Construction Related Theory for Exercise 4.6.176 Draughtsman Civil - Total station Introduction to total station Objectives : At the end of this lesson you shall be able to + get introduced to the total station + learn the evolution of total station from the conventional equipment + explain the benefits and uses of total s General ‘At present the analogue methods of recording data for Conventional surveying is changed to digital data collection methods. Previously plane table is used as the best way tomap a small area. But the output ofa plane table's just a low precision anglogue drawing in case of plane table the map is drawn directly on a sheet in a fixed scale, there was no way to replot the map to different scales and the quantity of topographic data collected was few. But these limitations can be overcome by the use of modern electronic total stations, With the use of total stations we can use fastest digital data collection methods, Definition re mer Total station is an assembly of a short to medium range EDM instrument installed in the framework of an electronic theodolite wth all components under the control ofa built in micro processor. This single instrument permits observing distances and directions from a single setup. Important parts of total station + EDMwith laser generator + Endless drives + Triggerkeys Features of total station + Trbrach with foot screws 1. The theodolit is offering a complete product family. It + Communication side cover is easy fot a user to switch between models without learning a new operation, + Bluetooth 9 P 2. Absolute circle reading + Battery downloading port 3. Excellent hardware features, such as laser plummet, ‘endless drives on both sides for Hz and V, brilliant ‘optics with 30x magnification. Ft Dual-Axis compensation for reliable Hz and V reading New and intuitive software, Hight resolution LCD display. 4 5 6 Unique leveling guidence for fast and convenient setup. 7 8 Audible notice for 900 turns and layout. 9. Electronic laser distance measurement. 10 Graphic sketches. ‘11 Hassle-free EDM measurement with red laser on any target or on the flar-prism.12 Enter the data at the office and simply call up at the site, 118 Upload and transfer data via on board data connection. 14 Data editing and exchange in total stations, 15 Connectivity to 3rd party devices. Use of total station ‘The instrument is mounted on a tripod and is levella by operating leveling screws. \Within a small range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the level positon. Then vertical and horizontal reference directions ared indexed using onboard keys. It 184 Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Loy is possible to set required units for distance, temperature: and pressure (FPs or Sl). Surveyor can select measurement mode ike fine, coarse, single or repeated. When target sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances are measured and by pressing appropriated keys they are recorded along withpoint number. Heights of instrument and targets can be kayed in after measuring them with tapes. Then processor ‘computes various information about the point and displays (on screen, This information is also stored in electronic note book. At the end of the day or whenever downloaded to computers, the point data downloaded to the computer ‘can be used for further processing. There are software's lke auto civil and auto plotter clubbed with AutoCAD which ‘can be used for plotting contours at any spectfied interval ‘and for plotting cross-section along any specified line. -5) -RT.for Exercise 4.6.176Construction Draughtsman Civil - Total station Related Theory for Exercise 4.6.177 Types of total station Objectives : At the end of this lesson you shall be able to in the advantages and disadvantages of total station in the types of total stations using total station. Advantages of total station. The advdantagges of total station include: 1 Quick setting ofthe instrument on the tripod usinglaser plummet. 2. On-board area computation programmed to compute the area of the field 3. Greater accuracy in area computation because of the possibilty of taking arcs in area computation. 4. Graphical view of plots and land for gick visualization 5 Coding to do automated mapping. As soon as the field jobs are finished, the map of the area with dimensions is ready after data transfer. Enormous plotting and area computation at any user, Integration of database (exporting map to GIS packages) Automation of old maps. Full GIS creation (using map info software) 10 Local language support Disadvantage of total station 1 Their use does not provide hard copies of field nots. Hence it may be difficult for the surveyor to look over land check the work while surveying, 2. Foran overall check of the survey, itwillbe necessary to retum to the office and prepare the drawings using appropriate software, 3. They should not be used for observations of the sun, unless special fers, such as the Troelofs prism, are used. If not, the EDM part of the instrument will be damaged, 4. The instrument is costly, and for conducting surveys using totals station, skilled personnel are required. Types of total staions In the early days, three classes of total stations were available~ manual, semi-automatic and automatic. Manual total stations Itwas necessary to read the horizontal and vertical angles manually n this type of instrument. The only value that could be read elevironically was the slope distances. ‘Semi-automatic total stations The user had to manually read the horizontal circle for these instruments, but the vertical circule readings were shown digitally. Slope distances were measured electronically and the instruments could, in most cases be used to reduce the values to horizontal and vertical ‘components, Automatic total stations This type is most common total station used now-a-days, They sense both the horizontal and vertical angles electronically and measure the slope distances, compute the horizontal and vertical components of those distances, and determine the coordinates of observed points, itis necessary to properly oriantthe instrument of some known, directions such as true north, magnetic north or to some known bearing. The coordinate information obtained can either be stored in the total station’s memory or by using an external data collector Manual total stations and semi-automatic total stations are obsolete now. At present, itis the age of fully automatic, {otal stations and robotic total stations. ‘Almost al otal stations in the market use infrared as the carrier for distance measurement. The less expensive unit ‘with a single prism reflector can measure distances upto 1000 m. Those in higher price range are capable of measuring distances up to 2000 m, when single prism is Used. the accuracies of measurements witn the less expensive instruments probably run about 6 ( 5 mm! 5 ppm) and the expensive total stations can run about 6 ( 1 mm 1 ppm.) Principle of EDM Measurement of distance is accomplished with a ‘modulated microwave of infrared carrier signal, generated bya small solid-state emitter within the instruments optical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the objected under survey. the modulation patter inthe returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard computer in the {otal station, The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass Porro prism reflectors for the EDM signal, and can measure distances toa few kilometers. The typical otal station can measure istances to about 3 millimeters or 1/1000th ofa foot 5Foi Basics of total station + Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates ( X.Y,andZ or nothing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative tothe total station position are calculated Using trigonometry and triangulation, ‘Mast modem total station instruments measure angles, by means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on totaling glass. cylinders or dises withing withing the instrument, The. best quality total stalions are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second, Inexpensive “construction ‘grade’ total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc- seconds, + Total Station - requires lines line of sight obsrvations ‘and must be set up over a known point or with line of sight 2 or more points with known location. From the above figure + Where & N gives the position and 7 gives the reduced level + Suppose we know (xy.z)) + We need an algorithm to calculate positions of x1, YNZ); (2, y2, 22) & (x3, 3, 23) w.rt. (Xiy.2. + For this algorithm we need inputs. Inputs for the algorithm are + Co-ordinates at which the instruments stands. + Height ofthe instrument + Orientation ofthe instrument (Hz = 0), + Height ofthe reflector + Angle at which the prism is placed wart orientation, ew oo 00 0 + om Hi me ; re 3 198 Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Lovel-5) -R.T. for Exercise 4.6.177Construction Draughtsman Ci Related Theory for Exercise 4.6.178 il - Total station Measurement with total station Objectives : At the end ofthis lesson you shall be able to in the equipment required for total station surveying in the procedure of measurement with total station. For using the modern electronic survey equipments, surveyors are need to be more maintenance conscious than they were in the past. They must have to thorough knowledge, about power sources, downloading data and, the integrity of data. For the survey of an area, the survey crew (two person crew, consisting of a party chief! rod person and a note keeper/ instrument person) need the following equipment inventory 1 Total station set Total station instrument ina hard case Battery charger Extra batteries Memory module / card, serial cable Rain cover Usermanuals Tiipod ‘Tape measure 2 Prism set a Prism b Prismholder © Centering rod 3. Back sight set a Prism Prism holder Prism carrier (to be fixed to tribrach, with optical / laser plummet) d_Trbrach (to exchange prism carrier and total station) 4. Data Processing Laptop computer with serial port or USB port b Serial cable or USB-serial adaptor ‘Terminal application d_ Application programme: MS Excel, Adobe llustrator, Co-ordinate Converter, et, @ Data backup device media (Zip, meaory card, ete.) 5. Surveytools, Stakes, nails, paint, marker b Hammer © Thermoster, barometer /atimerer 4. Apair of radio (with hands-free head set) Clipboard, field note, pen 1 Compass Setup The following stops followed for the setup pfa total station, ata station point 4 Choose an adequate instrument station. Make sure that an observer can safely operate the instrument without knocking it over. It is necessary to have the ‘center ofthe instrument, which is the point of interscetion of the transverse axis of the instrument, Cartesiantx y) x =reosbey =1sind Rectangular Coordinates Fig 3 Paw | yesine Pointp can be located relative to the origin by Rectangular Coordinates (X,Y, ) orby Polar Coordinates Xp =reos (8) r=satt {K,? + ¥,") Yp=rsin (8) 6 =tan“(¥, / Xp) Converts from Polar to Cartesian coordinates. Transformation coordinates Fig 2 Fig2 Pay) Caesion (ra) Pater Polar Coordinate System The Pole: point 0 Polar Axis: ray from point O Fig 4 (along positive x-axis) Polar Coordinates: (0) redirected distance from O 6: directed angle from polar axis. Pee) Pole “S 205Plot the points with the given polar coordinates Fig 5 Plans) @(-130/4) R45!) Fas Cartesian coordinates Polar coordinates roe Fig 7a Fig 7b For Pron o 208 Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Lovel-5) -R.T. for Exercise 4.6.184Construction Draughtsman Civil - Total station Related Theory for Exercise 4.6.185 Termmology of open and closed traverse Objectives : At the end of this lesson you shall be able to in open and closed traverse in surveying ference between close and open traverse. Open and Closed Traverses in Surveying 1) Background traverses a orm of control survey used in a wide variety of engineering and property surveys. Essentially traverses area series of established stations ted together by angle and distance. Angles are measured by theodolites o total stations; the distances can be measured by electronic distance measurement (EDM) instruments, sometimes by stee! tapes. Traverses can be open, as inroute surveys, or closed, as in closed geometic figures Figures 1 and 2), Foi Figure 1: Open traverse Traverse computations are used to do the following: balance field angles, compute latitudes and departures, compute traverse error, cistibute the errors by balancing the latitudes and departures, adjust original distances and directions, Compute coordinates of the traverse stations, and compute the area enclosed by a closed traverse. Inmodem practice, these computations are routinely performed on computers andlor on Some total stations or ther electronic field books! data collectors. In this article. we will perform traverse computations manually (using calculators) to demonstrate and reinforce the mathematical concepts underlying each stage of these computations Figure 2: Closed traverse orlop traverse In engineering work, traverses are used as control surveys 1 To locate topographic detall for the preparation of topographic plans and engineering design plan and, profiles, 2 Tolay out locate) engineering works, and 299 3. Forthe processing and ordering of earthwork and other engineering quantities, Traverses can also help provide horizontal control for aerial surveys in the proparation ‘of photogrammetric mapping 2071.1 Open Traverse ‘An open traverse (Figure 1)is particularly useful as a control for preliminary and construction surveys for highways, roads, pipelines, electricity transmission lines, and the lke, These surveys may be from afew hundred feet (meters) to many miles (kilometers) in length. The distances are normally measured by using EDM (sometimes steel tapes). Each time the survey line changes direction, a deflection angle is measured with a theodolite or total station, Deflection angles are measured from the prolongation of the back line to the forwardline (Figure 1); the angles are measured either to the rightor tothe left(L ‘or R), and the direction (L or R) is shown in the field notes, ‘long with the numerical values. Figure 3: Field notes for open traverse Angles are measured at least twice to eliminate mistake and to improve accuracy. The distance are shown in the form of stations (chainages), which are cumulative measurements referenced to the intial point of the survey, 0 + 00. See Figure 3 for typical field notes for a route survey, Open traverses may extend for long distances without the opportunity for checking the accuracy of the ‘ongoing work. Thus, all survey measurements are repeated carefully al the lime of the work, and every opportunity for checking for position and direction is utlized (adjacent property surveys and intersecting road and railroad rights- ‘of.way are checked when practical.) Globlal positioning system (GPS) surveying techniques are also used to determine and verily traverse station positioning Many states and provinces have provided densely placed control monuments as an extension to their coordinate {id systems. It is now possible to tie in the initial and terminal survey stations of a route survey to corrdinate control monuments. Because the Y and X (and Z) coordinates of these monuments have been precisely determined, the route surveys changes from an open traverse to a closed traverse and is then subject to ‘geometric verification and analysis. Of course, itis now also possible, using appropriate satellte-positioning techniques, to directly determine the easting, nathing, and ‘elevation of all survey stations. 208 Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Loy 1.2Closed Traverse A closed traverse is one that either begins and ends at the ‘same point or begins and ends at points whose position have been previously determined (as described above). In both cases, the angles can be closed geometrically, and the position closure can be determined mathematically. A closed traverse that begins and ends atthe samo point is called a loop traverse (Figure 2). Inthis case, the distances are measured from one station to the next and verified, using a stee! tape or EDM instrument, The interior angle is measured at each station, and each angle is measured atleast twice. Figure 4 illustrates typical field notes for a loop traverse survey. Inthis of survey, distances are booked simply as dimensions, not as stations or chainages. Explain the difference between closed and open traverse. ‘Commenton the advisability of using open traverses, ‘Answer: The difference between the two is that a closed traverse starts and ends on points with known location ‘and an open traverse starts with a known point, but ends ‘on a point with unknown location. An open traverse is usually not used since the error in ocation measurements, cannot be computed, However, ifan open traverses used, measurements should be taken repeatedly, Whatis the sum of the interior angles of a closed polygon traverse that has a) 6sides b) 8 sides and c) 12 sides? Answer ‘Sum of interior angles = (n-2)* 180° (6-2) 184 (8-2) 184 (12-2) 180 ‘The interior angles ina five sided closed polygon travers. were measured and found to be: A= 139°10"11", B= 126°17'43", C = 94°28'30", D = 71°04'59" and E =108°5@'3*". Compute the angular misclosure, For what order and class is this survey? -5) -RT. for Exercise 4.6.185Construction Draughtsman Civil - Global posi Related Theory for Exercise 4.7.186 ioning systems Introduction of GPS System Objectives : At the end of this lesson you shall be able to + explain EPS co-ordinate system + describe geographic latitude and longtitude + GPS equipment. Introduction Where am I? Where am going? Where are you? Whatis the best way to get there? When will | get there? GPS technology can answer al these qustions. GPS satellite ccan show you exact position on the earth any time, in any weather, where you are! GPS technology has made an impact on navigation and positioning needs with the use of satelites and ground stations the abilly to track aircrafts, cars, cell phones, boats and even individuals hasbecome areally. ‘System of satelites, computers, and receivers thatis able to determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on earth by claculating the time difference for signals from The Global Positioning System to reach the receiver, System (GPS) is @ worldwide ratio-navigation system {formed from a constellation of24 satellites and their ground stations, GPS uses thes “Man-made stars" as reference points to calculate postions accurate to a matter of meters. In fact, with advanced forms of GPS you can make measurements to better than a cetimeter. Ina sense it's like giving every square meter on the planet a unique address, GPS receivers have been miniaturized tojust a few integrated circuits and so are becoming very ‘economical. And that makes the technology accessiole economical. And that makes the technology accessiole tovirtualy everyone. Navigation in three dimensions: the primary function of GPS. Navigation receivers are made for aircraf, ships, ground vehicles, and for hand carrying by individuals, Precise positioning is possible using GPS. receivers at reference locations provideing directions and relative positioning data for remote receivers. Surveying, geodetic control, and plate tectonic studies are examples. Time and frequency dissemination, based on the precise clocks on board the SVs and controlled by the monitor stations, is anouther use for GPS. Astronomical observatories, telecommunications faces, and laboratory standards can be set toprecise time signals or controlled to.accurate frequencise by special pupose GPS receivers, Definition For thousands of yers, navigators have looked to the sky {or direction. Today, celestial navigation has simply switched from using natural abjects to human-created satelites. A constellation of satelites, called the Global Positioning System, and hand-held receivers allow for very accurate navigation. What is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) sa satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defence that ‘continuously transmit coded information, which makes it possible to precisely identify locations on earth by ‘measuring the distance from the satellites. The satelites transmit very low power specially coded radio signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute positions, velocity and time thus allowing anyone with a GPS satelite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock. The system was designed so that receiveras did not require atomic clocks, and so could be made small and inexpensively. ‘The GPS system consists of three pieces. There are the satelltes that transmit the position information, there are the ground stations that are used tocontrol the satellites and update the infomation, and finally there isthe receiver that you purchased. Itis the receiver that collects data {from the satelites and computes its location anywhere in the world based on formation it gets from the satellites, There is a popular misconception to the satellites but this isnot true, it only receives data, ‘After the second world war, it became obvious that we needed a solution to the problem of rapid and accurate absolute positioning. Over the next couple of decades, a number of projects and experiments were run. In the early1970's, a bold experiment was proposed. Anatwork of satelites, postioned thousands of miles above the earth, could provide rapid, accurate and absolute positioning anywhere. This vision became known as the Global Positioning System or GPS. How accurate is GPS? This is probably the most frequently asked questionposed by new and potential GPS users. In practice, we have to {run this question around and ask, "How much accuracy do youneed?" For example, fora hikere in the woods ora soldier in the field, a position within about 10 meters (30 eet) would usually be considered accurate enough. Fora ship in coastal waters, accuracy on the order of about 5 meters (15 feet) is generally desirable, For geodetic land surveying, however, accuracy requirements are 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) orless. GPS canbe used to achieve all these accuacies. For each required level of accuracy, receiver characteristics and the measurement techniques 209‘employed are different, Accuracy also depends on satelite configuration, nearby topography, distribution of buildings ‘and trees, and even time to day. Advantages of GPS GPS has three advantages i GPS may be used to identity or define the geographical co-ordinates associated with satelite imager. GPS is also used to reduce the distorsions and to improve the accuracy of these images positional. GPS receivers, can be used to collect accurate geographical ‘coordinates at these locations. ji GPS canbe used in the ground to get satelite images. When a particular satellite image has a region of unusual or unrecognised reflectivity the coordinates of that region can be loaded into GPS reciver. iii GPS has developed into cost effective tool for updating GIS or computer aided design system. The GPS is an, ‘excellant device user can, generally see the sky and Is able to got close to the objects to be mapped. ‘Setup and use of GPS equipment GPS, or Global Positioning System, Devices are ubiquitous these days. They are on our phones, in our cars, and attached to many of our favorite apps. Today, We can use our GPS to get directions and find new places to eat and play, but leaming how to use them can seem ‘complicated thanks tothe variety of different GPS styles. Luckily, all GPS devices are pretty simple to use. Using simple GPS equipment 1. Buy a smart phono or car GPS to got directions and your location: The GPS market is flooded with different devices, option and features. Unless you plan, ‘using your GPS in the wilderness or for research experiments, however, your smart phone or a car GPS ‘ean provide directions and your location quickly and easily, Most have touch screens and come with a rechargeable battery, + Smart phones: Most smart phones come pre- loaded with a°Maps" or “Directions” app that uses. GPS. Ifyou donothave one, search and download an app, like Google Maps, from your app store to Use for GPS. + GPS devices: These are small, rectangular devices: that specialize in driving directions and finding restaurants, airports, and other points of interest. Examples include Tom Tom, Garmin and Magellan ete, 2. Open the “Map”: This is the basic screen for GPS. It shows a location, usually with your current location at, the centre, and all ofthe roads and major landmarks. nearby, 210 Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Loy 3. Click on “My Location”: Some GPS use touch screens, others have keypads, and some have scroll wheels and buttons. Click on the button labeled with a ‘compass, navigational arrow, or crosshairs o show your, current location, + Yourlocationis sometimes stored under the heading “Where am |?" "Favorite Locations” or ‘Current + iphone users can see their current location using the bulitin Compass App. Make sure you “Allow Location Services" forthe compass under Settings" "Compass" 4 Choose your destination address: Using the search bar found at the top of your GPS, type in the address. you want to reach. Many touch screen GPS's let you ‘choose a location by holding your finger on the location inthe map, + Some GPS's will prompt you with a button labeled “Get Directions". Choose this if there is no search bar to input an address. + Ifyou know the exact latitude and longitude of your trip, use these; they will give you themost accurate location possible 5 Follow the GPS instructions to get to your location: The GPS will give you directions at every tum you need to take. Don't worry if you miss a turn- most GPS will auto-correct and give you a new route, to get back on track. + Ifyouare struggling to keep up, check your GPS's setting and make the "Trun Waring Frequency" setting longer - giving you more time to hear the next direction, Using GPS for research and exploration 1. Learn to read latitude and longitude coordinates: latitude and longitude are represented by numbers, known as degrees, which measures your distance from tow"zero lines’ Longitude measures your distance East cr West of the prime meridian, and latitude mesure your distance North or South of the equator. Thisis the ‘mast accurate system of measurement for your GPS. + Anexamples (guess where itis), is 37° 26'46.9°N, 122°09' 57. 0°W. + Sometimes direction is noted by postive or negative rumbers. North and East are considered positive. The previous example could be written as: 37° 26 46.0',-122° 09° 57.0" + Ifthere is ne notation, know thatthe latitude always comes first. 2 Mark you current location as a waypoint: Waypoint are saved in the GPS to be viewed later, allowing you totake notes, draw maps, and keep information on the landscape easily. On your GPS click “Save location’, “And to Favourites,” or Mark Waypoint -5) -RT.for Exercise 4.7.186+ Complex scientific GPS systems often let you mark. specific waypoints-artifacts, streams rock formations, etc +The more points you save into your GPS, the more. accurate your map of the area when you get home. 3. Set waypoints in advance if there are no addresses: Plugin the longitude/laitude coordinates, ‘of water sources, compgrounds, or ranger stations, under “Get Directions" or Find Location” then save them by clicking "And to Favourites", You can now access it anytime. + "Add to Favourites” might be labeled by a star or flag as well + Click"Saved Locations” or "Favourite Locations” to ‘see your waypoints anytime. You can click on them to.get directions from anywhere in the world, 4 Plug your GPS into your computer to download the data: Most complex GPS systems come with software that lets you save your data onto your ‘computer. The program willimport your waypoints and, use them to make a map of the area you were in, complete with elevation data and any notes you made ‘on your GPS. + Ifyou are mapping a specific area, make as many waypoints as you can foran accurte map. The more data the program has, the better the final product. ‘Troubleshooting your GPS 11 Download the latest map updates if your directions, are incorrect: Ifyou are using a phone this will heppen. automatically, but some GPS devices need to be manually updated. This will give you the latest information, topography, and directions. + Find the “About” button, usually located in “Settings.” + Scroll down to see Map Information. Ithis is more than 6 months old, you will need to update. + Plug your GPS into an internet-enables computer using the cord that came with the unit + Perform an internet search for “your GPS + Map. Update" follow the onscreen instructions. 2. Know that GPS uses satellites to locate you: There are over 25 satelites orbiting earth that receive signals, from your GPS and use thase signals to determine your latitude and longitude. Developed by the army, GPS can accurately tell yourlocation anywhere in the world by several feet -aslong as the signal can reach the satelites, + Cell phone GPS uses cell towers and internet, signals to find y ourlocation , so they won't work in the wildemess, 3. Get into the open: GPS needs a clear view of the sky to.accurately communicate with the satelite’, so move ‘away from averhangs or tall rees and head outside if ‘you have issues. Generally, if you can see the sky, the GPS can as wel. + Tunnels, caves, and basements may all keep your GPS from communicating o satelites and working successtfully 4 Initialize your GPS when yo buy it: Most GPS devices are built in Asia, and are used to ‘communicating with satelites over that area. Initializing your GPS acquaints it with your local area. To initialize ‘a GPS, go to “Settings” and click "Initialize", Follow your GPS's manual if you have any problems finding the GPS's manual if you have any problems finding the setting, and know that this may take up to 20, minutes, + Tum your GPS off and restart it if you are having problems, Make sure you have a clear view of the sky. + You may need to reset your GPS the fist time you buy itby clearing the memory. Refer to the manual forinstructions. 5. Use “Satellite Lock” before you head out: This is, ‘especially useful when hiking. In the parking lot, find your GPS's satellite lock setting and have it get to work- it usually takes several minutes. + Signs that you have a bad signal are changing directions, jittery locations, or error messages. 6 Know that GP'S are not replacements for maps and compasses: Because and GPS can run out of battery, lose signal, or break, you should never rely on it completely to get around. While useful, you need to be prepared in case you cannot use itfor some reason. Getting the most out of your GPS. 1. Find shops,restaurants, andevents near you: Most GPS devices can find much more than addresses these ‘days. Try searching “Indian Food”, "Post Offices’,"Gas,, “Rock climbing gyms", or whatever else you are interested in and see what pops up. This can be incredibly useful when you are in anew city, or if you just fee! lke finding the closest burrito shop. + Apps and interneet enabled GPS (lke those found ‘on phones) will always have this feature. + Many portable GPS devices have a section labeled “Nearby Loctions” of “Find Locations” that list businesses within a short radius of your current location, Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Lovel-5) -R.T. for Exerciso 4.7.186 an2. Have fun Geocaching: Geocaching is when people hide objects in the world with GPS coordinates. tis a global community that prides itself on sharing and ‘exploration, and can be a great way to see the outdoors, To Geocache, buy a GPS and sign up for one of the ‘many internet-based services and forums. 3. Track your workouts: Most modem GPS devices and ‘apps can be turned on while you run or bike, and store the information on your speed, elevation, and distance for later. You will need a specific app like NikeFit, ‘MapMyRun, or AppleHeatth to get the most out ofthis, feature. 212 Construction: Draughtsman Civil (NSQF Loy 4 Find a lost phone: Because smart phones are constantly hooked up toa GPS, You can use them to find lost or stolen phones if you act quickly. Download tracking app on for your phone and sync itwith your ‘computer toaways keep tabs on your phone's location. + Use “Find my iPhone", going to the Find my iPhone ‘Website and inputting your Apple username. -5) -RT.for Exercise 4.7.186