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100 Questions

1. A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration. A scalar quantity only has magnitude, such as mass, time, energy, and speed. 2. The average speed and average velocity of a ball passing between three players were calculated. The average speed was found to be higher than the average velocity because average velocity takes into account the ball's changing direction between passes, while average speed only considers the total distance traveled. 3. A scalar quantity only has magnitude, such as time or energy, while a vector quantity has both magnitude and direction, such as displacement or velocity. Velocity is an example of a vector quantity because it includes both speed and

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

249 views189 pages

100 Questions

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1. (i) Below is a list of five quantities. Underline those that are scalar quantities.

acceleration energy force power speed

[1]

(ii) What is a vector quantity?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 3 marks]

2. The following is a list of scalar and vector quantities.

acceleration, density, displacement, energy, power, speed, time, weight.

In the blank spaces provided in the table below, list the quantities as either scalars or
vectors.

scalar vector

[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 1
3. The figure below shows the path of a ball as it is passed between three players. Player
A passes a ball to player B. When player B receives the ball, she immediately passes
the ball to player C. The distances for each pass are shown on the figure.

player C

10m

player B

14m

12m

player A

The ball takes 2.4 s to travel from player A to player C.

(i) Calculate, for the total journey of the ball

1. the average speed of the ball

–1
average velocity = ............................ m s
[2]

2. the magnitude of the average velocity of the ball.

–1
average speed = ............................ m s
[2]

(ii) Explain why the values for the average speed and average velocity are
different.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]

Wilson's School 2
4. Explain the difference between a scalar and vector quantity, including one example of
each in your explanation.

(i) a scalar

.........................................................................................................................

(ii) a vector

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]

5. (i) Define speed of an object. Explain how you would determine the constant speed
of a conker at the end of length of string being whirled in a horizontal circle.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Define velocity of an object.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii) By reference to speed and velocity, explain the difference between a scalar
quantity and a vector quantity, using as an example the terms speed and velocity.

.........................................................................................................................

Wilson's School 3
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]

6. Fig. 1 shows a long rope that is tied at one end to a high support. A girl swings forwards
and backwards across a pool using the other end of the rope.

support

rope

B A

Fig. 1

Fig.2 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of the girl from
A to B and back to A.

2.5
x/m

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1.0 2.0 3 .0 4.0 5.0 6.0
t/s

Fig. 2

Wilson's School 4
(i) State what the gradient of the graph represents and explain why the graph shows
both positive and negative gradients.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Mark on Fig.2 with a cross a position where the speed of the girl is zero
(label this Z).
[1]

(iii) 1. Explain how you can determine using Figure 2 that the maximum speed of the girl is
–1
about 1.4ms .

.........................................................................................................................

2. Estimate the uncertainty in the value of the maximum speed obtained in this way.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]

Wilson's School 5
7. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.

Below is a graph of the displacement against time for the motion of a radio-controlled
model car.

displacem ent
/m

0
0 5 10 15 20
tim e/s

Use the graph to describe and explain, without calculation

Wilson's School 6
(a) how the velocity changes from time t = 0 to time t = 20 s

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[5]

(b) how the acceleration changes from time t = 0 to time t = 20 s.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[4]
Quality of Written Communication [2]

Wilson's School 7
[Total 11 marks]

8. (i) Define velocity.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Define acceleration.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

9. Fig. 1 shows a ruler clamped at one end. A mass M is attached to the other end of the
ruler and is then made to oscillate up and down.

m ass M
A

Fig. 1

Fig. 2 shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of the mass M as it oscillates from
A to B and back to A.

Wilson's School 8
4.0

v / cm s –1

2.0

0
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
A B t/s A

–2.0

–4.0

Fig. 2

(i) For the graph shown in Fig. 2, state what is represented by

1 the area between the graph and the time axis

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

2 the gradient of the graph at a particular time.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Use Fig. 2 to determine the distance travelled by the mass M from time t = 0 to
time t = 0.20 s.

distance = ............................ cm
[2]

(iii) Use Fig. 2 to describe how the acceleration of the mass M varies as the mass
moves from A to B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 9
(iv) Use Fig. 2 to calculate the average acceleration of the mass M between
t = 0.25 s and t = 0.55 s.
–2
acceleration = ............................ cm s
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

10. State what is meant by speed and velocity

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 10
11. Data can be displayed in graphical form in many different ways. Sometimes it is
necessary to change from one way of displaying data to another. Four graphs are
drawn below.

graph A
velocity / m s –1 distance / m
30 600

500

20 400

300

10 200

100

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
tim e / s tim e / s

graph B 1
–– /A –1
current I/A I
12 0.3

8 0.2

4 0.1

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
resistance /  resistance / 

graph C
g / m s –2 lg ( g / m s –2 )
12 1.2

10 1.0

8 0.8

6 0.6

4 0.4

2 0.2

0 0
0 5x10 6 10x10 6 15x10 6 20x10 6 6.7 6 .8 6.9 7.0 7 .1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
r/m lg (r / m )

Wilson's School 11
(a) (i) Calculate the total distance travelled from the velocity-time graph A.

distance = ................................. m
[3]

(ii) Using graph A, draw the corresponding distance-time graph.

[3]

(b) Graph B shows how the current I in a circuit varies with the total circuit
resistance R when the e.m.f. of the supply is kept constant.

(i) Draw the corresponding graph of 1/I against R.

[2]

(ii) What is the e.m.f. of the supply?

e.m.f. = ....................................... V
[1]

(iii) How is the gradient of the graph you have drawn related to your answer to
(b)(ii)?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 12
(c) Graph C shows how g, the acceleration due to gravity, varies with r, the distance
from the centre of the Earth. A log-log graph showing the same data has been
drawn on new axes.

(i) Calculate the gradient of the log-log graph.

gradient = .......................................
[2]

(ii) What can be deduced from the value of the gradient?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 14 marks]

12. This question is about the operation of an electrically operated shower.

(a) The water moves at constant speed through a pipe of cross-section

–5 2
7.5 × 10 m to a shower head. The maximum mass of water which flows per
–1
second is 0.090 kg s .
–1
(i) Show that the maximum speed of the water in the pipe is 1.2 m s .
–3
density of water = 1000 kg m

[2]

(ii) The total cross-sectional area of the holes in the head is half that of the
pipe.
Calculate the maximum speed of the water as it leaves the shower head.

–1
speed = ...................... m s
[1]

Wilson's School 13
(iii) Calculate the magnitude of the force on the shower head.

force = ...................... N
[3]

(iv) Draw on the diagram above the direction of the force in (iii).
[1]

(b) The water enters the heater at a temperature of 15 °C. At the maximum flow rate
–1
of 0.090 kg s , the water leaves the shower head at a temperature of 27 °C.

(i) Calculate the rate at which energy is transferred to the water. Give a
suitable unit for your answer.
–1 –1
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg K

rate of energy transfer = ...................... unit .............

[4]

(ii) Suggest a reason why the power of the heater must be greater than your
answer to (b)(i).

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 14
(iii) Calculate the maximum possible temperature of the water at the shower
head when the flow rate is half of the maximum.

temperature = .......................°C
[1]
[Total 13 marks]

13. (i) Define velocity.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Define acceleration.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

14. (i) Define speed.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Define velocity.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 15
(iii) By referring to these quantities, explain the difference between scalars and
vectors.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

15. Fig. 1 shows a long rope that is tied at one end to a high support. A woman swings
forwards and backwards across a pool using the other end of the rope.

support

rope

B A

Fig. 1

Wilson's School 16
Fig. 2 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x, of the woman from A to B
and back to A.

2.5

x/m

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
t/s

Fig. 2

(i) State what the gradient of the graph represents and explain why the graph shows
both negative and positive gradients.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 17
(ii) Mark on Fig. 2 with a cross

• a position where the speed of the woman is zero (label this cross Z)
• a position where the speed of the woman is a maximum
(label this cross M).
[2]

(iii) Use Fig. 2 to calculate the maximum positive speed of the woman. Show on
Fig. 2 how you determined your answer.

–1
maximum speed = ........................ m s
[3]
[Total 7 marks]

16. The diagram below shows the path of a car as it travels around a right-angled bend.

A 25 m s –1

25 m s –1
–1
The car travels from point A to point B in 7.6 s at a constant speed of 25 m s .

Wilson's School 18
(i) Calculate the distance the car travels in 7.6 s.

distance = ............................ m
[2]

(ii) Draw a line on the diagram above to show the displacement of the car having
travelled from A to B.
[1]

(iii) Explain why the velocity of the car changes as it travels from A to B although the
speed remains constant.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 19
(iv) Using a labelled vector triangle, calculate the magnitude of the change in velocity
of the car (velocity at B – velocity at A).

–1
magnitude of velocity change = ....................... m s
[4]

(v) State and explain whether the car is accelerating as it travels around the bend
from A to B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]

Wilson's School 20
17. The figure below shows the path of a ball thrown from A and passing through positions
B, C and D.

The ball is thrown from A with a velocity v. A vector arrow on the figure. represents the
magnitude and direction of the velocity of the ball at A.

(a) On the figure draw arrows to represent the horizontal and vertical components of
the velocity of the ball at A.
[1]

(b) State how the components of the velocity of the ball at B, C and D compare with
the components at A. Assume air resistance is negligible.

(i) The vertical component at B ............................................................

The horizontal component at B .........................................................

[1]

(ii) The vertical component at C ...............................................................

The horizontal component at C .........................................................

[1]

(iii) The vertical component at D ............................................................

The horizontal component at D .........................................................

[1]

Wilson's School 21
(c) Explain the answers you have given for the components of the velocity of the ball
at positions B, C and D.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 8 marks]

18. The four sketch graphs below, plotted against time, show changes which occur in a
small fraction of a second and which result in almost vertical lines on the graphs. Three
of these sketch graphs are possible for ordinary objects and one of them is impossible.

displacem ent velocity

0
0 tim e

0
0 tim e
A B

acceleration resultant
force

0 0
0 tim e 0 tim e
C D

Wilson's School 22
(a) Identify the impossible graph, giving a reason for your selection.

Impossible graph is ..............................

[1]

Reason why it is impossible ...........................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Describe three everyday situations, one for each, which illustrate how the
remaining graphs can arise. State to which graph each description refers.

graph letter ...............

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[3]

graph letter ...............

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[3]

Wilson's School 23
graph letter ...............

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 11 marks]

19. (a) The figure below illustrates a racetrack near a refuelling station.

racetrack
route of car B
X 160 m Y
ro u
te
of rA
ca a
rA o rc
to c kf
1 2 re fu tra
0 m e l li ac e
ng
s ta t t e to r
io n ro u
re tu rn

refuelling
station

Wilson's School 24
–1
The cars A and B are in a race and both have a speed of 80 m s . Car A has a
lead over car B of 17.0 s at X when A leaves the racetrack to refuel. Car A
travels 120 m from X to the refuelling station.

Calculate the following values for car A, from the point where it leaves the
racetrack until it comes to rest at the refuelling station. Assume the deceleration
is constant.

(i) the average deceleration

–2
deceleration = ............................ m s
[3]

(ii) the time taken

time = ............................ s
[2]

(b) Car A refuels in 9.0 s and then takes 4.0 s to travel to Y. During the refuelling of
–1
car A, car B continues to travel at 80 m s . Calculate the time difference
between the cars A and B as car A arrives back on the racetrack at Y.

time = ............................ s
[4]
[Total 9 marks]

20. (a) A stone is projected horizontally from a cliff. The diagram below shows the stone
at a position A on its path.

horizontal com ponent

A 3 0
cliff
25 m s –1
vertical
com ponent

soft sand
–1
The velocity of the stone at position A is 25 m s at 30° to the horizontal.

Wilson's School 25
(i) Show that the horizontal component of the velocity of the stone at A is
–1
22 m s .

(ii) Calculate the vertical component of the velocity of the stone at A.

–1
vertical component ....................... m s
[3]

(b) Sketch graphs on the axes below to show the horizontal and vertical
displacements of the stone from the point of horizontal projection to
the point of impact.

Ignore air resistance. Numerical values are not required.

(i) horizontal displacement dh (ii) vertical displacement fallen dv

against time t against time t

dh dv

t t
[3]

Wilson's School 26
(c) A second stone is released from rest from the top of the cliff. It falls vertically.
Sketch graphs on the axes below to show the velocity v and acceleration a of the
stone from the time of release to the time when the stone comes to rest in the
sand below. Ignore air resistance. Numerical values are not required.

(i) velocity v against time t

tim e of im pact stone t

release w ith sand at
rest

(ii) acceleration a against time t

tim e of im pact stone t

release w ith sand at
rest

[5]
[Total 11 marks]

Wilson's School 27
21. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.

A skydiver jumps from an aircraft that is flying horizontally at a height of 5000 m with a
constant speed.

(a) Describe and explain the motion of the skydiver as she descends towards the
ground from the moment she jumps until she opens her parachute. In your
description of her motion use the terms speed, acceleration and force.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[6]

Wilson's School 28
(b) In some competitions the skydiver attempts to travel at the highest possible
speed over a vertical distance of 1000 m. Discuss and explain the different
methods that could be used by the skydiver to achieve the highest possible
speed.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[4]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 12 marks]

Wilson's School 29
22. The figure below shows a gannet hovering above a water surface.

gan net

30m

w ater
6.0m
fish

The gannet is 30 m above the water. It folds in its wings and falls vertically in order to
catch a fish that is 6.0 m below the surface.

Ignore air resistance.

(a) Calculate

(i) the speed that the bird enters the water

–1
Speed = .............................. m s
[2]

(ii) the time taken for the bird to fall to the water surface.

time = ........................................ s
[2]

Wilson's School 30
(b) The bird does not continue to travel at the acceleration of free fall when it enters
the water. State and explain the effect of the forces acting on the bird as it falls

(i) through the air

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) through the water.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

23. (a) Define acceleration.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 31
5
(b) An aircraft of total mass 1.5 × 10 kg accelerates, at maximum thrust from the
engines, from rest along a runway for 25 s reaching the required take-off speed
–1
of 65 m s .

Assume that the acceleration of the aircraft is constant. Calculate

(i) the net force acting on the aircraft to produce this acceleration

force = ..................................... N
[3]

(ii) the distance travelled by the aircraft in this time.

distance = ................................. m
[2]

(c) At a particular airport, the length of the runway for the same take-off speed is less
than your answer in (b)(iii). State and explain what change could be made to the
aircraft to enable it to reach the required take-off speed on this shorter runway.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

Wilson's School 32
24. Although the idea for the airbag was first suggested more than fifty years ago, it has
only been a compulsory safety feature in the modern motor car since 1998. When a car
experiences a serious head-on collision, the seat belt is designed to restrain the
driver’s body. However, without the cushioning effect of an airbag, the inertia in the
driver’s head will cause it to carry on moving at the speed of the car until it is stopped
by the steering wheel or the windscreen. When activated, the airbag must be fully
inflated before the driver’s head reaches it so that the head hits a soft target.

One early system stored the gas for the airbag in a cylinder under the driver’s seat.
When the deceleration of the car was sufficiently large, a sensor caused an electrical
circuit to operate and open a valve so that the compressed gas could rush into the
airbag on the steering wheel.

The sensor used a steel ball and spring in a cylinder as shown below.

spring

dire ction of m ovem ent

to electrical circuit of car

3.6 cm steel b all

electrical contacts

When the car was being driven normally, the spring kept the steel ball apart from the
two electrical contacts inside the cylinder. But if the deceleration became large enough,
the inertia of the free ball compressed the spring and the ball touched the two contacts,
thus activating the electrical circuit.

The method of storing compressed gas in a cylinder was not very reliable because
some cylinders slowly leaked gas and so all had to be checked regularly.

The modern method of inflating an airbag is to generate the gas chemically by

activating an electrical heater or detonator in an explosive chemical mixture. The
heating starts a very rapid chemical reaction which produces nitrogen for the airbag.
This means that the folded airbag along with chemicals and heater can all be located
together in a compact container and positioned anywhere inside the car.

Consider the following data for a car running head-on into an immovable object.
–1
initial velocity of car = 54 km hr
final velocity of car =0
car front crumple distance = 1.25m
distance from head to windscreen = 0.96m

Wilson's School 33
–1 –1
(a) Show that the car’s speed in m s just before hitting the object is 15 m s .

[2]

(b) Calculate

(i) the deceleration of the car during the collision (assumed to be constant)

–2
deceleration = ....................................... m s
[2]

(ii) the time taken for the car to crumple to rest.

time = ....................................... s
[2]

Wilson's School 34
(c) The data for a ball and spring sensor is given below.

mass of ball = 0.12 kg

–1
spring constant = 30 N m
distance to be compressed = 3.6 cm

Calculate

(i) the force necessary to compress the spring by 3.6 cm

force = ....................................... N
[2]

(ii) the deceleration which the force in (c)(i) would cause in a mass of 0.12 kg.

–2
deceleration = ....................................... m s
[1]

(d) When the airbag was fully inflated from a storage cylinder, the bag had a volume
3
of 0.060 m , with the gas inside at a pressure of 250 kPa. If the storage cylinder
–4 3
had a volume of 3.0 × 10 m , calculate the stored gas pressure, assuming the
gas was ideal and at constant temperature.

pressure = ....................................... Pa
[2]

Wilson's School 35
(e) Suppose that the pressure inside the cylinder dropped by 20% over a period of 4
weeks.
Assuming the mean temperature of the cylinder is 17 °C, calculate the average
number of gas molecules leaving per second during this time.

number leaving per second = .......................................

[4]

(f) The data for a modern airbag is given below.

energy required for reaction to start = 0.96 J

–8 2
heater wire cross sectional area = 2.75 × 10 m
heater wire length = 2.2 cm
–6
resistivity of heater wire = 1.5 × 10 Ωm
battery voltage = 12V

(i) Show that the resistance of the heater filament is 1.2Ω.

[2]

Wilson's School 36
(ii) Hence calculate the time taken for the heater to start the chemical reaction.

time to start = ....................................... s

[3]
[Total 20 marks]

25. Fig. 1 shows a helicopter that has a cable hanging from it to the sea below.

cable

sea

Fig. 1

A girl of mass 55 kg is rescued by a man of mass 75 kg. The two are attached to the
cable and are lifted from the sea to the helicopter. The lifting process consists of an
initial acceleration followed by a period of constant velocity and completed by a final
deceleration.

Wilson's School 37
(a) Name the two main forces acting on the two people being lifted.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Calculate the combined weight of the man and girl.

weight = ............................ N
[1]

(c) Calculate the tension in the cable during

–2
(i) the initial acceleration of 0.55 m s

tension = ............................ N
[2]

(ii) the period of constant velocity.

tension = ............................ N
[2]

Wilson's School 38
(d) Calculate the final deceleration if the tension in the cable is 1240 N.

–2
deceleration = ....................... m s
[2]

(e) Sketch on Fig. 2 a graph of velocity v against time t for the complete lifting
process.
Numerical values are not required.

Fig. 2
[3]
[Total 12 marks]

Wilson's School 39
26. Explain why friction is important in accelerating and decelerating a car.

In your answer

• discuss factors affecting the magnitude of the acceleration

• state the direction in which friction acts for both acceleration and deceleration.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 6 marks]

Wilson's School 40
27. Explain the following terms in relation to motion of a road vehicle.

(i) braking distance

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) thinking distance

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

28. Describe in terms of the forces acting on the driver how wearing a seat belt and having
an airbag in a car can help to protect the driver from injury in a head on collision.

..................................................................................................................................

[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 41
29. The wearing of seat belts became law in the UK in January 1983. The diagram below
shows the annual deaths due to road accidents in Scotland since 1950.

900
800
700
Num ber of 600
deaths 500
400
300
200
100
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

The percentage of car drivers wearing seat belts in 1983 and at present has remained
static at 93 %. On average, cars are travelling faster now than in 1983. Suggest
another factor which may have been responsible for the decrease in deaths.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 1 mark]

30. Explain, with reference to a car, the quantities

(i) braking force

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 42
(ii) braking distance.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

31. (i) State and explain how two different road conditions affect the braking distance of
a car.

1. .....................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The braking distance for a small car is shorter than for the off-road vehicle
described above when they are tested travelling on the same road surface at the
same speed. Discuss one difference between the small car and the off-road
vehicle that could explain this.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 43
32. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.

State and explain two factors that affect the braking distance of a car.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]

33. State and explain two safety features in a car that are designed to protect the driver
during a collision.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 6 marks]

Wilson's School 44
Wilson's School 45
34. State the factors that control the braking distance of a car. For each factor, explain the
effect on the braking distance.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[5]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 7 marks]

Wilson's School 46
35. During some car races, the cars often stop to refuel and change tyres.

(i) Suggest why a car stops to refuel rather than taking enough fuel at the start in
order to complete the race without stopping.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain why the smooth tyres used in dry conditions are changed to those with a
tread in wet weather.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

36. The figure below shows a crate resting on the flat bed of a moving lorry.

crate
direction of travel

flat bed

(a) The lorry brakes and decelerates to rest.

Wilson's School 47
(i) Describe and explain what happens to the crate if the flat bed of the lorry is
smooth.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) A rough flat bed allows the crate to stay in the same position on the lorry
when the lorry brakes. Show on the figure above (with an arrow labelled F)
the direction of the force that must act on the crate to allow this.
[1]

(b) Using your answers to (a) or otherwise explain how seat belts worn by rear seat
passengers can reduce injuries when a car is involved in a head-on crash.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]

Wilson's School 48
37. The reaction time of the driver of a car is 0.62 s.
–1
(i) Calculate the thinking distance when the car is travelling at a speed of 25 m s .

distance = ............................ m
[2]

(ii) The overall stopping distance of the car is 75 m.

Calculate

1. the braking distance of the car

[1]

2. the deceleration of the car when braking. Assume the deceleration is

uniform.

deceleration = .......................... unit ..............

[3]
[Total 6 marks]

Wilson's School 49
38. (a) Define

(i) power

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) a joule.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) A force F acts on an object. The object moves at an angle θ to this force. Explain
why the work done W by the force in the direction of motion of the object is not
just

W = Fx

but is equal to

W = Fx cosθ

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

Wilson's School 50
39. The diagram below shows a part of a fairground ride with a carriage on rails.

3.9m

30 o

The carriage of mass 500 kg is travelling towards a slope inclined at 30° to the
horizontal. The carriage has a kinetic energy of 25 kJ at the bottom of the slope. The
carriage comes to rest after travelling up the slope to a vertical height of 3.9 m.

(i) Show that the gravitational potential energy gained by the carriage is 19 kJ.
[2]

(ii) Calculate the total work done against the resistive forces as the carriage moves
up the slope.

work done = ........................................... kJ

[1]

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(iii) Calculate the magnitude of the resistive force acting against the carriage as it
moves up the slope.

resistive force = ....................................... N

[2]
[Total 5 marks]

–1
40. A car of mass 800 kg is travelling at a speed of 20 m s . Calculate

(i) the kinetic energy of the car

kinetic energy = ......................................... J

[2]

(ii) the deceleration of the car when the braking distance is 24 m.

–2
deceleration = ...................................... m s
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 52
–1
41. A car of mass 1380 kg, travelling at 31.1 m s , is brought to rest by the brakes in
48.2 m. Calculate

(i) the initial kinetic energy of the car

kinetic energy = .............................. J

[3]

(ii) the average deceleration of the car

–2
deceleration = .............................. m s
[2]

(iii) the average braking force.

braking force = .............................. N

[2]
[Total 7 marks]

42. Define the quantities

(i) work

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 53
(ii) power.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

43. This question is about an alpha particle making a head on collision with a gold nucleus.

(a) (i) When the alpha particle is at a large distance from the gold nucleus it has a
–13
kinetic energy of 7.6 × 10 J. Show that its speed is about
7 –1
1.5 × 10 m s .
–27
mass of alpha particle = 6.6 × 10 kg

[2]

(ii) As the alpha particle approaches the gold nucleus, it slows down and the
gold nucleus starts to move, Fig. 1.

gold nucleus alpha particle

Fig.1

Explain this and explain how it is possible to calculate the speed of the gold
nucleus.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[3]

Wilson's School 54
(iii) Fig.2 shows the alpha particle and the gold nucleus at the distance of
closest approach. At this instant the gold nucleus is moving with speed V
and the alpha particle is stationary.

gold nucleus a lpha particle

Fig. 2

Calculate the speed V of the gold nucleus.

–25
mass of gold nucleus = 3.0 × 10 kg

–1
V = ......................m s
[2]

(iv) The alpha particle bounces back. Its final speed approximately equals its
initial speed of approach. Assume that the mean force on the nucleus is 9.0
N during the interaction.
Estimate the time of the collision.

time = ….…………… s
[2]

Wilson's School 55
(b)

F/N

0
0 5 10 15 20
r / 10 –14 m

Fig. 3

(i) Fig. 3 shows two points on the graph of the electrostatic repulsive force F
between the alpha particle and nucleus against their separation r. The
particle and the nucleus are being treated as point charges. Use data from
–14
the graph to calculate the values of the force at distances r = 10 × 10 m
–14
and 15 × 10 m.

–14
F at 10 × 10 m =…………….N
–14
F at 15 × 10 m =…………….N
[3]

(ii) Plot the two points on the graph and draw the curve.
[1]
[Total 13 marks]

Wilson's School 56
44. A champion BMX cyclist wishes to become a professional and seeks help from an A-
level Physics student in creating an act. The student suggests two stunts; one involving
a horizontal take-off on to a sloping ramp and the other involving a loop-the-loop
manoeuvre.

(a) The student begins by finding out the maximum speed the cyclist can produce on
level ground. Two flags are positioned 240 m apart on a flat road. The cyclist is
told to accelerate to the first flag and to pedal as hard as he can until the second
flag is passed. This is shown in Fig. 1

240 m

Fig. 1

The student gets the cyclist to repeat the test three times and records the
following results:

14.8 s 17.2 s 15.6 s

Show that the mean speed the cyclist can maintain over the 240 m is about
–1
15 m s .

[2]

(b) The student designs the stunt shown in Fig. 2 where the cyclist must take off at
–1
15 m s from a horizontal launch pad and land smoothly just at the edge of a
sloping ramp.

Wilson's School 57
15 m s –1

launch pad

x
ram p

45° ground

Fig. 2

The student reasons that in order to land smoothly, the direction of the velocity of
the cyclist on reaching the edge of the ramp must be at the same 45° angle as
the ramp itself.
Ignore air resistance in all calculations.

(i) Explain why the vertical component of velocity on reaching the ramp must
–1
be 15 m s .

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) The student calculated the vertical fall y to the ramp to be about 11 m.
Show how he arrived at this result.

[2]

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(iii) The student calculated the horizontal jump x to the ramp to be about 23 m.
Show how he arrived at this result.

[1]

(iv) The total mass of the cyclist and bike is 86 kg. Show that the kinetic energy
of the cyclist on reaching the ramp is about 19 kJ.

[3]
[Total 9 marks]

45. The student next designs a loop-the-loop stunt shown in the diagram below. The cyclist
–1
must enter the circular runway at the same 15 m s speed in order to exit from it
smoothly.

B A

15 m s –1

Wilson's School 59
In order to calculate the maximum diameter of loop in which the cyclist can safely
execute the manoeuvre, the student makes the following assumptions

• the cyclist stops pedalling once he enters the loop at E

• the normal reaction of the runway on the tyre just becomes zero at the top of the
loop T

• therefore the centripetal force at the top T is provided by the force of gravity only

• air resistance and runway friction can be ignored.

As a result, the student calculates the diameter of the track to be 9.17 m.

–1
(i) Show that the speed of the cyclist at the top T of the loop should be 6.7 m s .

[3]

(ii) The total mass of the cyclist and bike is 86 kg. Calculate

1 the kinetic energy of the cyclist at the top T

kinetic energy = .............................................. J

[2]

Wilson's School 60
2 the gravitational potential energy of the cyclist at the top T. Take the
gravitational potential energy at E to be zero.

potential energy = ............................................. J

[2]

(iii) Show that the sum of the kinetic and potential energies at the top T of the loop is
equal to the kinetic energy of the cyclist as he enters the loop at E.

[2]

(iv) The cyclist suggests that removing the top half or semicircle of the loop from A to
B would allow him to fly in a semi-circular arc through the air and thus make a
more spectacular stunt. How should the student should respond to this
suggestion? Explain your reasoning.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]

Wilson's School 61
46. This question is about the possibility of fusion between a tritium nucleus and a
deuterium nucleus.

3 2
A tritium nucleus 1 H and a deuterium nucleus 1H approach each other along the
same line with the same speed u.

Each nucleus decelerates, comes to rest and then accelerates in the reverse direction.

(a) (i) By considering conservation of momentum, explain why both nuclei cannot
come to rest at the same time.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) When the nuclei are closest together they have the same velocity. Show
that this velocity is u / 5.

[2]

Wilson's School 62
(b) (i) Energy is conserved during the interaction.

Write a word equation relating the initial energy of the two nuclei when they
are far apart, to their energy when they are closest together. Your equation
should make clear the kind(s) of energy involved.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Show that the total initial kinetic energy of the two nuclei is equal to
–27 2 –1
4.18 × 10 u joule where u is in m s .

[3]

(iii) The potential energy E of two charges Q1 and Q2, separated by a distance r
is given by

Q1Q 2
E = 4π 0 r 0 = permittivity of free space

3 2
For 1 H and 1H to fuse, their separation must be no more than
–15
1.50 × 10 m.

Calculate the minimum value of u for fusion to take place.

–1
minimum value of u = ................................................ m s
[4]

Wilson's School 63
[Total 11 marks]

47. The figure below shows the path of a tennis ball after passing over the net.

tennis
ball

1.20 m
net

line
11.9 m

As the ball passes over the net it is travelling horizontally at a height of 1.20 m. The ball
strikes the ground on a line 11.9 m from the net.

(a) Assume that there is no air resistance acting on the ball.

(i) Show that the time taken for the ball to reach the line after passing over the
net is 0.495s.

[3]

(ii) At the instant the ball strikes the line calculate

1 the horizontal component of its velocity

–1
horizontal component = ................................m s
[2]

2 the vertical component of its velocity.

–1
vertical component = ................................m s
[2]

–2
(b) The mass of the tennis ball is 6.00 ´ 10 kg. Calculate the loss in gravitational
potential energy of the ball from the time it passes over the net until it hits the
line.

loss in potential energy = ................................ J

[2]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 64
48. During a bungee jump, the jumper falls a distance of 150 m before stopping for the first
time. The jumper’s mass is 80 kg.

(a) Assuming that frictional losses are negligible, complete the following table to
show the energy changes between the top and the bottom of the fall. One value
has been given.

energy at the top / J energy at the bottom / J

gravitational potential energy

0
of jumper

kinetic energy of jumper

elastic potential energy of

elastic rope

[3]

(b) The elastic rope being used has an unstretched length of 50 m and spring
–1
constant of 24 N m . Calculate the tension in the rope when the jumper stops at
the bottom.

tension = .................................................... N
[1]

Wilson's School 65
(c) For a rope obeying Hooke’s law show that the elastic potential energy stored in
the rope is given by

1
2
E = 2 kx

where k is the elastic spring constant and x is the extension.

[2]

(d) (i) Another jumper has a mass of 100 kg. For this bungee jump a rope of
–1
unstretched length 45 m and a spring constant 26.7 N m is used. Show
that this data is valid for the same 150 m fall before stopping for the first
time.

[2]

(ii) In fact, the rope used by the second jumper is a shorter length of the rope
used by the first jumper. Explain why the spring constant for the shorter
rope is larger.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 66
49. The figure below illustrates a conveyor belt for transporting young children up a snow-
covered bank so that they can ski back down.

24 m

4.0 m
conveyor belt

A child of mass 20 kg travels up the conveyor belt at a constant speed. The distance
travelled up the slope is 24 m and the time taken is 55 s. The vertical height climbed in
this time is 4.0 m.

(a) For the child on the conveyor belt, calculate

(i) her speed

–1
speed = ............................ m s
[2]

(ii) her kinetic energy

kinetic energy = ............................ J

[2]

(iii) the increase in her potential energy for the complete journey up the slope.

potential energy = ............................ J

[2]

(b) (i) The conveyor belt is designed to take a maximum of 15 children at any one
time. Calculate the power needed to lift 15 children of average mass 20 kg
through a height of 4.0 m in 55 s.

power = ............................ W
[2]

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(ii) The belt is driven by an electric motor. State two reasons why the motor
needs a greater output power than that calculated in (b)(i).

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 10 marks]

50. The Sun’s energy is generated by fusion reactions.

Fusion is most likely to occur when reacting nuclei approach each other along the
same straight line. The figure below shows two protons which have the same initial
speed.
1 1
1H 1H

(a) Describe the energy changes in this system as the protons approach each other
and come to rest.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[3]

Wilson's School 68
(b) In order to fuse, the centres of the protons must reach a separation of
–15
2.1 × 10 m or less. Calculate the minimum initial kinetic energy of each proton
for fusion to occur.
The total potential energy EP of two charges Q1 and Q2 at separation r is given
by

Q1Q 2
EP = 4 0 r .

kinetic energy = ..................................... J

[2]

(c) Using the equation

–23
EK = 2.07 × 10 T

calculate the temperature T of a plasma such that the kinetic energy of the
protons is equal to your answer to (b).

temperature = .................................... K
[1]

7
(d) Proton fusion occurs at a temperature of about 1.5 × 10 K. Suggest why this
fusion can occur at a much lower temperature than your answer to (c).

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 69
(e) Two series of fusion reactions in the Sun are particularly important. One is the
hydrogen cycle which consists of the following reactions. The energy outputs
from each reaction are shown.

2( 11 H)  2
1H  0
1e  0
0ν  2.3  10 –13 J
2 1 3
1H  1H  2 He  8.8  10 –13 J
2( 32 He)  4
2 He  2( 11 H)  20.6  10 –13 J

The hydrogen cycle of reactions may be summarised in the equation 4 (11

4( 11 H)  4
2 He  2( 01 e)  2( 00 ν)  E

(i) Calculate the value of E, the total energy output for this reaction.

E = ..................................... J
[2]

(ii) Suggest why the amount of heat generated inside the Sun by the hydrogen
cycle of reactions is less than would be expected from your answer to (i).

.................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 70
(f) Another series of reactions which occurs in the Sun is the carbon cycle. This
involves the fusion of protons with carbon and nitrogen nuclei. It happens to a
greater extent inside stars hotter than the Sun. Suggest why these reactions
require higher temperatures than the hydrogen cycle.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 13 marks]

51. State what is meant by kinetic energy and momentum. This should not be answered
2
just in terms of the equations Ek = ¹⁄₂mv and p = mv.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 71
52. Efficiency is a word frequently met in physics and in everyday life. It does, however,
often have different meanings. The following are all different uses of the word.

X An electric motor has an efficiency of 82%.

Y The efficiency of the insulation of houses should be improved to help

reduce global warming.

Z A dictionary definition of efficiency, when applied to a person, is capability

or competence.

(a) How is efficiency defined in physics, as used in example X?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Explain the use of the word efficiency in example Y. In your answer, state how
the efficiency can be improved and why the improvement could bring about a
reduction in global warming.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 72
53. The efficiency  of a steam turbine in a power station is given by the equation

work done by turbine

 = heat supplied to turbine in the same time .

It can be shown that the maximum theoretical efficiency max of the turbine is related to
the high temperature TH of the steam entering the turbine and the low temperature TC
of the water cooling the turbine. The equation relating these quantities, with all
temperatures in kelvin, is

T H  TC
max = T H .

(i) Calculate the actual efficiency of a turbine being supplied with heat at a rate of
120 MW and producing an output power of 42 MW.

efficiency = ..............................................
[2]

(ii) The turbine in (i) is supplied with steam at a temperature of 750 K and is cooled
by water at 290 K. What is its maximum theoretical efficiency?

maximum theoretical efficiency = ..............................................

[2]

(iii) In order to increase the maximum theoretical efficiency, the temperatures TH and
TC need to be altered. Which way, raised or lowered, does each need to be
changed?

TH needs to be ...........................

TC needs to be ...........................
[1]

Wilson's School 73
(iv) Describe a problem which would arise in practice if

1 TH was changed in the way you suggest

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

2 TC was changed in the way you suggest.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]

(v) What value would TC need to have in order to get a theoretical efficiency of 1
(100%)?

TC = .........................................................
[1]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 74
54. The following is adapted from an article about superconducting devices written by
Archie M. Campbell for “Physics World”. Read the following paragraphs and answer
the questions which follow.

The electrical resistance of a m aterial suddenly vanishes w hen it becom es

superconducting. This rem arkable transition takes place at a critical tem perature,
w hich is w ithin a few degrees of absolute zero for m ost superconducting
m aterials. C er tain m aterials have critical tem peratures w hich are appreciably
above absolute zero. Y ttrium barium copper oxide (Y B C O ) has a critical
tem perature o f 92 K and below this tem perature it is superconducting. S uch
m aterials are extrem ely useful for electrical devices. For exam ple, the very
high currents that can be pa ssed through superconducting m aterials can be
used to generate large m agnetic fields, such as those used in m agnetic
separation of charged particles or in m aking pow erful electric m otors.

A problem is that heat w ill enter into such a cold device. T he rate at w hich
w ork needs to be done to rem ove the hea t leaking into the device increases as
the operating tem perature is low ered. A t 77 K heat lea king in at the rate of 1 W
re quires 30 W of pow er to be supplied to the cooling m echanism to m aintain a
constant tem perature. At 4.2 K the pow er supplied needs to increase to 300 W
for each w att leaking in.

(a) State the resistance of a superconducting material below the critical temperature.

 ................................................................
[1]

(b) Calculate the power required by the cooling mechanism at 4.2 K if heat is leaking
into a superconducting device at a rate of 20W.

power = ............................................... W
[1]

Wilson's School 75
(c) Suggest why a superconducting device using YBCO will be run at a temperature
of, say, 77 K when its critical temperature is 92 K.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) A large electromagnet is made out of superconducting wire of square cross-

2
section having area 1.0 mm . It is a circular coil containing 3200 turns of average
radius 0.30 m.
A cut-away diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The wire, when superconducting, has
8 –2
current density through it of 2.0 × 10 amperes per square metre (A m ) of
cross-section.

Fig. 1

(i) Show that the current in the wire is 200 A.

[2]

Wilson's School 76
(ii) The magnetic flux density B caused by such a coil can be estimated using
the equation

 o IN
B = 2r

where I is the current, N the number of turns, r the average radius of the
–6 –1
coil and µo is a constant equal to 1.26 × 10 T m A .
Calculate the resulting magnetic flux density.

magnetic flux density = ........................ T

[2]

(e) Isotopes of an element can be separated by first ionising them and then firing
them into a magnetic field. For example, if singly ionised atoms of U-235 and U-
238 are fired into a magnetic field they are deflected into circular paths of
different radii.

(i) State the equation for the force F acting on a charge Q moving with velocity
v at right angles to a magnetic field of flux density B.

.................................................................
[1]

+
(ii) Calculate the radius of the circular path of a singly-charged U-235 ion
5 –1
when it is fired with a velocity of 8.3 × 10 m s at right angles into the
magnetic field caused by the superconducting coil in (d)(ii). Assume that the
–19
charge on this ion is +1.60 × 10 C.

radius of path = ................................... m

[4]

Wilson's School 77
+ +
(iii) A beam containing singly ionised U-235 and U-238 ions, all travelling at
the same speed, enters a region of uniform magnetic field. Sketch the
paths of these ions in the region of the magnetic field in Fig. 2. Label the
diagram clearly. No calculation is required.

region of m agnetic field

dow n into the paper
pa th of U -235 + and
U -238 + ions

Fig. 2
[3]
[Total 16 marks]

Wilson's School 78
55. The figure below shows the path of a ball that has been thrown by a girl towards a
vertical wall.

w all

path of ball

3.3m
10m s –1

53°

4.9m

–2 –1
The girl throws the ball, of mass 5.0 ´ 10 kg, with a velocity of 10 m s at 53° to the
horizontal. In this question, ignore air resistance.
–1
(a) (i) Show that the horizontal component of the velocity is 6.0 m s .
[1]

(ii) In moving to the wall, the ball travels 4.9 m horizontally and 3.3 m vertically.
Calculate the time taken for the ball to travel from the girl’s hand to the wall.

time = ........................................ s
[2]

(iii) Calculate the gain in potential energy of the ball from leaving the girl’s hand
to when it hits the wall.

Gain in potential energy = ........................................ J

[3]

Wilson's School 79
–1
(b) The ball is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s when it hits the wall. The ball is in
–1
contact with the wall for 0.16 s and rebounds horizontally at 4.0 m s .
Calculate, for the time that the ball is in contact with the wall

(i) the change in velocity of the ball

–1
change in velocity = ..........................m s
[1]

(ii) the horizontal acceleration of the ball (assumed to be constant)

acceleration = ................... unit...........

[2]

(iii) the horizontal force acting on the ball

magnitude of the force = ...................................N

direction of the force .....................................

[3]

(iv) the loss in kinetic energy of the ball when rebounding from the wall.

loss in kinetic energy = ................................. J

[3]
[Total 15 marks]

Wilson's School 80
56. A nitrogen atom is initially stationary at point P in Fig. 1, midway between two large
horizontal parallel plates in an evacuated chamber. The nitrogen atom becomes
charged.
There is an electric field between the plates. Ignore any effects of gravity.

P 600 V

Fig. 1

(a) The direction of the electric force on the nitrogen ion is vertically downwards.
State with a reason the sign of the charge on the ion.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) The voltage between the plates is 600 V. At the instant that the ion, charge
–19 –26
1.6 × 10 C and mass 2.3 × 10 kg, reaches the lower plate, show that
–17
(i) the kinetic energy of the ion is 4.8 × 10 J

[2]

4 –1
(ii) the speed of the ion is 6.5 × 10 m s .

[2]

Wilson's School 81
4 –1
(c) The electric field strength between the plates is 4.0 × 10 N C . Calculate the
separation of the plates.

separation = ................................. m
[2]

–1
(d) The ion passes through a hole in the lower plate at a speed of 6.5 × 104 m s . It
enters a region of uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.17 T perpendicularly
into the plane of Fig. 2.

m agnetic field
into the plane of
the paper

Fig. 2

(i) Sketch on Fig. 2 the semicircular path taken by the ion.

[1]

Wilson's School 82
(ii) Calculate how far from the hole the ion will collide with the plate. Use data
from (b).

distance = ......................... m
[5]
[Total 13 marks]

57. (a) Define acceleration.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 83
(b) The following figure shows the velocity v of a ball against time t as it falls
vertically from rest to when it hits the ground at A.

v /m s – 1
6.0
A

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 t/s
–1.0

–2.0

–3.0

–4.0

–5.0

–6.0

Use the figure to show the distance that the ball falls is approximately 1.6m.
[2]

Wilson's School 84
(c) The ball is in contact with the ground for 20 ms and then rebounds vertically with
–1
an initial upwards velocity of 5.1m s .

(i) Calculate the acceleration of the ball as it rebounds while in contact with
the ground.
–2
acceleration = ............................ m s
[3]

(ii) Sketch on the figure above the velocity against time graph for the ball after
it has bounced off the ground until it reaches its maximum height.
[3]

(d) The ball has a mass of 0.025 kg and rebounds to a height of 1.3 m.

(i) Calculate the loss in the potential energy of the ball from the initial point of
release at 1.6 m to when it reaches 1.3 m.

loss in potential energy ............................ unit .................

[3]

(ii) Explain the loss in the potential energy.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 13 marks]

58. (i) Define work done.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 85
(ii) Define the watt.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

59. The braking distance x of a car depends on its initial kinetic energy Ek. The figure
below shows the relationship between Ek and x.

400

300

E k / kJ

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x/m

(i) Calculate the gradient of the graph.

–1
gradient = ............................ J m
[2]

(ii) Explain why the gradient of the graph is equal to the braking force acting on the
car.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 86
(iii) The car has a mass of 800 kg. Calculate the deceleration of the car when
braking.
–2
deceleration = ............................ m s
[2]

(iv) The car is loaded so that the total mass is 1200 kg. Describe and explain how the
braking distance changes for the same braking force and initial velocity.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

60. This question is about changing the motion of electrons using electric fields. The
diagram below shows a horizontal beam of electrons moving in a vacuum. The
electrons pass through a hole in the centre of a metal plate A. At B is a metal grid
through which the electrons can pass. At C is a further metal sheet. The three vertical
conductors are maintained at voltages of +600 V at A, 0V at B and +1200 V at C. The
distance from plate A to grid B is 40 mm.

+ 600 V 0V + 1200V

electron
be am

A B C
40m m

(a) On the diagram above draw electric field lines to represent the fields in the
regions between the three plates.
[3]

Wilson's School 87
(b) Show that the magnitude of the electric field strength between plate A and grid B
4 –1
is 1.5 × 10 V m .

[2]

force = ..................... N
[2]

(d) Show that the minimum speed that an electron in the beam must have at the hole
7 –1
in A to reach the grid at B is about 1.5 × 10 m s .

[2]

Wilson's School 88
(e) Calculate the speed of these electrons when they collide with sheet C.

–1
speed = ..................... m s
[1]

(f) Describe and explain the effect on the current detected at C when the voltage of
the grid B is increased negatively.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]

Wilson's School 89
61. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.

The figure below shows the path of a ball after it is thrown from T. The ball reaches a
maximum height at point P and then returns to the ground at G.

T G

Wilson's School 90
(a) Assuming no air resistance, describe and explain how the vertical and horizontal
components of the velocity of the ball change as it travels from T to G.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[5]

Wilson's School 91
(b) Assuming no air resistance, describe the changes in the kinetic and potential
energies of the ball as it travels from T to G.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[4]

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 14 marks]

Wilson's School 92
62. The linear accelerator or linac may be used for accelerating protons or positrons.
A particular linac consists of a source of charged particles and a series of cylindrical
electrodes. These electrodes are attached alternately to the terminals of an alternating
source of potential difference. The particles accelerate each time they cross the gap
between two electrodes when the p.d. is 50 kV.

particles electrode
particle source

vacu um
a lternating
source of A
p .d.

The diagram above shows the first part of such a linac.

(a) Protons from the particle source enter electrode A with 30 keV of energy.

(i) State the energy of one of these protons after being accelerated 10 times.

energy = ......................................... keV

[1]

(ii) Calculate the speed of this proton.

–1
speed = ............................................. m s
[3]

Wilson's School 93
(b) A 0.65 MeV positron collides with a stationary electron. The two particles are
annihilated and two -photons are produced. Calculate the frequency of one of
these photons.

frequency = ..................................................... Hz
[4]
[Total 8 marks]

63. Explain the quantities

(i) gravitational potential energy

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) kinetic energy

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) power.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]

Wilson's School 94
64. Water leaves a reservoir and falls through a vertical height of 130 m and causes a
water wheel to rotate. The rotating wheel is then used to produce 110 kW of electrical
power.

(i) Calculate the velocity of the water as it reaches the wheel, assuming that all the
gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.

–1
velocity = ...................................... m s
[3]

(ii) Calculate the mass of water flowing through the wheel per second, assuming that
the production of electrical energy is 100% efficient.

mass of water per second = .......................... unit ..............

[3]

(iii) State and explain two reasons why the mass of water flowing per second needs
to be greater than the value in (ii) in order to produce this amount of electrical
power.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

Wilson's School 95
65. The figure below shows a trolley attached to the end of a helical spring. The trolley
executes simple harmonic motion on the smooth table.

spring trolley

sm ooth table

(i) Describe how, for this oscillating trolley, you can determine the following
quantities using a stopwatch and a ruler.

1 the frequency oscillation

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]

2 the maximum speed of the trolley

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The amplitude of the trolley is doubled. The trolley still moves in simple harmonic
motion.
State with a reason the change, if any, in the maximum speed of the trolley.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Using your knowledge of Hooke’s law and Newton’s second law, determine the
period T of the trolley in terms of the force constant k of the spring and the mass
m of the trolley.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 96
66. (a) State Hooke’s law.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The diagram below shows the variation of the applied force F with the extension
x for a particular spring.

force/ N
8

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
extension /
x (x10 –3 m )

(i) Use the diagram to determine the force constant of the spring.

–1
force constant = ..................................N m
[2]

Wilson's School 97
(ii) Determine the elastic potential energy stored in the spring when a force of
20 N is applied.

energy stored = ......................................... J

[2]

(iii) State one assumption made in your calculation of the energy in (ii).

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

(iv) The energy stored in the spring is used to propel a metal ball of mass m
horizontally. There is 100% transfer of energy from the spring to the ball.
Show how the speed v of the metal ball is proportional to the extension x of
the spring. Find the constant of proportionality.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 98
67. Fig. 1 shows a spring that is fixed at one end and is hanging vertically.

fixed end of spring

m ass M

Fig. 1

A mass M has been placed on the free end of the spring and this has produced an
extension of 250 mm. The weight of the mass M is 2.00 N.

Fig. 2 shows how the force F applied to the spring varies with extension ´ up to an
extension of ´ = 250 mm.

4.0

3.0

F/N
2.0

1.0

0
0 100 200 300 4 00
x / mm

Fig. 2

Wilson's School 99
(a) (i) Calculate the spring constant of the spring.

spring constant = ............................ unit ................

[3]

(ii) Calculate the strain energy in the spring when the extension is 250 mm.

strain energy = ............................ J

[2]

(b) The mass M is pulled down a further 150 mm by a force F additional to its weight.

(i) Determine the force F.

F = ............................ N
[1]

(ii) State any assumption made.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

(c) The mass M is now released and it oscillates up and down. Fig. 3 shows the
displacement s against time t for these oscillations.

200

s / mm

100

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
t/s

–100

–200

Fig. 3

Wilson's School 100

(i) 1 Mark on Fig. 3 a time when the mass M has maximum downward
velocity.Label this position V.

2. Use the graph to determine this maximum downward velocity of the

mass.
–1
maximum velocity = ............................ m s
[3]

(ii) 1. Mark on Fig. 3 a time when the mass M has maximum resultant force
acting on it. Label this position with an X.

2. Explain your choice of position for X.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]

68. The London Eye, Fig. 1, is the largest observation wheel ever built. It has 32 egg-
shaped capsules attached to the outside of the rim of the wheel. Each capsule holds up
to 25 passengers and completes one revolution in 30 minutes.

The wheel of diameter 122m is driven by a drive system based on tyres gripping the
edge of the wheel rim. 16 rubber tyres each supply a tangential force of 12.5 kN to the
rim. The tyres are pressed against the rim by hydraulic cylinders.

The design engineers used computer simulations to predict all of the stresses on the
structure. These programs modelled the effect of metal fatigue as well as wind and
temperature changes over the whole structure. All of the 80 cables between the rim of
the wheel and the hub (centre) remain under tension as the wheel rotates. The system
acts like a large bicycle wheel suspended in the air.

Wilson's School 101

As the wheel rotates, the tension in each cable changes. The wheel and support as a
whole has a natural frequency of oscillation and it is important that the combination is
not set in oscillation by the wind.

(a) (i) Calculate the linear speed of the wheel rim when it is turning normally.

–1
speed = ............... m s
[2]

(ii) Calculate the total force exerted by the drive system.

force = .............. N
[1]

Wilson's School 102

(iii) Calculate the work done in moving the wheel through one revolution.

work done = ................... J

[2]

(iv) Calculate the useful power needed for the wheel to turn at the rate of one
revolution every 30 minutes.

power = ................... W
[2]

(v) The wheel turns at a constant speed. Energy is converted as a result of

• friction in the bearings
• friction between the tyres and the rim
• electrical energy supplied to the motor.
Apply the conservation of energy to the rotating wheel and discuss which of
the above produces useful work in rotating the London Eye.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[5]

Wilson's School 103

Wilson's School 104
(b) This question is concerned with the effect of the wind on the London Eye.

(i) In a storm the wind may exert a horizontal force of 1800 kN on the wheel
support, causing it to deflect horizontally by 90 cm. Calculate a value for the
spring constant k of the wheel support.

–1
k = ......................N m
[2]

(ii) The natural frequency f of oscillation of the wheel is given by the equation

1 k
f = 2π m

where m is the mass of the system.

Calculate the fundamental natural frequency f of oscillation of the wheel
5
support when m is 9.5 × 10 kg.

f = .............................. Hz
[2]

(iii) The wind may cause fluctuations at the frequency calculated in (b)(ii). What
problem might this cause and how may this problem be overcome?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 18 marks]

Wilson's School 105

69. (a) Define the Young modulus of a material.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Explain why the quantity strain has no units.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

70. The results given in the table below are obtained in an experiment to determine the
Young modulus of a metal in the form of a wire. The wire is loaded in steps of 5.0 N
up to 25.0 N and then unloaded.

loading unloading
load / N extension / mm extension /mm
0.0 0.00 0.00
5.0 0.24 0.24
10.0 0.47 0.48
15.0 0.71 0.71
20.0 0.96 0.95
25.0 1.20 1.20

(i) Using the results in the table and without plotting a graph, state and explain
whether the deformation of the wire

1 is plastic or elastic

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

2 obeys Hooke’s law.

.........................................................................................................................

Wilson's School 106

[2]

(ii) Explain how the extension and length of the wire may be determined
experimentally.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

–7 2
(iii) The wire tested is 1.72 m long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.80 ´ 10 m .
Use the extension value given in the table for a load of 25.0 N to calculate the
Young modulus of the metal of the wire.

Young modulus = .............................. Pa

[3]
[Total 8 marks]

71. Define the Young modulus.

..................................................................................................................................

[Total 1 mark]

72. Fig. 1 shows part of the force-extension graph for a spring. The spring obeys Hooke’s
law for forces up to 5.0 N.

Wilson's School 107

3.0

force / N

2.0

1.0

0
0 5 10 15 20
extension / m m

Fig. 1

(a) Calculate the extension produced by a force of 5.0 N.

extension = ............................. mm
[2]

(b) Fig. 2 shows a second identical spring that has been put in parallel with the first
spring. A force of 5.0 N is applied to this combination of springs.

fixed support

5.0N

Fig. 2

For the arrangement shown in Fig. 2, calculate

Wilson's School 108

(i) the extension of each spring

extension = ............................. mm
[2]

(ii) the total strain energy stored in the springs.

strain energy = ................................. J

[2]

11
(c) The Young modulus of the wire used in the springs is 2.0 ´ 10 Pa. Each
spring is made from a straight wire of length 0.40 m and cross-sectional
–7 2
area 2.0 ´ 10 m . Calculate the extension produced when a force of 5.0 N is
applied to this straight wire.

extension = ................................m
[3]

(d) Describe and explain, without further calculations, the difference in the strain
energies stored in the straight wire and in the spring when a 5.0 N force is
applied to each.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]

Wilson's School 109

73. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.

Describe an experiment to determine the Young modulus of a metal in the form of a

wire.

Your description should include

· a labelled diagram of the apparatus

· the measurements to be taken

· an explanation of how the equipment is used to obtain the measurements

· an explanation of how the measurements would be used to determine the Young

modulus.

diagram of the apparatus

[3]

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measurements to be taken

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

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how the equipment is used to obtain the measurements

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

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determination of the Young modulus

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 15 marks]

Wilson's School 113

74. Define the Young modulus.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 1 mark]

Wilson's School 114

75. (a) Explain what is meant by a brittle material.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Define the ultimate tensile strength of a material. Suggest why an engineer
designing a suspension bridge should know the value of this quantity for all his
materials.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 3 marks]

Wilson's School 115

76. Define the quantities

(i) stress

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 116

(ii) strain.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 117

77. (i) Sketch on the figure below a graph to show the relationship between the tensile
force F applied to a copper wire and the extension x produced. Continue the
graph to the breaking point of the wire.

x
[1]

Wilson's School 118

(ii) Label your graph to show the regions where the wire is undergoing

1 elastic deformation

2 plastic deformation.
[2]
[Total 3 marks]

Wilson's School 119

78. Below is a stress-strain graph up to the point of fracture for a rod of cast iron.

200
stress / 10 6
Pa fracture
point
160

120

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
strain / 10 –3

–4 2
(a) The rod of cast iron has a cross-sectional area of 1.5 ´ 10 m .

Calculate

Wilson's School 120

(i) the force applied to the rod at the point of fracture

force = ............................ N
[2]

(ii) the Young modulus of cast iron.

–2
Young modulus ............................. = N m
[3]

Wilson's School 121

(b) Use the graph or otherwise to describe the stress-strain behaviour of cast iron up
to and including the fracture point.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 8 marks]

Wilson's School 122

79. State what is meant by elastic and plastic

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 123

80. (i) Define strain.

.........................................................................................................................

(ii) Define stress.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 124

81. In this question, two marks are available for the quality of written communication.

The diagram below shows stress-strain graphs up to the point of fracture for three
different materials.

stress stress stress

copper

cast iron

polythene

0 0 0
0 strain 0 strain 0 strain

Wilson's School 125

Use the terms plastic, elastic, brittle, and ductile, where appropriate, to describe the
behaviour of the materials represented by the graphs.

cast iron ...................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

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copper ......................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Wilson's School 127

polythene .................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[8]
Quality of Written Communication [2]
[Total 10 marks]

Wilson's School 128

82. (a) The wire used in a piano string is made from steel. The original length of wire
used was 0.75 m. Fixing one end and applying a force to the other stretches the
wire. The extension produced is 4.2 mm.

(i) Calculate the strain produced in the wire.

strain = ................................
[2]

Wilson's School 129

11
(ii) The Young modulus of the steel is 2.0 x 10 Pa and the cross-sectional
–7 2
area of the wire is 4.5 × 10 m . Calculate the force required to produce
the strain in the wire calculated in (i).

force = ............................ N
[3]

Wilson's School 130

(b) A different material is used for one of the other strings in the piano. It has the
same length, cross-sectional area and force applied. Calculate the extension
produced in this wire if the Young modulus of this material is half that of steel.

extension = ......................... mm
[2]
[Total 7 marks]

Wilson's School 131

83. (a) State two conditions that are necessary for an object to be in equilibrium.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 132

(b) The diagram below shows a computer resting on a tabletop that is hinged at
point A.

0.80 m

com puter

tabletop

A B

F
0.25 m

200 N

The tabletop has a mass of 5.0 kg and its centre of gravity is 0.40 m from the axis
of the hinge A. The computer has a weight of 200 N acting through a point 0.25
m from the hinge A. The tabletop is supported to maintain it in a horizontal
position by a force F acting vertically at B. The distance AB is 0.80 m.

Wilson's School 133

Calculate the force F applied at B that is required to maintain the tabletop in
equilibrium.

force F = .................................................. N
[3]

Wilson's School 134

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]

Wilson's School 135

84. The figure below shows a crane that is used to move heavy objects.

The motor M in the crane lifts a total mass of 1500 kg through a height of 25 m at a
–1
constant velocity of 1.6 m s .

Calculate

(i) the tension in the lifting cable

tension = .............................. N
[2]

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(ii) the time taken for the mass to be raised through the height of 25 m

time = .............................. s
[1]

Wilson's School 137

(iii) the rate of gain of potential energy of the mass

–1
rate of gain of potential energy = .............................. J s
[3]

Wilson's School 138

(iv) the minimum output power of the motor used to raise the mass.

power = .............................. W
[1]
[Total 7 marks]

Wilson's School 139

85. Define

(i) the moment of a force

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 140

(ii) the torque of a couple.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

Wilson's School 141

86. The figure below shows a uniform rectangular beam supported by two straps. The
beam is in equilibrium.

0.50 m
X Y

1.0 m

A B

w eight = 3600 N

4.0 m

The weight of the beam is 3600 N and its length is 4.0 m. The strap A is positioned
0.50 m from one end of the beam and the strap B is positioned 1.0 m from the other
end.

(i) 1 Use the principle of moments to show that the upward force X at strap A is
1440 N.

[2]

2 Hence determine the force Y at the strap B.

force = .............................. N
[2]

Wilson's School 142

(ii) Discuss whether the forces X and Y provide a couple.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 143

–2 2
(iii) The area of strap A in contact with the underside of the beam is 2.3 ´ 10 m .
Calculate the average pressure exerted on the beam by strap A.

pressure = .............................. unit ..............................

[3]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 144

87. The graph below shows the variation with separation x of the resultant force F between
a pair of neighbouring atoms.

F/10 -12 N
20

x /nm
0
0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 1 .0

-10

-2 0

Wilson's School 145

(i) State

1 the range of values of x over which the resultant force is attractive

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

2 the equilibrium separation of the two atoms.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 146

(ii) Explain why the shaded area in the graph represents the energy required to
separate the pair of atoms.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 147

(iii) Estimate the energy represented by the shaded area.

energy = ..............................................J
[3]

Wilson's School 148

(iv) The process of atoms leaving the surface of a solid to form a vapour without any
melting occurring is called sublimation. The energy needed for 1 kg of material to
sublime is called the specific latent heat of sublimation. Suggest how this is
related to the energy calculated in (iii).

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 149

88. The web site www.britishwindenergy.co.uk gives the following information for wind
turbines.

rotor diameters 30 m − 65 m
–1 –1
useable wind speeds 4 m s − 25 m s
–1
maximum power output occurs at 15 m s wind speed
rate of turning of rotor 15 − 50 revolutions per minute
–1
maximum theoretical efficiency at wind speed 15 m s 60%
average power output 30% of theoretical maximum

data sourced from British Wind Energy Association, www.bwea.com

In this question about wind turbines you will need to use some of this information.

(a) Consider the mass of the cylinder of air which travels past the blades of a turbine
–1
in one second. Take the wind speed to be 15 m s and the diameter of the rotor
to be 40 m. See the figure below.
–3
The density of air is 1.3 kg m .

40 m

15 m

Wilson's School 150

Calculate

(i) the volume of the cylinder of air passing the rotor in one second

3
volume = ................................................... m
[2]

Wilson's School 151

(ii) the mass of air passing the rotor in one second

mass = ..................................................... kg
[1]

Wilson's School 152

(iii) the kinetic energy of this mass of air

kinetic energy = ...................................................... J

[2]

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(iv) the maximum theoretical power output.

power = ..................................................... W
[2]

Wilson's School 154

(b) (i) Calculate the average power output from the wind turbine in (a).

average power output = ..................................................... W

[1]

Wilson's School 155

(ii) How many of these turbines would be required to replace one 1000 MW
conventional power station?

number = .........................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 156

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 157

(ii) Explain why wind power cannot be relied upon.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 158

(d) Suggest reasons why

(i) maximum useable wind speed does not produce maximum power

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[2]

Wilson's School 159

(ii) turbines have to be stopped when the wind speed is too high

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 160

(iii) government policy is to aim for only 10% of national electrical supply to be
provided by wind power.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 18 marks]

Wilson's School 161

89. The figure below shows a vacuum cleaner of weight W being pushed with a force P.
The force P acts at 30° to the horizontal.

dust
collector P = 24.0N

30°

floor
W = 65.0N

The weight W is 65.0 N and the magnitude of force P is 24.0 N.

(a) (i) Calculate

1 the horizontal component of the force P

horizontal component = ................................N

2 the vertical component of the force P.

vertical component = ................................N

[3]

(ii) Show that the total downward vertical force is 77.0 N.

[1]

(iii) Hence determine the magnitude of the resultant of the forces W and P.

resultant force = ................................N

[2]

Wilson's School 162

(iv) The vacuum cleaner is not switched on and is pushed in such a way that it
travels at a constant velocity to the left. There are other forces acting on the
vacuum cleaner. State and explain the magnitude of the resultant of these
other forces.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) The total area of the vacuum cleaner in contact with the floor is
–3 2
4.2 ´ 10 m . Calculate the pressure exerted on the floor by the
total downward vertical force.

pressure = ................................Pa
[2]

(ii) State and explain what happens to this pressure if the handle is lifted so
that its angle with the horizontal direction is more than 30°. The force P
and the total area in contact with the floor remain constant.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 11 marks]

90. Explain the term centre of gravity of an object.

..................................................................................................................................

[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 163

91. The figure below shows a lawn mower which is carried by two people.

B
90.0 cm

20.0 cm

g ra s s
law n m ow er c u ttin g s
c o lle c to r
A

w e ig h t 3 5 0 N ground

(i) The two people apply forces A and B at each end of the lawn mower. The weight
of the lawn mower is 350 N.

1 Explain why the weight of the lawn mower does not act in the middle of the
lawn mower, that is 55 cm from each end.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

2 Use the principle of moments to show that the force B is 64 N.

[2]

3 Determine the force A.

A = ................................N
[1]

(ii) State and explain what happens to the forces A and B if the person that applies

Wilson's School 164

force B moves his hands along the handle towards the middle of the lawn mower.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]

92. The figure below shows a violin.

w ire support

w ooden pegs

Two of the wires used on the violin, labelled A and G are made of steel. The two wires
are both 500 mm long between the pegs and support. The 500 mm length of wire
–3 3 –3
labelled G has a mass of 2.0 ´ 10 kg. The density of steel is 7.8 ´ 10 kg m .
–7 2
(i) Show that the cross-sectional area of wire G is 5.1 ´ 10 m .

[2]

Wilson's School 165

(ii) The wires are put under tension by turning the wooden pegs shown in the figure.
11
The Young modulus of steel is 2.0 ´ 10 Pa.
–4
Calculate the tension required in wire G to produce an extension of 4.0 ´ 10 m.

tension = ................................N
[3]

(iii) Wire A has a diameter that is half that of wire G. Determine the tension required
–4
for wire A to produce an extension of 16 ´ 10 m.

tension = ................................N
[1]

(iv) State the law that has been assumed in the calculations in (ii) and (iii).

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 7 marks]

Wilson's School 166

93. The figure below shows a vehicle that is used for carrying people ‘off-road’.

An off-road vehicle is designed so that it can be driven on rough and uneven ground.
The mass of the vehicle and occupants is 3000 kg.

(a) Explain how the tyres are designed to reduce the pressure of the vehicle on the
surface over which it is travelling.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

–1
(b) The braking distance of the vehicle when travelling on a normal road at 26 m s
is 52 m.

Calculate

(i) the kinetic energy of the vehicle and occupants before braking occurs

kinetic energy = ................................ J

[3]

Wilson's School 167

(ii) the average deceleration of the vehicle when braking

deceleration = .................. unit.................

[2]

(iii) the average braking force acting during the deceleration.

braking force = ................................ N

[2]
[Total 8 marks]

94. The diagram below shows a simple model to demonstrate the forces exerted by back
muscles for a person bending over at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.

40 c
m
head
back 25 c
m
X

15º
F
30º
W pivot

The back muscles may be considered to act as a single force F through a point on the
back situated 25 cm from the pivot and making a constant angle of 15° with the back.
The weight W of the upper body acts through a point X, situated a distance of 40 cm
from the pivot.

Wilson's School 168

(a) Calculate for an upper body weight W of 450 N, the size of the force F needed by
the back muscles to keep the back at an angle of

(i) 30° to the horizontal

F = ..................................................... N
[4]

(ii) 70° to the horizontal.

F = ..................................................... N
[1]

(b) Explain including reference to your answers to (a), the body position which
should be adopted when lifting heavy loads from the ground.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 9 marks]

Wilson's School 169

95. Give details of a situation in which an object

(a) is in equilibrium but is not stationary

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) has its acceleration and its velocity

(i) at right angles to each other

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) in opposite directions.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
[1]

Wilson's School 170

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) has zero resultant force on it but is not in equilibrium.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

96. (i) Define pressure.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Define moment of a force.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 171

97. (a) The figure below shows a device used for compressing materials.

380 m m 120 m m

lever arm
plunger
F = 20N

crushed m aterial

cross-sectional
area cylinder
4.0 x 10 –3 m 2

A vertical force F of 20 N is applied at one end of a lever system. The lever is

pivoted about a hinge H. The plunger compresses the material in the cylinder.

(i) Two forces acting on the lever arm are its weight and the force F. On the
figure above, draw and label two other forces acting on the lever arm.
[2]

(ii) By taking moments about H, show that the force acting on the plunger is
83 N. The weight of the lever arm may be neglected.
[2]

–3 2
(b) (i) The cross-sectional area of the plunger is 4.0 ´ 10 m . Calculate the
pressure exerted by the plunger on the material in the cylinder.

pressure = ............................ Pa
[2]

Wilson's School 172

(ii) State two methods of increasing the pressure exerted by the plunger.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

98. The figure below shows three ropes attached to a ring R. Three cylinders x, y and z,
are supported by these ropes from two pulleys.

pu lley

pulley

X
Z = 360N
90°
z
x 37° 53°
R

Y = 450N 360N

Wilson's School 173

–3 3
(a) (i) The cylinder z has a weight of 360N and a volume of 4.7 ´ 10 m .

Calculate

1 the mass of the cylinder z

mass = ............................ kg
[1]

2 the density of the cylinder z.

density = ............................ unit ........

[3]

(ii) The ring R is in equilibrium. Use a labelled vector triangle to determine the
tension X.

tension X = ............................ N
[4]

(b) (i) Explain why the sum of the magnitudes of the tensions in any two ropes
does not equal the tension in the other rope.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Show that the sum of the vertical components of the tensions X and Z is
equal to the tension Y.

[2]
[Total 12 marks]

Wilson's School 174

99. This question is about electric forces.

A very small negatively-charged conducting sphere is suspended by an insulating

thread from support S. It is placed close to a vertical metal plate carrying a positive
charge. The sphere is attracted towards the plate and hangs with the thread at an
angle of 20° to the vertical as shown in Fig. 1.

20°

Fig. 1

(a) Draw at least five electric field lines on Fig. 1 to show the pattern of the field
between the plate and the sphere.
[3]

–5 –9
(b) The sphere of weight 1.0 × 10 N carries a charge of –1.2 × 10 C.

(i) Show that the magnitude of the attractive force between the sphere and the
–6
plate is about 3.6 × 10 N.

[3]

Wilson's School 175

(ii) Hence show that the value of the electric field strength at the sphere,
3
treated as a point charge, is 3.0 × 10 in SI units. State the unit.

unit for electric field strength is ...................

[3]

(c) The plate is removed. Fig. 2 shows an identical sphere carrying a charge of
–9
+1.2 × 10 C, mounted on an insulating stand. It is placed so that the hanging
sphere remains at 20° to the vertical.

20°

Fig. 2

Treating the spheres as point charges, calculate the distance r between their
centres.

r = .............................. m
[3]

Wilson's School 176

(d) On Fig. 2, sketch the electric field pattern between the two charges. By
comparing this sketch with your answer to (a), suggest why the distance between
the plate and the sphere in Fig. 1 is half of the distance between the two spheres
in Fig. 2.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 14 marks]

100. The figure below shows the direction of two forces of 16 N and 12 N acting at an angle
of 50° to each other.

1 6N
50°

12N

Using the figure, draw a vector diagram to determine the magnitude of the resultant of
the two forces.

magnitude of resultant force ................................ N

[Total 4 marks]

Wilson's School 177

101. The figure below shows two forces, each of magnitude 1200 N, acting on the edge of a
disc of radius 0.20 m.

1200 N

0.20m

rotating disc
12 00 N

(a) (i) Define the torque of a couple.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Calculate the torque produced by these forces.

torque = ............................N m
[2]

Wilson's School 178

(b) This torque is needed to overcome friction and keep the disc rotating at a
constant rate.

(i) Show that the work done by the two forces when the disc rotates one
complete revolution is about 3000 J.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the power required to keep the disc rotating at 40 revolutions
per second.

power = ............................... W
[2]
[Total 7 marks]

102. State the two conditions necessary for a system to be in equilibrium.

1. ..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 179

103. The figure below shows a painter’s plank resting on two supports A and B.

0.55 m
0.15 m 0.15 m

A B

1.00 m 1.00 m

80N 650N

The plank is uniform, has a weight 80 N and length 2.00 m. A painter of weight 650 N
stands 0.55m from one end.

(i) Show that the force acting on the plank at the support B is approximately 540 N
by taking moments of all the forces about the support at A.
[3]

(ii) Calculate the force acting on the plank at support A.

force at A = ....................................... N
[2]

(iii) Describe and explain what happens to the forces on the plank at A and B if the
painter moves towards the support at A. Quantitative values are not required.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 8 marks]

Wilson's School 180

104. A girl travels down a pulley-rope system that is set up in an adventure playground. Fig.
1 shows the girl at a point on her run where she has come to rest.

Fig. 1

The girl exerts a vertical force of 500 N on the pulley wheel. All the forces acting on the
pulley wheel are shown in Fig. 2.

force of rope
on w heel
T2
force of rope
on w heel
T1

10° 30°
horizontal

force of girl
on w heel
500 N

Fig. 2

Wilson's School 181

(a) Explain why the vector sum of the three forces must be zero.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) (i) Sketch a labelled vector triangle of the forces acting on the pulley wheel.
[3]

(ii) Determine by scale diagram or calculation the forces T1 and T2 the rope
exerts on the pulley wheel.
[3]
[Total 7 marks]

105. The figure below shows a stationary oil drum floating in water.

cross-sectional
area 0.25 m 2

0.75 m
w ater

2
The oil drum is 0.75 m long and has a cross-sectional area of 0.25 m . The air pressure
5
above the oil drum is 1.0 ´ 10 Pa.

(a) Calculate the force acting on the top surface of the oil drum due to the external
air pressure.

force = ............................ N
[2]

Wilson's School 182

–3
(b) The average density of the oil drum and contents is 800 kg m . Calculate the
total weight of the oil drum and contents.

weight = ............................ N
[3]

force = ............................ N
[1]
[Total 6 marks]

106. A student constructs a model arm to demonstrate how two particular muscles in the
upper arm control movement of the lower arm. The figure below is a simplified diagram
of this model arm.

Wilson's School 183

Use the following data for the model to calculate the tension required in string B to
maintain the arm in the position shown in the figure above.

mass of lower arm = 75 g

mass of glove = 135 g
distance of centre of mass of lower arm from pivot = 20 cm
distance of centre of mass of glove from pivot = 30 cm
string B is attached to lower arm at a distance of 2.0 cm from the pivot
string T is attached to the lower arm at a distance from the pivot of 1.0 cm
the tension in string T is zero.

tension = ..................... N
[Total 3 marks]

Wilson's School 184

107. A child sits on a swing and is pulled by a horizontal force P so that the chains make an
angle with the vertical of 35°. The diagram below shows the forces acting in this
position.

chain
35°

tension in chains

horizontal force P
vertical

sw ing seat

w eight

The combined mass of the child and swing seat is 28 kg.

(a) Calculate the combined weight of the child and swing seat.

weight = ............................ N
[2]

Wilson's School 185

(b) Use a labelled vector triangle to determine the force P required to hold the swing
stationary in the position shown in the diagram above.

force = ............................ N
[4]

(c) State and explain what happens to the tension in the chains if the swing is pulled
so that the chains make a larger angle with the vertical. A numerical answer is not
required.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

Wilson's School 186

108. (i) State the principle of moments.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) State the two conditions for a system to be in equilibrium.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 3 marks]

Wilson's School 187

109. The diagram below shows the open bonnet of a car. The bonnet is held open at an
angle of 60° to the horizontal by a vertical force V applied at one end of the bonnet
(shown on the diagram). The bonnet is 0.90 m long, has a weight of 25 N and its
centre of gravity G is 0.35 m from the hinge at O.

vertical force

car bonnet

0.90m

60°
horizontal
hinge O

(i) On the diagram above, draw and label the two forces other than V acting on the
bonnet.
[2]

(ii) By taking moments about O, show that the vertical force V applied at the end of
the bonnet is 9.7 N.

[2]

Wilson's School 188

(iii) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting at the hinge O. Show your working.

force at hinge = ............................ N

[2]
[Total 6 marks]

110. (i) Define density.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) State and explain what happens to the density of the material of a wire when it is
stretched. Assume that when the wire stretches the cross-sectional area remains
constant.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 2 marks]

Wilson's School 189

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