] | PPM co Gtigi shal ie) | MODIFICATION OF NOUNS | I ‘Adjective Modifier [Noun Modifier | Head Noun Winter ‘Olympics. wonderful athletes. Trememberth | maxtag downhill races. unexpected Slovenian victory. Ce ET MLL Le Origin _| Material Opinion Color Purpose [em Isaw a great new French action [move Imetits _ | fascinating young Chinese She had large round 7 She wore a ie sill party SCO Sao TEE oo Different Modifier Categories | Same Modifier Category | ‘A serious, profound, and heartwarming movie A great new epic movie _| A serious, profound, heartwarming movie ‘A heartwarming, profound, serious movie ee due cao computer-generated scenes. The movichaslotsof | Sae looking roma : thirteen-year-old girl. | The main characteris |ione nated, shore ce | GRAMMAR NOTES Bienes Nouns can be modified both by adjectives and by other nouns. Adjective and noun modifiers usually come before the noun they modify. The noun they modify is called the head noun. ADJECTIVE fo Hea MODIFIERS FER NOUN Neymar is a famous Brazilian soccer player. | Noun modifiers usually come directly before | Milk chocolate is chocolate made with milk. the noun they modify. Chocolate milk is milk with chocolate in it. When there are both adjective and noun modifiers in a sentence, the noun modifier ‘comes closer to the head noun. ADJECTE NOUN HEAD MODIFIER — MODIFIER NOUN She isagood tennis player. 214 unit 13ticipial modifiers, which end in eribe someone or something that modifiers, which end in -ed or Pye someone who experiences en there Heer annis the usual order of modifiers, ee io last position Cs ATEGORY OF MODIFIER 1 opinion 2 «ae } age or temperature 4 shape 5 color 4 origin, nationality, social class 3 material § purpose she order can be changed to reflect the tnphass a speaker OF writer wants (0 give (0 a | paclar adjective. | ikke ‘When a noun has two or more modifiers in the same category, separate the adjectives with a comma. If the modifiers are in different categories, do not separate the modifiers with comma ‘One way to determine whether adjectives are inthe same category is to add the word and between the modifiers. If the resulting statement islogical, the modifiers are in the same category. |The order of adjectives in the same category pan eypes of adjective mosis ate present participles and pat participles can vary, It was a boring movie. (The movie caused the viewers to be bored.) We heard some shocking news today, (The news caused people to be shocked.) The bored viewers left the movie, (The viewers experienced the feeling of boredom) ‘There were a lot of shocked people who heard the news. (The people experienced the feeling of shock) TT nH rid s more than one modifier of a noun, the modifiers occur ina fixed order. ugly, beautiful, dull, interesting big, tall, long, short old, young, hot, cold ‘square, round, oval, triangular red, blue, pink, purple computer-generated, Congolese, middle-class wood, cotton, denim, silk, glass action, party, sports, residential He was a young, interesting man. (emphasis on young) He was an interesting young man. (emphasis on interesting) He is a serious, hardworking student. (came category) | bought a beautiful denim shirt (diferent categories) He is @ serious and hardworking student. (logical—same category) NOT | bought a beautfubenc-denim shirt (not logical—diterent categories) He is a serious, hardworking student. He is a hardworking, serious student. Modification of NounsOrs 216 eer mare ices ‘There are four common kinds of compound modifiers: + number + noun + noun + present participle + noun + past participle + adjective + past participle Compound modifiers that precede a noun are usually hyphenated. If they occur after a noun, they are usually not hyphenated. oom Plural nouns used as modifiers become singular when they come before the noun. Henne Compound modifiers are constructed from more than one word. | work in a twelve-story building, Ws a prize-winning film. It's a erime-related problem ‘The actor plays a long-haired, one-armeg the movie. It's a computer-generated program, ‘The program is computer generated, Pirate iy Her daughter is ten years old, She has a ten-year-old daughter. NOT She has a ten-years-old daughter. DW in oe eed Avoid using more than three adjective modifiers ina sentence Avoid using more than one or two noun modifiers in a sentence. (SENET Sentences containing more than two ‘noun modifiers can be confusing. Break up a string of noun modifiers with prepositional phrases or rearrange the modifiers in some other way. PRONUNCIATION NOTE Petenr mune ieee aed + modifiers in the same category + modifiers in different categories In general, the number of adjective and noun modifiers in a sentence should be limited, That tall, beautiful, energetic woman is my sister, We went to a baseball game last night. ‘Student Jerry Gonzales won the award for painting portraits. oR Jerry Gonzales won the award for portrait painting, NOT Jerry Gonzales won the student pertalt-peinte: award, | ‘When the modifiers of a noun are in the same category, we normally pause between them in speaking, In writing, we place a comma between them. When modifiers of nouns are in different categories, we do not normally pause between them in speaking, and we do not separate the modifiers with commas in writing, Iwas an icy, dark, stormy ovening He is an arrogant, opinions, proud man. I'm going to wear my round biue sapphire earrings He is an elderly middle-class man. Unit 13