Q1 (L.0.2.1. L.0.2.6. L.0.2.

7) A 95 kg person doing light worL reguires about 4

foed energy per day. 42.5%; of which is actually used by the body's cells. Before
being used by the cells, effectively all of this energy is stored in ATP. which is then
cleaved into ADP and PO; , with the release of 1225kal per mole of ATP.
Determine mass of ATP are turned ever per day in this fashion? (The molecular
weight of ATP is 505 g/mole).

𝐤𝐠 𝑔 kg
A. 𝟕𝟖. 𝟖 ( ) B. 87.9 ( ) C. 85.9 ( ) D. A, B and C incorrect.
𝐝𝐚𝐲 day day

Energy used by cells per: 4500 kcal x 42.5% = 1912.5 (kcal)

1
Moles of ATP per day: 1912.5 x = 156(moles/day)
12.25

Mass ATP: 156 x 505 (g/mole) = 78780 (g/day) = 78.8 (kg/day)

Q2: The body actually contains approximately 5g ATP

1 1
Average cycle time: 5 × 𝑘𝑔 =5 × 78.8 𝑘𝑔 =⋯
78.8 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24×3600 𝑠

Q3 (L.0.2.4. L.0.2.6. L.0.2.7, L.0.2.8) Consider a neutrophil in a micropipette that

is being pulled away from a stationary bead by a suction force The neutrophil is.
attached to the bead by an clastic either that lengthens over time, so that the
−𝒕
separation between bead and cell body the relationship. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥final (1 − 𝒆𝟐𝝉 ).

where 𝑡 is time and 𝑟 is a ceentant. Determine the initial velocity (𝑣0) of tbe
ncutrophit?
𝑥𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑣0 =
𝟐𝝉
Q4: (L.O.2.4. L.O.2.6, L.O.2.7, L.0.2.8) Critical loads for a microtubules
length 10.5𝜇m is 2.9 (pN). Calculate the flexural rigidity for a microtubule.
Assuming the microtubule behaves like a slender rod of length 𝐿, the critical
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
force, 𝑃cr at which buckling occurs is given by Euler's formula: 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = .
𝐿2

D. 𝟑. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 (𝐍𝐦𝟐 )

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 2.9 × 10−12 × (10.5 × 10−6 )2

𝑃𝑐𝑟 = => 𝐸𝐼 =
𝐿2 𝜋2

Q5: (L.03.1. LO32. LO3.3) A fluid (Assuming Newtonian) flow in a tube of radius
𝑅 = 0.5 cm with Mean Velocity 𝑉 = 15 m/s . Know flaid has the viscosity 𝜇 =
3.5 cP, estimate the wall alvear stress 𝑟w ?

𝒓𝒘 = 𝟒𝟐(𝑷𝒂)

4𝜇𝑉 4 × 3.5 × 0.001 × 15

𝜏= = = 42 (𝑃𝑎)
𝑅 0.5 × 10−2

Q.6.
(L.0.3.1. L.0.3.2, L.0.3.3) Determine the magnitude axial pressure gradient (dy/dx)
of the wall of a 8mm diameter artery carrying 1.6l/min of blood. The blood flow is
considered a steady flew, take blood viscosity as 3.6 cP

10−3 ( m3 )
𝑄 = 1.6𝑙/min = 1.6 × = 2.67 × 10−5 ( m/s),
60(𝑠)

steady 𝐹 (𝜉 )=1
𝜋𝑅4 ⅆ𝑦 𝜋(4 × 10−3 )4 ⅆ𝑦 ⅆ𝑦
𝑄= ⋅ 𝐹 (𝜉 ) = −2
⋅ = 2.67 × 10−5 => = 956.1
8𝜇 ⅆ𝑥 8(3.6 × 10 ) ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
Question 7: The blood as a Casson fluid flows in a rube with the radius location
𝐑 𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦. Determine the yield stress of blood? Knowing the pressure
gradient is 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐞𝐬/𝐜𝐦𝟑

A. 0.06775 (dynes /cm2 )

B. A. 𝐶 and 𝐷 are incorrect

C. 0.06575( dynes /cm2 )

D. 0.06875(dynes /cm2 )

𝑅𝑐 𝑑𝑝 0.25
𝑟𝑦 = | |= . 0.55 = 0.06875( dynes /cm2 )
2 𝑑𝑟 2

Question 8: Assume blood is flowing in a tube with a radius of 𝟏. 𝟏 𝐜𝐦. Treating

the blood as a Casson fluid with yield stress 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 dynes /𝐜𝐦𝟐 . Determine the
function 𝑭(𝝃) ? Knowing the pressure gradient is 𝟎. 𝟓𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐞𝐬/𝐜𝐦𝟑 .

A. 𝐹(𝜉) = 0.173
B. 𝐹(6) = 0.133
C. 𝐹(𝜉) = 0.193
D. 𝐹(𝜉) = 0.153

𝑅𝑐 ⅆ𝑝 𝑅𝑐
𝑟𝑦 = | | => 0.5 = 0.068 => Rc = 0.272
2 ⅆ𝑟 2

𝑅𝑐
𝜉= = 0.247
𝑅
16 4 1
𝐹(𝜉) = 1 − √𝜉 + 𝜉 − 𝜉 4 = 0.193
7 3 2!

Question 9: A 40 cm long tube (internal diameter, 0.9 mm ) is filled with blood,

which has been citrated to prevent it from clotting. Assume that the citration process
does not alter the rheological properties of the blood. Determine the value of Δ𝑝
when the blood begins to flow? Use property values for blood: 𝜇 = 3.5(cP): 𝑟𝑠 =
0.05dynes /cm2 ): 𝜌 = 1.06( g/cm3 ). Knowing 1dynes /cm2 ) = 0.1( N/m2 ).
1cP = 0.01( g/cm. s)

A. Δ𝑝 = 7.5(𝑃𝑎)
B. Δ𝑝 = 7(𝑃𝑎)
C. Δ𝑝 = 9.5(𝑃𝑎)
D. Δ𝑝 ≈ 9(𝑃𝑎)

𝑟 = 𝑟, = 0.05; 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑐 = 0.45 : blood flow

𝑅𝑐 Δ𝑝 2. 𝑟, Δ𝐿 2 × 0.05(ⅆynes(cm2 ) × 40( cm)

𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟 = ⇒ Δ𝑝 = =
2 Δ𝐿 𝑅𝑐 0.045( cm)
= 88.9dynes/cm2

Question 10: A 40 cm long tube (internal diameter, 0.9 mm ) is filled with blood,
which has been citrated to prevent it from clotting. Assume that the citration process
does not alter the rheological properties of the blood. Determine the value of 𝑄 when
Δ𝑝 = 11(𝑃𝑎). Use values for blood: 𝜇 = 3.5(cP); 𝑟𝑦 = 0.05 (dynes /cm2 ): 𝜌 =
1.06( g/cm3 ). Knowing 1 (dynes /cm2 ) = 0.1( N/m2 ). 1𝑐P = 0.01( g/cms).

A. 𝑄 = 3.28 × 10−7 ( cm3 /s)

B. A, C and D are incorrect
C. 𝑄 = 3.08 × 10−7 ( cm3 /s)
D. 𝑄 = 3.08 × 10−6 ( cm3 /s)
 𝑅𝑐 Δ𝑝 2𝑟𝑦 Δ𝐿 2 × 0.05(ⅆ𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/cm2 ) × 40( cm)
𝑟𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑅𝑟 = = = 0.0364 cm
2 Δ𝐿 Δ𝑝 110
𝑅𝑐
𝜉= = 0.81
𝑅
16 4 1 4
𝐹(𝜉) = 1 − √0.81 + 𝜉 − 𝜉 = 2.43 × 10−3
7 3 21

𝜋𝑅4 Δ𝑝 −7
cm3
𝑄= . . 𝐹 (𝜉 ) = 3.08 × 10 ( )
8𝜇 Δ𝐿 s

11
𝜋(0.045)4 0.1 −3 −7
cm3
𝑄= . . 2.43𝑥10 = 3.08 × 10 ( )
8𝑥3.5𝑥0.01 40 s

Question 11: Choose the correct statement:

A. The red cell is more readily deformable than other cell types
B. The mechanical behavior of the formed elements is usually dominated by the
white cells.
C. The plasma viscosity of blood is less than that of water.
D. The plasma viscosity of blood is much greater than that of water

Question 12: Choose the correct statement:

A. The mean Reynolds number in the human main arterial system is less than one
thousand.

B. When the shear stress is less than the critical shear siress, the blood acts like a
fluid

C. When the shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress, the blood begins to flow.

D. The plasma viscosity of blood is much greater than that of water.

Question 13: A human has an aorta that is approximately 3 cm in diameter and a

resting heart beat of 72 beats /min. Determine the unsteadiness of the blood flow (
𝛼 ) ? (Use the Womersley parameter). Knowing the fluid kinematic viscosity (𝑣) is
3cP.

A. B, C and D are incorrect

B. 𝛼 = 22
C. 𝑎 = 35
D. 𝛼 = 40
60(𝑠)
Heat period: 𝑇 = = 0.833( s); 𝜔 = 7.54( s −1 )
72( beats /min)

𝐷 𝜔 3 754
𝑎= √ = √ = 22
2 𝑣 2 0.035

Question 14: A tiny blood vessel that allows for exchange between blood and
cells in the tissue in the body is?
A. capillary
B. vein
C. blood vessel
D. artery.

Q.15.
(L.0.4.1. L.O.4.3. L.O.4. L.0.4.6) We consider a section of artery of internal
diameter D and wall thickness 𝑡 and assume that the thickness is small. ic., that
𝑡/𝐷 = 0.07. The artery is pressuried, with a transmural (intemal minus extemal)
pressure p. Determine the circumferential strain in the arterial wall? Knowing 𝑝 =
115mmHg (Wood) and Young's modulus 𝐸 = 18 × 105 Pa. Note: 1mmHg = 133.3
Pa.
A. 𝜀 = 0.061
B. 𝜀 = 0.0635
C. 𝜀 = 0.0625
D. 𝜀 = 0.062
𝑝 = 115 mmHg (blood)
𝑡/𝐷 = 0.07 (typical value)
𝐸 = 18x105 to 20 × 105 𝑃𝑎 ( typical value)
𝐷 1
𝜀 = 𝑝[ ] = 115 × 133.3(𝑃𝑎) = 0.0608
2𝐸𝑡 2 × 18 × 105 × 0.07

Q.16.
( L.O.4. L. L.0.4. . L. O.4. L.O.4.6) We consider a section of artery of intemal
diameter D and wall thickness 𝑡 and assume that the thickness is small, i.e., that
𝑡/𝐷 = 0.07. The artery is pressurized, with a transmural (intemal minus extemal)
pressure 𝑝 = 112 mmHg (blood). Determine the hoop stress in the arterial wall?
Note: 1mmHg = 133.3 Pa.

A. 𝜎 = 1.22 × 105 (𝑃𝑎)

B. 𝜎 = 1.17 × 105 (𝑃𝑎)
C. 𝜎 = 1.07 × 105 (Pa)
D. 𝜎 = 1.12 × 105 (𝑃𝑎)
𝐷
𝜎=𝑝 = (112 𝑥 133.3 𝑥 1)/(2 𝑥 0.07) = 106640 𝑃𝑎
2𝑡

Q.17.
(L.O.4.1. L.0.4.2, L.0.4.3. L.O.4.4. L.O.4.5. L.O.4.6) Consider steady flow of blood
in a tube (Fig below) whose thin walls are made of a linearly elastic Hookean
material. The blood is assumed to be a Newtonian flow, with viscosity 𝜇. We
2 𝑑𝐷
characterize the tube's clastic propertics by its distensibility 𝛽, 𝛽 = . Assuming
𝐷 𝑑𝑝

intemal pressure increases dp, how does the radius of the tube change?
𝐷
Hint. For a thin wall: 𝛽 = , where t is the tube wall thickness.
𝐸𝑡

𝑅2
A. ⅆ𝑅 = ⅆ𝑝
𝐸𝑡
𝑅2
B. ⅆ𝑅 = ⅆ𝑝
2𝐸𝑡
𝑅3
C. ⅆ𝑅 = ⅆ𝑝
𝐸𝑡

2𝑅2
D. ⅆ𝑅 = ⅆ𝑝
3𝐸𝑡

Q. 18.
(L.O.4.1. LO.4.2. L. O.3, LO.4.4, L.O.4.5. L.O.4.6) Blood (effective Newtonian
viscosity 3.5cP flows in such a tube with E = 105 dynes/cm2 and the wall
thickness t = 1.2 mm ( Fig ) If Q is 115 ml/min and the radius at the inlet is
1 cm. Determine the tube radius at 10 cm from the inlet?

A. 𝑅 = 8.37(mm)
B. 𝑅 = 8.57(mm)
C. 𝑅 = 8.87( mm)
D. 𝑅 = 8.77(mm)

24 𝜇𝑄 1 24(3.5𝑥10−2 )115𝑥0.017 1
R(x=10cm) = (𝑅03 − 𝑥)3 = (13 − 𝑥 10)3 = 0.8364 𝑐𝑚
𝐸𝑡𝜋 105 𝑥 1.2𝑥10−1 𝑥 𝜋
Q.19.
(L.O.4.1. LO.4.2. L.O. +. L.O.4. 4. L.O.4.5, L.O.4.6) At rest, the coronary blood
flow is 220 ml/min, and % of the O2 is removed from the blood as it passes
through the coronary vasculature. The oxygen copacity of blood is 19.8 mlO2 /
100ml blood and in a nomal diet 4.75 kcal of food energy is released for every
liter of O2 consumed. Determine the O2 removal rate and food energy released?
Knowing 1 (Cal) = 4.186( (J)
𝐽
A. 4.12 x 10−4 (litres 𝑂2 /s) and 2.13 × 104 ( ).
liter 𝑂2

𝐽
B. 4.52 x 10−4 (litres 𝑂2 /s) and 2 × 104 ( ).
liter 𝑂2

𝐽
C. 4.72 x 10−4 (litres 𝑂2 /s) and 2.02 × 104 ( )
liter 𝑂2

𝐽
D. 4.62 x 10−4 (litres 𝑂2 /s) and 2.03 × 104 ( )
liter 𝑂2

The O2 removal tate

220
[ × 10−3 (litres blood/ s) ] × [0.198 litres 𝑂2 /𝑠)] × 65% = 4.719 ×
60

10−4 (𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑂2 /𝑠)

Food energy released
4.75 (kCal/litres 𝑂2 ) = 4750(Cal/ litres 𝑂2 ) × 4.186( J/Ca)) = 2 × 104 ( J/litres
𝑂2 )

Q.20.
(LO.4.1. L.O.4. 1.0.4.1. LO4.4, L. O4.5. L. O. 4.6) Based on the formula due to
DuBois, calculate the body surface arca (S) of a person who is 1.75 m tall and
weighs 88 kg ?
A. S = 2.07( m2 )
B. 𝑆 = 2.17(m2 )
C. 𝑆 = 2.27( m2 )
D. S = 1.97( m2 )
1 1 1 1 1
Body surface area [𝑚2 ] = 𝑀|𝑘𝑔|1/2 𝐻 [cm]2 = 𝑥 882 𝑥 1752 = 2.068 𝑚2
60 60