 The khilafat movement helped creating political awareness among the Muslims of
sub-continent.

iii. Do you think Nehru Report Paved way for creation of Pakistan? Why?
Yes, this report paved the way for a separate homeland for the Muslims of subcontinent.

iv. How the congress ministries did came to an end in 1939?

 In September 1939, the second world war started and the congress refused to
cooperate with the British against the Germans

v. Why is the Pakistan Resolution an important Landmark in Pakistan Movement?

In Lahore Resolution Muslims demand for a separate state.

Long Questions

1. Write a note on Congress Ministries after 1937 Elections?

Background:
 After winning the elections, congress leaders adopted a dictatorship attitude to
impose their will on Muslims.
 All congress ministries were formed because the Muslims League rejected their
unfair Demands.
 They took the offices in Eight Provinces including NWFP and Bengal.

Steps Taken By Congress:

 Congress started imposing its will on minorities as soon as it takes the offices.
 The Muslims were forbidden to slaughter Mother Cow and were not allowed to eat
beef.
 Hindi was announced as the Official language of India.
 Azaan was banned and during prayer intended noisy processions were passed.
 Mosques were also attacked during prayer times.
 Congress adopted Band-e-Mahtaram as the National Anthem and insisted on the
commencement of the days with this song.
  Widdia Mandir policy was introduced in the educational institutes that were
intended to convert students to Hinduism.
 During the congress rule, the Muslims faced many hardships.
 Their homes were set on fire and woman and children were abducted.

2. Describe Lahore Resolution and its Significance?

Introduction:
The Lahore Resolution also called Pakistan Resolution or declaration of Independence of
Pakistan was written and prepared by Sikandar Hayyat Khan and was presented by A.K
Significance:
 On the first day of the session, Muhammad Ali Jinnah narrated the situations and
events of past few months and mentioned the problems faced by Muslims.
 He declared that the survival of the Muslim and Hindus under a single leadership is
not possible anymore.
 He suggested the idea of a separate state for the Muslims of India.
 On 23rd March 1940, based on Muhammad Ali Jinnah statement, Fazle Haq the well-
known personality on the chief minister of Bengal passed the resolution that soon
became known as Lahore resolution.
 The Hindu press started referring to the resolution as Pakistan Resolution and it later
became famous with the same name.
 After the resolution was passed the Muslims of India were no longer seeking support
from the Hindus.
 They set out to demand their separate homeland where their religious and cultural
rights will be protected.

3. How did the Muslim League obtain Success in the 1945-46 Elections? Why were
the elections important for the fate of Country?

 After the defeat in General Elections 1937, the Muslim League learned its lesson and
aligned.
 The Congress ministries’ 1937-39 made the Muslims of India realize that to protect
their religious and cultural rights they must stand for themselves.
 The Muslim league campaign demanded the separate state for common Muslims to
be free from Hindu domination.
 The Muslim league experienced an extraordinary victory in the Muslim majority
states.
 In the central assembly the Muslim league won all 30 Muslim seats.
 In the provincial assembly, the Muslim League won 446 out of 496 Muslim Seats.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah role as a leader improved the Muslim position as he did not
compromise on Muslim Rights during Simla Conference and the Gandhi Jinnah Talks.
 Quaid-e-Azam Addressed thousands of People at many gathering in different
provinces issued press statements and give interviews.

4. Analyze the factors that led landmark victory of All India Muslim League in
1945-46 Elections?
i. In 1937 elections for eleven provincial assemblies were held under the Indian
Government act 1935. The INC won 706 while the Muslim League won 106 seats.
ii. The Congress could not prove its point of being the sole representative of people
of India and the Muslims faced many Hardships form the side of Congress
Ministries.
iii. The Congress Ministries proved to be a nightmare for the Muslims
iv. The Muslim League showed impressive performance in 1945-46 elections and
won all 30 seats reserved for Muslims.
v. The 1945-46 elections were not less than a referendum for Pakistan.
vi. The Muslim League Participated in these Elections in the name of Pakistan as a
sovereign Country for the Muslims of Subcontinent.
vii. Quaid-e-Azam and the other Leaders of Muslim League speeded up their efforts
to make elections success for Muslims.
viii. The Muslim League won about 95% of the total Muslim Seats. These results were
a clear proof that the Muslim league was the sole representative of the Muslims
of Subcontinent.
 Chapter No. 5
PAKISTAN SINCE ITS INDEPENDENCE

Q.No.1. Evaluate the most challenging problem Pakistan had to face after
independence?
Ans: Refugees Issue, Economic Problem, Political Problem.
Q.No.2. What was the constitutional arrangement in Pakistan before 1956 constitution?
Ans. Government of India Acts 1935 was adopted as a constitution.
Q.No.3. Differentiate between a bill and an Act?
Ans. Bill. Bill is a draft of a proposed law that is presented to the parliament
ACT. Act is a Law passed by the Parliament.
Q.No.4. what in your opinion was the main cause of Pakistan’s victory in 1965 War?
Ans. The secret of Pakistan Success in 1965 was its leadership and unity.
Q.No.5. Write a short note on role of Pakistan Navy in war time?
Ans. Operation Dwarka was a naval operation by Pakistan Navy to attack the Indian
Coastal Town of Dwarka.
Q.No.6. Why has objectives Resolution become a compulsory part of all the constitutions
of Pakistan?
Ans. The Objective resolution had the status of Magnacarta in the constitutional history
of Pakistan.

LONG QUESTIONS.
Q.No.1. Briefly describes the nature of Kashmir Conflict between India and Pakistan.
How can it be resolved?
Ans. The Kashmir Issue.
The state of Kashmir shares border with both India and Pakistan. After World War-II, when
British finally decided to bring their rule to an end. The Princely states were now supposed
to join either India or Pakistan. Pakistan demanded the inclusion of Kashmir in its dominion
on the ground of Muslim majority. But the ruler of Kashmir, Maha-Raja Hari Singh was
hesitating to join either Pakistan or India. The People of Kashmir also demanded to join
Pakistan. However, the Dogra raja of Kashmir, agreed to join India on 26th October 1947.
India Governal Gernal Lord Mountbatten accepted Kashmir into Indian Union. Kashmir is
most important conflict between India and Pakistan which caused various wars between
the two neighbors. India took the issue to United Nations in 1949. The UN announced
cease fire between the two countries.
UN RESOLUTION REGARDING
Kashmir:-
(i) Un Resolution of January 5, 1949 demanded the Kashmiri’s Right of Self
Determination.
(ii) The Question of the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India or
Pakistan will be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial
plebiscite. (Vote)

Q.No.2. what were the causes of War on Terror? How did Pakistani armed forces get
success?
Ans. The war on Terror, officially the Global war on Terrorism (GWOT), is an ongoing
international counterterrorism military Campaign Initiated by the United States following
the September II attacks 2001. In 2022 Pakistan armed forces moved into erstwhile FATA
under the umbrella of operation Al-Mizan to rid the country of the curse of Terrorism.
Q.No.3. Identify causes and events of the War of 1971?
Ans. The War of 1971 or the Indo-Pak war of 1971 or the Bangladesh Liberation war of
1971 was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of Bengali nationalist and
self-determination movement in what was then East Pakistan. This war resulted in the
independence of Bangladesh from West Pakistan.
Reasons for conflicts are:
(I) Border dispute (ii) Kashmir Problem (iii) Water Dispute (iv) Terror
Controversy

Event of the War

In 1971, internal crises in Pakistan resulted in a third war between India and Pakistan and
the Secession of East Pakistan, creating the Independent State of Bangladesh.
Q.No.4. Compare the constitution of 1962 with constitution of 1973?
Ans.
1962 CONSTITUTION 1973 CONSTITUTION
i) Under the constitution of i) Parliamentary form of
1962, the President had Government.
great power. ii) Constitution of 1973, Introduce
ii) Constitution of 1962, direct election.
introduce indirect election. iii) It has 280 articles and 12
Schedules.
 iii) It has 250 articles, 5 iv) Bicameral legislature in a
schedules. Parliamentary System.
iv) Unicameral legislature in a v) Islamic Provisions have been
Presidential system. included in this constitution.
v) No law could be passed
against the teaching of
Quran and Sunnah.

Q.No.5. A Peaceful Pakistan is the guarantee of a Prosperous Pakistan.” Evaluate this

statement?
Ans. A peaceful Pakistan is delivering a message of peace progress and tolerance to the
world.
Without an environment of peace and security, economic development can neither be
meaningful nor sustainable increased investment, growth and economic revival are
impossible without peace and security war, extremism and terrorism have caused
enormous loss to our society economy and national image. Externally Pakistan derive
“Peace and dignity” Internally we seen to create a secure environment where life,
property, civil liberty and socio-economic rights of citizen are protected and they are able
to live and proposer in harmony and respect.
 Chapter No. 6

Q.No.1. Justify Pakistan’s development in the development in the field of

Agriculture?
Agriculture has huge contribution towards GDP of Pakistan’s Economy. It contributes
about 25% of GDP.
Q.No.2. Briefly describes development of Pakistan in the field of Industry?
In Pakistan manufacturing sector contributes 12.79 percent to GDP and the sector employs
16.1 % of country’s Labor.
Q.No.3. What do you think is the most important factor behind low literacy rate in
Pakistan?
Over Population
Q.No.4. discuss the role of Executive in the country?
The executive is the branch of government responsible for implementation of laws and
policies adopted by legislation.
Q.No.5. Why should Judiciary be separated from Executive?
It is believed that for a democracy to remain efficient and effective the judiciary must be
independent.
Q.No.6 With Which countries Pakistan had always warm relations?
Pakistan had always warm relations with Iran, Saudia Arabia, Turkey and China.
Q.No.7. Describe the role of Pakistan in United Nation Organization?
Pakistan has always played an important role in the community of nations in order to
resolve regional and international crisis and disputes.

LONG QUESTIONS

1. How much progress Pakistan has made in the field of Industry? Give some
Examples?
i. Pakistan showed significant progress in the field of industry one of the important
indicators of progress of country is industrial development.
ii. At the time of independence Pakistan had only 34 i9ndustries out of total 921
industrial units. Which was around 4% of total industrial units of subcontinent.
iii. Pakistan has been progressing in the field. Now Pakistan is the third largest
exporter of cotton textile in the world.
 iv. Sugar industry developed greatly during last few decades. At the time of
independence there were only two sugar mills now there are more than 100
sugar mills.
v. In Sports Pakistan exports more than 70% of the total world demand for hand
stiched fabrics.
vi. Similarly telecom industry was developed in recent years with the speed of
Mobile phones and internet facilities reaching every corner of the country.
vii. Pakistan has made landmark development in the field of defense production.

2. Suggest some steps to bring improvement in sports in Pakistan?

i. Sports competitions promote liking among the students so competitions and
matches should be played at regular intervals.
ii. The good players of the school and college should be encouraged and given extra
marks in examinations.
iii. Prizes and presents also motivate the young students to promote games and
sports.
iv. There is a shortage of Physical facilities and equipment in schools and colleges.
v. A sound mind is present in a sound body. Games are necessary to keep student
healthy and smart.
3. What do you know about Different Houses of Parliament?
Parliament consist of two houses with Senate as the upper house and National Assembly
as the Lower House. The President of Pakistan is also part of the Parliament.
National Assembly:
i. National Assembly consist of 342 members 272 are elected by direct voting 60
seats are reserved for women while 10 seats are reserved for religious minorities.
ii. The members of National Assembly are elected for 5 year term.
iii. These members make laws for Federal Government.
iv. Different issues are discussed through debates in Parliament.
v. Members of Parliament raise different questions for public interest.
Senate:
i. Senate of Pakistan has the equal representation form all the federating units of
Pakistan.
ii. Senate consist of total 100 members
iii. The members of senate are elected for 6 year term.
iv. The membership of National Assembly was based on the population of Province.
4. Write a note on Judiciary of Pakistan?
For provision of justice to all the people of state without any discrimination is very
important for success of country.
Judiciary consist of Two Houses
 i. Superior or Higher Judiciary
ii. Sub Ordinate or Lower Judiciary
Supreme Court is the highest judicial body while each province has its own high court.
Federal Capital Islamabad has its own High Court.

5. With which countries Pakistan has pleasant relations? Give Some Examples of
these Relations?
i. Pakistan has a long term relation with China
ii. Mutual interest is central point of these strong relation between two countries.
iii. Pakistan was the first Muslim country that accepted people republic of China as
an Independent state.
iv. Pakistan has always played an important role in the community of Nations
v. China support Pakistan because in Kashmir while Pakistan support china stance
on Tibet and Taiwan.

6. Compare Pakistan Role In SAARC & OIC?

SAARC:
I. South Asian association for regional cooperation is a regional organization of 08
countries.
II. It was established on 8th December 1985 for cooperation and friendship among
the developing member countries.
III. SAARC is the regional organization covering more than 2 billion population.
IV. Pakistan has been playing an important role in SAARC
V. Pakistan hosted 4th Summit of SAARC in 1988 and 12th summit in 2004 in
Islamabad.
OIC:
I. Organization of Islamic Cooperation consist of 57 Islamic Countries.
II. Pakistan was the founding member of the organization since then it has been
playing a leading role in OIC.
III. Pakistan is the chairman of OIC Ministerial standing committee on scientific and
technological cooperation OMSTECH which has its headquarters in Islamabad.
IV. The Secretariat of Islami9c Chamber of Commerce Industry ICCI is also in
Pakistan.

7. How can Pakistan Maintain Amicable Relation with Other countries?

Pakistan has geographical and political importance all over the world due to its special
location Pakistan is of unprecedented geographical importance so all the trade routes of
Asia Pass through Pakistan.
Trade Route:
Pakistan is connected to China in the North. The Karakoram Highway connect China and
Pakistan by Land.
Land and Sea Routes:
Pakistan is close to Oil producing gulf countries and it lies between the Muslim World.
Which stretches from Morocco in west to Indonesia in the east. All the countries that want
to connect cannot ignore the location of Pakistan.
Good Relation With Different Countries:
Muslim Countries such as Malaysia Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam to far east areas
Pakistan has a very good relation with all these countries.
Tourism:
Pakistan has very ancient civilization of Indus valley and Gandhara and they are important
from the point of view of Tourism.
Kashmir Issue:
If the Kashmir core issue between Pakistan and India is resolved peace will prevail in entire
south Asian region and trade will flourish.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor:
Under the China Pakistan Economic Corridor Project Gwadar Port can be developed as a
hub of Economic Activities this will facilitate trade between Europe united states and many
other countries of the world.
 Government of Pakistan
Federal Directorate of Education
~~~~~~

URDU
Centralized Annual Examination
Class-VIII, 2023
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‫ ‪ ،‬رہ  ڑى و ہ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ے ‬ ‫          اد   ‬ ‫ وہ ا  ‬
‫ ذا‬ ‫ ‬
‫ او   رت  درآد  و ہ۔‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ے ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫د ‬ ‫     ا    ‬ ‫ وہ اا  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ن  ا ا ۔‬
‫رى  ا ا  ‬ ‫  ر ‬ ‫م   ‬ ‫    ص     ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫   ذر    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ وہ ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ى  ل ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪  ،‬ڑوں ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ اور رو ‪ ،‬‬ ‫   ذات        رج   ا ں‪  ،‬ؤں‪  ،‬وں‪    ،‬روں   ‬ ‫       ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اس ‬
‫    روں‪  ،‬ں‪ ،‬‬ ‫ن ‪  ،‬اور  ا  ۔ا   ح ‬ ‫ت‪ ،‬‬ ‫د   ا ں‪ ،‬‬ ‫‪     ،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫روں  ؤں ‪    ،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫ ا ‬
‫  وں     ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫۔ا‬ ‫ٰ   ‬ ‫‪  ،‬وں            ا ‬ ‫ں    ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ں‪  ،‬وں   ‬ ‫ ‪  ،‬د ‪ ،‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫   اور‬ ‫ ‬

‫   ‪۲‬‬
‫) (‪:‬‬
‫ا ظ‬ ‫ا ظ‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫ وا‬ ‫چ  ر ‬ ‫آن    زل ‬ ‫آ   آن‬ ‫  ور‬ ‫ش ‬ ‫ ا ل‬
‫ دار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ڈ‬ ‫ آد‬ ‫د  ا‬
‫ وا‬ ‫د      ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ د ں   ‬ ‫   آپ ﷺ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔       ‬
‫   ا م   ‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫ آج       و     ں   ‬ ‫ف  د  اور ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ا   م د ں   ‬ ‫   آپ ﷺ‬ ‫  اب ‪      :‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ آزاد ‬ ‫  ؤ   ‬ ‫ں             ا ام ‬ ‫ا  ‬
‫      رہ د ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ا ل    ‪ ۲‬۔  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت   ﷺ‬ ‫  ح  رے  رے   ‬ ‫      رہ د      اس  ح    ں      و ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب ‬
 ‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   و‬ ‫ دار   د  ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ا       ب   اس ا‬
‫     آپ ا   رے    ت   ‬ ‫ار ‬ ‫ ز دہ ا‬ ‫       ر      ا    ا  آپ   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب اس ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ارى    ر‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫      ں   ا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ دارى   د    ‬ ‫ﷺ  ا‬
‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ آ   آن      اد  ؟‬
‫  ا۔‬ ‫‪ ۲۳‬س   ‬
‫ل   وع  ا اور   ‬
‫ ﷺ   ر  ہ    ز  ‬ ‫ب آن    رے   ‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ى  ل ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  ال   پ‪۵‬۔ ‬
‫‪    ،‬ں    را ‪،‬ر ل ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﷺ دق اور ا  ‪،‬‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ آپ   ا ق اور  اور دار    ن ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ا ن ‬ ‫اور ‬
‫    اد  ؟‬ ‫ ر ل ﷺ‬ ‫  ا ل     ‪۶‬۔  ‬
‫    ك ﷺ  ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ا م   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ر       د‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﷺ‬ ‫  اد وہ ا م         ‬ ‫ ر ل ﷺ‬ ‫ ‬
‫   ر   ۔‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫    م ‬ ‫   ‬
‫   رو  ڈا ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ر ﷺ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   اذ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ں   آپ ﷺ  ‬ ‫      ‬ ‫ آ  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ر     ‬ ‫ت   ﷺ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫   آپ   ﷺ   ا  ‬ ‫وں    ا د  ‬ ‫    ڑوں   و ں   ‬ ‫پ    م      ‬
‫   ذر  آ  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫     ا  ‬
‫   ‬ ‫    دت  ے  ۔ اور     اس   ‬ ‫ ان    ں     اور    ا  ے     ا  و ہ   ‬ ‫ض     ا      ا  ‬
‫ا   ۔‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﷺ   دق اور ا     م    ں ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ا   ب ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ارى   و     دق اور ا     م   ‬ ‫ اور ا‬ ‫ ﷺ ان   ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬ا   ب ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ درج ذ   ع ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫     اس   ا ل   د ں۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫ان  د ۔‬
‫ ‬ ‫     اس       ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫   آ     آن   د ۔‬ ‫ا   ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ د ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ م    ا  ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫د ۔‬ ‫ذرا اس       ا ازہ ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ا م  ظ ‬
‫  ل‬ ‫  وف ‪،‬‬ ‫   دو ا م  ۔ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  وف‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  وف ‬ ‫م   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  ‬
 ‫   ۔‬ ‫       ‪ ،‬اد   ‬ ‫   ‬
‫  ل‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ل ‬ ‫م     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫         ‬
‫ ا  ا ظ    ۔‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ان   ‬ ‫ د    د‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ ‬ ‫●‬
‫۔‬ ‫  وع   ‬ ‫  ھ   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫   ا  ا‬ ‫●‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   آرا  م        ‬ ‫●‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    ر  اً    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫●‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور   د‬ ‫     ا      ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫●‬
‫ ا  ا ظ    ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   در  د      ‬ ‫ت    ت    ن     اور آپ ﷺ  ا  ا ن ‬ ‫ر ا م ﷺ  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اس ‬
‫   و    آپ   ‬ ‫  آ  ر  ا             آپ   ا ن دارى اور   ‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫  ورش وا    ا   ت    م   اور ‬
‫   ا م     ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫   اس دوران  آن  ك  زل     ‬ ‫    دت   اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ د   ر  ا   ‬ ‫دق اور ا    ‬
‫ آپ   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫     آپ ان      ا    د  ‬ ‫ اور ز    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ان   آپ   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ح اور ‬ ‫   آ          آپ   ‬ ‫  ف   د    ‬ ‫     ا‬ ‫   آپ   ان   ر‬ ‫  ے ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫د‬
‫۔‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ں   ا‬ ‫ ا ن   اور د     م ا‬ ‫زاو    د  آپ ا  ‬
 ‫   ‪۳‬‬
‫   ا ام‬ ‫   رو    وا‬ ‫ا ہ ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ ‪،‬د‬ ‫ب‬
‫ل ر‬ ‫د   ل‬
‫ آ‬ ‫     ‬
‫ت     ‪،‬ا ر ‬
‫ز  ‬ ‫و زم‬
‫ں  دا  ر‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪  ،‬ب‬ ‫ا ل‬
‫د   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ذ  ‬
‫؟‬ ‫درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫ ا ر  ؟‬ ‫  ال   ا۔ د    ا ن     ا ن ‬
‫  رے    رت   ا  ا  ا ل       ‬ ‫   ۔وا‬ ‫ وہ  رے وا‬ ‫ ا ر ‬ ‫گ    ا ن      رت ‬
‫  اب‪ :‬د    وہ   ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ اس د     رے و د   ‬ ‫          ار  ں     وا‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    ح  ں    ا ت  رى ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ ۔وا‬
‫ ‬ ‫   وا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    م ‪ ،‬د د پ  ؤں اور د     دا‬ ‫ او د    ا  اور  ورش     ز‬ ‫  اب ۔وا‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ا    ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ر   ۔ اور ا  و‬ ‫    ى   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ت  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ح‬
‫    ں     ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔    ‬
‫    ں ا   ں   د   ل      رى  رى رات  گ   ‬ ‫ اور  ب       ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب۔  ں ا  او د   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ہ ‬ ‫ار د    اور     اس   ز ن   ‬
‫ن او د   د           ؟‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    خ    م          دت    ل ‬ ‫ن او د د    ذ  اور ر ا      وا‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫      ك   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ان   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ال   ‪۵‬۔ ا  وا‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫         ‬ ‫ ا    دو ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ا  وا‬ ‫ زور د      ۔‬ ‫ اور ادب   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ب‪ :‬آن     وا‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫ك   ا     ‬
‫  گ  ا    ‬ ‫ د        ‬ ‫ٰ      ے رب   ‬ ‫    ت  و ا  او  ر  ار د  رى ‬ ‫اف       اور ان   ‬
‫   اور ا ن    ك  و۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫دت    و اور وا‬
 ‫؟‬ ‫    ق ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ وا‬
‫    ق  ر  ذ   ۔‬ ‫● وا‬
‫  ۔ ‬ ‫      ل   ا‬ ‫● وا‬
‫ اف      ۔‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ وہ  ڑ    ‬ ‫●‬
‫● ان      ورت    ل ر ۔‬
‫  ردى اور ا ام    ت  ۔‬ ‫● ان   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫● ا  ‬
‫ن      ‬
‫؟‬ ‫    رے     ار  د‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ وا‬ ‫   ﷺ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫ اور   ‬ ‫    ا‬ ‫   وا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا  ا‬ ‫ر ﷺ‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫    رے   ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ وا‬ ‫ ﷺ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
‫      ف    ۔‬ ‫ ا  ا   ہ  ر        َ  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں    و زم     ور  وا‬ ‫   ا  ز‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ﷺ  وا ہ  ہ اور وا   ا     م ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ‬
‫ت  ا  ر  ا     ۔‬ ‫     وا       م ‬ ‫ وا ہ  ہ    م     آ  ر  ا  ‬ ‫ت  ﷺ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ر  ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫    ا    ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ وا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۹‬۔ ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں  ان     ا  وا‬
‫   دا      ‬ ‫  گ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﷺ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫د      اد  ؟‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫د ‬ ‫    ظ   ا  دو ے    ا  ‬ ‫م اور ‬ ‫د    اد ا  ا ظ     ا  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫   ب‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫رت   ا ل   ‬ ‫  رے ‬ ‫رے وا‬
‫   ‬ ‫و د   ‬ ‫ اس د     رے‬ ‫وا‬ ‫آ ن‬ ‫ز‬
‫   ‬ ‫د وا ‬ ‫   ر‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رو‬
‫ ز دہ ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ا ن‬
‫ زور د    ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫آن     وا‬ ‫ ‬
‫اردو ادب ‬
‫ے‬
‫ص‬
‫ت‬
 ‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ورات   ‬
‫ورات‬
‫۔‬ ‫          ں   دل  غ  غ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫ش‬
‫   ‬ ‫غ  غ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ت     ‬ ‫ے ‬ ‫ آپ   ا ظ ‬ ‫ د‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ ‬
‫ د ۔‬ ‫   اس    م  ا ں     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ د  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫وں   رات    ك   دم   ر ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ك   دم ‬

‫۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن  ‬
‫ آ  ‬ ‫  ورت   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ او  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫آ ن   ‬

‫ا ر ا‬ ‫   ‪:4‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ظ   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ص ‬ ‫  م     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫و‬
‫ں‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‪ /‬ا ن ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫  م   ‪/‬‬ ‫ا م د‬
‫ وا   رج‬ ‫د    رو  ‬ ‫ب‬
‫  ہ او  ر‬ ‫ح و  د‬
‫ات‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫وت ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ر‬ ‫  ں‬
‫ وا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫و  ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫ و ت  ؟‬ ‫ اور آپ   ‬ ‫  ا ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔ ا ر ا‬
‫‪۲۰۱۶‬ء   و ت  ۔ ‬ ‫  اور‪ ۸‬‬ ‫    رى ‪۱۹۲۸‬ء    ا‬ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
‫وع ؟‬ ‫    م   ا از‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ ا ر ا‬
‫ وا    ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ى    م    چ  دى  ۔‪۱۹۵۷‬ء   ا    و  ‬ ‫   ڈ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫   ا   م   ‬ ‫اب‪ :‬ا ر ا‬
‫    ل و  ض ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   د‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ھ  ھ    ت   ا م د  آپ      ث ‬ ‫ و    دوران    ا ر ا‬
‫  ا۔‬ ‫    م   او    ‬ ‫ ؤ‬ ‫ اور    ا ر ا‬ ‫ات    آپ      و  ‬ ‫   ‬
 ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ا ر ى       ا ا    ازا  ؟‬
‫ن  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪  ۱۹۸۹‬‬
‫ ا م اور  ‬ ‫ ‪۱۹۸۸‬ا ارڈ   ‬ ‫‪  ۱۹۸۶‬را ن   ‬
‫  ت   ا اف  ء   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب  ا ر ا‬
‫ ا ازات ‬ ‫  ت   ا اف   ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫د   اور     اداروں    ا ر ا‬ ‫ف    ن ا ز       ان    وہ   ‬
‫  ازا۔‬
‫  ان    ح  ؟‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ ا ن ا  ‬
‫ ا  دو ے    ورت ر    ‬ ‫ت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ے   روز ہ ز‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ان  اس ‬ ‫  اب۔ ا ن ا  ‬
‫ آ   ۔‬ ‫ے   ورت ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ار ر      ا  ‬ ‫  ار   اس   ا  و د ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫ ا ن ا‬ ‫د   ‬
‫       آ   ؟‬ ‫ ا از   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ذا  ‬ ‫       آ             د ‬ ‫  اب‪  :‬ا از ا  ‬
‫ر    ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫فو  ف ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا زات   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫      اد  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫     دو وں    ى    م ‬ ‫  م   ذا   دات   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫    ا    آپ    م   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫    ا   درج ذ   م   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ‪۱:‬۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں      د ‬ ‫‪۲‬۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫‪۳‬۔ ورت  وں    ورت  رى ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪۴‬۔     ن         ا   ن ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪۵‬۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫‪۶‬۔   د    ز   ں   ا ا    ا اد   ‬
‫         ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ‬
‫    ف د      آ ت ‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫   ا  اور اس   ر ل ﷺ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
‫و    ۔‬ ‫   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫    م ‬ ‫  ت    ا    آپ اور   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۹‬۔ ‬
‫ ذ   ۔‬ ‫ اور ڈا   ر   ؤ    م ‬ ‫  ت    ا      ر‬ ‫  اب ‪:‬‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ح ‬ ‫    ى ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱۰‬۔ ز‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ارى اور ‬ ‫ ‪  ،‬و ‪ ،‬ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب ‪:‬ز‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ال‪      :‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    رى‪   ۱۹۲۸‬اس د    ‬ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
 ‫   د ۔‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫   ا  ا    ‬ ‫   ا  ز‬ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫  ار     ر  ۔‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫  ان ‬ ‫ا ن ا  ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫       و  ‬ ‫‪۱۹۵۷‬ء   ا    و  ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ وا  دو وں   د ں    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ال‪ :‬درج ذ  ا  ظ   ا     ظ   ا  ا  ‬
‫ ۔اس  ۔‬ ‫ى۔ ‬ ‫۔  را ۔ رى ۔ ا‪ ،‬س۔ ‬ ‫   ۔‬
‫ى۔‬ ‫‪  ،‬رى ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ :‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ذا  ‪  ، :‬س‪ ،‬‬
‫ى ‪ :‬را ‪ ،‬ا ‪،‬اس  ۔‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال‪:‬درج ذ  ا ظ   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ا ل ا   ر ‬ ‫م ور‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫ف‬
‫    دت    و  ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫   و‬ ‫وف ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ح و  د     ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ذا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر      د‬ ‫  ت   ‬ ‫ن     ‬
 ‫   ‪۵‬‬
‫  ن‬ ‫ڈا   ا‬
‫ا ظ‬

‫ا ر ‬ ‫دارو ار‬

‫ ‬ ‫ا ر‬
‫ردى‬ ‫ ‬
‫م    وف   ‬ ‫وف ‬
‫ا   ور ت  د  رى ‬ ‫د ‬
‫ے ارادے‬ ‫م  ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د  ك‬

‫ا ت    ا ت ۔‬
‫   دارو ار    ت    ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال‪۱‬۔  ‬
‫       ا  ‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫  ا  ‬ ‫ط د ع      ۔   ‬ ‫   دارو ار اس   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪،‬‬ ‫   ‬ ‫اب‪  :‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اس  ر ا ام      ُ‬ ‫  ۔ وہ ‬ ‫و ام وا  ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ن     ‬ ‫ال  ‪۲‬۔  م     دن   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ دو‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ا  ‬ ‫    ى۔ اس    و د     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫ن    را   ‬ ‫  اب۔ م ‬
‫ و    ‬ ‫ ا اج  وع دن    د‬ ‫  ۔ اس    رى  م اور ‬ ‫    ت    ورى ‬ ‫  رے ‬ ‫ت    وغ د ۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    وف‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫   ا ا ت    ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا ر   ‬ ‫ال  ‪۳‬۔ د‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں   آ ز          و‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  د‬ ‫د  ۔ اس ‬ ‫ت   د ا رى         ‬
‫  ور  ‬ ‫  ز و  ن اور د  د‬ ‫  اب‪:‬د‬
‫۔‬ ‫    ل‬ ‫    د ‬ ‫ د ع   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ن    رپ    م   دوران  ں  ں   ‬ ‫ال ‪:۴‬ڈا   ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں   ا  ‬ ‫    ر‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  ۔    ‪ ،‬‬ ‫تاور د ت  رى    رت ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ن    رپ   ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬ڈا   ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ڈ ں‬
 ‫  ے؟‬ ‫  ں ‬ ‫ن   ا  د‬ ‫ال   ‪:۵‬‬
‫م ‬ ‫  ۔  رت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ڑ    ‬
‫    از  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت   ‬ ‫روں   ‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫  اب‪۱۹۹۸:‬ء   رت   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ا ر‬ ‫ن   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ا     م ‬
‫  ر ر     ورت  ں  ؟‬ ‫ن     و‬ ‫  ا    ‬ ‫ال   ‪:۶‬د‬
‫۔‬ ‫اَت‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  رى  ف د‬ ‫  ر ر     ورت اس         د‬ ‫ن     و‬ ‫  ا    ‬ ‫اب‪:‬د‬
‫ن   د ع    ا       ت   ا م د ؟‬ ‫  ن   ‬ ‫ال   ‪:۷‬ڈا   ا‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫ ر  ان    ر د    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ن ا‬ ‫  ن ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬ڈا   ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ع  ‬
‫ن   د  ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ب ا  د‬ ‫م     ‬
‫    ں  ؟‬ ‫ت  ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ دو‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن ا  ‬ ‫ال   ‪:۸‬‬
‫ار ر     اور     ا  و ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫     وہ ا  ‬ ‫ت    ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ دو‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن ا  ‬ ‫اب‪:‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ان‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫      دار ادا   ‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫   آپ   ‬ ‫ال   ‪ :۹‬ر ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں   د ر‬
‫ ‬ ‫    را  ض       ا  ر ؤں    ر‬ ‫  اب‪ :‬ر ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    ھ ھ‬ ‫۔‪۳‬۔  ‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫     ا‬ ‫‪۲‬۔و‬ ‫ں    و   ر ‬ ‫‪۱‬۔ا   م ‬
‫ ؟ ‬ ‫    م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫   دو ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ال   ‪:۱۰‬‬
‫ا م‬ ‫‪۱‬۔ڈا     رك  ‪۲‬۔ڈا‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ال   ‪۱۱‬۔  ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    م رو‬ ‫     د    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ۔ ا  ‬ ‫   د ع     ا   ن    ن ‬ ‫  اب‪:‬ا  ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫     ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ال   ‪۱۲‬۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫   راہ    ن‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ر ھ    ى     ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب‪    :‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ں  ر ر  ‬ ‫    ف   و‬ ‫ د‬ ‫ال   ‪:۱۳‬‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ و  ‬ ‫          ‬ ‫  ور اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     و‬ ‫ د‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ف اس    ر ر  ‬ ‫ د‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ن‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر  ذ  ا ظ و  ورات   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ورى ‬ ‫    ت   ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫ردى‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ورى  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا   ور ت ‬ ‫د ‬
‫د  رى ‬
 ‫    ودو    ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ و دو‬
‫   دن رات ا    د ۔‬ ‫ن    م      ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫دن رات ا  ‬
‫  ر  ت   ا م د ۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ر‬
‫م  ا   ك     د ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ج    د‬ ‫‪۱۹۶۵‬ء   ‬ ‫ے  ا‬ ‫م  ا‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  و   ر ‬ ‫     ا   م ‬ ‫م ‬ ‫و   ر ‬
‫ ر   ۔‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫   د    ‬ ‫    اب ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ن د‬ ‫    ا ب   ‬ ‫   د‬ ‫    اب ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ د‬
‫دى۔‬ ‫د‬ ‫  ن   ا   ن  ن آ‬ ‫   ڈا   ا‬ ‫‪۱۰‬ا‬ ‫وت‬ ‫ن  ن ‬
‫۔‬ ‫د‬ ‫آ‬
‫ال   ‪۴‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ل   ‬ ‫  وف اور ‬ ‫  ر  ذ   ں     ‬
‫  وف‬ ‫آ      ‬
‫  ل‬ ‫ت   ‬
‫  ل‬ ‫   ‬
‫  وف‬ ‫   د ت دى ‬
‫  وف‬ ‫را ل       ‬
‫وف‬

‫   ‪۴‬‬
‫ن  ر‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫در‬ ‫ دل‬
‫  ‪/‬د‬ ‫از‬
‫ى‬
‫ د‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   ا‬
‫ ‬
‫   ‪/‬‬ ‫وا  ‬
‫ہ‬ ‫اد‬
 ‫ال  اب‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۱‬۔‬
‫  ن    ن   د    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     اور د ں   ‬ ‫ ا   ن    را  ‬ ‫ن د ع و    ‬ ‫اب‪   :‬در ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ا‬
‫؟‬ ‫   دو  اء    م ‬ ‫ا ل   ‪:۲‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪ ۲‬۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب‪۱:‬۔ ار   ‬
‫ ا از " ن  ر"   ت   د   ؟‬ ‫ن   ا  ‬ ‫ال   ‪۳‬۔‬
‫  وا   دل ‬ ‫ ا   ن    ن ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا از       و    ‬ ‫    ا ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫  اب‪ :‬ن  ر ا اج ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں د‬
‫    ن  ر   ا از    ازا  ؟‬ ‫     ‬ ‫    ظ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ال   ‪۴‬۔‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‪ ۲۳‬رچ ‪۱۹۷۲‬ء   ‬ ‫  دت    ر  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    درى   ‬ ‫   ‪۱۹۷۱‬ء    ك  رت ‬ ‫    ظ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫ازا ۔‬ ‫ ا ا  ز ن  ر‬ ‫ ‬
‫ے‬
‫  ن   ا  و         ت  ؟‬ ‫ال   ‪ :۵‬ا ار ‬
‫   ا  ‬ ‫ ا ں   ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ر  ان ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ن ا   رد اور ‬ ‫  اب‪ :‬ا ا  ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫آر‬ ‫    م ا ں   ا د و‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫رى ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ن    دت    ذ   اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ل    ‪: ۶‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ج       د ۔ ‬ ‫ں    اہ ‬ ‫    ن   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب‪۱۹۹۹:‬ء    ر     م    ك  رت ‬
‫   اور ‬ ‫ں    ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں    ظ     د ں   ‬ ‫ج     ف ا    ‬
‫    و ن     ‬ ‫    اہ ان   دو ‬ ‫  ن ‬
‫  ج   زد   آ ‪ ،‬اس ‬ ‫ ا   ر  و‬ ‫    ن   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪  ۱۹۹۹‬ء  ‬ ‫ د  ‪۵‬‬ ‫   وا  د‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ج   ان   ‬ ‫و‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ز  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫دوران وہ ‬
‫    رے      ر  ؟ ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫   وا    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ال   ‪ ۷‬ار   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫    ورت اور ا د    ‬ ‫    و د ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫  اب ‪ :‬آپ   وا  ا   م ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ا ر‬ ‫ن آر    ‬ ‫  ال    ‪۸‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ر‬ ‫    ار‬ ‫ن آر    ‬ ‫  اب ‪:‬‬
‫   ؟‬ ‫    ن    ر‬ ‫      ا   ى اور ‬ ‫ن آر    ر‬ ‫  ا ل    ‪:۹‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫    اڈرن‬ ‫ر اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      ا   ى   ر‬ ‫ن آر    ر‬ ‫  اب‪:‬‬
 ‫  ۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   د ى    ل   ا ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ار   ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   و    د ع ‬ ‫    وا  ا رى ‬ ‫ ‪ ۱۹۷۱‬ء  ‬ ‫    ظ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫      ن   ر ۔‬ ‫ ا ر ‬ ‫ہ     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ن ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر  ان ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا   رد اور ‬ ‫  ن ‬ ‫ا ار ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫ن ن  ر   ا از ‬
‫  ا  ‬ ‫ن     ‬
‫دس‬ ‫اب   ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫زم ا ظ‬
‫‪:‬وہ ا ظ   ا  دو ے      زم و  و  م  ۔‬ ‫ ‬
‫ار  ۔‬ ‫‪:‬دو ن    زم ا ظ  ن‪ ،‬د ار اور ‬
‫زم ا ظ‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ل ‬ ‫در‬ ‫غ‬
‫ت در ے ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ڑ‬
‫دل  رج    رے  رش  ا ‬ ‫آ ن‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ورات‪/‬‬
‫ورات‬
‫ ا  آج     ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ض وا  ‬ ‫ج  ‬
‫آ  ‬
‫     دى   وہ آگ     ‬ ‫ ا ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫آگ ‬
‫   د‬ ‫ن  راہ   آ‬
‫ں   ا  ‬ ‫ن آ    ‬ ‫  ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫آ‬
‫   رو رو   آ ن     ا  ‬ ‫آ ن     ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫    ں‬ ‫    ك  ج   د‬ ‫‪۱۹۶۵‬ء   ‬ ‫ں    ا‬
 ‫ى‬ ‫   ‪ ۷‬ر ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫   ر    ‬ ‫ر‬
‫ ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ ُ  ‬
‫ور‬
‫  ل     ادا  ‪  ،‬‬
‫اب‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪ /‬ا‬ ‫آ  ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫م ‪/‬‬
‫ص‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ال  ‪۱‬۔وا    ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ آ   ا    ا    را  ا ا  وا  ‬ ‫  اب۔  ‬
‫  ں   ر ؟‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔     ر  ‬
‫   و  ‬ ‫ ز   د  ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫     ۔ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ض      اس   ا  ‬
‫  اب۔ ا  دن     ر    ‬
‫   ر‬ ‫  ر   ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫        ى   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
‫    ہ    ہ    ى  ى ‬ ‫ ر    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ں   ‬ ‫!‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫  ؤ  ۔‬ ‫   اور ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ا     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ ‬ ‫س  را ا ر   ر   ۔ ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫      چ   دو رہ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫      ر ‬ ‫  ى  ں   آ   اور اس   ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ دو رہ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔    ر   دل د غ اور             ‬
‫   دل د غ ‬ ‫    ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫           اد  ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫    م  م   د  اور ا   ر ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫   ا   ں  ؟‬ ‫   وا  آ    اس        ر   دل‪ ،‬د غ اور       ‬ ‫اور    ل   اور ا      ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ن   ا‬ ‫  ا ل    ‪۶‬۔  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ آ  ‬ ‫  ى  ں   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫اب۔ اس ‬
‫  ب    م    ؟‬ ‫ى    ت   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔   ‬
‫ى  ۔‬ ‫  ب    م  ت ‬ ‫ت  ‬
‫ى    ا  ‬ ‫  اب   ‬
 ‫ں اور  ت  ں  ورى  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔  ‬
‫    ى    وہ ان          ى آ    ‬ ‫  ورى      ں   د  ‬ ‫ں اور  ت اس ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ں   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫  آ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫غ‬
‫اور د  ‬
‫ ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا  وہ ا      ا     ا    دو ى  ر        ں دو رہ       وہ   ا  ‬
‫ دوا    '' ادو  ''اور اس     ا  ادو ت  ۔‬
‫ ا‬ ‫وا‬
‫ا ات‬ ‫ا‬
‫ر ت‬ ‫ر م‬ ‫ر‬
‫ا رات‬ ‫ا ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ‬ ‫در‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ن ‬ ‫        ‬ ‫‪۱‬۔‬

‫د۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫✔‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ا۔‬

‫   و   ۔‬ ‫‪۲‬۔     ز  ‬

‫ى   رى‬
‫ ‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫   ت‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫    پ‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫    ا ✔‬ ‫ا۔‬

‫  ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‪۳‬۔ د‬

‫✔‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫ج۔ ز‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا۔‬

‫            ۔‬ ‫        ى ‬ ‫‪ ۴‬۔ا   ى   ‬

‫✔‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ا۔‬

‫          ر    ر  ۔‬ ‫‪۵‬۔ اس ‬

‫ى ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫ۓ‬

‫   ‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫ ✔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا۔‬
 ‫ورات‬
‫ اور ‬ ‫ورات   ‬
‫ورات‬
‫   ر‬ ‫      ر   ‬ ‫ ۔  ز  ‬ ‫   ر‬ ‫   ر‬
‫        ر     ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫د  دے ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ت   ‬ ‫  گ ‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫ ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ن او د   د    و ر ‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫ت   ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫و ر ‬
‫       د    ا   ؤں  گ  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫وا  ‬ ‫ا   ؤں ‬
‫  ك‬ ‫        رى ‬ ‫  ے ‬ ‫   دوران ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ك   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى    ں   آ   ا   ت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   د ت د‬ ‫ت       آ‬

‫   ‪  ۸‬‬
‫ا ظ‬

‫ں‬
‫ وا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اں‬
‫ر‬ ‫ و ٓاب‬ ‫ر‬
‫ر اور ‬ ‫ و ‬
‫ ر‬ ‫و رواں‬
‫ ‬
‫ اور‬ ‫گ و  ر‬
‫   دو‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫دو‬
‫روح  رواں‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫ن اور  م آزادى      ق  ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔  م ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن  ر   ا ل  رك     آل ا  ‬ ‫‪ 23‬رچ        ۔ اس دن  ارداد ‬
‫ن   ‬ ‫ن‪ :‬م ‬ ‫  اب ۔ م ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫ن    م ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ر    ۔ ‬ ‫ا س   ‬
‫    م آزادى      ۔‬ ‫‪14‬ا‬
‫   ‬ ‫ن  ض و د   آ ۔ اس ‬ ‫‪  1947‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪14‬ا‬
‫م آزادى‪  :‬‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ى           ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ ‬
 ‫  ۔‬ ‫ى        م    ا ں   ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫  ال    ‪۳‬۔اس       و      ا      ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫ ر      ‬ ‫    م   و     ‬ ‫   ر          ‬ ‫  اب۔ اس       و     ‬
‫    م  ؟‬ ‫   ا  و    ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔     دو ے ‬
‫د         وہ ‬ ‫  رے  ۔ ان   ‬ ‫ر   ‬ ‫   ا  و         م       ز ‪ ،‬آ ن اور‬ ‫  اب۔     دو ے ‬
‫ں اور  را    ‬ ‫       آ ن      روں   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫  و   ‬ ‫  رے  ے       اس   اس     ‬
‫   ا  و     ض  ۔‬ ‫   اس    ہ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫    رى ر‬ ‫   ا  ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ن    ح  رى ا    ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ذ  دارى   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ں       اب اس   ‬ ‫ن  رے  ا ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ دا ں          اد  ؟‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔      ف  اں ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ا  و    دے د  اب اس   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ن  ر ؤ  ‬ ‫    دت   ‬ ‫         ا‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  اب اس ‬
‫ن ر ؤں     ا  ‬ ‫ن   ر  وا   ں   ذ  دارى   ‬ ‫ ا  و  اور ‬ ‫   راہ   ڈا  اس   د     م د    ‬ ‫ اس   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   اور اس   ا م ‬ ‫   راہ    ن ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ض ادا   اب    م  رى ذ  دارى  ۔     اس   ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫       ر    ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫ ا  و  ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫       ر      اس ‬ ‫تو ا ام    ن     اور ا    ‬
‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ د  ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫    ا  و ار  ر    ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫   د     ٰ ا ‬ ‫ا   ں    را  ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ درج ذ   ع ‬ ‫   ‬
‫وں   ا  آپ  ن  ۔‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫    رى     و    رے  ۔‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫ و     ا     رواں  ۔‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫    گ و  ر    رت۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫س‬
‫ا  ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫ں   دروازے  د       ر ۔‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫د ‬ ‫ا ظ   ‬
‫د‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫ز د‬ ‫ز د‬
‫م‬

‫ض‬ ‫ل‬
 ‫از‬
‫رو‬ ‫ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ل‬
‫ى   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫اس ‬
‫س  ‬
‫ں  ا  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫و ں     ‬ ‫ اور اس  و        ‬ ‫ د  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا  و    ا  ‬ ‫ اس       ‬
‫   و   ر  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں اور د ں   دور ر   اور و    ‬ ‫   ر  ‬ ‫    ر و ‬ ‫  ۔ اس ‬ ‫     ا   ں    را  ‬
‫ رہ ‬ ‫      م ا د و ا ق       ‬ ‫  ورى   ‬ ‫      ا د ا ق ‬ ‫     ر   را  ض  ۔‬ ‫اور ا ام     ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫رہ‬ ‫   ا  و  ن‬ ‫     اور ‬ ‫       ا د و ا ق    رت    وغ ‬ ‫   اور     ‬

‫   ‪۹‬‬
‫  ح‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫در ‬
‫ا ظ‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫آ د ‬ ‫آ د رى‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اں  ر‬
‫ وا  رو‬ ‫را  د‬ ‫ راہ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا ش‬
‫اہ‬ ‫ں  ر‬ ‫  ں‬ ‫ر‬
‫    ا  ‬ ‫ز  ‬ ‫ ز دہ ‪   /‬ر‬ ‫ں‬
‫         ‬ ‫ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫  ن  ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔  د  ر‬
‫ح ۔‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔  د  ر‬
‫   ا ر  ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫  ح   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ ‬
‫   د ان  زى     ا ر  ۔‬ ‫ح  ا  ز‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫ درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت  ۔‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۱‬۔  ا‬
‫ ا      ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ا ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  د   ‬ ‫ رو  اور ا     ن    ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔   ا‬
‫رہ        ۔‬
‫  ؟ ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ح   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ ‬
‫  وف ر   ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ح  م  م اور    م   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫    ل   آ از   ر ؟‬ ‫  ح   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
 ‫ ‬ ‫ں‬
‫ ‬ ‫    س آ  اور ‬ ‫  ر   ا  ‬ ‫  ح ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ت   ا ل     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب۔‪  ۱۹۲۹‬ء   ا‬
‫ ا   رے ‬ ‫     و‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ دار در‬ ‫  ح ا    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫    وف ‬ ‫و ت   ان    ل ر   ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ن   م و ‬
‫  ى ر  اور ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫     ا  ‬ ‫ و‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ر  ‬ ‫ و آرام   ‬ ‫   را‬
‫   ر ۔‬ ‫ ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫  م   ‬ ‫)ا ا (‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫نو ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ آل ‬
‫ ذا   د     ‬ ‫      ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫      ۔   ا  ا  ‬ ‫) ا ا(    م‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ و  ا‬ ‫  اب۔ ‪ ۲۲‬ورى‪  ۱۹۴۹‬ء ٓ ا ل ‬
‫ اور  ا اد ا م د  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫حو  د‪ ،‬‬
‫     ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ہ ا  ‬ ‫   ذر  ‬ ‫ ادارہ     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اور       ‬
‫   ا   دار ادا  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    ا‬ ‫       ۔ ‬ ‫ ا اء    م ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ن  و  ا‬ ‫ آل ‬ ‫   ‬
‫  ں د   ؟‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  ح    در ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔‬
‫ د   ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ح   در ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    ت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ح    ت   رو  ڈا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ا    ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔  ا‬
‫   ‬ ‫    ان ‬ ‫ں   رو س  ا       ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ا  و  ‬ ‫  ح اس  ت   آ ہ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫‪   ،‬ر  ‬ ‫ آواز     ان   ‬ ‫    ق   ‬ ‫    ل و ض    ا‬ ‫  رم   ‬ ‫ا   ۔   و      آپ   ا ا   ‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ے   آج ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫           آج ‬ ‫۔   آپ   ‬ ‫    ض   ا      ‬ ‫ارى   ا‬
‫ راہ  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫ر اور  ں  دار ادا     ر   ں آپ    دار ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ش  ڑے۔ و‬ ‫   ان ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫    رى ‬ ‫  ح   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫ش ڑے‬
‫   ‬ ‫   درج ذ  ان ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫    رى ‬ ‫  ح   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫‪ o‬ا ا    م ‬
‫  و ت   ان    ل ر ۔‬ ‫    ب د   ل   اور ان   ‬ ‫ن     ‬ ‫م ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور  ر    ارى‬ ‫    ق ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ح     ت  ؟‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ‬
‫ ا  ‬ ‫     ‪1919‬ء ‬ ‫ج   ا ن  س ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  و     ڈ    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫اب‪:‬آپ ا  ‬
‫    ف ز دہ ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ ‬ ‫ص ‬ ‫ں ‬ ‫  و ن   ‬ ‫  وع   دى   وہ ز    ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫     ڈ ى ‬ ‫ڈ‬
‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ہ   اور د ان  زى   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  ح   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   اس دور   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ دى ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ں   ا  ا ن ‬ ‫     آپ ارد د   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  وع   دى ا  ا ق اور  م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    م ر    ‬ ‫ ز‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ن   ‬ ‫دو‬
‫۔‬ ‫     ‬
‫۔‬ ‫‪ ۱۸۹۳‬ء    ا‬ ‫  ح‪ ۱۳‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ح   ت‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫ ا ا    م‪ ۲۲‬ورى‪ ۱۹۴۹‬ء  ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ن و  ا‬ ‫آل ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ت   ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫  ح  ‪۱۹۴۶‬ء    ار  ا وار   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح   در ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ت       ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ں    ار    ا    در‬ ‫درج ذ   ں   ‬
‫ہ  ى    ڑ     و داب  ۔‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫ و  داب  ۔‬ ‫  ہ  ى ‬
‫اب زم زم          ۔‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫ آب ز م      ۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ہ ر ن   ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ہ ر ن   ‬
‫  ں۔‬ ‫ب ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫آپ   ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫ب  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ آپ   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    م ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫ت ا م د  وا  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں    ں ‬ ‫    د    ر  ذ  ‬ ‫ ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور‬ ‫  ارى ‬ ‫  از‪ ،      ،‬‬ ‫ ‪:‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  آ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪:‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‪ ،‬و  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫ادب ‪  :‬‬
‫  ح۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫‪  ،‬ر ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫  چ اور ا   ۔‬ ‫    ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪:‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ا س ‬ ‫ اور  ت    س  س ا ظ   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ر  ر  ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ذ    درج ‬
‫    ا   ‬ ‫  ز ‬ ‫ا    ‬ ‫  ر   ‬ ‫  ا    ‬ ‫   ا   رس    ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‪۲۲‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ر     ‬ ‫ ‬
‫م  دت  ش  ۔‬
‫س  اور اد  د  ‬
‫ اردو   دا    اور و ں  وف اد  ا ق ا  ان     ‬ ‫    ر   ‬ ‫   ‪    ۱۹۴۷‬ر‬ ‫‪  :‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا اء    ۔ ۔ وى ‬ ‫ اد    آ    و    دو ں    دى     ا ں   اد  ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ر    ‬ ‫ ان   ا   م   و‬
‫وں    ا ‬ ‫     ان   ‬ ‫   و    ان       اد  ‬ ‫ ڈرا ں اور ‬ ‫ ان ‬ ‫    ڑ ے   ‬ ‫   اس ‬ ‫ڈرا  اور ‬
‫ع  رت   ر    ۔‬
‫ ‬ ‫  وس ا ارڈ‪  ،‬دڑے  ا ارڈ    ازا  ۔ آپ   ‬ ‫ ان    ل ا ز‪ ،‬‬ ‫    ا  ‬ ‫  ب  ا ر ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫    ر‬ ‫  م  ڑ   اس      ل  دت ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫       د‬ ‫ ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ آ پ    م اور  د    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   ‬
‫   اور ا   م    ٰ  ر ۔‬ ‫ر ادارہ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ؤ‬ ‫ د ۔ اور ا‬ ‫ا ر  ى      م   ‬
‫   اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    رى اور ا   ں ‬ ‫   و ت     ا ں   ‬ ‫ر   اور ‬ ‫د ا    ا ں     م  ‬ ‫د ا ‪  :‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫  د   ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫  وع   او  ر  ‬ ‫ ا ں    د   اردو ‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫‪ ۲۰ ۱۸‬س   وہ ان  ھ ‬
‫ د ا ‪  ،‬‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫   ‬
‫ آپ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں    م   د ‬
‫‪ ۶۲‬س    گ آپ   ا  ‬
‫  ن   آپ       ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   اور ان         ر    وہ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں‬
‫  ا ر ر ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا   ں   ‬

‫  ‪۱۰‬‬
‫ن   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ ز دہ  اد ‬ ‫اد‬
‫ض‬
‫ش‪  ،‬را  ‬ ‫ار‬
‫ا   دار وا‬ ‫  ت‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ك‬
‫ د‬
‫چ ‪ ،‬ل ‪ ،‬ر ‪،‬ا از۔‬ ‫و  و  ن‬
‫ ‬ ‫ب ‬
‫ ‬ ‫دو رہ ‬ ‫زب‬
‫۔‬ ‫درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ن    ں ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ا۔    ق ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫   ر      ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫    ل     ا    ‬ ‫  اب ۔ ع   وا     ق ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ا   دار ادا   ‬ ‫ و ‬
 ‫ آ د    ں    ؟‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔  ے    ر  ‬
‫    ں   ے ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ر‬ ‫   اور   ‬ ‫ آ د    ے ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ آ د    ے    ر  اس       ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫   ز دہ ‬ ‫         اور ‬ ‫ آ‬ ‫د   ں وہ  ل   د‬ ‫ں ل     ‬
‫ و  ‬ ‫   ر‬
‫  ں     د ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔  ع   اس   وا  ‬
‫ع    ا  رہ رہ     زار       ارد د    وں   اس       ‬
‫   ‬ ‫    وف ر  ‬ ‫  اب  ع  وا   دن    م   ‬
‫   د    اس   و    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ آ  اس   ط  اس   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫             وا  ‬ ‫         دل ‬ ‫ن ن اور وا‬
‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    رت ‬
‫    دار        ؟‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔  ر   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ رات   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور   ا‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ك  ں         روز ہ   ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫  اب  ر    ے ‬
‫    ا    واردا ں      ث  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ن   ‬ ‫   راہ    ں   ‬ ‫ ر  اور ‬ ‫ں   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ى    ع     ‬ ‫  ل ‬ ‫ آ‬ ‫  ال   پ‪۵‬۔‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ت   ‬ ‫   ا  اور ا  وا    ذا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      !‬ ‫ى    ع   ‬ ‫   ا   ل ‬ ‫ ڈ ر‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫ر  ں   ‬ ‫  م      ك     ‬ ‫  ے    رى   ر  ا  وا    آ ہ ‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫ آپ         ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ا  ‬ ‫     ‬
‫ وہ       ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ى  ا  ‬
‫   ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ل   ر    وا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ۔     ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ وہ  ن   ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ‬
‫۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ام      ؟‬ ‫   اور ا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔ ‬
‫   ذر   ۔‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫   اور ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ام ‬ ‫   اور ا‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔  ن   ا ام  ں  ورى  ؟‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫   ا م در  ‬ ‫      ن   ا ام  ورى    ن   ا ام     ‬ ‫    م اور ا م ‬ ‫  اب۔     ‬
‫۔‬ ‫  اب   ا ب ‬ ‫   رو    در‬
‫۔‬ ‫ن آ  ‬ ‫  ں   ‬ ‫‪۱‬۔    ق ‬
‫ا‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫رپ✔‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ا ا‬
‫۔‬
‫ن          ے    ر   ۔‬ ‫‪۲‬۔  ع   وا    ‬
‫ا م ٓا د‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫ آ د✔‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫۔‬
‫   د ۔‬ ‫   ا        ‬ ‫‪۳‬۔  ق ‬
‫ب‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫ڑى‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫✔‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫  ن‬ ‫ا‬
‫۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ وا ں     ر    ‬ ‫‪۴‬۔ ا ا ‬
 ‫دو  وڑ‬ ‫د۔‬ ‫ا   ور✔‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫س  ور‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫ا دس ‬
‫۔‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫ك م   ‬
‫   ان  ا    رو  ‬ ‫  ا    ر‬ ‫‪۵‬۔ ‬
‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ے ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ج۔‬ ‫ت رى‬
‫ر  ‬ ‫ب۔‬ ‫✔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‬
‫۔‬

‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر  ذ   ورات   ‬

‫ورات‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا   ا ت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ د  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں   دل ‬ ‫  ار‬ ‫و‬ ‫دل ‬
‫دو ں            ں      ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‪،‬‬ ‫د ‬ ‫ ‬

‫۔‬ ‫   او ن   ‬ ‫   د    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش اڑ ‬ ‫او ن   ‬

‫   ڈا     اغ    ۔‬ ‫    ى ‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫ا غ ‬
‫ ا‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ا  وہ ا      ا        دو ى  ر     ا   ں دو رہ       و    وہ   ا  ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ل   ‬ ‫           دو رہ       ا‬ ‫ وہ ا  ‬
‫   ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔و ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔و ت‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ر  ذ  ا      ا  ‬
‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫از ت‬ ‫ازم‬ ‫زم‬
‫ا رات‬ ‫ا ر‬
‫ا رات‬ ‫ا ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫ض‬
‫ر ت‬ ‫ر م‬ ‫ر‬

‫ہ‬
‫۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ درج ذ   ں   در‬
‫ى۔‬ ‫    زار   آ  ‪  ،‬اور د  ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫ا۔‬ ‫      زار   آ ‪   ،‬اور د  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫م ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
 ‫۔‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫  م ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ آ‬ ‫       راس ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ آ ۔‬ ‫       راس ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫    ش ‬ ‫ و  ہ      ا  ‬ ‫ش ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫    ش    ۔‬ ‫ وہ     ا  ‬ ‫ش‬
‫   ‬
‫ں ۔‬
‫     ر    ‬ ‫ہ  ا  م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا   ہ  ا ام ‬

‫‪۱۱‬۔‬ ‫ ‬
‫ر   ‬
‫ ا ظ ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ن  م‬ ‫ ‬
‫ں   ‬ ‫دم  رى‬
‫          ر  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر  ‬
‫دارا  د ہ    ج‬ ‫ج  دار‬
‫   اگ وا  ‬ ‫ر ٓا   دان‬
‫ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ں   ‬ ‫  ار‬
‫ا ت    ا ت د‬
‫؟‬ ‫    م ‬ ‫ال   ‪۱‬۔   ‪ ۲‬ا  ‬
‫د‬ ‫ى‪۲‬۔ا ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ر   ڑى    ار ‬ ‫  ال    ‪ 2‬۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور  ار   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫  د ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ر   ڑى   ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫       ر   ؟‬ ‫ن‬
‫      ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۳‬۔ ا  د‬
‫ا  ‪      ،‬ر ئ‪  ،  ،   ،‬ا  اور  ا         ر   ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ د‬
‫      اد  ؟‬ ‫ں      ‬
‫       ‬ ‫  د ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫وں    ن ا  دو ے    ا  ‬ ‫    ح    ن   آ    اور ڈ      د     ا ‬ ‫ ر   ڑى       ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫    ں        ن آ      ر   ۔‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ذ      اور اس       ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۵‬۔ اس       ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   اور   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ذ    ‬ ‫س     ّ   ‬
‫  اب ا  ‬
‫  ں  ؟‬ ‫ ر ے ا‬ ‫ن     ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   او  ر ے ا‬ ‫ن (‬ ‫ز )‬ ‫  اب  ن ‬
‫    ں  ؟‬ ‫ن ر ے   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ل   ‬ ‫      ر   ا‬ ‫ن ر ے   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ہ ر ے ‬ ‫اب۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ُ ‬
‫ا در ۔‬ ‫           ‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫    ارى  ۔‬ ‫   ‪ ،‬ا    م   ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫ د     رہ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   دو ى ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ن  د ۔‬
‫  م    و ن     ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں  در‬
‫ ا ظ    ار    ا    درج ذ    ‬
‫ہ  ر    ڑ  ا  س ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫  س  ۔‬ ‫  ہ  ر ‬
‫رہ   دن ‬ ‫آج  م ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫رہ ‬ ‫ آج  م ‬
‫  وع     ‬ ‫ہ ر ن   ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫  وع     ‬ ‫ ر ن    ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ات ‬ ‫آج رات ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫  ات ‬ ‫ آج ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى  ل ‬ ‫ ر     ''  ‬ ‫س۔''‬
‫  ر  ہ    ‬ ‫  ۔ ‬ ‫        گ    ح ر    ڈ     ار ‬ ‫ى   ر        ا   ہ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اس     ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ح  ڈ    ا ر ‬
‫ دروازے   ر  ۔    ‬ ‫   را  ا ر   د   ۔ ‬ ‫ ‬
 ‫ر   ‬ ‫  ۔ آ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫         ڈ    ‬ ‫  را  ن   ا    ر    ‬ ‫گ       ر      اور ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ د‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫د   ر    ا‬ ‫ ا   ل ‬

‫   ‪۱۲‬۔‬
‫ت   ا ات‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫‪/‬د‬ ‫ر ن‬
‫وہ        ا  ے‬ ‫ آور‬
‫ہ   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر  ‬
‫ وا  ‬ ‫  ا ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ك‬ ‫دہ ‪/‬‬ ‫زى‬
‫   ڈر‬ ‫  م   ‬
‫ار۔‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫      ا۔ ‬ ‫را  ‬
‫ے    ن  ن    ت  وغ   ر   ؟‬ ‫ال   ‪۱‬۔ رے ‬
‫ ۔‬ ‫  ت  وغ   ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    وہ آ    ‬ ‫ں‪ ،‬ا‬ ‫ن    ار ‪ ،‬س ‪،‬ا ن‪  ،‬و  ‪  ،‬وا  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔  ان         ر ن  ھ ر     ؟‬
‫   ر ن  ھ ر     ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب آج      ا ں   ‬
‫ل  آ    و     ؟‬
‫   د  ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
‫  د آ    و ت      ۔‬ ‫ د    ا  ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ل  آ    و         اس    ا  آد    ‬
‫   د  ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ادارے    م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت  روك  م   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫ ادارے  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  رس اور ‬ ‫ ا   ر‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ا ات ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ال   پ‪۵‬۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  رٹ ا‬ ‫    رى         ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ے  ہ   ‬ ‫ل اور ا ات   ‬ ‫ت  ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں‬
‫ر  ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ادارے     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت  روك  م   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ا ل     ‪۶‬۔‬
‫ت   ‬ ‫ اداروں    ت   ‬ ‫ ء  ‬ ‫   وہ  ت   دور ر ۔‬ ‫ اداروں    ض        ء   اس ا از    ورش ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    ا‬ ‫ وا   ں   ‬ ‫ اداروں    ت  ا  ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫آ ہ     ‬
 ‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ح   دو ں   ا  ‬ ‫  ا ل   ‪۷‬۔  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ دو ں   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  اور ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫       ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ب     ا ا ت ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫  د آ ۔‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫درا‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ج     ا  ‬
‫آ  ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت   و    ذ  اور ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں    ر‬
‫را  ض         ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫    ص  ر    ا ں   ا    و ا ن   ر ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫‪.vi‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ظ  ش     ‬
‫ورات‬
‫    ان  ت   وادى   ا     ۔‬ ‫ل   و    ‬ ‫ت   ا‬ ‫و ت   ‬ ‫ت   وادى ‬
‫ ا‬
‫   ر  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ہ   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر د ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ا ن      ر  ر ں ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   و     رو ر در  ‬ ‫      ہ  ڈ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫در  ‬
‫ج     ا ں    ار ‬
‫   ر ن آ  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا  ر‬

‫   ‪۱۳‬۔‬

‫ل‬

‫ا ظ‬
‫را‬ ‫آ ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں ‪،‬‬ ‫ت‪ ،‬‬ ‫م ‬
‫ا‬
‫ ‪،‬‬ ‫ر‬
‫‪،‬‬
 ‫ آواز‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫ر‬
‫ل‬ ‫ر‬
‫    ا ت    ا ت د ۔‬ ‫د‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔ ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫ت اور  ت   ا ر ا ظ   ذر    ‬ ‫ ا  ا‬ ‫رت ا ظ    ؤ ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫ وہ ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔  م        اد  ؟‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ت اور ‬ ‫اب  ِم      اد د        وا  ‬
‫ں س      ؟‬
‫    م     ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫س  ‬
‫     ا  ا  ‬ ‫ ا    ڈر   اور ‬ ‫  س        ں   اس      و‬ ‫    م   اس ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫  ق ر    اور  ں؟‬ ‫      ر   روزو‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫ وہ ‬ ‫ اس    دت   ا   ت آ            و‬ ‫  ق ر   ۔ ‬ ‫ ا   ب   ا  رب    د   دن رات و‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫ ر   ۔‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫اس   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫      ف ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔    اور  ز    ا ‬
‫   ا  رب    ف دو ے  ں   ا    آ ؤا اد    د د   ۔‬ ‫  اب  آپ     اور  ز    ا ‬
‫ح ں ا ل    ؟‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ا    ا‬ ‫   ا    ر‬ ‫  ا ل     ‪۶‬۔  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫رت ا ر     اور اس   د     ت ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ل  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ح اس ‬ ‫  ا   ا‬ ‫   ا    ر‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫وا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  ا   ‬ ‫    د    ر‬ ‫ اس   ‬
‫اء    م ‬ ‫ى   دو  ے  ل   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ اردو ‬
‫۔‬ ‫  اب       ‪ ،‬زا ا  ا   ن ‬
‫۔‬ ‫       ‬
‫   د   م۔‬ ‫       ا    ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫   ا ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ز    ا‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫ ق  ان    ر   روزو‬
‫ر   ں   ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫  ا  ۔ ‬ ‫ِ ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫ض  ا    ر  ‬
‫  م     ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
 ‫   ‪:۱۴‬‬
‫وادى  ات   ‬

‫ا ظ‬
‫ق‬
‫ا  ر   ر‬ ‫آ ر ‬
‫ د‬ ‫  ول ‬
‫   ر  ‬ ‫  رت ‬ ‫ز  ‬
‫ر  وا‬
‫ت  ز دہ  اد ‬
‫ور  ‬ ‫وا   ار‬
‫ارادہ‬
‫ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ں‬
‫  ڑ‬ ‫ف  ڈ  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ف  ش‬
‫ا  ذا  وا‬ ‫ش ذا‬
‫   ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ر  ذ   ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ت    م ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  ت   ‬ ‫ن     ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۱‬۔ ‬
‫ى   ۔‬
‫ز اور واد  ‬ ‫  ت    م  ى ‪،‬وادى  ہ   ‪    ،‬وادى‪  ،‬ال  ‪    ،‬‬ ‫  ت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫    ہ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔   و ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ت     ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫    را ذ   و زہ ر     اور   ‬ ‫  اب۔   و ‬
‫ر   ؟‬ ‫   ز   ں ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ وادى  ات   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫      ر     ق   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   آ ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ھ ‬ ‫ر      ں  ڑے  ڑے ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔  ز  اس ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ر  وا ں      ص ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ں         ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔  رہ   آپ     ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫    آ  ‬ ‫  ُ رخ     ‬ ‫رت ‬ ‫  اب۔  ر  ہ  آپ   ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫ل ں    اد    ں ا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ وادى  ات       ‬
 ‫وے اور  ى ‬ ‫ ا    ‬ ‫ں    ر ‬ ‫      و ں ‬ ‫ں    اد   ا‬ ‫    ل ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   آ‬ ‫  اب۔ آ ور‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ں    اد   ا‬ ‫ت  و      ‬
‫ ‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔وادى  ات    ر  ں    م ‬
‫ ‬ ‫    د ‬ ‫ ا     ں    اد   ‬ ‫    ں   آب و  ا ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  اب وادى  ات    ر  ں   آڑو آ   رہ ‬
‫۔‬
‫  ح   ا م  ؟‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔  م   ‬
‫د    ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ر ر‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا م    ات   ‬ ‫ ا  اور ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫  اب ۔ م   ‬
‫  ا ق  ۔‬ ‫ ا‬
‫؟‬ ‫    ر  ر  ت    م ‬ ‫ ڈو ن   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ‬
‫ ڈو ن    ات   ‬ ‫ر          رے ‬ ‫ و  داب وادى     ا ء   ‬ ‫ ڈو ن   ‬ ‫ل  وا  ‬
‫ن     ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫  ۔ ‬ ‫رت       د  ‪  ،‬ال  راور  م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  م ‬ ‫م ‬
‫۔‬ ‫       ‬
‫ل  وا   ۔‬
‫ن     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫وے    و‬ ‫ات ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫ں    ر ا   ۔‬ ‫وادى  ات   ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ر  ۔‬ ‫ڈو ن     مزر  وادى ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ذا  دار آ  اور ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫ وا   ۔‬ ‫  ڈ  ‬ ‫   او    ‬ ‫او  ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫د ‬ ‫ر  ذ  ا ظ   ‬
‫د‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫اں‬ ‫ر‬
‫ا م‬ ‫آ ز‬
‫ت‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ظ   ‬

‫د  ۔‬ ‫رت  ف  ش واد ں ‬ ‫  ت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫ف  ش‬

‫ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫دہ دور    ان ‬
‫   ‬ ‫وادى  ات    گ ‬ ‫ ‬
 ‫ زر  ‬ ‫ب   ز  ‬ ‫زر‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں    ‬
‫ ‬ ‫    ت  درو ‬ ‫ت   ‬ ‫درو‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  ص ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫وادى  م   د و  ‬ ‫دو‬

‫   ‪۱۵‬‬
‫ل   ر ‬
‫ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ظ   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫و   زہ‬

‫ط ارادے وا  ‪،‬وا‬ ‫ دم‬

‫   ف‬ ‫   ڈر‪ ،‬‬ ‫ہ ا د‬
‫   ‪،‬‬
‫د ہ   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫زور  زو‬
‫ھ‬ ‫ﮐﺮ ﮔﺲ‬

‫ا ت    ا ت د ۔‬
‫ ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ل ر  ا          دو ‬ ‫  ال   ا۔ ‬
‫ ا‬ ‫  ق ‪،‬‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫ں   م    ؟‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ ا ل   اردو ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔‬
‫  اب۔  ب   اور  ت ا ل‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ى    ر  ز ن     ‬ ‫ ا ل ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ روم   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى    ر  ز ن   ‬ ‫   ا ل ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫     ا‬ ‫ ا ل    م    ر ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫  ددار    ہ اور    واز  ہ   وہ ا  زور  زو    ر   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ص ا‬ ‫  اب۔ ا ل ر  ا     م    ر ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ او  اڑان       اور اس دوران   ا  ‬ ‫       وہ ‬ ‫    ى ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور دو وں      ا  ر ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫    ف ‬
‫     اور  ں؟‬ ‫  ے    ن   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۵‬۔ آپ ‬
 ‫ اور ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا    ر  دو  ر  د      اور و ں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫اب۔   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ت آ  اس   ڈٹ   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ل   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ر   ں           اس ‬
‫    ا    ا ل      ح  و     م د ؟‬ ‫  ا ل    ‪  ۶‬‬
‫   ذات ‬ ‫  ا ل ر  ا    ا ن ‬ ‫  رات ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا ل ر  ا    ا   م    م ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫      ا ں   ‬ ‫   ا ل ر  ا       ا‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫    ت ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫      د ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ہ  ت   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور ا   م  ا ‬ ‫ آ  ‬ ‫  و  ا‬ ‫ل ل   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫      ت   ا    وہ ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ں اور   و‬ ‫ں    ں اور  اور   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  زہ  ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ﮐﺮﮔﺲ    ھ  ا     اڑے   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ا ل ر  ا       ا ں   ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫    ل ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ام ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا   ح ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      ھ    ح  دار ‬
‫ں  ا   ا    ‬
‫واز   دو  ‬
‫    ں اور‬ ‫ﮐﺮﮔﺲ    ں اور   ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں د  ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ا  ل  ا ں    ن   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ر ‬ ‫ ا ں   ا   م   ‬ ‫ اس   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ا ل ر  ا    اور  ا ں    ت  ى  ددارى  د  ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫     را   ش ‬ ‫   ذر  ز‬ ‫ت اور ‬ ‫ ا ل ر  ا      ا   ان       ا    ‬ ‫ا ل     ‬
‫ں  ‬
‫   ان  ا  ‬
‫روں     ڈا    ‬
‫۔‬ ‫     ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ل ر  ا   رے ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا  م ‬ ‫ن ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ل ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      ت  ا   ‬ ‫ ا ل  ا ں   ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  دار ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬

‫ا ظ‬
‫ك س ‬
‫رى ارض   ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ارض‬
‫اس  ے    ض   ‬ ‫ڑا‬ ‫ض‬
‫   ‬ ‫ آم ‬ ‫آم‬
‫رى د     م  ں   دا    ‬ ‫  ص   ‬ ‫م‬
‫ ‬ ‫     ا  ‬ ‫ا‬
 ‫ ‬ ‫    ت   وا‬ ‫وہ ‬ ‫ز‬
‫آج ا ار ‬ ‫   دن‬ ‫ا ار‬
‫ ‬ ‫ان  ں   ا ار ا  ‬ ‫ر   ‬ ‫ا ار‬
‫ ‬ ‫ا   ا ار     ‬ ‫ا ار‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ا ار   ‬ ‫ا ار‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   د    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ظ   ‬ ‫ر  ذ  ا ظ    ظ   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ں  ا ں   و   زہ د ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫و   زہ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫    ہ ا د ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا ن ا  ا‬ ‫ہ ا د‬
‫    ت    ت    ۔‬ ‫   ز‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ں       ار  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ا ن   ا    ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ا ڈا‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ر    د  رى  ا‬ ‫د  درى‬

‫ِ ‬ ‫   ‪۱۶‬‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ ر  وا‬ ‫زوال‬
‫آ ت     رات‬ ‫ دراز  م‬
‫د‬
‫   ر‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ر‬

‫آ ن‬
‫    رہ‬ ‫ا  ‬
‫ار‬
‫درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت د ۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫ ا ل ر  ا      ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۱‬۔ ‬
‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ا ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫ں ‬ ‫    ا    ڑوں   ‬ ‫  ‬
 ‫  ؟‬ ‫    ا  ر  ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ آپ    ل   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا  م ‬ ‫ں   ا  ‬ ‫ى   ا ں   ا   م   ذر  ‬ ‫    ا  ر  ان   ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫ ‬ ‫  و    ‬ ‫  اور ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫‪۳‬۔د     ح ا  ‬ ‫ال ‬
‫   ا   ح ا ن  د وى  ا ل   ا   ے   د    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ا ن       ‬ ‫  ح ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   دن   ا ن ‬ ‫ظ     ر      ‬
‫      اد  ؟‬ ‫    زوال ‬ ‫ ‪۴‬۔‬ ‫  ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ وا‬ ‫     ‬ ‫    اد ‬ ‫    زوال ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫؟‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫  ال    ‪۵‬‬
‫      ال            زوال  ں   ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫ن     ؟‬
‫   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  ال   ‪     ۶‬‬
‫   اور اس      زوال آ   ۔‬ ‫ د  ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫    ن         ‬ ‫  اب۔     ُ    ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   د    ‬ ‫ دراز  م   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪:۷‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫     د      ا          اس     آ ت     رات  وع ‬ ‫  اب اس   ‬
‫  ال    ‪ ۸‬ل   آ   ں   آ ؟‬
‫آ ۔‬ ‫     م  ‬ ‫  اب۔  ل   آ  ‬
‫   رو   ا  ن روا   ا اور  ں؟‬ ‫  ا ل    ‪  ۹‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ آ    اور   زدہ ‬ ‫ وہ  ا      ‬ ‫  ر   ‬ ‫   رو   ا ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫؟‬ ‫  م     ‬ ‫ن  اردو   ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱۰‬۔ا  وا‬
‫ ا  ‬ ‫   ر   ں د  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ وا    ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ر     ے ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ں ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب۔  م وا  ‬
‫    م‬ ‫ب     ؤ ‬ ‫وں   ‬
‫ى  ل‬ ‫ا ل     ‪۳‬۔‬
‫       ‬ ‫   اور اس        و‬ ‫ زوال ‬ ‫ن        ‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫س    ‬
‫   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫اب ۔     ‬
‫رت   ا  زوال آ    اور         ا   ح  ا  اور  ب     آ  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ وہ ا ن   ‪ ،‬ل         ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ر زوال       اس          ز ‬
‫    ن ‬ ‫ اور    ۔ )‪(X‬‬ ‫      ۔ ) ✔(‬ ‫ال    ‪    : 5‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫ل ۔‬
‫        زوا  ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫✔‬ ‫  ۔‬ ‫   و  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ زوال آ ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
 ‫    رج      ۔ ‪X‬‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور ا  ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫          رے     دى۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫✔‬ ‫   رو   ا    ۔‬ ‫  ر ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬

‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ل   ‬ ‫  وف اور ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔‪:‬درج ذ   ں     ر  ‬

‫  وف‬ ‫   ر    ۔‬ ‫  ں    ح   ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫  ل‬ ‫ں    و      ر    ۔‬ ‫‪ .2‬رے ‬
‫  وف‬ ‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‪ .3‬م ا    ہ ‬
‫  ل‬ ‫  وں    س       ۔‬ ‫  ء   ر‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫  وف‬ ‫   ۔‬ ‫ر ں    وں    ر ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ل‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ درج ذ  ا ظ اور  ورات   ا   ں   ا‬
‫ں   آ  آ‬ ‫      ى آ‬ ‫   درد  ى ‬ ‫آ    آ‬
‫ن   ۔‬
‫ن دم   دوران  ر آد ں     ‬
‫دو  و ں   در  ‬ ‫ن آ‬
‫   دو   زوال ‬ ‫ن اور ‬ ‫زوال‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   و  ہ ا       رہ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  گ    ز   ‬ ‫ا  ‬
‫ا  ر ۔‬ ‫  م ‬ ‫   ا ل  رى ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ار‬
‫۔‬ ‫ د‬ ‫ وا  درج ذ  ا ظ   ‬ ‫ال   ‪۸‬۔    ا ل ‬
‫اں‬ ‫ر‬
‫اب‬ ‫ال‬
‫وج‬ ‫زوال‬

‫ص‬ ‫م‬
‫ز‬
‫ش‬ ‫ار‬
 ‫   ‪۱۷‬۔‬
‫ دو‬ ‫ك ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ظ   ‬
‫د‬ ‫    ا  ‪،‬‬ ‫ا ‬
‫ى  ‬
‫ ‬
‫ا      دو ى   ‬
‫  ‪ /‬را‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫آن وا‬
‫  ا‬ ‫ں‬
‫   وا  ر‬ ‫و   رت ‪ ،‬ت   ‬ ‫زر د‬
‫ ر‬ ‫ا م‬
‫ے‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ات‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫  م آ   ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔ ز ن  رے ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ذر‬ ‫  اب۔ ز ن  رے روز ہ  ل  ل اور  م د    را‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ذر  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ال  ‪۲‬۔  م ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ن اور ا‬ ‫ ذر  ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ذر   ۔ م ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ن اور ا‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫  رى  ؟‬ ‫ن  ا  ‬
‫   در ن   ‬ ‫ن اور ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
‫  رى  ۔‬ ‫دى را ارى اور     آ      ‬ ‫   در ن ا‬ ‫ن اور ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫ں ں      ؟‬
‫ ؤ  ‬ ‫ د    ‬ ‫  ال   ‪  ۴‬۔ آج   ‬
‫  ار د  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫       اور  م د    ا  دو ے   ‬ ‫  م ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫       ‬ ‫  ؤں اس ‬ ‫  د    ‬ ‫ج  ‬
‫  اب۔ آ  ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ا ادى  ت   ‬ ‫    ا    ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔  ‬
‫   ا ا  د  روز ر    ا   ا   ں   اور ‬ ‫  ے   ‬ ‫   ذر   رى  رت    م  ى   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ۔  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ط‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫    ن   ذرا   ا ت ا‬ ‫ال   ‪۶‬۔ ‬
‫ت ‬ ‫ دور دراز   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫وں    ا ت    م          اروں   ذر  دور دور   ‬ ‫    ڑوں اور ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫ل      وا  ‬
‫ ا  ء  ‬ ‫ار ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫د  ا ‬ ‫    ں  زہ دم  ڑے ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫     دس  رہ ‬ ‫اور ا ء ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ٹ آ  ‬
 ‫  ں  ؟‬ ‫        ں      ا  ‬ ‫دى  را ارى   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ك ‬
‫  ں  ۔‬ ‫  ا  ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫دى را ارى   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  اب۔  ك ‬
‫  ں  ‪۴‬۔  زر  اور ‬ ‫  ا  ‬ ‫     ‪۳‬۔زر  اور ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ آ   ‪۲‬۔ ‬ ‫ہ  ا  ‬ ‫  رت   ذر  روز ر   ‬ ‫‪۱‬۔‬
‫   آ   ۔‬ ‫ ‪۵‬۔     ر ں    م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ر ذرا   ا ت ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ دور ‬
‫   ذر   ا ت درج ذ   ۔‬ ‫  اب۔ دور ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ۔ا‬ ‫۔ ‬ ‫    ن ۔‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫  ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫دى را ارى   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۹‬۔  ك ‬
‫‪ 21‬ب ‬
‫   ‬ ‫    ‬ ‫   ا   س   ‬ ‫ ون روڈ   ‬ ‫   ون ‬ ‫  دى  ر   ‬ ‫دى را ارى   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  اب ۔ ك ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ د       رت     ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫         و ‬ ‫ ڈا    ‬ ‫ا‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫    ں   ‬ ‫دى را ارى   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱۰‬۔ آپ        ك ‬
‫     ا اد     اور ‬ ‫ و ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  م    دى ڈ‬ ‫ن    ا‬ ‫       ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن  اس ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫      ون   ‬ ‫    ون    ا       ور ت    را ‬ ‫    و   ا    ‬ ‫  رى   ‬ ‫اس   ‬
‫۔‬
‫     ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫دور  ذرا   ا ت   ‬
‫دہ   ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫ د ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں   ا  ادوار   ذرا   ا‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫  ا  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ را ارى روڈ   ‬ ‫  ك ‬ ‫ون ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫    ڑوں        ۔‬ ‫دو   ك ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ اور ا   ں   ا ل ‬ ‫    ش     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ درج ذ  ا ظ   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫دى را ارى   ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ك ‬ ‫ر   چ و  ر‬ ‫دى‬ ‫ا‬
‫   وا   ۔‬ ‫ب  ‬
‫ا   ہ   ‬ ‫رى ‬ ‫ب ‬
‫رت اور   ‬
‫را‬
‫ں   وا   ۔‬ ‫ن     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ہ ‬ ‫      ڑ‬ ‫ہ  ب‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ن    رت    م ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫رو رى   د‬ ‫ہ ‬
‫  ں  ۔‬ ‫    ں   روز ر      ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫رو ر‬ ‫رت‬
‫۔‬ ‫ى دو‬ ‫ن‬
‫   در  ‬ ‫ن اور ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫روز ر‬
‫دو‬
 ‫ن‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‪۱۸‬۔ ں   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ء ‬
‫ر‬
‫زورو زو    ت  ا‬ ‫  ا‬
‫   ِ‬ ‫ر    ‬ ‫ ذوق‬
‫ان‬
‫  ا‬
‫ا   ر  داروں    ہ ‬ ‫ا   ورى‬
‫   آز‬ ‫ آز‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    او‬ ‫ن     ‬ ‫  ال  ا۔ ‬
‫ ‪۱۹۶۰‬ء   ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  او‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫      ن  ؟‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     اس و‬ ‫ ور  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔‬
‫ وا       ن  ان  ن  ۔‬ ‫ ‪   ۱۹۹۲‬‬ ‫ ور  ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫   ا     ن  ن    ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۳‬۔ ا‬
‫  ز دہ  ں  ۔‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪،‬ذ ‪ ،‬‬ ‫   ا        ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔  ا‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫    ں ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔  ڑى  م  ں   ز دہ ‬
‫      زم ‬ ‫  ر   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ہ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ن  ا  ‬
‫  ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں  ز دہ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  اب ۔ ڑى  م ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور  ط رہ   در‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ذ   ر     و‬ ‫   دوران و   ڑى  ں  ر د  د‬ ‫   ‬
‫      ر      ؟‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫   او‬ ‫ال  ‪۵‬۔  ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ و‬ ‫   ‬ ‫       د   ں   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫      ر اى   ۔ ا   ا  ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ن او‬ ‫      ح   ‬ ‫  اب ۔  ا‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ں     ان  دت ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ آپ اور   ‬ ‫ دو ‬
‫ں      ا ؟‬ ‫ں   ا  ‬ ‫  ڑ ں       ا ا  ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ ‬
‫  ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ور  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں      ا     ان   او‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫  ڑ ں    م   ا ا   ں   ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫  ز دہ  ں  ۔‬ ‫ او  ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫ اذ ن  ہ    ر‬ ‫   ور  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ ر رڈ   ر ؟‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ا اش   ‬
 ‫      رے ‬ ‫ ا از   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪    1999‬و ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا        ‬ ‫ن    ج  د ہ   اور  ا‬ ‫ش  د    ‬
‫اب۔ ا ا  ‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ا از ‬ ‫ ور  او    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    اءك ‬ ‫ ر رڈ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ او  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ن دس ‬ ‫ر  ڑى ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ر رڈ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ او  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ور  او  اور ‬ ‫  ڑى  ن    ن   آ  ‬ ‫ا  اور ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫ن  ‬
‫   ز دہ   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ د    ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫  ل   ‬ ‫   ز دہ ‬ ‫  اب ۔د    ‬
‫    م    ؟‬ ‫    ے ‬ ‫      ں   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۹‬۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      ں   ‬ ‫   او  ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ن    وع ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫    م او‬ ‫    ے ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  اب۔‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور  ر  ل   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    ‬ ‫ در‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫    ۔‬ ‫   آ ز ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫ در‬ ‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن   ‪۱۹۶۵‬ء او‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫در‬ ‫  ۔‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   ذر  ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ در‬ ‫    ان  ۔‬ ‫ن    ں   زوال   ا  و  ا‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ر۔‬ ‫ں  د    ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫  ى     د    ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ا    در‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ درج ذ     ں   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫پ   ا ج ‬
‫ آ  ‬
‫ آپ    اج    ؟‬
‫ آ ۔‬ ‫   اردو ‬
‫ آ ۔‬ ‫   اردو ‬
‫  ا     ر آ    ۔‬
‫  ا     ر آ ۔‬
‫ ا ر  ۔‬ ‫     آپ   ‬
‫ ا ر  ۔‬ ‫     آپ   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ درج ذ   ورات    ں   ا ل ‬
‫ورات‬
‫ہ   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ن  و ‬
‫   دورا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ہ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ر  ‬ ‫  ك و ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ڑ  ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫ك و ‬
‫ ر ۔‬ ‫ن    م ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫     د‬ ‫   ‬ ‫م ‬
 ‫۔‬ ‫ب   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ آز  ‬ ‫   ا ن   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ آز  ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ں  د    ‬
‫   وى ڈرا  ‬ ‫ا‬

‫   ‪۱۹‬۔‬
‫م ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا ظ   ‬
‫‪ ،‬وں‬ ‫د ر ں‬
‫ وا   اد‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫وٹ     ا‬ ‫  ر ں‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا  ا ‪   ،‬ا‬ ‫ر‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫رں‬
‫ڈو   ا‬ ‫ق‬
‫ں‬
‫ ‪ ،‬ر‬ ‫ڈ رڈ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫     ‬
‫دل  د  ر  ں  ۔‬
‫ں   ر  ڈا    ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫  ر  ں  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ د  ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫  پ    ں  ۔‬ ‫دن  ق   ر    ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ر    ا ۔‬ ‫ں   ں   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫ا۔‬ ‫    ڑا  ڑا  وں   ا‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ے  ت    م ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔‬
‫ و ہ۔‬ ‫‪  ،‬اروں    ا    ‬ ‫ں    ‪  ،‬رش   ‬ ‫  اب۔  ع و  وب آ ب‪ ،‬‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ وا ں     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں    م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔  م   و‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں     ‬ ‫  در ڈا  ‬ ‫ن   آ   ۔   ‬ ‫  ش اور ‬ ‫ وا   گ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں    م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ب ۔ م   و‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫  ح وا  آر   ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ وا‬
 ‫   اور ا   ں ‬ ‫ ان    م          اور وہ   آ   آرام ‬ ‫ وا  آر    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب  ۔ وا   م   و‬
‫۔‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫       ‬ ‫   د    ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔   م‬
‫ آرام   و ن ‬ ‫   اب ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت  م  دن  م ‬ ‫  م ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور  ن    ق   ‬ ‫   د  ‬ ‫  اب۔  م ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    ف ‬ ‫   اس ‬ ‫  ورت ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ر ں       راج ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔  م   و‬
‫ا           اور ‬ ‫  م   ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫وں   اور    روں   راگ   ‬ ‫ ر ں    ں   اور ا‬ ‫  اب۔  م   و‬
‫    ں     آ   ۔‬ ‫   اور ا      ان   ‬ ‫رے  دار ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ م   ‬
‫   آ ن    ب   ‬ ‫ ا  ا   وں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫      م       ا ن اور  وا  ‬ ‫ د‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔  م   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ى  ا   ر  ‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫   اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ف ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ل‬
‫ى   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‪ ۹‬۔۔ م ر‬ ‫  ا‬
‫ں   وا  ‬ ‫     ۔ ے ا  ‬ ‫ د‬ ‫    ا‬ ‫    رج    وب ‬ ‫   ذ         م ‬ ‫  اب۔     م   د‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  م    ُ‬ ‫ آ‬ ‫۔ آ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ ‬ ‫   اور   ‬ ‫ ا   وں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ا ن اور  وا  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬

‫   ‪۲۰‬۔‬
‫ا  ا ظ‪ :‬ا ظ‪/‬‬
‫ردار‬
‫گ ‬ ‫ار‬
‫  ض‬ ‫ز‬
‫ت   ا ر ‬ ‫و‬
‫ ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫ ‬ ‫رى ‬
‫   ا    ‬ ‫وہ آواز   ‬ ‫ُ ى‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ا‬
‫درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت دے‬
‫     و  اح  ں  ورى  ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔ز‬
 ‫ح  ‬
‫   و  ا  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ دور ‬ ‫ت   ا        ا  ا  آپ    زہ دم ر    اور ‬ ‫   روز ہ   ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫  اب۔ا ن ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ورت ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ن  ‬
‫   ا ن    ں     ‬ ‫  ا ل   ‪۳‬۔‬
‫        ۔‬ ‫  ل    ‪  ،      ،‬را      ‬ ‫  اب۔  ا ن    ں    ں   ‬
‫        ق  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫ك  ‬
‫۔   ا   ا  اور ا رم   ‬ ‫        اس م‬ ‫ ‬ ‫        ق     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   اور  ار        ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   وہ       ‬ ‫ ا ر ‬
‫      اد  ؟‬ ‫  ال  ‪۵‬۔          ش   ‬
‫ر ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ۔ اور ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ں        ں  پ    ں    ور ت   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫          ش    اد  ں    پ   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ دے ‬ ‫ اور ‬
‫ ا ر      ؟‬ ‫  ا        ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ رو      ‬
‫ں       ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ں ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     چ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا    ‬ ‫  اب۔ رو      ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ے      ا ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں      آواز  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا رى  ‬ ‫  ڑے    ‬
‫۔‬
‫    ں    ا           ؟‬ ‫    زا ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫ وہ رو  ‬ ‫ ر    ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ان     ا  رو          ‬ ‫          ے          ل   ‬ ‫  اب۔  زا ‬
‫ت  ڈ  وا    ا    ان     ذرا ‬
‫ع      وہ  ر       دو ے    رى آ    را  ‬
‫ردار  و  ‬ ‫       ان   دو ا ‬ ‫رو  ‬
‫ر   ۔‬
‫     ‬
‫ى  اد  ف ا ن    ں    ۔‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ و ء   اس  ت   ‬ ‫ور  ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ب اس     ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫      ر   ا  ا د  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   وہ  گ   وا‬ ‫ش ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫ے          ل  ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.vi‬‬
 ‫۔‬ ‫درج ذ  ا ظ    ر  زم ا  ظ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ڈا  ‪،‬‬ ‫دوا ں ‪،‬آ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ ‪ ،‬ى ‪ ،‬رڈ‬ ‫ ‪،‬‬ ‫ر ے ا‬
‫ ‪،‬د ار ‪،‬ر‬ ‫ں ‪،‬‬ ‫ى  ى‬
‫ے ‪ ،‬دے‬ ‫ى  ا‪،‬‬ ‫ل‪ ،‬‬ ‫  ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫درج ذ   ورات   ا   ں   ا‬
‫  ا   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا‬
‫  ى‬ ‫ك‬
‫ در در     ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ا    ‬ ‫ك ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ا  ا  ا   ں ‬ ‫ ‬
‫دوں         د‬ ‫ك ج   د‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬
‫  آ  ۔‬ ‫  ا     اس   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  رى ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫ آ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ى  ل ‬ ‫    ‬
‫     ان   ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫      م  ر   ‬ ‫ى  ل ا ن               ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ اس ‬
‫   ز دہ ‬ ‫ اس      ف  ر   ‬ ‫         د          وہ  ف رو    ر    ‬ ‫ں  اس  م ‬
‫ ‬ ‫    ں     ا‬ ‫ وہ ان   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور  ر  دار        را   ‬ ‫ دو ا   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ وہ  د  ر ‬ ‫ى    ‬
‫ور  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫وا‬ ‫  ى اور  رو‬ ‫ ا ر   ۔    ا‬ ‫ا      ر  وا    ا  دو ے   ‬

‫   ‪۲۱‬۔‬
‫ت‬
‫ا  ا ظ۔‬
‫رو‬ ‫ك‬
‫       ‬ ‫    اب ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا  ‬ ‫  ر‬
‫ ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ں‬ ‫ات‬
‫د ر‬ ‫ون  ون‬
‫وا   رى‬ ‫و  ا اض‬
‫ا ‬ ‫ دا‬
‫ز‬ ‫اوت‬
 ‫ ‬ ‫ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫ں   م اور ان   ‬
‫ وا    در  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال   ا۔ آپ     ‬
‫  ر    ۔‬ ‫ى  ‬
‫      ُاس     ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ا   ا اور   در‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫    ر ں    ج  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ دار در‬ ‫‪:‬ا  ‬
‫  ا    ۔‬ ‫   ا ود   ‬ ‫ار در‬ ‫ا ود‪:‬ا  ‬
‫  ا او  اور      ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫آم ‪:‬آم   در‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫ د    ‬ ‫ا ں    رے   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ در‬ ‫ او  اور ‬ ‫ہ‪:‬ا‬
‫  ں       ر   ؟‬ ‫      ت   ا‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔    ل ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫   و       ل ‬ ‫ں   د‬ ‫‪ /‬ر ں اور ‬ ‫‪ /‬ڑ ں   ا‬ ‫ن ن آ دى   ا‬
‫  اب د  ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫    آپ    دار ادا   ‬ ‫ار ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۳‬۔ ل   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ار   ‬ ‫  ل   ‬ ‫  ا رٹ ا ل ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    اور  ذا   ا رٹ   ‬ ‫  اب   ز دہ   ز دہ در‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔ ا ل       ا‬
‫  روں    ے ‬ ‫      س ا   دا    م ‬ ‫    وں   رو      ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫       ا‬ ‫ب ل   ‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   وہ  ل   ‬ ‫ے‬
‫    ے  م  ء    س ا         د  ‬ ‫   ‬
‫      ت      ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ ‬
‫       ا   دا     آ   ۔‬ ‫     ‬ ‫س ر   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ د      ‬ ‫دارى اور ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ب‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫ں     و ت  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ل اور د  ا‬ ‫ ادو ت   ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں رو    ر    د      ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ات   و    آب و  ا اور ‬ ‫ب‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ات ‬ ‫           و     ر ں       ر    اور ‬ ‫ آ د       ہ ا‬ ‫ں   و    ‬
‫۔‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      ات   ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۷‬۔ ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫  ات   ‬ ‫  اور   ا اض ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫ ‪  ،‬‬ ‫       ‬ ‫ن   ‬ ‫   اب ‬
‫؟‬ ‫   ا   ت ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۸‬۔ ‬
‫   ا   ت درج ذ   ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫●‬
‫ اور د   ل    اب  ۔‬ ‫ن  ‬
‫  ر    ا  ‬ ‫● دے   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ار ر‬ ‫ا اور ‬ ‫● ا   ل    ف ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ اور و  ا اض    ات   ‬ ‫‪   ،‬‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫‪   ،‬‬ ‫ آ د        ‬ ‫●‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫      ون ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫         ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫رت اور ‬ ‫ت    ف  ل   ‬ ‫●‬
 ‫   اور ان   د   ل  ے۔‬ ‫رى      ھ  ھ   ‬ ‫●‬
‫    ل  ں  ورى  ؟‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ا‬
‫    ل   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ دا    ‬ ‫ رو ں   آ    ‬ ‫  ورى      ل اور ا‬ ‫    ل اس ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ز‬ ‫  اب ا‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫    چ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫       ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫  ت    وغ     ‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   در‬ ‫ ‬ ‫وں اور  ں  ں   ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫اوت   ۔‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   آ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫    چ     د   ۔‬ ‫    ل ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫          ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ د    ‬ ‫ء    ش و ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ آ د    ا‬ ‫ل   ‬ ‫ ادو ت   ا‬ ‫‪.vi‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  وف ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  وف ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫‪ :‬ا   وف   ‬ ‫وف ‬
‫  وف ‬ ‫   او ‪ٗ ،‬ا ِ ہ  ٗ‪،‬ا ف ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ف    ‬
‫ ‪:‬ا   و  ‬ ‫ا ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  وف ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫            ش ‪ ،‬آ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‪:‬ا   وف   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫    ں   ا‬ ‫ اور ا‬ ‫ درج ذ   وف ‬
‫ن ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫پ  ‬
‫  ب آج آ  ‬ ‫  ب‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫اٗف آج   ‬ ‫ٗاف‬
‫اس   ا  ا      ا   م     ‬ ‫ا  ا‬
‫او       ا  را  م  اب  د‬ ‫او ‬
‫رت   ر   ۔‬ ‫ا  آج     ‬ ‫ء ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫درج ذ  ا ظ اور  ورات   ا   ں   ا ل ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫را ‬ ‫ت    دى ا اد اس   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫را ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ دا    ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ دا    ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں  د   ل ‬
‫ں  پ ا    ‬ ‫د   ل ‬
‫رى ا ان ا  ر  داروں    از  ‬ ‫ج  ‬
‫آ  ‬ ‫از‬
‫  ا دل   راہ د  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   و‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں   اوت ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ر     آ‬ ‫اوت‬
 ‫‪:‬‬
‫ت  ى‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ُ  ا‬
‫ى‬ ‫   ‬ ‫و‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬
‫ت    ے ‬
‫ے اب ‬
‫ ‬
‫روداد‬
‫ ا ت   روداد‬ ‫ ‬
‫     روداد‬ ‫  م ا ل ‬
‫ ہ  روداد‬ ‫ ‬
‫روداد‬ ‫    دا‬ ‫ ‬
‫در ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا  ‬ ‫در ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫    دى   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫  در ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ع   ‬ ‫ن  دو   ء  در ن ‬ ‫ م‬
‫۔‬ ‫ن‬
‫د   در  ‬ ‫ا  د اور ‬
‫   در ن۔‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    ؤ    ت ‬ ‫ دو دو ں   در ن ز‬
‫۔‬ ‫در ن‬ ‫ اور د ار‬ ‫ ‬
‫ط‪:‬‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ہ ر‬ ‫ا رج ڈا     م ا  ‬
‫  ت    رے  ۔‬ ‫    م ا  ‬ ‫ے ‬
‫ت   رے  ۔‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫      ل   ‬ ‫دو‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫  دے  ا  ‬ ‫ ا      ‬ ‫ت   ‬
‫ں‪:‬‬
‫  ى   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ا ق   ‬
‫    ‬
‫  و   و   و ‬
‫ ا ر‬
 ‫ ۔‬ ‫در ا‬
‫ت ا م آ د‬ ‫ ا م آ د  ڈل    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ب ‬
‫ب  !‬
‫   وا    ‬ ‫  ا   ا ل     ‬ ‫    ۔ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  رى   و       ل ‬ ‫   د ں   ‬ ‫  ارش     ‬
‫        ے وا   دور      اور ‬ ‫ى          دو   رو  ‬ ‫         ‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اور      ى در ا‬
‫    ا آپ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫   ر  ادا   ان   ‬ ‫   ر     ان  ے  ت   ‬ ‫    چ  دا‬ ‫    رى ‬ ‫ى ‬
‫   آ ہ ا ط  وں   ۔‬ ‫   ر   ف   د‬ ‫      ے ‬ ‫ در ا‬
‫ا رض‬
‫ا۔ب۔ج‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪۲۰۲۲‬ء‬ ‫  ر  ‪ ۹‬۔‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫د‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   در ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    م ‬
‫ ون  ا م آ د‬ ‫ت  آ  ‬ ‫ ا م آ د  ڈل    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ب ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ا ن ‬
‫  ب  !‬
‫ ز دہ     آ    ‬ ‫  رے     ا ا ت ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ان   آ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  د   ارش      ے وا‬
‫     ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ادا   ‬ ‫      رى ‬ ‫   ر     ے وا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اداروں   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫       ‬
‫  ى ‬ ‫  ق    ا  ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫      ڑى       ‬ ‫ اول آ   ں اور ا ل   ‬ ‫   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ش‬
‫  از  ‬ ‫پ  ‬
‫ں آ  ‬
‫  رى ر    ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ف   ‬
‫ ا رض‬
‫د‬ ‫ار ‬ ‫ آپ   ‬
‫ا۔ب۔ج‬
‫  ت ‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ د‬
‫‪۲۰۲۲‬ء‬ ‫  ر ‪۲‬د‬
 ‫ط‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫    م       ا     ہ  ر‬ ‫ا رج ڈا‬
‫  ہ ا ن ‬
‫ ‪۲۰۲۲‬ء ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ آ     ر ا م آ د‬ ‫ ڈا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ب ‬
‫!‬ ‫ ا م ‬
‫   ر  ‬ ‫  ا   ا     وا      ‬ ‫   ا   د  ر‬ ‫    آپ    ڈاك     و‬ ‫  ارش     ‬
‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ا۔  اہ  م  ر‬ ‫ل ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ۲۰۲۲‬۔  ا     ر     و د ا     ر‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ۱۳۴۵۲‬ر  ‪ ۱۵‬ا‬
‫ ‬
‫ ۔‬ ‫ت       از    رت  ل   آ ہ   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫آپ      ار ر ں ‬
‫وا م‬
‫ا۔ب۔ج‬
‫  ن   ‪۱۵     ۳۱۰‬‬
‫ون ا م آ د‬ ‫ آى ‬
‫۔‬ ‫    رے   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    م   ‬ ‫ا   ے ‬
‫  ہ ا ن‬
‫‪۲۰۲۲‬ء‬ ‫‪۹‬۔‬
‫  ن‬ ‫رے ‬
‫!‬ ‫ ا م ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   آپ        ى ‬ ‫ل  ا ‬ ‫    ں     روز     آپ     ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا      آپ ‬
‫       ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ہ ے ا ن ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ن ‬ ‫  ر د  ا‬ ‫        ض      ى ‬ ‫رے   در‬
‫  ۔   ا  ِ‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫    ورت   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ او  ر‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ر    ‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫ت     آ  وا  ا ن   ا   ر د  د ؤں   آپ  ى  ف   ‬ ‫   وں   اور اور ‬ ‫ر ‬ ‫ ا  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ا  ا   ن    م ‬
‫وا م‬
‫ آپ ‬
‫ا۔ب۔ج‬
 ‫۔‬ ‫    م                 ا ال‬ ‫ا  دو‬
‫از  ہ ا ن‬
‫ ‪۲۰۲۲‬ء‬ ‫‪ ۲۰‬ا‬
‫رى دو‬
‫!‬ ‫ا م ‬
‫  ؤ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور        رے   ‬ ‫         رو    چ ر          ‬ ‫    ں ا        ‬ ‫   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   دا  ‬ ‫  دن  رہ           ‬ ‫                و ام   اور   ‬ ‫    اور  ى دو ں   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ر اور  ‬ ‫   اس    وہ  ‬ ‫رت    ر  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ے ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫       ر‬ ‫ اور ا ر  دا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫      وں     وہ   ڑے    ‬ ‫     ا ر  ‬ ‫     اس     وہ   ر   روں    د ۔  ‬ ‫ دو ے   ر    د‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ا وز      رى    س   ر    ا    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫           ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ارى  اور  ز         ں   د‬
‫   وا ں    م ۔‬ ‫ آ     ى  ف   ‬ ‫   ھ  ‬
‫وا م‬
‫  رى  رى دو‬
‫ا۔ب۔ج‬
 ‫ہ   ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور   د     ا ت    ا ت ‬ ‫  ال   ا  درج ذ  ا س    ر   ‬
‫ن   ض   ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   د     ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں اور ‬ ‫ں ‬ ‫  داروں ‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ں     وا      ز ۃ  ل و دو     ك ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ا  ‬
‫  ش    ؟‬ ‫ن     رو    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۱‬۔ ‬
‫ش  ‬
‫   ‬ ‫ن    ض   اس      ردا    ا  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں    د     ‬ ‫ں اور ‬ ‫ں ‬ ‫  اب۔  ارو ‬
‫۔‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫          د ‬ ‫ وا‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔   ‬
‫    ں    دى ‬ ‫ وا‬ ‫   ذ  دارى       اور ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  ں   ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ ا اد ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ا    ان      د ‬
‫؟‬ ‫   ز ۃ    رے     ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ا  ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ں    وا      ز ۃ  ل و دو     ك ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب ا  ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ اور آ    د     ا ت    ا ت ‬ ‫ ا ر ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔ درج ذ  ‬
‫       دو ا   ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫  اب۔  ے ‬
‫ ز ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ ‬ ‫ِ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔  اور  ا  م    ا   ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫    دى  ا‬ ‫  ال   ا۔ ‬
‫ ا ن ‬ ‫       اور ا  آپ    د     ش ‬ ‫            ك     و    ز‬ ‫ى    دى  ا‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫۔‬
‫   ا ر  ں    ؟‬ ‫    ا‬ ‫    ت ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۲‬۔ ‬
‫   ا ر اس  ح        ش    ك   ا    وآ  و    دور   آپ اور ان  ں   ‬ ‫    ا‬ ‫     د‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫      ن  رك  م        س  ۔‬ ‫  ‬
‫؟‬ ‫   د  ‬ ‫ وا ں   ‬ ‫  ك   ا  ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
‫   ‬ ‫   د  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫       ا  ‬ ‫   ڈ‬ ‫ وا ں   آپ  ا     ‬ ‫       دوران ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫ را     ۔‬ ‫ں   ا    اور ‬
‫ وا  ‬ ‫اے ا  ان ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫    ف ا رہ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ اور        ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    وہ ا    ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔ ‬
‫        ‬ ‫  ب   ‬ ‫    ش   ‬ ‫ اس  ح ا رہ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ اور        ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  وہ ا    ‬ ‫ب ۔‬
‫  ا  ‬
‫ں       ا   م ‬ ‫   اور ‬ ‫پ      ‬
‫ آ  ‬ ‫      ر  ر  اور  رى ز‬ ‫ ا   ن  ن ‬ ‫ك   و    ‬
‫ ‬

‫ہ   ‪۱‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ا    ب   ‬
‫   ب‬ ‫ ا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ورى‬
‫ ذا‬ ‫او  دو ن‬
‫  ارى‬ ‫دو    ز‬
‫  دى‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ ‬
‫ى‬ ‫ ‬ ‫رى ‬
‫ ۔‬ ‫  ل    ں   ا  ا  ‬ ‫  وف اور ‬ ‫درج ذ   ں     ‬
‫  وف‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫زا    ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫  ل‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫  ل‬ ‫ٹ  ا ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫  وف‬ ‫     ‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫وف‬ ‫ر ں   ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ اور   د     ا ت    ا ت ‬ ‫ہ   ‪۲‬۔ درج ذ   رت     ر  ‬
‫ت   ر  ا       ز  ا م    ر    ا   ل آپ    اس دور ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ ‬
‫  م   ۔‬ ‫ اور ا‬ ‫   ‬ ‫آپ ر  ا       اس    وہ   ‬
‫ آ  ؟‬ ‫   ز  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ت   ر  ا      دور    ن  ن    ى ر‬ ‫  ال   ا۔ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ز  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫  ى ‬ ‫ت   ر  ا      دور   روم ا ان اور     ‬ ‫  اب ‬
 ‫ت   ر  ا      دور     ا ا ت    ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى  ‬
‫     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ زرا‬
‫  وا ۔‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  رى ‬ ‫ ز    ‬ ‫ت   ‬ ‫  زر  ا‬ ‫    ى   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  اب زرا‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ن   ‬ ‫ ر‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ت   ر  ا      دور ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ‬
‫ ۔  آ د   آ   ڈاك    م ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ؤ ں   ‬ ‫  ر  ۔ ‬ ‫   اور ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت   ر  ا      ا   ا‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ہ    اہ  ر   ‬ ‫ اداروں   ا‬ ‫  ر  ‬ ‫ ہ ں    ورش    روز‬ ‫رف  ا  ‪ ،‬ا   ا  ‬
‫وا ۔‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت   ر  ا      دور ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔۔ ‬
‫ اور  ر دن  ۔‬ ‫ ‪ ۱۰‬س ‪ ۶‬‬ ‫ت   ر  ا      دور ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫  ال   پ‪۵‬۔ ا     ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫اں   ر    اور آرام ‬ ‫    ں روز دراز   ‬ ‫ں  ہ  ہ ‬ ‫  اب  ا   وہ ‬
‫    ا ت    ا ت د ؟‬ ‫ اور آ    د‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔درج ذ       ر   ‬
‫ر ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫      را ز‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ے ا  ‬ ‫ےا‬
‫ ‬ ‫ے ا‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬
‫  ں‬ ‫ا   ا     ‬
‫    در  ن‬ ‫ا ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ا ت    ا ت ‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ان ‬ ‫  ال   ا۔       ‬
‫  اب ۔ در  ن‬
‫ں  ن      ؟‬ ‫ن ن   ‬
‫    ن     ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ آ ى ‬
‫ اور  در      ۔‬ ‫  ن ‬ ‫    ن   ‬ ‫  اب۔ آ ى ‬
‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ "دل   آ " ورہ      اد ‬
‫ د   ۔‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫  اب۔ دل   آ   ورہ    اد ‬
‫ن     ؟‬
‫   ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔  ن    ن ‬
‫    م ‬ ‫ د     ى د پ    د ‬ ‫   ر    ان   ‬ ‫  د   ا       ں    ڑى    رى  رى ‬ ‫  اب  ۔  ‬
‫  ۔‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ ن       ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫  اب۔  ن ‬
 ‫ ہ ‪۳‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور   د     ا ت    ا ت ‬ ‫ درج ذ   رت   ‬
‫ ‬ ‫اں ‬ ‫ن د      آ دى   ‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬
‫    وا   ار    رت       د ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔  وہ  م ا‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ د    آ دى     ‬ ‫  ال   ا۔ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫اں ‬ ‫ن د      آ دى   ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫ دى    ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى ٰ   م   ‬
‫  ر  ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔ ‬
‫ط     ا    ‬ ‫ك اور ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫  دات   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ دى       ا‬ ‫  رى  ٰ   م     ‬ ‫  اب ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  راى ‬ ‫ذر  ‬
‫  ن    ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ر     ل ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۳‬۔ ا‬
‫ ز  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   در‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  رى  ٰ  ذر  ا‬ ‫       ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ اور و ر    ل ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  اب ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ش ‬ ‫ر     ان   ‬
‫؟‬ ‫  ں    م ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۴‬۔  ا‬
‫  دى  ب ‪،‬ا ان ‪ ،‬اق ‪ ،‬ن  ۔‬
‫  ں      اد  ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔  ا‬
‫ ر    اور ان   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   ز د  ‬ ‫ن ر‬ ‫       ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ں    اد ‬ ‫  اب ۔ا‬
‫۔‬ ‫ و    روا ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور   د     ا ت    ا ت ‬ ‫درج ذ     ر   ‬
‫  ؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ال   ا۔   ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ں   ا   ا    ا    ‬ ‫  اب۔ ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ى  ل ‬ ‫ اس     ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ اور  ر ‬ ‫ى  ل       ‬ ‫  اب۔ اس     ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫      ت   ‬ ‫ آ ى ‬
‫  ا   م ‬ ‫ ز دہ   ‬ ‫  م       ‬ ‫  ا    ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫         ا      و  م  ڑا  ڑا ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ آ ى ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ آ‬
‫      اد  ؟‬ ‫  س ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫       ا ن       روز ا  دن   ‬ ‫    اد ا ن       ‬ ‫ ‬
 ‫ اور  ل د ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ درج ذ    ‬
‫س     ڑ ں و ہ۔‬
‫  ل  د  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫          اد   ‬ ‫  دى‪:‬وہ ا  ‬
‫ م ۔‬ ‫ص    ‬
‫     ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫   ذر    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪:‬وہ ا  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ل   ر   رى ا ان   ا ا ۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫  ر د     رے   ‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫   ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    م   ‬ ‫ ا   ے ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ درج ذ   رت    ان ‬
‫  رت    ان۔‬
‫ ا دات۔‬ ‫ ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ا  ظ  ‬ ‫ ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ى ا  روزا  رات        رت  َدم ‬ ‫َدم‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ى  ُ دم   ‬ ‫دٗم‬
‫  ۔‬
‫     واد ں ‬
‫ ا م  ُ    ا م    ك    ا   ۔‬ ‫ُ‬

‫ ا    وا   ۔‬ ‫ن  ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫وا‬

‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ وا  ‬ ‫وا‬
‫۔‬ ‫     َ  ا     د   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ ا  ِ   ۔‬ ‫  ے     ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫    م ‬ ‫َ    ‬ ‫َ‬
‫  ن      ا  اس   ا     ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫رت  دا  ۔‬ ‫ ا  ‬ ‫ٗ ‬ ‫ٗ‬
‫  اب    ۔‬ ‫     رس   ‬ ‫ُ ِ‬

‫ ہ  ‪۴‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫ اور درج ذ   ا ت    ا ت ‬ ‫ درج ذ   رت    ر   ‬
‫ت  ن      ؟‬ ‫ ﷺ   ن   ‬ ‫     ‬ ‫  ال ‪۱‬۔   ‬
‫   و ت  ن     ‬ ‫ اور  م ا ء    دار ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﷺ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫  اب   ‬
‫    ؟‬ ‫    ل       ‬ ‫  ال  ‪۲‬۔  ‬
 ‫       ا  د      آ    د     ر ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ت   ﷺ  ‬ ‫  اب        ل      رے آ ى   ‬
‫۔‬ ‫ر    ‬
‫     ا     ؟‬ ‫ى ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫ال  ‪۳‬۔‬
‫  ۔ ان   ا  ‬ ‫        ا ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ى  ى ‬ ‫   اور   ‬ ‫ى د ں     و   ا ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫  اب ۔‬
‫ى    دو  ا   ۔‬ ‫  ا   د    ان   ‬
‫    ف  ؟‬ ‫   ا رہ    ر‬ ‫  ال  ‪۴‬۔  ر  ا م د  اس ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ں   ا‬
‫ں  ا  ا   ا   ا  ‬
‫ ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ى   ‬ ‫ ا ل   ‬ ‫ن    ف   ‬ ‫   ا رہ   م  ‬ ‫  اب۔اس ‬
‫ن آزاد  وا د ۔‬ ‫  دت   ‬
‫      ؟‬ ‫      ت   ‬ ‫  ال   ‪۵‬۔ آ ى ‬
‫      ۔‬ ‫  ل اور  در   ‬ ‫ں   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ آ ى ‬
‫      اد  ؟‬ ‫  ال   ‪۶‬۔ د    ا‬
‫ن ا     دل و  درى   او ف ا  ا ر  ا       وہ د    ‬ ‫       ‬ ‫    اد   د    ‬ ‫  اب ۔د    ا‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫   ‬
‫(۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ )در‬ ‫     ‬ ‫ں  در‬
‫درج ذ    ‬
‫وہ روز  وز  ور   ر   ۔ ‬ ‫‪.i‬‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫  ب     ‬ ‫‪.ii‬‬
‫ش  ر   ۔‬
‫   ر  ‬ ‫‪.iii‬‬
‫ا    ا  را  ن  ۔‬ ‫‪.iv‬‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.v‬‬
‫۔‬ ‫درج ذ  ا ظ   ا   ں   ا ل ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ا   پ   ز  ‬ ‫ز‬
‫   ‬ ‫آن      وت   دل   را‬ ‫را‬
‫ ‬ ‫  وت   ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ا  دو‬ ‫وت‬
‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ اور ‬ ‫ہ ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ت ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫    ۔‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ اس   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫    ك ‬
 ‫۔‬ ‫درج ذ     زم ‬
‫ ہ‬ ‫‪  ،‬ء ‪،‬ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬‬ ‫ہ ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪،‬ڈرا ر ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ،‬ے‬ ‫‪ ،‬در‬ ‫ ‪،‬او‬ ‫ڑ‬
‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫ز ‪،‬رن وے‪،‬‬ ‫ا  اڈہ‬
‫۔‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫درج ذ   ورات   ‬
‫ا ظ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ د‬ ‫  م د    آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ڈرا‬ ‫ د‬ ‫آ‬
‫ں  ا    آ‬
‫ى     اس     ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  رى ‬ ‫  ا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا    آ  آ‬
‫  ۔‬ ‫ ‬ ‫   آ‬ ‫ د    وا‬ ‫    اب ‬ ‫ م‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  غ د‬
‫     اس   ‬ ‫    غ د‬ ‫   ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  د‬ ‫ دو  رہ   ‬
‫     آ ۔‬
‫۔‬ ‫ د‬ ‫درج ذ  ا ظ   ‬
‫د‬ ‫ا ظ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ى‬ ‫ى‬
‫ر‬
‫وج‬ ‫زوال‬
‫ت‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ّ‬
‫وا‬ ‫  ت‪ /‬ر‬ ‫وت‬

‫ر  آف ا‬ ‫رلڈا‬
‫ ‬