ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

11(02), 501-514

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/16275
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/16275

RESEARCH ARTICLE
BRIEF HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WATERSHED MR-21 IN CONTEXT OF
GROUNDWATER ESTIMATION AND GROUNDWATER RECHARGE PLAN, OSMANABAD,
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Megha Shinde (Daga)1 and Chandrakant P. Bhoyar2

1. Assistant Geologist, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India.
2. Senior Geologist, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Survey Section, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History The global population is increasing rapidly and expected to touch the
Received: 15 December 2022 9.5 billion mark by 2050 from the current 7.2 billion. The management
Final Accepted: 19 January 2023 of the groundwater resources is a challenging task worldwide against
Published: February 2023 the backdrop of the growing water demand for industrial, agricultural,
and domestic uses and shrinking resources. Moreover, this task has
been hampered significantly due to declining/rising groundwater levels
and associated contamination. A broad range of solutions could be
considered to address the aforementioned problems of groundwater
management strategy. This paper presents a comprehensive review on
the Water level, Rainfall, Groundwater estimation and cropping pattern
of the studied area which can be useful for applications of the
management of groundwater resources and recharge techniques.It
would also be necessary to plan, recharge and control the use of
groundwater under the prevailing conditions. Publication and
distribution of annual reports and related programmes for creating
awareness amongst the community and for educating them will have to
be undertaken regularly. This will enable avoiding scarcity in the
studies area, as well as the hectic activity and excessive expenditure
that has become characteristic of summer months in the marathwada
and adjacent area. The present study discussed about the optimum
planning of GW recharge and need to control the irrigation draft less
than the recharge for future use. Application of Regulatory measures
for not drilling bore wells. Optimum use of water saving practices.
There should be annual GW budgeting on regular basis, need to plan
cropping as per GW availability.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2023,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Groundwater is a natural resource with both ecological and economic value and is of vital importance for sustaining
life, health and integrity of ecosystems. This resource is increasingly threatened by over-extraction which has
insidious long-term effects. Scarcity and misuse of groundwater pose a serious threat to sustainable development
and livelihood. The availability of groundwater is extremely uneven, both in space, time and depth and so will be the
case in future. The uneven distribution of groundwater in the district can be mainly attributed to highly
heterogeneous lithology and regional variation of rainfall. Because of variations in their basic characteristics;

Corresponding Author:- Megha Shinde (Daga) 501

Address:- Office of senior Geologist, Groundwater Surveys and Development
Ageny,Central Building Osmanabad, Maharashtra.
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physiography and variability in the rainfall, there are limitations on the availability of groundwater. Though there is
unanimity about this, there is still considerable difference of opinion among the scientists about the precise degree of
these limitations. In order to assess the availability of groundwater and to ensure maximum accuracy in groundwater
estimates, the Central Government and state government has, from time to time, appointed committees comprising
groundwater experts and Geoscientist and has laid down guidelines for this purpose. The total demand for water
from the groundwater domain is increasing day by day. The main reason for this is the self reliance being
experienced by users of groundwater. But as this is leading to inexorable withdrawal, and as the status regarding
total availability of groundwater is of uncertain nature, it is imperative to give more serious thought and a new
direction to groundwater planning and management.

Groundwater is a major component of public water supply and water use in the Osmanabad district. The
groundwater systems underlying present study area is phreatic and dynamic, thus responds to the balance between
supply (precipitation) and demand (draft). Anthropogenic activities, such as excessive groundwater extraction for
irrigation, domestic purposes are created a condition of lowering of water levels in an aquifer. These effects might
manifest themselves locally, but can extend over larger areas limited to the area occupied by aquifer due to intensive
extraction of groundwater. Moreover, changes to the landscape occurring from alteration of the land cover can also
have a significant influence on aquifer water levels by changing the ability of precipitation to recharge the
subsurface. Apart from anthropogenic activity, there is large-scale climatic effect that affects adversely on the
groundwater regime of Osmanabad district. So the Groundwater estimation and recharge plan is needed in studied
area.

Background:
The watershed MR-21 in OsmanabadTaluka of Osmanabad district of Maharashtra is one of the studied area
identified for to enhance the climate-resilience and profitability of smallholder farming systems in project area in
NanajiDeshmukhKrushiSanjeevaniPrakalp, Mumbai and to frame the groundwater estimation and groundwater
recharge plan for the study area. Groundwater being the main source of irrigation in the area for providing protective
irrigation during dry spells of rainy season and for rabbi and perennial crops also, the study of groundwater system,
its behavior, recharge and withdrawal, and possibilities of groundwater recharge is undertaken in this study area.
The studied watershed MR-21 consists of five villages namely, Nitali, Mendha, Ghugi, Samudrawani,
Lasonahaving census number 561405, 561414, 561413, 561411 and 561412 respectively. The study area is located
in quadrant A-3,A-1,C-1 of the Toposheet no. 56B/4, B/7 B/8 extending from N18 0 15’ 50” to N180 13’ 45” and 760
16’ 50” E to 760 15’ 00”E. The area is included in mini watershed no MR 21 (1/2). As per the Groundwater
Resource Estimation (GWRE) 2018-19, the watershed is categorized as Semi-critical with Stage of extraction
88.90%.

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Location Map of the Villages in the Watershed MR-21 of Osmanabad

Methods and Methodology:-

In order to study the area, detailed baseline data collected from different government departments. The detail
hydrogeological field survey has been carried out in the month of May-Sept 2019, Geophysical (Electrical
Resistivity) Survey has been carried out from experts of the organization. Aquifer based Groundwater Estimation
and detailed groundwater recharge plan is also discussed in the said paper.

Details of Existing Water conservation structures information

Sr. Name of structure No. Total storage No. of Total annual run off arrested
No. capacity in TCM Fillings (annual storage) in TCM
1 Cement Nala Bund 14 042 2 084
2 Nala deepening 01 072 1 072
3 Percolation Tank 04 300 1 300
4 K.T. weir 12 103 2 206
Total 31 517 662

There are total 13 farm ponds existed in the study area. Most of the farm ponds are reported to be constructed during
the last 3-4 years. Out of these farm ponds 1 (10%) is located along the bank of stream flowing through the study
area and remaining 12 (90%) farm ponds are located in inside land away from the streams .It is reported that farm
ponds located along the stream bank (10%) are filled partially by pumping run off water accumulated or drained
through the streams during the rainy season and partially by groundwater pumped either from dug well or bore well;
while the remaining 90% are filled by groundwater pumped either from dug well or bore well, as there is no scope
of that much run off to be generated and accumulated in the field. Thus the farm ponds are mainly filled by
groundwater which may be pumped either from dug well or bore well. Total storage capacity of these farm ponds is
41.722 TCM. These farm ponds are filled and refilled as per the availability of water and irrigation timings of the
crops. Groundwater pumped from dug well or bore well is stored in farm pond and then supplied to the crop either
by gravity flow or by pumping.

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Location Map of farm ponds in MR-21, Osmanabad

Hydrogeological data analysis: (historical data analysis and field survey):
Name of nearest is rain gauge station is in PadoliCircle of Osmanabad,Taluka where Normal Rainfall is
705.85mm, Monsoon RF for Talukastation in year(2018-19) is 961 mm, 75% dependable rainfall for Taluka
station is 574 mm, Monsoon RF for Circle station in (2018-19) is 541 mm ,Rainy days in (2018-19) for Circle
station is 42.Long term monsoon rainfall over the area is very much fluctuating and shows DPAP signatures
although the normal annual rainfall is nearly 764 mm. Long term monsoon rainfall over the area is very much
fluctuating and shows Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) signatures although the average annual rainfall is
nearly 705 mm. Long term monsoon rainfall shows falling trend (@1.45 mm/year) for the station shown in the
figure.

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Long term monsoon rainfall of Osmanabad rain gauge station

Run off estimates for the area:

Run off for the study area is estimated by using run off coefficient obtained from Strange’s table. The area is
covered by black cotton soil (up to 0.30 to 0.50 mbgl) followed by highly weathered basalt up to 2 to 3 mbgl, with
slope percent ranging from 0.50 to 2 % (gentle), thus as per Strange’s categorization it comes under category of
average catchment from run off point of view.Average annual rainfall for the area is 705.85 mm which has
dependability of about 45%, while 75 % dependable rainfall for the area is 574 mm. As the annual rainfall is very
fluctuating 75% dependable rainfall (return period of 1.32 years) which is the most reliable rainfall value, is
considered for estimating the run off. As per the Strange’s table run- off coefficient for average catchment with
rainfall of 574 mm is 13% (0.12). Thus if WCS are planned by using this value, the probability of filling of all the
structures will be more. Estimated value of run-off is as;
RUN OFF ESTIMATION (TCM)
1 Total catchment area (Cluster area) in Ha 4714.29
2 Average annual rainfall in mm 705.85
3 75% dependable rainfall in mm 574.00
4 Average slope of area in % 1 to 2
5 Run off coefficient for the area in fraction 0.13
6 Run off yield from the area in TCM 3517.80
7 Utilizable Run off for harvesting in TCM = 65% of Row 6 (35% left as riparian rights of the downstream) 2286.57
8 Run off booked for existing WCS structures and farm ponds in TCM 704.00
9 Run off ultimately available for harvesting (7-8) 1582.57
10 No. of fillings assumed 2.00
11 Approximate water storage capacity that can additionaly be created (50% of 9) 791.29
If the annual rainfall is more than the considered value with uniform temporal distribution, the runoff coefficient
will be more. So the runoff will naturally be more, but dependability of such rainfall and hence the runoff is very
less.

Nearby observation well (OBW) to the area is Nitali, which is located due south-west of the area at a distance of 12
Kms. Long term pre monsoon (summer) groundwater level shows the falling trend (@ 5.94cm/year) in the area,
whereas post monsoon (winter) groundwater level shows the rising trend (@ 4.16 cm/year) in the area. This
indicates that total groundwater recharge occurred by all means during the rainy season is being extracted during the
non-monsoon season for all purposes; the main purpose is the irrigation.

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Depth to groundwater level in summer 2019 varies from 6 to 18 mbgl. However the depth to GW level between 8 to
12 mbgl is more common. Depth to groundwater level in winter 2019 varies from 3 to 13 mbgl. However the depth
to GW level between 4 to 8 mbgl is more common. Annual GW level fluctuates between 3 to 11 m. But major part
of the area shows the GW fluctuations between 3 to 9 m. Thus average Water table fluctuation for the study area is
considered as 6 m.

Geological traverses and well inventories:

The complete area is divided into the grid (800x600) for observations of surface and sub-surface hydro geology and
groundwater level measurements as shown in the figure. There are 648 dug wells and 307 bore wells in the study
area as per revenue record. Each grid is surveyed and observed so as to cover the complete representation of the
area. Accordingly 95 dug wells and 19 bore wells were observed during the field survey. Drainages were also
traversed simultaneously for mapping of surface geology and water conservation structures.

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Surface hydrogeological map

Sub-surface hydrogeological section

There are two aquifers are encountered in the area, one is shallow phreatic, depth ranging from 7-16m, which
shows Altitude range in between 705- 725 mbgl, thickness of aquifers observed in the area average 8 m, Saturated
thickness of shallow aquifer in winter 8-10m and in summer 1-2,which shows three Basalt flows having average
thickness of 13 to 15 m. The flows are of simple nature as the boundaries are clearly differentiated at some depths
and locations by means of Red bole. Each flow has two sub units as, the vesicular amygdaloidal basalt (VAB) and
the compact basalt (CB). Red bole layer or chilled margins separate the flow from each other. (Fig 8&9). Weathered
and sheet jointed vesicular amygdaloidal basalt (VAB) and compact basalt acts as an aquifer in the area. Vertical
and sub vertical joints are also observed in the VAB and CB sub units but are not prominent enough to provide
potential specific yield to the aquifer. Therefore average specific yield of the shallow aquifer in the study area is
around 1.3 % (0.013) as obtained by dry season specific yield method.

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Groundwater Draft for Agriculture (2019-20)

Village Samudravani Lasona Mendha Ghugi Nitali
Sr. Well Type DW BW DW BW DW BW DW BW DW BW
No.
1 Total no. of irrigation wells in the area 118 29 154 39 144 45 95 96 137 98
2 Total no. of wells in use 118 29 154 39 144 45 95 96 137 98
3 Total no. of wells surveyed 13 7 11 1 16 2 42 2 13 7
4 No of perrennial wells (perrenial pumping) 20 7 102 30 98 22 90 90.00 98.00 60.00
5 % of perrennial wells (perrenial pumping) 16.95 24.14 66.23 76.92 68.06 48.89 94.74 93.75 71.53 61.22
6 Average depth of wells in the area in m 15 134 13 121 17 150 16 110 18 162
7 Average pump discharge/well /per hour (cum/hr) 22 15 22 15 22 15 22 15 22 15
8 Average pumping hours a day June-Sept 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Oct-Dec 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Jan-March 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
April -May 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 4
9 Average pump operation days June-Sept 12 12 16 16 14 15 11 11 14 14
Oct-Dec 20 20 24 24 21 21 20 20 28 28
Jan-March 30 30 35 36 31 31 30 31 38 38
April -May 22 22 24 24 20 20 25 26 25 25
10 Average annual draft of a well (unit draft) in Ham June-Sept 0.11 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.06
Oct-Dec 0.26 0.18 0.37 0.25 0.32 0.22 0.31 0.21 0.43 0.29
Jan-March 0.26 0.18 0.39 0.27 0.34 0.23 0.35 0.23 0.42 0.29
April -May 0.15 0.10 0.21 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.17 0.16 0.22 0.15
Total 0.78 0.53 1.07 0.74 0.84 0.58 0.89 0.65 1.16 0.79
11 Total groundwater draft in the area in Ham June-Sept 12.46 2.09 16.26 2.81 13.31 3.04 6.90 4.75 12.66 6.17
Oct-Dec 31.15 5.22 56.92 9.83 46.57 9.92 29.26 20.16 59.07 28.81
Jan-March 31.15 5.22 59.29 10.53 49.10 10.46 33.07 22.32 57.27 27.93
April -May 2.90 0.69 21.54 4.32 8.62 1.32 14.85 14.04 21.56 9.00
Total 77.67 13.22 154.01 27.49 117.60 24.74 84.07 61.27 150.56 71.92
Total 90.89 181.50 142.35 145.35 222.48
12 Total groundwater draft in the area in TCM Total 908.90 1814.99 1423.46 1453.46 2224.75

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Groundwater Estimation (2019-20)

Monsoon Recharge TCM
1 Rainfall recharge during monsoon (by WTF) in TCM =(area × wtf × sy) 6402.01
(4714.29*7*0.0194*10)
2 Recharge from groundwater irrigation during monsoon in TCM (considered 10% 80.44
of water applied)
3 Groundwater Draft during monsoon in TCM 804.40
4 Recharge from Surface water irrigation during monsoon in TCM 0
5 Total groundwater recharge during monsoon in TCM =(1+(3-2)+4 7125.97
Non-Monsoon Recharge
6 Recharge from WCS during non-monsoon in TCM (considered 40% of total 264.80
storage capacity)
7 Recharge from canal in TCM 0
8 Recharge from Surface water irrigation during non-monsoon in TCM (10% of 0.00
SW applied)
9 Recharge from Groundwater irrigation during non-monsoon in TCM (considered 702.11
10% of water applied)
10 Recharge from Tanks and ponds in TCM (as per GEC norms) 0
11 Total groundwater recharge during non-monsoon in TCM (6+7+8+9+10) 966.91
12 Gross groundwater recharge (5+11) in TCM 8092.88
13 Net groundwater availability in TCM - No Base flow 8092.88
14 Gross groundwater draft for all uses (from earlier sections) in TCM 8157.90
(Domestic+ Irrigation) = 119.39 +756.07= 875.46 TCM
15 Stage of groundwater extraction (15/14) × 100 in % 100.80
16 Groundwater surplus (+)/deficit(-) = 13-14 in TCM -65.02

With this estimation it is estimated that the category of the study area is Over Exploited. It is also inferred that GW
recharge percent w.r.t. rainfall of the current year is almost 14 %.This estimate gives a fair idea about the
groundwater balance for the year 2019-20.

Discussion:-
In the study area, Rainfall pattern is fluctuating and 2-3 dry spells in rainy season is very common.GW use exceeds
the GW recharge thereby causing to deplete GW level in the area.Average well density in the area is 20 wells per
square Km, which is much higher than the safe limit of 8 wells per sq.km.With the falling GW level, depth of wells
is consistently increasing years after years. Yield of wells reduced to 0.80 Ham (8 TCM) per well, thereby reduction
in area irrigated per well.GW is used for filling up of Farm ponds, thereby increasing GW loss by evaporation rather
than to use it for irrigation. Dug Cum bore well and bore wells are very common, but does not have substantial
yield. 30 to 40 % wells are dry in summer.High well density and large no. of bore wells could be the main reason of
GW level depletion. It would also be necessary to plan and control the use of groundwater under the prevailing
conditions. Publication and distribution of annual reports and related programmes for creating awareness amo ngst
the community and for educating them will have to be undertaken regularly. This will enable avoiding scarcity, as

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well as the hectic activity and excessive expenditure that has become characteristic of summer months. It is
necessary to formulate and adopt a long-term policy to protect groundwater by preventing pollution and overuse.
This policy should be comprehensive and implemented at all appropriate levels. It should be consistent with other
water management policies and be duly taken into account in other sectoral policies. Priority is to be given for
demand management measures supported by artificial groundwater recharge in all the over developed (over-
exploited/critical/semi-critical) watersheds. Similarly the convergence of the Government of India (GoI) and
Government of Maharashtra (GoM) schemes of watershed development or artificial groundwater recharge need to
be promoted in these areas. Unlike the land resource, groundwater is a dynamic resource. The groundwater flow
cannot be measured like the flow through canals or pipe lines. The groundwater flows downward and spreads
according to natural gradient and the permeability of the formations. Therefore, management of groundwater in fact,
involves management of a dynamic, immeasurable and uncontrollable entity. While managing the groundwater
resource, it is necessary to consider it to be a common property resource and is required to be controlled
appropriately with the assistance of the community. Concepts like Village level Watershed Water Account, Village
level Water Safety and Security, Basin/ Sub-basin Water Auditing, Aquifer delineation and its management etc, will
have to be popularized and made a basis for equitable distribution of ground water

Conclusion:-
Optimum planning of GW recharge and need to control the irrigation draft less than the recharge. Application of
Regulatory measures for not drilling bore wells. Optimum use of water saving practices. There should be annual
GW budgeting on regular basis. Need to plan cropping as per GW availability. Need to discourage groundwater use
for filling farm ponds. Groundwater Management action Plan should be implemented by supply and demand side. In
the watershed proposed No. of structures for water conservation and groundwater recharge Un-utilized available run
off is 1582.57 TCM. With assumption of 2 fillings, additional Storage that can be created is 791.29 TCM. There is
no scope for new wells is found from the studies.

Demand side control interventions are regulatory measures like Drilling of new bore wells shall be discouraged and
encouraging the use of surface water for filling up of farm ponds rather than GW. Water Saving practices should be
done ,there is need to bring 66 Ha of GW irrigated sugarcane and 23.5 Ha of Horticulture crops, under drip irrigation
so that GW draft will be reduced by 553 TCM ( 35% saving) All the perennial crops shall compulsorily be taken on
drip irrigation without increasing the current area under cultivation of perennial crops especially
sugarcane.Participatory Groundwater management done by Rainfall measurement, Groundwater monitoring,
Regular water budgeting at the end of monsoon, Crop planning and water use planning these activites done by
community.Drawing of GW recharge structures in the studies area is given below.

Proposed Recharge Structures in Cluster-05_525_MR-21_01_Osmanabad

Sr.No. Village Recharge Trenches with Recharge Shafts Construction of New Total Structures
Recharge Shafts (RTRS) (RS) Hybrid Gabbion proposed

1 Samudrawani 7 1 0 8
2 Lasona 10 4 0 14
3 Mendha 10 0 1 11
4 Ghuggi 1 15 4 20
5 Nitali 0 12 0 12
TOTAL 28 32 5 65

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Design of proposed new Recharge Shaft and Recharge Trench cum Recharge Saft in the Study area

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Field Photgraphs of Studied Area

Existing K.T. weir, Village- Ghugi Existing Nala, Village- Lasona

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Dug well section,Village- Mendha Deep Groundwater Level-unlined well, village- Nitali

Lined Farm Pond, Village- Samudravani Dug well Section,Village- Lasona

Acknowledgement:-
The authors express their sincere thanks to the Hon. Commissioner, GSDA, Pune, Hon. Deputy Director,
Aurangabad, Senior Geologist, Osmanabad, Collector Osmanabad, District agricultural department and
NanajiDeshmukhKrushiSanjeevani Project, Mumbai Maharashtra, India for providing valuable literature and
support for this paper. The authors also show their gratitude to the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their
insightful review and useful comments which have led to widespread improvement to the early version of the paper.

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