BRITISH STANDARD BS AU 178a:

1992

Specification for

Road vehicle safety

glass
BS AU 178a:1992

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Automobile

Standards Policy Committee (AUE/- ) to Technical Committee AUE/1 0, upon
which the following bodies were represented:

Association of British Glass Repair Operators

Automobile Association

British Plastics Federation

British Railways Board

Department of Transport

Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory)

Flat Glass Manufacturers’ Association

Glass and Glazing Federation

National Caravan Council Ltd.

Society of Motor Manufacturers’ and Traders Ltd.

Windscreen and Glass Repairer’s Association

Windscreen Repair Equipment Manufacturers’ and Suppliers’ Association

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Automobile
Standards Policy Committee,
was published under the
authority of the Standards
Board and comes into effect on
28 February 1 992
Amendments issued since publication
© BSI 04- 1 999
Amd. No. Date Comments
First published November 1 980

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference AUE/1 0
Draft for comment 90/77370 DC

ISBN 0 580 19947 9

 BS AU 178a:1992

Contents

Page

Committees responsible Inside front cover

Foreword iii

1 Scope 1

2 Definitions 1

3 Glazing characteristics 5

4 General requirements and application 5

5 Particular requirements 5

6 Purpose of the tests 6

7 Detailed schedule of tests for safety glass 6

8 Application for approval and procedure on any subsequent

modification of the product 6

9 Marking 7

Appendix A General test conditions 9

Appendix B Toughened glass windscreens 21

Appendix C Toughened glass windows other than windscreens 23

Appendix D Ordinary laminated glass windscreens 25

Appendix E Ordinary laminated glass windows other

than windscreens 28

Appendix F Treated laminated glass windscreens 29

Appendix G Windscreen grouping 30

Appendix H Thicknesses of glass available to the

United Kingdom automobile industry 31

Appendix J Application for approval and procedure on

any subsequent modification of the product 31

Appendix K Classification of vehicles according to the

Commission of the European Communities (EEC/Brussels) and

the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

(UN- ECE/Geneva) 33

Appendix L Plastics- coated safety glazing 33

Figure 1 — Maximum height of segments, A — B, measured

approximately normal to the glass 4

Figure 2 — Specified points of impact for windscreens 9

Figure 3 — Specified points of impact for toughened glass

windows other than windscreens 10

Figure 4 — Support for ball tests 11

Figure 5 — Support for samples (head form test) 12

Figure 6 — Support for test pieces (head form test) 12

Figure 7 — Head form 13

Figure 8 — Diagram of abrading instrument 14

Figure 9 — Equipment for measuring scattered light (hazemeter) 15

Figure 1 0 — Deviation at point M on the inner surface of the

windscreen denoted by ! 17

Figure 1 1 — Optical distortion: position of zone 1 18

Figure 1 2 — Vision zone “A” 19

Figure 1 3 — Vision zone “B” 19

Figure 1 4 — Example of combustion chamber with

sample holder and drip tray 34

Figure 1 5 — Sample 35

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BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Page

Table 1 — Secondary characteristics 2

Table 2 — Tests specified for the categories of

glass defined in 2.4 and 2.5 7

Table 3 — Readings required for abrasion resistance test 15

Table 4 — The minimum number of products required

for a full set of approval tests 32

Publication(s) referred to Inside back cover

© BSI 04- 1 999

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 BS AU 1 7 8a: 1 992

Fore word

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Automobile
Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes BS AU 1 78: 1 980 which is withdrawn.

This new edition of BS AU 1 78 has been produced to align the standard with ECE
(United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) Regulation 43.

This edition introduces technical changes but it does not reflect a full review or
revision of the standard, which will be undertaken in due course.

Differences in the text between this edition and BS AU 1 78: 1 980 are indicated by
a line in the margin.

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

C o mp liance with a British S tandard doe s not o f itse lf confe r immunity

fro m le gal ob ligations.

S ummary o f p age s

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 36, an inside back cover and a back cover.

This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

© BSI 04- 1 999 iii

iv blank
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

1 S cop e 2 . 6 Gro up of windscre e ns

This British Standard specifies requirements for Windscreens of different sizes and shapes that can

safety glass for installation either as windscreens or be considered to have the same characteristics for

as other windows or as partitions in motor vehicles mechanical properties, fragmentation and

and trailers (see 2.1 and 2 . 2 ). This standard also resistance to the environment tests.

specifies test requirements. 2 . 6. 1

NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard flat windscre e n

are listed on the inside back cover.

a windscreen with no curvature

2 D e finitions 2 . 6. 2

curve d windscre e n
For the purposes of this British Standard the
following definitions apply. a windscreen that is curved in at least one direction

2 . 1 Motor ve hicle 2.7

p rincip al characte ristic

A mechanically propelled vehicle intended or
adapted for use on roads (Road Traffic Act 1 972). a characteristic that substantially changes the
optical and/or mechanical properties of a safety
2.1 .1
glass with regard to its application to a vehicle. The
m ve hicle
1
trade name or mark of the manufacturer is also a
a vehicle used for the carriage of passengers and principal characteristic (see 3.2)

comprising no more than 8 seats in addition to the

2.8
driver’s seat
se condary characte ristic
NOTE A list of EEC and UN- ECE vehicle categories with
definitions is given for information in Appendix K. a characteristic that significantly but not

2.2
substantially changes the optical and/or mechanical

traile r
properties of a safety glass with regard to its
application to a vehicle (see 3.3). The significance of
a vehicle drawn by a motor vehicle (Road Traffic
the change is j udged in relation to the indices of
Act 1 972)
difficulty (see 2 .9)

2.3
2.9
slow moving ve hicle
indice s of difficulty

an industrial or agricultural tractor capable of a

a two- stage grading applying to the variation in
speed not exceeding 30 km/h on level ground
practice of each secondary characteristic.
2.4 Table 1 shows the characteristics to which the
toughe ne d glass indices relate; a change from index (1 ) to index (2)
requires additional testing
a glass consisting of a single layer that has been
subj ected to special treatment to increase its 2.1 0

mechanical strength and to condition fragmentation de ve lo p e d are a of a windscre e n

after shattering
the minimum rectangular area of glass from which
2 . 5 Laminate d glass a windscreen can be developed

A glass consisting of two or more layers held 2.1 1

together by one or more interlayers of plastics inclinati on angle o f a wind scre e n

material. Laminated glass may be either ordinary

the angle included between a vertical line and the
(see 2.5.1 ) or treated (see 2 . 5 . 2 ).
straight line passing through the top and bottom
2.5.1 edges of the windscreen, these lines being defined in
ordinary laminate d glass a vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of
the vehicle
laminated glass in which none of the layers of glass
of which it is composed has been treated NOTE 1 Measurement of the inclination angle is based on a
vehicle standing on level ground; the vehicle is in running order,
2.5.2 complete with fuel, coolant, lubricant, tools and spare wheel (if

tre ate d laminate d glass provided as standard equipment by the vehicle manufacturer)
including the mass of a driver and, in the case of passenger cars,
laminated glass in which at least one of the layers of of one front seat passenger (taking 75 + 0, –1 kg per passenger) .

glass of which it is composed has been specially NOTE 2 Vehicles equipped with hydropneumatic, hydraulic or
pneumatic suspension or a device for automatic levelling
treated to increase the mechanical strength and to
according to load should be tested in the normal running
condition fragmentation after shattering condition specified by the manufacturer.

© BSI 04- 1 999 1

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Table 1 — Secondary characteristics (showing indices of difficulty (1 ) and (2) where appropriate)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Test prescribed Windscreens Windows other than windscreens

Toughened Ordinary laminated and Treated laminated Toughened Laminated

plastics-coated laminated

Fragmentation a Nature of material ah No test As for toughened As for toughened No test

a a
Float and sheet windscreens windscreens
BS AU 1 78a:1 992

identical — separate
approval for plate

Mechanical strength No tests Secondary As for ordinary Float or sheet (1 ) As for ordinary
characteristics not laminated windscreens Plate (2) laminated
involved windscreens
Clear (1 )
Tinted (2)

Behaviour under Secondary Secondary As for ordinary As for toughened As for ordinary
impact of the head characteristics not characteristics not laminated windscreens windscreens d laminated
involved involved windscreens

e
High temperature No test Clear interlayer (1 ) As for ordinary No test As for ordinary
Tinted interlayere (2) laminated windscreens laminated
windscreens

Resistance to No test Clear interlayer (1 ) As for ordinary No test As for ordinary

radiation Tinted interlayer (2) laminated windscreens laminated
windscreens
Tinted glass (1 )
Clear glass (2)

Light transmission Clear (1 ) Clear interlayers e (1 ) As for ordinary Clear (1 ) As for ordinary
Tinted (2) Tinted interlayere (2) laminated windscreens Tinted (2) laminated
windscreens
Clear glass e (1 )
Tinted glass e (2)

© BSI 04- 1 999

 Table 1 — Secondary characteristics (showing indices of difficulty (1 ) and (2) where appropriate)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Test prescribed Windscreens Windows other than windscreens

© BSI 04- 1 999

Toughened Ordinary laminated and Treated laminated Toughened Laminated
plastics-coated laminated

f g
Optical distortion Plate and float (1 ) Plate and float (1 ) As for ordinary
Sheet (2) Sheet (2) laminated windscreens

Type of vehicle b Type of vehicle b

f g
Secondary image Plate and float (1 ) Plate and float (1 ) As for ordinary
Sheet (2) Sheet (2) laminated windscreens

Type of vehicle Type of vehicle

g
Identification of Each type of tint Each type of tint As for ordinary
colours laminated windscreens

Abrasion test c No test Dependent on material Dependent on material No test Dependent on material

Humidity No test Clear interlayer (1 ) As for ordinary No test Clear interlayer (1 )

Tinted interlayer (2) laminated windscreens Tinted interlayer (2)

a
Where a change is made from float or sheet glass to plate glass, or vice versa, the fragmentation tests shall be repeated.
b
When considing a group of windscreens, representative windscreens shall be chosen for test that have the greatest rate change of curvature and are intended for mounting at the
greatest rake angle.
c
The abrasion test may be carried out when the material forming the outer surface of the windscreen is changed.
d
Test required for double- glazed units only.
e
Shade and/or obscuration bands. (1 ) not included; (2) included.
f
As for toughened windscreens if C .1 3 is applicable.
g
As for ordinary laminated windscreens if E.6 is applicable.
h
Shade or obscuration bands other than painted.
BS AU 1 78a:1 992

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BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Figure 1 — Maximum he ight of segme nts, A–B, me asure d approximate ly normal to the glass

2.1 2 2.1 6

he ight of se gment sample

the maximum dimension to the inner surface of the a safety glass product, selected as representative of
glass from a plane contacting the glass extremities, a production batch, and submitted for test
measured approximately normal to the glass
2.1 7
(see Figure 1 )
te st piece

2.1 3
an article, subj ected to a test procedure, which may
minimum radius of curvature
either be specially prepared for the purpose or cut
the approximate value of the smallest radius of from a sample; in appropriate cases a complete
windscreen arc measured in the most curved area of safety glass product may serve as a test piece
the windscreen
2.1 8

2.1 4 daylight ope ning

type of safe ty glass

the clear and unobstructed aperture in the body of a
safety glass, as defined in 2.4 and 2.5 , not exhibiting vehicle into which a safety glass is fitted
any essential differences of a kind relating, in
2.1 9
particular, to the principal and secondary
se condary image se paration
characteristics listed in clause 3
the angular distance between the apparent
2.1 5
positions of the primary image and of the secondary
se condary image
image
a spurious or ghost image, usually seen at night
when the obj ect being viewed is very bright in
relation to its surroundings, e. g. the headlights of an
approaching vehicle

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 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

3 Glaz ing characte ristics 4 Ge ne ral re quire me nts and

ap p lication
3 . 1 Ge ne ral

A safety glass product is defined by its principal and 4.1 All glass, including windscreen glass, shall be

secondary characteristics. (See 3.2 and 3.3 for a such that, in the event of shattering, the danger of

complete list applying to all safety glass products. ) personal inj ury is reduced to a minimum.

Although a change in principal characteristics The glass shall be sufficiently resistant to conditions

implies a new type of product, it is recognized that, to be expected in normal traffic, and to atmospheric

in certain cases, a change in shape and dimension and heat conditions, chemical action and abrasion.

does not necessarily require a complete set of tests 4.2 Windscreens shall, in addition, be sufficiently
to be carried out. transparent, and not cause any noticeable

For certain of the tests as prescribed in the distortions of obj ects seen through the windscreen

appendices, glasses may be grouped if it is evident or cause any confusion between the signalling

that they have similar principal characteristics. colours normally used. In the event of the
windscreen shattering, the driver shall still be able
Specimens of glass exhibiting differences only as
to see the road clearly so that he can brake and stop
regards the secondary characteristics referred
his vehicle safely.
to in 3.3 may be considered as of the same type;
certain tests may, however, be carried out on 4.3 The thicknesses of glass generally available in

samples of such glass, if such tests are explicitly the United Kingdom for use in the automobile

stipulated in the test conditions. industry are given for information in Appendix H.

4 . 4 S afe ty glass ap p licatio n

3 . 2 Princip al characte ristics

The principal characteristics referred to in 2.7 shall 4.4.1 The windscreens of slow moving vehicles shall

be as follows: be of zone toughened glass, uniformly toughened

glass or high performance laminated glass.
a) the trade name or mark of the manufacturer;
4.4.2 The windscreens of M 1 and vehicle categories
b) the shape and dimensions (length, width,
other than slow moving vehicles shall be either of
height of segment and minimum radius of
zone toughened glass or high performance
curvature) in the case of windscreens, and the
laminated glass.
category of shape (flat or curved) in the case of
toughened windows other than windscreens; 4.4.3 The windows, other than windscreens, of all
categories of vehicle shall be of high performance or
c) the number of layers of glass;
standard laminated glass, or uniformly toughened
d) the nominal thickness, e, in the case of glass.
windscreens, or category of thickness in the case
of windows other than windscreens; 5 Particular requireme nts

e) the nominal thickness and the nature (foil or

5 . 1 Ge ne ral re quire me nts
airgap) and the type of the interlayer(s),
e. g. polyvinyl butyrate (PVB) or other plastics All types of safety glass shall comply with the

interlayer(s); general requirements described in Appendix A.

Depending on the category to which they belong,
f) the nature of the toughening (thermal or
they shall, in addition, comply with the particular
chemical);
requirements stated in 5.2.1 to 5 .2 . 7.
g) the special treatment of laminated glass.
NOTE Tests need only be performed if the test authority

3 . 3 S e co nd ary characte ristics (see Table 1 ) requires them, having regard to the information already in its
possession on the product and the materials used.
The secondary characteristics referred to in 2.8
5 . 2 Particular re quire me nts
shall be as follows:
5.2.1 For toughened glass windscreens, the
a) the nature of the glass (plate, float or sheet) ;
requirements are specified in Appendix B.
b) the colouring of the interlayer(s) (colourless or
5.2.2 For uniformly toughened glass windscreens in
tinted);
slow moving vehicles, the requirements are
c) the colouring of the glass (colourless or tinted);
specified in Appendix C, the headform test is
d) the incorporation of electrical conductors; specified in B. 6 and the optical requirements are

e) the incorporation of obscuration bands. specified in A. 8 .

5.2.3 For toughened glass windows other than

windscreens, the requirements are specified in
Appendix C.

© BSI 04- 1 999 5

BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

5.2.4 For ordinary laminated glass windscreens, the 6. 1 . 3 . 3 Resistance to radiation test
requirements are specified in Appendix D .
The purpose of this test is to determine whether the
5.2.5 For ordinary laminated glass windows other light transmittance of laminated glass, when
than windscreens, the requirements are specified in exposed to radiation over an extended period of
Appendix E. time, is significantly reduced or whether the

5.2.6 For treated laminated glass windscreens, the material is significantly discoloured.

requirements are specified in Appendix F. 6. 1 . 3 . 4 Humidity test

5.2.7 For plastics- coated laminated glass
The purpose of this test is to determine whether a
windscreens, the requirements are specified in
laminated glass will withstand the effect of
Appendix L.
humidity in the atmosphere over an extended period

of time without significant defects.

6 Purp ose of the tests
6. 1 . 4 Optical qualities
6.1 The following tests are specified in this British

Standard.
6. 1 . 4 . 1 Light transmission test
6.1 .1 Fragmentation The purpose of this test is to determine whether the

regular transmittance of light through safety glass

The purpose of this test is to: exceeds a specified value.

a) verify that the fragments and splinters

6. 1 . 4 . 2 Optical distortion test
produced after fracture are such as to minimize
The purpose of this test is to verify that ob j ects
the risk of inj ury; and
viewed through a windscreen are not distorted to an
b) verify the transparency of windscreens after
extent likely to confuse the driver.
shattering.
Secondary image separation test
6.1 .2 Mechanical strength 6. 1 . 4 . 3

Ball impact test

The purpose of this test is to verify that the angular
6.1 .2 .1
separation of the secondary image from the primary

There are two forms of test, one using a 2 2 7 g b all image does not exceed a specified value.

and one using a 2 . 2 6 kg ball, as stated in 6. 1 . 2 . 1 . 1

6. 1 . 4 . 4 Identification of colours test
and 6 . 1 . 2 . 1 . 2 .

6.1 .2 .1 .1 2 27 g ball test The purpose of this test is to verify that a

windscreen does not cause confusion of colours seen

The purpose of this test is to assess the adhesion of through it.
the interlayer in laminated glass, and the

mechanical strength of toughened glass other than 7 D e taile d schedule of tests for safe ty
windscreens.
glass

6.1 .2 .1 .2 2 . 2 6 kg ball test 7. 1 Safety glass shall be sub j ected to the tests given
The purpose of this test is to assess the penetration in Table 2 .
resistance of laminated glass.
7. 2 A safety glass product shall be deemed to comply
6.1 .2 .2 Head form test with the requirements of this British Standard if all

The purpose of this test is to verify compliance with the requirements specified in the appropriate

requirements relating to the limitation of inj ury in clauses indicated in Table 2 have been satisfied.

the event of impact against laminated glass other

than windscreens, or the windscreen or double 8 Ap p lication for ap p roval and

windows, and double- glazed units for use in side procedure on any sub seque nt

windows of b uses or coaches. modification of the p roduct

6.1 .3 Resistance to the environment The procedure for applying for approval of a

6.1 .3 .1 Abrasion test category of glass, and the information it is necessary

to provide with the application, are included in

The purpose of this test is to determine that the
Appendix J. The procedure to be followed in the
resistance to abrasion of a safety glass exceeds a
event of subsequent modification of the safety glass
specified value.
or group of windscreens for which approval was
6.1 .3 .2 High temperature test originally granted is also describ ed in Appendix J.

The purpose of this test is to verify that, when

exposed to high temperature over an extended

period of time, no b ubb les or other defects occur in

laminated glass.

© BSI 04- 1 999

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 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Tab le 2 — Te sts sp e cifie d for the cate gorie s of glass d e fine d in 2 . 4 and 2 . 5

Te st Wi nd scre e ns O the r than wi nd scre e ns

Z o ne Uni fo rmly O rd i nary Tre ate d To ughe ne d Laminate d

c
to u ghe ne d to ughe ne d lami nate d lami nate d

d
Fragmentation test B. 3 C.2 — F. 4 C.2 —

Ball impact test for

mechanical strength

d
227 g — C.7 D.5 .2 D.5.2 C . 7. 1 E.4

2. 26 kg — — D.5 .1 D.5.1 — —

a
Head form test (samples) B. 6 . 1 . 1 B. 6 . 1 . 1 D.3 D.3 C.9 —

Head form test or or

(test pieces) B. 6. 1 . 2 B. 6 . 1 . 2 D.4 D.4 — E.3

Abrasion test — — A. 4 A. 4 — A. 4

High temperature test — — A. 5 A. 5 — A. 5

Resistance to radiation
test — — A. 6 A. 6 — A. 6

Humidity test — — A. 7 A. 7 — A. 7

b b
Light transmission test A. 8. 1 A. 8. 1 A. 8. 1 A. 8. 1 A. 8. 1 A. 8. 1

Optical distortion test A. 8. 3 A. 8. 3 A. 8. 3 A. 8. 3 — —

Secondary image test A. 8. 6 A. 8. 6 A. 8. 6 A. 8. 6 — —

Identification of colours
test A. 8. 9 A. 8. 9 A. 8. 9 A. 8. 9 — —

a
In the case of double glazed units only.
b
The provisions concerning optical qualities in A. 8 shall apply to windows that are necessary to comply with any requirements
concerning the driver’s field of view in all directions.
c
Plastics- coated laminated glass windscreens shall, in addition to the tests given in this column, be subj ected to the tests specified
in Appendix L.
d
When surface printing or conductors are present the test authority may select representative samples.

9 Marking c) in the case of a zone toughened windscreen, the

letters “WT”;
9. 1 Ge ne ral
d) in the case of a uniformly toughened safety
Identification marks on safety glass, complying with
glass windscreen for a slow moving vehicle, the
the requirements of 9 . 2 , 9. 3 or 9.4 as appropriate,
letter “W”;
shall be arranged in close proximity to each other
e) the number of this British Standard,
and to any relevant approval mark. 1)
i. e. BS AU 1 78a .
9 . 2 Marking o n to ughe ne d safe ty glass
f) a mark identifying the date, at least to the
The following particulars shall be indelibly and nearest month, and the site of manufacture.
distinctly marked by the manufacturer on every
NOTE It is strongly recommended that, in case of asymmetrical
piece of toughened safety glass accepted for glazing windscreens, there should be an adhesive label on the
in a land vehicle: windscreen indicating whether it is intended for a left- hand drive
or right- hand drive vehicle.
a) the name, registered trademark or BS licence
number of the manufacturer;

b) in the case of uniformly heat toughened glass,

the letter “T” or the word “tempered” or
“toughened”;

1)
Marking BS AU 1 78a on or in relation to a product represents a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, i. e. a claim by or on
behalf of the manufacturer that the product meets the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of the claim is therefore solely
the responsibility of the person making the claim. Such a declaration is not to be confused with third party certification of
conformity, which may also be desirable.

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BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

9 . 3 Marking on laminate d safe ty glass 9 . 4 Marking on laminate d safe ty glass cut from

sto ck siz e s
The following particulars shall be indelibly and
distinctly marked by the manufacturer (except as In the case of laminated glass sheets in stock sizes
indicated in 9.4) on every piece of laminated safety that are supplied for cutting and fitting by stockists,
glass accepted for glazing in a land vehicle: the requirements of 9.4.1 to 9. 4. 3 shall apply.

a) the name, registered trademark or BS licence 9.4. 1 The manufacturer shall apply to each sheet
number of the manufacturer; the appropriate markings as specified in 9. 3 .

b) in the case of a non- windscreen glass, the word 9.4. 2 The stockist, by agreement and arrangement
“laminated” or the letter “L”; with the manufacturer, shall ensure that every

c) in the case of a windscreen, the words piece of glass cut from a stock size shall be indelibly

“laminated windscreen” or the letters “WL”; and distinctly marked with the appropriate
markings as specified in 9. 3 .
d) in the case of a treated laminated windscreen,
the words “treated laminated windscreen” or the 9.4. 3 In addition, the stockist shall mark on every

letters “WLT”; piece of glass cut from a stock size a means of

identification of the stockist, details of which shall
e) the number of this British Standard,
2) be supplied to the manufacturer concerned.
i. e. BS AU 1 78a ;

f) a mark identifying the date, at least to the

nearest month, and the site of manufacture.

2)
Marking BS AU 1 78a on or in relation to a product represents a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, i. e. a claim by or on
behalf of the manufacturer that the product meets the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of the claim is therefore solely
the responsibility of the person making the claim. Such a declaration is not to be confused with third party certification of
conformity, which may also be desirable.

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 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Ap p e ndix A Ge neral te st conditions A. 1 . 2 Interpretation of results

See B. 5 , C.6 and F. 4 . 4 .
A. 1 Fragme ntatio n te st
A. 2 Ball imp act te st for me chanical stre ngth
A. 1 . 1 Test method
Test method
The test piece shall not be clamped; it may,
A. 2 . 1
A. 1 . 1 . 1

however, be fastened to an identical piece of glass by The test shall be carried out by means of a
A. 2 . 1 . 1

adhesive tape all round the edge. solid, hardened steel ball falling freely from a
specified height, or given a velocity equivalent to
To obtain fragmentation, a hammer of
A. 1 . 1 . 2
that obtained by the free fall. The mass of ball shall
approximately 75 g or other appliance giving be defined for the different types of safety glass and
equivalent results shall be used. The radius of the ball shall fall within 25 mm of the centre of the
curvature of the point shall be 0.2 ± 0.05 mm. test piece.
One test shall be carried out at each of the
A. 1 . 1 . 3
When a device to project the ball is used, the
prescribed points of impact (see Figure 2 and tolerance on velocity shall be ± 1% of the velocity
Figure 3). equivalent to that obtained by the free fall.
A record shall be made of the fragments on
A. 1 . 1 . 4
When the ball falls freely, it shall be
contact photographic paper, exposure commencing
A. 2 . 1 . 2

released without any impetus being given to it

not more than 10 s after impact and terminating not (e.g. by using an electromagnet).
more than 3 min after impact. Only the darkest
lines, representing the initial fracture shall be
taken into consideration. The laboratory shall
retain the photographs of the fragmentation
obtained.

Figure 2 — S p e cifie d p oints of imp act for windscre e ns

© BSI 04-1999 9
BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

The points 2 given in (a), (b) and (c) are examples of the location of the point 2 prescribed in C.5.1 .

Figure 3 — S p e cifie d p o ints of imp act fo r to ughe ne d glass windo ws o the r than w ind scre e ns

© BSI 04- 1 999

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 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Figure 4 — S up p ort for b all te sts

A. 2 . 2 Supports for test pieces The sample shall rest freely on a strip of
A. 3 . 1 . 1 . 1

The test piece shall be mounted on a support rubber, of hardness 70 IRHD and about 3 mm thick,
placed on a support, the width of contact all round
A. 2 . 2 . 1

(see Figure 4) consisting of two steel frames, with

machined edges 15 mm wide, fitting one over the the perimeter being about 15 mm.
other and faced with rubber gaskets The support shall consist of a rigid piece of
A. 3 . 1 . 1 . 2

approximately 3 mm thick and 15 mm wide, of softwood of minimum thickness 75 mm conforming

hardness 50 IRHD (Shore hardness A.50). to the shape of the sample, and shall be arranged in
The lower frame shall rest on a steel box such a way that the head form described in A. 3 . 1 . 3

strikes the inside of the windscreen at its centre in

A. 2 . 2 . 2

about 150 mm high.

The test piece shall be held in place by the the course of the test.
The support shall rest on a sheet of rubber,
A. 2 . 2 . 3

upper frame which shall have a mass of about 3 kg. A. 3 . 1 . 1 . 3

The apparatus shall be welded onto a sheet of of hardness 70 IRHD and about 3 mm thick, placed
steel 12 mm thick resting on a sheet of rubber of on a rigid base, e.g. a substantial concrete base.
hardness 50 IRHD and about 3 mm thick, placed on A. 3 . 1 . 2

a rigid base, e.g. a substantial concrete base.

Sup p ort fo r test p ieces

The test piece shall be clamped in the test

A. 3 . 1 . 2 . 1

Test conditions
A. 2 . 3 frame shown in Figure 6, by means of at least eight
The test shall be carried out under the following bolts.
conditions: The fixture is composed of two steel
A. 3 . 1 . 2 . 2

Temperature: 20 ± 5 °C; frames, with machined edges, 50 mm wide, fitting

Pressure: 860 mbar to 1 060 mbar ; 3) one over the other and faced with rubber gaskets
about 3 mm thick and 15 ± 1 mm wide of
Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 %. hardness 70 IRHD.
Test method
A. 2 . 4
The test frame shall be placed on a rigid
A. 3 . 1 . 2 . 3

The method shall be in accordance with the test base, e.g. a substantial concrete base.
method specified in clause or clause of5 6

ISO 3537:1975 as appropriate.

A. 3 . 1 . 3 Head fo rm

The head form (see Figure 7) shall consist

Interpretation of results
A. 3 . 1 . 3 . 1

A. 2 . 5
of the following elements.
See , C.8 ,
D.5 .1 .3 and
D.5.2.3 . E.4.3
a) A solid spherical or semi-spherical head made
A. 3 H e ad form te st of laminated hardwood of diameter 190 ± 2 mm.
Apparatus The lower hemisphere of the head shall be
covered with replaceable felt about 5 mm thick.
A. 3 . 1

A. 3 . 1 . 1 (See Figure 5).

Sup p ort fo r sam p les .

3) 1 mbar = 10 2 N/m2 = 100 pa.

© BSI 04-1999 11
BS AU 1 78a:1 992

Figure 5 — Support for samples (head form test)

The minimum recommended torque for M2 0 bolts is 30 N·m.

Figure 6 — Support for test pieces (head form test)

© BSI 04- 1 999

12
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Figure 7 — H e ad fo rm

b) A mounting rod between 500 mm A. 3 . 3 Test method

and 1 000 mm long and weighing less The method shall be in accordance with the test
than 0.5 kg. method specified in of ISO 3537:1975.
9. 3

The head form may also incorporate the

A. 3 . 1 . 3 . 2
Interpretation of results
following elements:
A. 3 . 4

See , , and .
a) a rigid intermediate piece of hardwood 70 mm
B. 6 . 3 D.3.3 D.4.3 E.3.3

long and 100 mm in diameter; A. 4 Ab rasion re sistance te st

b) a cross beam made of wood and representing A. 4 . 1 Apparatus

the shoulders, about 500 m long and The following apparatus is required.
about 100 mm wide. The thickness of this cross Abrading instrument4) , shown
A. 4 . 1 . 1

beam shall be such that the total mass of the head diagrammatically in Figure 8, and consisting of the
form shall be 10 ± 0.2 kg. following:
Means for dropping the head form freely
A. 3 . 1 . 3 . 3 a horizontal turntable and centre clamp which
from a height shall be specified, or a means for revolves counter-clockwise at 65 r/min
giving it a velocity equivalent to that obtained by to 75 r/min;
the free fall. two weighted parallel arms, each carrying a
When a device to project the head form is used, the special abrasive wheel rotating freely on a
tolerance on velocity shall be ± 1 % of the velocity ball-bearing horizontal spindle, each wheel rests
equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. on the test specimen under the load exerted by a
A. 3 . 2 Test conditions mass of 500 g.
Temperature: 20 ± 5 °C The turntable of the abrading instrument shall
Pressure: 860 mbar to 1 060 mbar rotate regularly and substantially in one plane. The
deviation from this plane shall be not greater
Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 % than 0.05 mm at a distance of 1.6 mm from the
turntable periphery.
4) For information on the availability of abrading instruments write to Customer Information, BSI, Linford Wood, Milton
Keynes, MK14 6LE.

© BSI 04-1999 13
BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Figure 8 — D iagram o f ab rad ing instrume nt

The wheels shall be mounted in such a way that, A diaphragm shall be inserted to limit the diameter
when they are in contact with the rotating test of the light beam to 7 ± 1 mm. This diaphragm shall
specimen, they rotate in contrary directions so as to be situated at a distance of 100 ± 50 mm from the
exert a compressive and abrasive action along lens on the side remote from the light source.
curved lines over an annular area of about 300 mm2 , A. 4 . 1 . 5 Equipment for measuring scattered light
twice during each rotation of the test specimen. (hazemeter) (see Figure 9), consisting of a
Abrasive wheels 5) , each 45 mm to 50 mm in
A. 4 . 1 . 2 photoelectric cell with an integrating sphere of
diameter and 12.5 mm thick, composed of a special diameter of 200 mm to 250 mm. The sphere shall be
finely screened abrasive embedded in a equipped with entrance and exit ports for the light.
medium-hard rubber. The wheels shall have an The entrance port shall be circular and have a
IRHD hardness of 72 ± 5, measured at four points diameter at least twice that of the light beam. The
equally spaced on the centre line of the abrading exit port of the sphere shall be provided with a light
surface with the pressure applied vertically along a trap and with a reflectance standard. The light trap
diameter of the wheel, the reading being taken 10 s shall absorb all the light when no test specimen is
after full application of the pressure. inserted in the light beam.
The abrasive wheels shall be prepared for use by The axis of the light beam shall pass through the
very slow rotation against a sheet of flat glass. centre of the entrance and exit ports. The diameter,
Light source, consisting of an incandescent b , of the light exit port shall be equal to 2 a tan 4°,
where a is the diameter of the sphere. The
A. 4 . 1 . 3

lamp, the filament of which is contained within a

parallelepiped 1.5 mm I 1.5 mm × 3 mm. The photoelectric cell shall be mounted in such way that
voltage at the lamp terminals shall be such that the it cannot be reached by light coming directly from
colour temperature is 2856 × 50 K. This voltage the entrance port or from the reflectance standard.
shall be stabilized within ± 1 %. The instrument The surfaces of the interior of the integrating sphere
used to check the voltage shall be of appropriate and the reflectance standard shall be of
accuracy. substantially equal reflectance, and shall be matt
Optical system , consisting of a lens with a
A. 4 . 1 . 4
and non-selective.
focal length of at least 500 mm and corrected for
chromatic aberrations. The clear aperture of the
lens shall be adjusted in order to obtain a light beam
that is substantially parallel.

5) For information on the availability of abrasive wheels write to Customer Information, BSI Linford Wood, Milton Keynes,
MK 14 6LE.

14 © BSI 04-1999
 BS AU 1 78a:1 992

Figure 9 — Equipment for measuring scattered light (hazemeter)

The output of the photoelectric cell shall be linear After cleaning, the test pieces shall be handled only
within 2 % over the range of luminous intensity by their edges and shall be stored to prevent damage
used. The design of the instrument shall be such to, or contamination of, their surfaces.
that there is no galvanometer deflection when the A.4.3.2 Condition the test specimens prior to testing
sphere is dark. The whole apparatus should be for a minimum time of 48 h at 20 ± 5 °C
checked at regular intervals by means of calibration and 50 ± 2 % relative humidity.
standards of defined haze. A.4.4 Test method
If haze measurements are made using equipment or A.4.4.1 Immediately after completion of the
methods differing from the above, the results shall conditioning period place test piece against the
be corrected in order to be in agreement with those entrance port of the integrating sphere. The angle
obtained by the apparatus described. between the normal to the surface of the test piece
A.4.2 Test pieces and the axis of the beam shall not exceed 8°.
The test pieces shall be flat squares of side 100 mm Take four reading as indicated in Table 3.
having both surfaces substantially plane and
parallel, and with a 6.5 ± 0. mm diameter hole Table 3 — Readings required for abrasion

drilled in the centre. resistance test

A.4.3 Preparation of test pieces

Reading With With With Quantity
specimen light reflectance represented
A.4.3.1 Immediately before and after the abrasion,
trap standard

clean the test pieces in the following manner. T1 No No Yes Incident light
a) Wipe with a linen cloth under clean running T2 Yes No Yes Total light
water. transmitted
b) Rinse with distilled or demineralized water. by test
specimen
c) Blow dry with oxygen or nitrogen. T3 No Yes No Light
d) Remove possible traces of water by dabbing scattered by
softly with a damp linen cloth; if necessary, dry instrument
by pressing lightly between two linen cloths. T4 Yes Yes No Light
Any treatment with ultrasonic equipment shall be scattered by
avoided. instrument
and test piece

© BSI 04-1999 15
BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Repeat readings for T1 , T2 , T3 and T4 with If the test is carried out on a test piece cut
A. 5 . 1 . 2

additional specified positions of the test piece to from a windscreen, the surface area shall be not less
determine uniformity. than 300 mm × 300 mm, bounded on one side by the
Determine the initial haze of the test
A. 4 . 4 . 2
upper edge of the windscreen.
specimen at a minimum of four equally spaced Interpretation of results
A. 5 . 2

points in the unabraded area in accordance with the The test shall be deemed to have given a
formula in .
A. 5 . 2 . 1
A. 4 . 5 . 1
positive result if bubbles or other defects are not
Average the results for each test specimen. As an formed more than 15 mm from the outer edge of the
alternative to making four separate measurements test piece or more than 10 mm from any cracks
an average value may be obtained by rotating the which may occur during the test.
test piece uniformly at 3 r/s or more. No account shall be taken of bubbles or
A. 5 . 2 . 2

For each type of safety glass, carry out three

A. 4 . 4 . 3 defects within 25 mm of the cut edge of a test piece
tests with the same load on the side representing cut from a windscreen.
the outer surface of the glass. Use the haze as a A set of test pieces submitted for approval
measure of the surface abrasion after the test piece
A. 5 . 2 . 3

shall be considered satisfactory as regards the high

has been subjected to abrasion for 1 000 cycles. temperature test if either of the conditions given in
Determine the light scattered in the abraded
A. 4 . 4 . 4 a) or b) is fulfilled.
track at a minimum of four equally spaced points a) All the tests give a positive result.
along the track in accordance with the formula b) One test having given a negative result, a
in . Average the results for each test piece.
A. 4 . 5 . 1
further series of tests carried out on a new set of
As an alternative to making four separate test pieces all give positive results.
measurements an average value may be obtained by
rotating the test piece uniformly at 3 r/s or more. A. 6 Re sistance to radiatio n te st

Calculation and interpretation of results

A. 4 . 5
Test method
A. 6 . 1

Calculate the total transmittance Each test piece or sample (total number
A. 6 . 1 . 1

three pieces) shall be submitted to radiation in

A. 4 . 5 . 1

Tt = T2/T1 . accordance with the procedure specified in clause

Calculate the diffuse transmittance Td as follows:
5

of ISO 3917:1976, such that the radiation on each

T –T T T point of the test piece or sample produces, on the
Td = 4 3T 2 1
( ⁄ )
interlayer used, the same effect as that which would
1 be produced by a solar radiation of 1 400 W/m2
Calculate the percentage haze or light scattered, or for 100 h.
both, as follows: Maintain the temperature of the test pieces
A. 6 . 1 . 2

Td at 45 ± 5 °C throughout the test.

Haze or light scattered, or both = ------
Tt- 100 %
×
Interpretation of results
A. 6 . 2

Subtract the average initial haze from the The test for resistance to radiation shall be
A. 6 . 2 . 1
A. 4 . 5 . 2

average total light scattered, the difference deemed to have given a positive result if the
representing the light scattered as a result of conditions in a) and b) are fulfilled:
abrading the test piece. Calculate this difference for a) the total luminous transmittance does not fall
the surface abrasion. below 95 % of the original value before
Safety glass shall be considered satisfactory irradiation, or below 70 %, the transmittance
A. 4 . 5 . 3

from the point of view of abrasion resistance if the being measured in accordance with clause of 5

light scattered as a result of abrading the test piece ISO 3538:1978;

does not exceed 2 %. b) if the test is carried out on a test piece cut from
or representing a windscreen, the total
A. 5 H igh te mp e rature te st
transmittance remains greater than 75 % in the
Test method
A. 5 . 1 zone where the regular transmittance is to be
The test pieces shall be immersed vertically
A. 5 . 1 . 1 checked, as defined in .
A. 8. 1 . 7

for 3 min in water at approximately 66 °C, then The test piece may show a slight coloration
plunged rapidly in the same way into boiling water after irradiation when examined against a white
A. 6 . 2 . 2

and kept there for 2 h. background, but no other defect shall be apparent.
A set of test pieces submitted for approval is fulfilled:
A. 6 . 2 . 3

shall be considered satisfactory from the point of a) all the tests give a positive result; or
view of stability if either of the following conditions

16 © BSI 04-1999
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

b) one test having given a negative result, a The angle of incidence of the incident light
A. 8. 1 . 4

further series of tests carried out on a new set of beam shall be zero.
test pieces all give positive results. The section of the light beam through the
A. 8. 1 . 5

A. 7 H umid ity te st windscreen shall be within the limits of a 200 mm

A. 7. 1Test method square.
Three test pieces of at In the case of windscreens, either a test
A. 8. 1 . 6

least 300 mm × 300 mm shall be kept vertically for piece cut from the flattest part of a sample
A. 7. 1 . 1

two weeks in a closed container in which the windscreen or a specially prepared flat square with
temperature is maintained at 50 ± 2 °C, and the identical material and thickness characteristics to
relative humidity at 95 ± 4 %. the actual windscreen, and with the measurement
If several test pieces are tested at the same taken normal to the glass, may be used.
For the windscreens of M1 vehicles, the test
A. 7. 1 . 2

time, adequate spacing shall be provided between A. 8. 1 . 7

them. shall be carried out in zone B specified in the EEC

Means shall be provided to prevent Directive concerning windscreen defrosting and
A. 7. 1 . 3

condensate from the walls and ceiling of the demisting systems (78/317/EEC) (see Figure 13).
container falling on the specimens. For all other vehicles, the test shall be carried out
in zone 1 specified in . (See Figure 11.)
If the test pieces are cut from windscreens
A. 8. 4 . 2

A. 7. 1 . 4

one edge of the test piece shall be part of the outer accordanceTest method. The method shall be in
A. 8. 1 . 8

edge of the windscreen. with that described in clause of 5

ISO 3538:1978.
Interpretation of results
Interpretation of results
A. 7. 2

The resistance to humidity is evaluated

A. 8. 2

A. 7. 2 . 1

visually by reference to changes in appearance of a The regular transmittance measured according

safety glass after testing, i.e. a separation of to , in the case of windscreens, shall be not less
A. 8. 1

materials and/or a loss of transparency. than 75 % and, in the case of windows other than
windscreens, shall be not less than 70 %. Exceptions
No assessment shall be made within 10 mm
A. 7. 2 . 2
are made for shade and obscuration bands and
of uncut edges or within 15 mm of cut edges. glazing for special applications, e.g. ambulance
Laminated safety glass shall be deemed to
A. 7. 2 . 3 passenger compartment glazing.
be satisfactory from the point of view of resistance to Optical distortion
humidity if no significant change is observed.
A. 8. 3

The optical distortion at a point M on the

If one test piece gives an unsatisfactory
A. 8. 3 . 1

A. 7. 2 . 4
inner surfaces of the windscreen (see Figure 10) is
result the test shall be repeated on a new set of three denoted by the symbol ¹ !, the difference in the
test pieces and all shall give a satisfactory result for
the glass to be deemed satisfactory.
A. 8 Te sts for o p tical qualitie s

A. 8. 1 Light transmission test

The regular transmission factor, t, is
A. 8. 1 . 1

obtained by dividing the light flux as modified by the

glass, FR, by the incident light flux, Fo, therefore
F
t = FR
o
The source of radiation shall be an
A. 8. 1 . 2

incandescent lamp of colour

temperature 6)2856 ± 50 K representing
illuminant A of the International Commission on
Illumination (CIE).
The receiver shall have a relative spectral Optical
A. 8. 1 . 3
distortion ¹ µ = µ1 – µ2 , i.e. the algebraic
difference in angular deviation measured at points
sensitivity in substantial agreement with the M and M
relative spectral luminous efficiency of 9

the CIE 1931 7) standard photometric observer for Figure 1 0 — D e viation at p o int M o n the inne r

photopic vision. !
surface of the windscre e n d e note d b y

6) As defined in Publication CIE No. 15 (E-1.3.1) 1971.

7) As defined in the Proceedings of the 1931 meeting of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).

© BSI 04-1999 17
BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

A. 8. 3 . 5 For vehicle category M 1 , tests shall be

carried out on the one hand in zone A, prolonged to
the median plane of the vehicle, and on the part of
the windscreen corresponding to the symmetry of
the preceding zone with regard to the longitudinal
median plane of the vehicle and, on the other hand,
in zone B. For other categories of vehicles, the tests
shall be carried out in zone I as defined in A. 8. 4 . 3 .

A. 8. 3 . 6 Typ e o f v ehicle . The test shall be repeated if

the windscreen is to be mounted on a vehicle of a
type that has a different field of vision towards the
front from that of the vehicle for which the
windscreen has already been approved.

A. 8. 3 . 7 Num b er of sam p les . Four samples shall be

submitted for testing.

A. 8. 4 D efin iti on s of zo n es A, B a n d 1

A. 8. 4 . 1 Zones A and B of the windscreen for vehicle

category M 1 are specified in document EEC
Directive 78/31 7/EEC with the exception that zone
A is extended to cover both sides of the windscreen
as defined for zone B. (See Figure 1 2 and Figure 1 3. )

A. 8. 4 . 2 Zones of the windscreen for vehicle

categories other than M1 are defined on the basis of:

a) the eye p oint: the point located 625 mm above

8)
the R point of the driver’s seat in the vehicle
plane parallel to the longitudinal median plane of
the vehicle for which the windscreen is intended,
passing through the axis of the steering wheel.
The eye point is designated O.

b) the straight line, OQ: the horizontal straight

line passing through the eye point O and
perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of
the vehicle.
Figure 1 1 — O p tical disto rtio n: p ositio n of
A. 8. 4 . 3 Zone 1 is the zone of the windscreen defined
z o ne 1
by the intersection of the windscreen with the four

angular deviation measured at two points M and planes defined below (see Figure 1 1 ) :
1)
M , the distance between these two points being P1 a vertical passing through O forming an
such that their proj ections onto a plane at right angle of 1 5° to the left of the longitudinal
angles to the direction of measurement are median plane of a vehicle with the driver on
separated by 4 mm. the left, and to the right with the driver on
A. 8. 3 . 2 Metho d. The method shall be in accordance the right;
with the test method described in clause 7 of
ISO 3538: 1 978.

A. 8. 3 . 3 The windscreen shall be mounted at the

angle of inclination corresponding to that on the
vehicle.

A. 8. 3 . 4 The proj ection axis in the horizontal plane

shall be maintained approximately normal to the
glass in that plane.

8)
The R point or seat reference point of a vehicle is the manufacturer’s design point that establishes the rearmost normal
position of each seat provided by the vehicle manufacturer, and is defined in Directive 77/649/EEC.

© BSI 04- 1 999

18
 BS AU 178a:1992

Figure 12 — Vision zone “A”

Figure 13 — Vision zone “B”

© BSI 04- 1 999 19

BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

P a vertical p lane s ymmetrical to P b ut to the Ve hi cle cate go ry Z o ne Maximu m

2 1
value s o f o p tical
right of the longitudinal median p lane of a

M
d isto rtio n

vehicle with the driver on the left, and to the

a
A E xtended 2 9 of arc
1
left with the driver on the right;
according

P a p lane p as s ing through the straight line O Q

to A. 8. 4 . 1

M
3

and forming an angle of 1 0° ab ove the

b
B 6 9 of arc
1
horizontal p lane;

a
O ther 1 2 9 of arc
P a p lane p as s ing through the straight line O Q
4

categories
and forming an angle of 8° b elow the

a
horizontal p lane. A relaxation of 6 9 of arc is p ermitted for all p ortions of z one 1

or z one A which are les s than 1 00 mm from the edge of the

A. 8. 5 . Interpretation of results winds creen.

b
S light deviations in z one B from the limits may b e p ermitted,

A typ e of winds creen s hall b e considered p rovided that they are localiz ed and mentioned in the rep ort.

s atis factory as regards op tical distortion when, in

the four s amp les s ub mitted for testing, op tical A. 8. 6 Secondary image separation test
dis tortion does not exceed the values given b elow for A. 8. 6. 1 The tes t s hall b e p erformed on the

each zone. windscreen in its service p os ition using the method

des crib ed in clause 6 of IS O 3 5 3 8: 1 97 8.

A. 8. 6. 2 The direction of ob servation in the

horizontal p lane s hall b e maintained ap p roximately

normal to the glas s in that p lane.

© BS I 0 4- 1 99 9
20
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

A. 8. 7 Interpretation of results A manufacturing tolerance of ± 0. 2 mm is allowed

for each category.

A type of windscreen shall b e considered

satisfactory as regards secondary image separation B. 1 . 1 . 2 Toughened glass windscreens shall b e

when, in the four samples submitted for testing, the considered as being part of two groups for

separation of the primary and secondary image does fragmentation and mechanical properties tests as

not exceed the values given in the following table for follows:

each zone.
a) flat windscreens;

Ve hi cle Z o ne Maxi mu m
b ) curved windscreens.
cate go ry valu e s o f the

se p arati o n o f B. 1 . 2 Secondary characteristics

the p ri mary and
The secondary characteristics of toughened glass
se co nd ary

i mage windscreens are given in Table 1 , column 2 .

M1 A
a
E xtended 1 5 9 of arc B. 2 Ge ne ral

according to For each group of windscreens, and for each

A. 8. 4 . 1 category of thickness defined in B. 1 . 1 c) , samples

selected from the types most difficult to produce

M1 B
b
25 9 of arc
having approximately the smallest developed area
a
O ther 1 1 5 9 of arc and samples having approximately the largest
categories developed area shall b e tested for fragmentation
a
A relaxation of 2 5 9 of arc is permitted for all portions of zone 1 and mechanical properties. These windscreens shall

or zone A which are less than 1 00 mm from the edge of the be selected b y the procedure outlined in Appendix G
windscreen.
from among the types that are actually produced or
b
Slight deviations in zone B from the limits may be permitted,
that the manufacturer plans to produce.
provided that they are localized and mentioned in the report.

B. 3 Fragme ntation te st
A. 8. 8 Test for identification of colours
B. 3 . 1 Number of samples
If the windscreen is tinted in the zones defined
Six samples from the smallest developed area series
in A. 8. 4 , four windscreens shall b e tested for
and six samples from the largest developed area
identification of the following colours:
series selected in accordance with Appendix G shall
white be tested.

selective yellow
Zones of glass characterized by
B. 3 . 2

red fragmentation
green A toughened glass windscreen shall comprise two

main zones, F1 and F2 . It may also comprise an

b lue
intermediate zone, F3. These zones are defined
amber
in B. 3 . 2 . 1 , B. 3 . 2 . 2 and B. 3 . 2 . 3 .

Ap p endix B Toughened glass

B. 3 . 2 . 1 Zone F1
windscree ns The peripheral zone of fine fragmentation, at

least 70 mm wide, all round the edge of the

B. 1 D e finition o f typ e windscreen, including an outer strip 2 0 mm wide

not sub j ected to testing.

Toughened glass windscreens shall be considered to

belong to different types if they differ in at least one B. 3 . 2 . 2 Zone F2

of the principal or secondary characteristics listed
The visibility zone of varying fragmentation, always
in B. 1 . 1 and B. 1 . 2 .
including a rectangular part not less than 2 00 mm

B. 1 . 1 Principal characteristics high and not less than 500 mm long, centred

approximately in front of the driver; for windscreens

B. 1 . 1 . 1 The principal characteristics are as follows:
less than 440 mm high, the height of this rectangle
a) the trade name or mark;
may be reduced to 1 50 mm.
b) the shape and dimensions;
B. 3 . 2 . 3 Zone F3
c) the category of thickness of the glass, defined
An intermediate zone of more than 50 mm wide
by nominal thickness, e, as follows:
between zones F1 and F2 .

Category I e< 4. 5 mm
Category II 4. 5 mm < e< 5. 5 mm
Category III 5. 5 mm < e < 6. 5 mm
Category IV 6. 5 mm < e

© BSI 04- 1 999 21

BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

B. 4 Te st me tho d Elongated fragments shall be permitted

B. 5 . 2 . 5

The test method used shall be that described in . provided that their ends are not knife-edged and
their length does not exceed 75 mm, except in the
A. 1

Points of impact (See Figure 2)

B. 4 . 1
case provided for in . If such elongated
The points of impact shall be selected as follows:
B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2

fragments extend to the edge of the glass, they shall

Point 1 in the central part of zone F2 in not form with it an angle of more than 45° .
an area of high stress as near as Zone F2
B. 5 . 3

possible to the centre of zone F2; The residual visibility after shattering shall
B. 5 . 3 . 1

Point 2 in zone F3, as near as possible to be checked in the rectangular area defined
the vertical plane of symmetry in (i.e. 200 mm × 500 mm rectangle); in this
B. 3 . 2 . 2

of zone F2; rectangle the aggregate surface area of the

2 shall represent
Points 3 and 3 30 mm from the edges on one fragments of more than 200 mm
9

median of the sample; where not less than 15 % of the area of the rectangle; these
there is a tong mark, one of the fragments are termed useful fragments.
breakage points shall be near However, in the case of windscreens less
the edge bearing the tong mark than 440 mm high, or whose angle of installation is
and the other near the opposite less than 15° from the vertical, the visibility
edge; percentage shall be equal to at least 10 % of the area
Point 4 at the place where radius of of the corresponding rectangle.
curvature is smallest on the In zone F2 no fragments shall have an area
more than 1 600 mm2 except in the case provided
B. 5 . 3 . 2

longest median;
for in .
Point 5 30 mm from the edge of the
B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2

sample at the place where the Within a radius of 100 mm around the point
B. 5 . 3 . 3

radius of curvature of the glass in zone F2,and

of impact, only in that part of the circle included
three fragments with an area of more
edge is smallest, either to the than 1 600 mm 2 , but not more than 2 500 mm2 , are
left or to the right. permitted.
A break shall be made at each of the The useful fragments shall be substantially
B. 5 . 3 . 4

points 1, 2, 3, 3 , 4 and 5.
9 regular in shape and free from points of the type
described in . However, not more than 10
B. 5 . 3 . 5

irregular fragments shall be allowed in

B. 5 Inte rp re tation of re sults

The test shall be deemed to have given a

B. 5 . 1
any 500 mm × 200 mm rectangle and not more
satisfactory result if the fragmentation satisfies all than 25 over the whole surface of the windscreen.
the conditions given in , and .
No such fragment shall present a point more
B. 5 . 2 B. 5 . 3 B. 5 . 4

Zone F1
B. 5 . 2
than 35 mm long measured in accordance with
The number of fragments included in
B. 5 . 2 . 1
.
any 50 mm × 50 mm square traced on the glass
B. 5 . 3 . 5

shall not be less than 40 and not more than 350; A fragment shall be considered an irregular
B. 5 . 3 . 5

fragment if it cannot be inscribed in a circle

however, in the case of a count of less than 40, if the of 40 mm diameter,
number of fragments in any 100 mm × 100 mm if it has at least one point more
than 15 mm long
square containing the 50 mm × 50 mm square is not point to the section whose when measured from the top of the
less than 160, this shall be acceptable. width is equal to the
glazing thickness and if it has one or more points
For the purposes of these counts, fragments with a tip angle smaller than 40° .
B. 5 . 2 . 2

cut by the sides of the 50 mm × 50 mm square, or

the 100 mm × 100 mm square, shall be counted as allowed Fragments B. 5 . 3 . 6

in zone F2
of elongated shape shall be
as a whole provided they do not
half. exceed 100 mm in length, except in the case
Fragmentation shall not be verified in a
B. 5 . 2 . 3
provided for in .
strip 20 mm wide all round the edge of the samples,
B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2

Zone F3
which represents the frame of the glass, nor within B. 5 . 4

a radius of 75 mm around the point of impact. Fragmentation in this zone shall have
B. 5 . 4 . 1

A maximum2 of 3 fragments of an area characteristics between those of the fragmentation

B. 5 . 2 . 4

exceeding 300 mm shall be allowed. No two of allowed for the two neighbouring zones
these fragments shall be contained within the (zones F1 and F2).
same 100 mm diameter circle.

22 © BSI 04-1999
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

B. 5 . 4 . 2 A type of windscreen submitted for approval B. 6 . 3 Interpretation of results

shall be considered satisfactory from the point of B. 6 . 3 . 1 The head form test shall be deemed to have
view of fragmentation if at least one of the given a satisfactory result if the windscreen or test
conditions in B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 1 to B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 3 is fulfilled. specimen is fractured.
B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 1 All the tests carried out using the points of B. 6 . 3 . 2 A set of samples submitted for approval
impact specified in B. 4 . 1 have given a positive shall be considered satisfactory from the point of
result. view of behaviour under impact of the head if either
B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2 When one test among all those carried out of the two following conditions is fulfilled:
using the points of impact specified in B. 4 . 1 has a) all the tests give a satisfactory result; or
given an unsatisfactory result, taking account of
b) one test having given an unsatisfactory result,
deviations which do not exceed the following limits:
a further series of tests carried out on a new set
a) zone F1 not more than five fragments of samples gives satisfactory results.
between 75 mm and 1 50 mm long;
B. 7 O p tical qualitie s
b) zone F2 not more than three fragments of
2 2 The requirements concerning optical qualities set
between 1 6 cm and 20 cm in area located
out in A. 8 shall be applied to each windscreen type.
outside a circle having a radius of 1 00 mm
centred on the point of impact;
Ap p endix C Toughened glass windows
c) zone F3 not more than four fragments
othe r than windscre e ns
between 1 00 mm and 1 75 mm long;

and is repeated on a new sample, which either C . 1 D e finition o f typ e

complies with B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 1 or presents deviations Toughened glass windows other than windscreens
within the above specified limits. shall be considered to belong to different types if
B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 3 When two tests among all those carried they differ in at least one of the principal and
out using the points of impact specified in B. 4 . 1 secondary characteristics listed in C.1 .1 and C.1 .2.

have given an unsatisfactory result, taking account C.1 .1 Principal characteristics

of deviations not exceeding the limits specified
The principal characteristics are as given in a) to d):
in B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2 , and a further series of tests carried out
on a new set of samples complies with B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 1 or a) the trade name and mark;

not more than two samples of the new set present b) the nature of the toughening (thermal or
deviations within the limits specified in B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2 . chemical);

B. 5 . 4 . 3 If the deviations listed in B. 5 . 4 . 2 . 2 are c) the category of shape; two categories are
found, they shall be mentioned in the test report and distinguished:
photographs of the relevant parts of the windscreen
1 ) flat windows;
shall be attached to the report.
2) flat and curved windows;
B. 6 H e ad fo rm te st
d) the category of thickness of the glass, defined
B. 6 . 1 Number of samples by the nominal thickness, e, as follows:
B. 6 . 1 . 1 For each group of toughened windscreens,
four samples having approximately the smallest Category I # 3. 5 mm
e
developed area and four samples having
Category II 3. 5 mm < # 4. 5 mm
e
< e # 6. 5 mm
approximately the largest developed area, and being
Category III 4. 5 mm
the same types as selected for fragmentation tests
as stated in B. 3 shall be submitted for testing. Category IV 6. 5 mm < e

B. 6 . 1 . 2 Alternatively, at the discretion of the test A manufacturing tolerance of ± 0. 2 mm is allowed

laboratory conducting the test, for each category of for each category.
windscreen thickness, six test pieces of the
C.1 .2 Secondary characteristics
dimensions 1 1 00 mm + 5, – 2 mm × 500 mm + 5,
The secondary characteristics are as given
– 2 mm shall be submitted.
in Table 1 , column 5.
B. 6 . 2 Test method
B. 6 . 2 . 1 The method used shall be that described
in A. 3 .

B. 6 . 2 . 2 The height of drop shall

be 1 . 5 m + 0, – 5 mm.

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C . 2 Fragme ntation te st
Point 3 in the geometric centre of the glass;
C.2.1 Selection of samples Point 4 this point applies to curved glass only
C.2.1 .1 Samples of each category of shape and each and shall be selected on the longest
category of thickness that are difficult to produce median in that part of the glass where
shall be selected for testing according to the the radius of curvature is smallest.
following criteria:
C.5.2 Only one test shall be carried out at each
a) for flat glass windows corresponding to an
prescribed point of impact.
application for approval in conformity
C . 6 Inte rp re tation of re sults
with C.1 .1 c) 1 ), two sets of samples shall be
supplied corresponding to: C . 6. 1 The test shall be deemed to have given a

1 ) the largest surface area; satisfactory result if fragmentation fulfils the

conditions specified in C . 6.1 .1 to C .6.1 .5 .
2) the window having the smallest angle
between the two adj acent sides less than 30°. C . 6. 1 . 1 The number of fragments included in

b) for curved and flat windows corresponding to

any 50 mm × 50 mm square traced on the glass
shall not be less than 40 and not more than 400 or,
an application for approval in conformity
if the glass does not exceed a thickness of 3. 5 mm,
with C.1 .1 c) 2), three sets of samples shall be
the number of fragments in the square shall not be
supplied corresponding to:
less than 40 and not more than 450.
1 ) the largest developed surface;
C . 6. 1 . 2 For the purposes of this count, particles cut
2) the window having the smallest angle by the sides of the 50 mm × 50 mm square shall be
between two adj acent sides less than 30°; counted as half.
3) the largest height of segment of more C . 6. 1 . 3 Fragmentation shall not be checked in a
than 1 00 mm. The height of segment of the strip 20 mm wide all round the edge of the samples,
window subj ected to the test shall be recorded which represents the frame of the glass, or within a
in the test report. radius of 75 mm around the point of impact.
C.2.1 .2 The samples shall be selected from among C . 6. 1 . 4 Particles with an area of more
the range of windows other than windscreens that than 300 mm
2
are not permitted except in the area
the manufacturer actually produces or plans to defined in C .6.1 . 3.
produce. If the criteria in C.2.1 .1 above cannot be
C .6.1 .5 A few fragments of elongated shape are
complied with, special test pieces may be produced.
permitted provided that:
C . 3 Numb e r of samp le s
a) their ends are not knife- edged;
The number of samples in each group shall be as
b) if they extend to the edge of the glass pane they
follows, according to the category of shape defined
do not form an angle of more than 45° with it, and
in C.1.1 c).
their length does not exceed 75 mm.
C ate go ry o f shap e Nu mb e r o f samp le s i n e ach
C . 6.2 A set of samples submitted for approval shall
se t

be considered satisfactory from the point of view of

Flat (2 sets) 4 fragmentation if at least one of the conditions

Curved (1 , 2 or 3 sets) 5 in C . 6. 2 . 1 to C. 6.2 .3 is fulfilled.

C .6.2.1 All tests carried out using the points of

C . 4 Te st me tho d
impact prescribed in C.5 give a positive result.
The method used shall be that described in A. 1 .
C .6.2.2 One test among all those carried out using
C . 5 Points o f imp act (see Figure 3) the points of impact specified in C.5 has given an

C.5.1 The points of impact for flat windows are unsatisfactory result, taking account of deviations

represented in Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) , and, for which do not exceed the following limits:

curved windows, in Figure 3(c). a) not more than 5 fragments between 60 mm

These points of impact shall be: and 75 mm long;

b) not more than 4 fragments between 75 mm

Point 1 30 mm from the edges of the glass in the
and 1 00 mm long;
part where the radius of curvature of
the contour is smallest; and is repeated on a new sample which either
complies with C .6.2 . 1 or presents deviations within
Point 2 30 mm from the edges of one of the
the limits specified in a) and b) .
medians, selecting the side of the glass
bearing the tong marks, if any;

© BSI 04- 1 999

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C.6.2.3 Two tests among all the tests carried out C.1 1 .2 The height of drop is 1 . 5 m + 0, – 25 mm.
using the points of impact specified in C.5 have C.1 2 Interpretation of results
given an unsatisfactory result, taking account of
C.1 2.1 The head form test on double- glazed
deviations not exceeding the limits specified
windows shall be deemed to have given a
in C.6.2.2 and a further series of tests carried out on
satisfactory result if both components break.
a new set of samples complies with C.6.1 or not
more than two samples in the new set present C.1 2.2 A set of test pieces submitted for approval
deviations within the specified limits in C.6.2.2 . shall be considered satisfactory from the point of
view of the head form test if at least one of the
C.6.3 If the deviations described in C.6.2.2 are
following conditions is fulfilled:
found, they shall be mentioned in the test report and
photographs of the relevant parts of the glass pane a) all the tests have given a satisfactory result;

shall be attached to the report. b) all the tests have given satisfactory results

C.7 Mechanical strength: 227 g ball test with the exception of not more than two tests

C.7.1 Test pieces having given unsatisfactory results with one of

the glass components remaining unbroken.
Six test pieces measuring 300 mm × 300 mm shall
C.1 3 Optical qualities
be submitted for testing for each category of
thickness as defined in C.1 .1 d) . The provisions concerning optical qualities in shall

C.7.2 Test method apply to windows that are necessary to comply with
any requirements concerning the driver’s field of
C.7.2.1 The test method used shall be that described view in all directions.
in A.2 . The ball shall weigh 227 ± 2 g.

C.7.2.2 The height of drop (from the lower part of Appendix D Ordinary laminated glass
the ball to the upper surface of the sample) shall be windscreens
as indicated in the following table, according to the
D.1 Definition of type
nominal thickness of the glass.
Ordinary laminated glass windscreens shall be
Nominal thickness of the Height of drop
glass( e ) considered to belong to different types if they differ
in at least one of the principal or secondary
mm
characteristics given in D.1 .1 and D.1 .2 .
e # 3. 5 2. 0 m – 0, + 5 mm
D.1 .1 Principal characteristics
3. 5 < e 2. 5 m – 0, + 5 mm
The principal characteristics are as follows:

C.8 Interpretation of results a) the trade name or mark of the manufacturer;

C.8.1 The ball impact test shall be deemed to have b) the shape and dimensions;
given a positive result if the test piece does not
c) the number of layers of glass;
break.
d) the nominal thickness, e, of the windscreen, a
C.8.2 A set of test pieces submitted for approval manufacturing tolerance of 0. 2 n mm being
shall be considered satisfactory as regards
allowed on either side of the nominal value, n
mechanical strength if at least one of the following
being the number of layers of glass in the
conditions is fulfilled:
windscreen;
a) not more than one test gives a negative result;
e) the nominal thickness of the interlayer(s) ;
b) two tests having given a negative result, a
f) the nature and type of the interlayer(s),
further series of tests carried out on a new set of
e. g. PVB or other plastics interlayer.
six test pieces does not give any negative results.
Ordinary laminated glass windscreens shall be
C.9 Head form test considered as being part of one group for mechanical
The head form test applies solely to double windows properties and resistance to the environment tests.
and double- glazed units intended for use in side
D.1 .2 Secondary characteristics
windows of buses and coaches.
The secondary characteristics are as given
C.1 0 Number of test pieces in Table 1 , column 3.
Ten test pieces measuring 1 1 00 + 5, – 2 mm
× 500 + 5, – 2 mm shall be submitted for testing for
each category of thickness defined in C.1 .1 d) .

C.1 1 Test method

C.1 1 .1 The test method used shall be that described
in A.3 .

© BSI 04- 1 999 25

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D.2 General D.3.3.2 A set of samples submitted for approval

D.2.1 For ordinary laminated windscreens, the shall be considered satisfactory as regards

tests, except for those on the head form test in D.3 behaviour under impact of the head if either of the

and optical qualities, shall be conducted on flat test following conditions is fulfilled:

pieces that are either cut from actual windscreens or a) all the tests give a positive result; or
specially made. In either case the test pieces shall, b) one test having given a negative result, a
in all respects, be rigorously representative of the further series of tests carried out on a new set of
production windscreens for which approval is samples all give positive results.
sought.

D.2.2 Before each test, the test pieces shall be stored

for at least 4 h at a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C. The
tests shall take place as soon as possible after the
test pieces have been taken out of the container in
which they were stored.

D.2.3 The head form tests and the test with

the 2. 26 kg ball shall be conducted on the glass
surface corresponding to the inside of the
windscreen. The test with the 227 g ball shall be
conducted on the glass surface corresponding to the
outside of the windscreen.

D.3 Head form test (windscreens)

D.3.1 Samples
Four samples from the smallest developed area
series and four samples from the largest developed
area series selected in accordance with Appendix G
shall be tested.

D.3.2 Test method

D.3.2.1 The method used shall be that described
in A.3 .

D.3.2.2 The height of drop shall

be 1 . 5 m + 0, – 5 mm.

D.3.3 Interpretation of results

D.3.3.1 The head form test shall be deemed to have
given a satisfactory result if all the conditions given
in D.3.3.1 .1 to D.3.3.1 .4 are fulfilled.

D.3.3.1 .1 The sample breaks displaying numerous

circular cracks centred approximately on the point
of impact, the nearest cracks being not more
than 80 mm from the point of impact.

D.3.3.1 .2 The glass fragments remain attached

(except as defined in D.3.3.1 .3 ) to the plastics
interlayer. Partial separation from the interlayer
within a distance of 4 mm on either side of a crack is
permitted. Within a 60 mm diameter circle centred
on the point of impact, partial separation is
permitted beyond a distance of 4 mm on either side
of a crack.

D.3.3.1 .3 On the side of the impact not more

2
than 2 000 mm of interlayer is exposed.

D.3.3.1 .4 A split in the interlayer does not

exceed 35 mm in length.

© BSI 04- 1 999

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D.4 Head form test (flat test pieces) a) all the tests give a satisfactory result;

D.4.1 Number of test pieces b) one test having given an unsatisfactory result,

Six flat test pieces of the a further series of tests carried out on a new set

dimensions 1 1 00 + 5, – 2 mm × 500 + 5, – 2 mm of samples gives satisfactory results.

shall be submitted for testing. D.5.2 227 g ball test

D.4.2 Test method D.5.2.1 Number of test pieces
The method used shall be that described in A.3 . The Twenty square test pieces shall be submitted for
height of drop shall be 4 m + 25, – 0 mm. testing with dimensions of 300 mm + 1 0, – 0 mm

D.4.3 Interpretation of results per side.

D.4.3.1 This test shall be deemed to have given a D.5.2.2 Test method
satisfactory result if the following conditions are D.5.2.2.1 The method used shall be that described
fulfilled: in A.2 . The ball used shall have a mass of 227 ± 2 g

a) the test piece yields and breaks, displaying and a diameter of approximately 38 mm. Ten

numerous circular cracks centred approximately specimens shall be tested at + 40 ± 2 °C and ten

on the point of impact; at – 20 ± 2 °C.

b) tears in the interlayer may occur but the head D.5.2.2.2 The height of fall for thickness categories
form does not pass through; and the mass of detached fragments are as follows:

c) no large fragments of glass become detached Thickness of + 40 ° C – 20 ° C

sheet
from the interlayer. Height Maximum Height Maximum
of fall allowed of fall allowed
D.4.3.2 A set of test pieces submitted for approval mass of mass of
shall be considered satisfactory from the point of fragments fragments

view of the head form test if either of the following mm m

a
g m
a
g

# 4. 5
conditions is fulfilled:
e 9 12 8. 5 12
a) all the tests give satisfactory results; or
4. 5 < e # 5. 5 10 15 9 15
b) one test having given an unsatisfactory result,
a further series of tests carried out on a new set 5. 5 < e # 6. 5 11 20 9. 5 20
of test pieces gives satisfactory results.
e > 6. 5 12 25 10 25
D.5 Ball impact test for mechanical strength a
Tolerance of + 25, – 0 mm shall be applicable to the height of
D.5.1 2.26 kg ball test fall.

D.5.1 .1 Number of test pieces

D.5.2.3 Interpretation of results
Six square test pieces shall be submitted for testing
D.5.2.3.1 The ball impact test shall be deemed to
with dimensions of 300 mm + 1 0, – 0 mm per side.
have given a satisfactory result if:
D.5.1 .2 Test method
a) the ball does not pass through the glass
D.5.1 .2.1 The method used shall be that described
within 5 s following the impact;
in A.2 . The ball used shall have a mass
b) where the interlayer is not torn, the mass of
of 2260 ± 20 g and a diameter of
fragments detached from the opposite side of the
approximately 82 mm.
glass from that impacted does not exceed the
D.5.1 .2.2 The height of drop (from the lower part of
appropriate values specified in D.5.2.2.2 .
the ball to the upper surface of the sample) shall
D.5.2.3.2 A set of samples submitted for approval
be 4 m + 25, – 0 mm.
shall be considered satisfactory from the point of
D.5.1 .3 Interpretation of results view of mechanical strength if either of the following
D.5.1 .3.1 The ball impact test shall be deemed to two conditions is fulfilled:
have given a satisfactory result if the ball does not
a) not less than eight tests at each test
pass through the glass within the 5 s following the
temperature give a satisfactory result; or
impact.
b) more than two tests at each test temperature
D.5.1 .3.2 A set of samples submitted for approval
having given an unsatisfactory result, a further
shall be considered satisfactory from the point of
series of tests carried out on a new set of samples
view of mechanical strength if either of the following
gives satisfactory results.
conditions is fulfilled:

© BSI 04- 1 999 27

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D . 6 Re sistance to he at and light A manufacturing tolerance of ± 0. 2 mm × n,

D.6.1 High temperature test where n is the number of layers in the glass, is
D.6.1 .1 Test pieces of samples permitted for each category.

c) the nominal thickness of the interlayer(s);

The test shall be carried out on three samples or test
pieces measuring not less than 300 mm × 300 mm d) the nature (foil or air gap) and type of

taken by the laboratory from three windscreens and interlayer(s), e. g. PVB or other plastics

bounded on one side by the upper edge of the interlayer;

windscreen. e) any special treatment that one of the layers of

D.6.1 .2 Test method and interpretation of results glass may have undergone.

The provisions of A. 5 . 1 and A. 5 . 2 shall apply. E.1 .2 Secondary characteristics

D . 6 . 2 Test for resistance to radiation (light
The secondary characteristics are as shown in

stability test) Table 1 , column 6.

D.6.2 .1 Test pieces E . 2 Ge ne ral te st co nd itio ns

The test shall be carried out on three test pieces E.2.1 For ordinary laminated windows other than

measuring 300 mm × 300 mm which may be windscreens the tests shall be conducted on flat test

specially prepared or cut by the laboratory from the pieces that are either cut from actual windows or are

upper part of three windscreens, so that the upper specially made. In either case the test pieces shall,

edge of the test pieces is constituted by the upper in all respects, be rigorously representative of the

boundary of the zone in which the regular production windows for which approval is sought.

transmission is to be determined in accordance E.2.2 Before each test, the test pieces of laminated
with A. 6 . 1 . glass shall be stored for not less than 4 h at a

D.6.2 .2 Test method and interpretation of results temperature of 23 ± 2 °C. The tests shall take place
as soon as possible after the test pieces have been
The provisions of A. 6. 1 and A. 6. 2 shall apply.
taken out of the container in which they were stored.
D . 7 O p tical qualitie s
E . 3 H e ad fo rm te st

The requirements concerning optical qualities set

E.3.1 Number of test pieces
out in A. 8 shall apply.
Six flat test pieces measuring 1 1 00 + 5, – 2 mm ×
D . 8 Ab rasio n
500 + 5, – 2 mm shall be submitted for testing.
The requirements concerning abrasion set out
E.3.2 Test method
in A. 4 shall apply. The test load shall be 500 g and
the test continued for 1 000 cycles. E.3.2.1 The test method used shall be that described
in A. 3 .
D . 9 H umidi ty
E.3.2.2 The height of drop is 1 . 5 m + 25, – 0 mm.
The requirements concerning humidity set out
in A. 7 shall apply. E.3.3 Interpretation of results
E.3.3.1 This test shall be deemed to have given a
Ap p e ndix E O rdinary laminated glass satisfactory result if the following conditions are
windows othe r than windscree ns fulfilled:

a) the test piece yields and breaks, displaying

E . 1 D e finition of typ e
numerous circular cracks centred approximately
Ordinary laminated glass products other than on the point of impact;
windscreens shall be considered to belong to b) tears in the interlayer may occur but the head
different types if they differ in at least one of the form does not pass through;
principal and secondary characteristics given
c) no large fragments of glass become detached
in E.1 .1 and E.1 .2.
from the interlayer.
E.1 .1 Principal characteristics
E.3.3.2 A set of test pieces submitted for approval
The principal characteristics are as follows: shall be considered satisfactory from the point of
a) the trade name or mark of the manufacturer; view of behaviour under impact of the head if either

b) the category of thickness of the glass, defined of the following two conditions is fulfilled:

by the nominal thickness, e, as follows: a) all the tests give positive results; or

e # 5. 5 mm
b) one test having given a negative result, a
Category I
5. 5 mm < e # 6. 5 mm
further series of tests carried out on a new set of
Category II test pieces does not give any negative result.
Category III 6. 5 mm < e

© BSI 04- 1 999

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E.4 Mechanical strength E.5.2 Test for resistance to radiation (light

E.4.1 Number of test pieces stability test)
Four flat test pieces measuring 300 + 1 0, – 0 mm E.5.2.1 Test pieces
× 300 mm + 1 0, – 0 mm, specially prepared or cut Three flat test pieces measuring not less
from four samples, shall be submitted for each than 300 m × 300 mm shall be submitted for each
category of glass thickness and for each thickness of category of glass thickness and for each thickness of
interlayer. interlayer.

E.4.2 Test method E.5.2.2 Test method and interpretation of results

E.4.2.1 The method used shall be that described The provisions of A.6.1 and A.6.2 shall apply.
in A.2 . The mass of the ball shall be 227 ± 2 g. E.6 Optical qualities
E.4.2.2 The height of drop (from the lower part of The provisions concerning optical qualities in A.8
the ball to the upper surface of the test piece) shall shall apply to windows which are necessary to
be as indicated in the following table, according to comply with any requirements concerning the
the nominal thickness of the glass product. driver’s field of view in all directions.
Nominal thickness of the Height of drop
E.7 Abrasion
glass product ( )e
The requirements concerning abrasion set out
mm
in A.4 shall apply. The test load shall be 500 g and
e # 5. 5 7 m + 25, – 0 mm the test continued for 1 000 cycles.

5. 5 < e # 6. 5 6 m + 25, – 0 mm E.8 Humidity

6. 5 < e 7 m + 25, – 0 mm The requirements concerning humidity set out

in A.7 shall apply.
E.4.3 Interpretation of results
E.4.3.1 The ball impact test shall be deemed to have
Appendix F Treated laminated glass
given a satisfactory result if both of the following windscreens
conditions are fulfilled:
F.1 Definition of type
a) the ball does not pass through the test piece;
Treated laminated glass windscreens shall be
b) the interlayer not being torn, the total mass of
considered to belong to different types if they differ
fragments produced on the side opposite the point
in at ] east one of the principal or secondary
of impact does not exceed 1 5 g.
characteristics given in F.1 .1 and F.1 .2 .
E.4.3.2 A set of test pieces or samples submitted for
F.1 .1 Principal characteristics
approval shall be considered satisfactory as regards
The principal characteristics are as follows:
mechanical strength if either of the following
conditions is fulfilled: a) the trade name or mark of the manufacturer;

a) all the tests give a positive result; or b) the shape and dimensions (length, width);

b) not more than two tests having given a c) the number of layers of glass;
negative result, a further series of tests carried d) the nominal thickness, e, of the windscreen, a
out on a new set of test pieces all give positive manufacturing tolerance of ± 0. 2 n mm being
results. allowed, where n is the number of layers of glass
E.5 Resistance to heat and light in the windscreen;

E.5.1 High temperature test e) any special treatment that one or more layers

E.5.1 .1 Test pieces of glass may have undergone;

f) the nominal thickness of the interlayer(s);

Three flat test pieces measuring 300 mm × 300 mm
shall be submitted for each category of glass g) the nature and type of the interlayer(s),
thickness and for each thickness of interlayer. e. g. PVB or other plastics interlayer.

E.5.1 .2 Test method and interpretation of results F.1 .2 Secondary characteristics

The provisions of A.5.1 and A.5.2 shall apply. The secondary characteristics are shown in Table 1 ,
column 4.

© BSI 04- 1 999 29

BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

F. 2 Ge ne ral Ap pe ndix G Windscre en group ing

For treated laminated windscreens the tests,

F. 2 . 1

except those on the optical qualities, shall be G. 1 Gro up ing o f windscre e ns fo r ap p roval

conducted on flat test pieces that are specially made. te sting

However, the test pieces shall in all respects be The features to be considered are as follows:
G. 1 . 1

rigorously representative of the production a) the developed area of the windscreen as

windscreens for which approval is sought. defined in ;
2.1 0

Before each test, the test pieces shall be stored

F. 2 . 2
b) the height of segment;
for at least 4 h at a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C. The c) the radius of curvature.
tests shall take place as soon as possible after the
test pieces have been taken out of the container in A group is defined by a thickness class and
G. 1 . 2

which they were stored. combination.

Classification is defined according to the
G. 1 . 3

Treated laminated windscreens shall be submitted windscreensvalue

increasing of the developed areas of the
F. 3 Te sts sp e cifie d

to the following tests. as defined in .

2.1 0

The five largest

The tests specified in Appendix D for ordinary selected and noted:
F. 3 . 1
and the five smallest shall be
laminated windscreens; the head form test shall be
conducted on the glass surface corresponding to the 1 for the largest 1 for the smallest
inside of the windscreen; the ball tests shall be 2 for the next smallest 2 for the next largest
conducted on the glass surface corresponding to the
outside of the windscreen. 3 for the next in 3 for the next in
The fragmentation test described in . decreasing order increasing order
4 for the next in 4 for the next in
F. 3 . 2 F. 4

F. 4 Fragme ntation
decreasing order increasing order
Sample
5 for the next in 5 for the next in
F. 4 . 1

One test piece measuring 1 100 + 25, – 0 mm × 500 decreasing order increasing order
+ 25, – 0 mm for each point of impact shall be
submitted for testing. Within the two previously defined series, the
G. 1 . 4

Test method
F. 4 . 2 height of segment values shall be designated as
The method used shall be that described in . A. 1
follows:
Point(s) of impact
F. 4 . 3 1 for the largest
The glass shall be struck on each of the outer treated 2 for the next smallest
sheets in the centre of the test piece. 3 for the next in decreasing order, etc.
Interpretation of results
For each point of impact, the fragmentation in Within each of the series previously defined
F. 4 . 4

G. 1 . 5
F. 4 . 4 . 1

test shall be deemed to have given a satisfactory ,

G. 1 . 3 radius of curvature values shall be noted
result if the total surface area of fragments with a as follows:
surface area of more than 200 mm2 represents not 1 for the smallest
less than 15 % of a 200 mm × 500 mm area of the 2 for the next largest
test piece.
The test piece(s) submitted for approval
F. 4 . 4 . 2
3 for the next in increasing order, etc.
shall be considered satisfactory from the point of For every windscreen in the two series defined
view of fragmentation if either of the following
G. 1 . 6

in , the indexing numbers shall be added

conditions is fulfilled:
G. 1 . 3

together and the windscreen with the smallest total

a) the test gives a satisfactory result for each shall be selected for testing, both from the five
point of impact; or largest and from the five smallest.
b) the test having been repeated on a fresh set of Additional windscreens having significantly
G. 1 . 7

four test pieces for each point of impact for which different parameters of shape and/or radius of
it had originally given an unsatisfactory result, curvature from the extremes of the selected
the four new tests, using the same points of grouping may also be tested at the discretion of the
impact, all give satisfactory results. test authority conducting the test if it considers that
those features are likely to introduce appreciable
adverse effects.

30 © BSI 04-1999
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

G. 1 . 8 Windscreen developed areas establish the Ap p e ndix H Thickne sse s of glass

limits of the group. Where a subsequent availab le to the United Kingdom
windscreen is submitted for type approval and its
automob ile industry
developed area is outside of the approved limit
and/or its height of segment is significantly greater
or radius of curvature significantly smaller it shall
No minal thi ckne ss Limits o f thickne ss
be considered a new type and additional tests will be
required if the test authority deems it technically mm

necessary having regard to the information already 2. 3

in its possession on the product and material.
2. 5
G. 1 . 9 If any other windscreen model is
3. 0 ± 0. 2 mm
manufactured afterwards by a manufacturer to
whom approval has already been granted 4. 0
concerning an approval thickness class:
5. 0
a) it shall be ascertained whether such a model
6. 0
can be included among the five largest or the five
smallest ones selected for approval of the NOTE The thinner glasses can be combined with the
appropriate interlayers to produce a range of laminated glasses
examined group; and
suitable for use in road vehicles.
b) numerical indexation shall be performed once
more, according to G. 1 . 3 , G. 1 . 4 and G. 1 . 5 .
Ap p e ndix J Ap p lication for ap p roval
G. 1 . 1 0 If the sum of indexing numbers assigned to and procedure on any sub sequent
the windscreen compared with the five largest or the
modification of the p roduct
five smallest is:

a) the least, a complete series of approval tests J. 1 The application for approval of a type of glass
shall be performed; shall be submitted by the manufacturer of the safety

b) not the least, the tests shall only consist of glass or by his duly accredited representative.

those prescribed to characterize the windscreen J. 2 For each type of safety glass the applications
intended for a particular vehicle, i. e. : shall be accompanied by the undermentioned

1 ) toughened windscreen: documents and by the particulars given in J. 2 . 1

and J. 2 . 2 in triplicate.
i) fragmentation test;
J. 2 . 1 A technical description comprising all
ii) optical distortion test;
principal and secondary characteristics.
iii) secondary image separation test;
J. 2 . 2 In the case of windscreens only, the following
2) ordinary laminated windscreen: additional information:
i) optical distortion test; a) a list of windscreens for which approval is
ii) secondary image separation test; sought, together with details of the types and
categories of the vehicles to which they are to be
3) treated laminated windscreens:
fitted;
i) fragmentation test, if required;
b) drawings and diagrams (or data) of the
ii) optical distortion test;
windscreens and their installation in the vehicle
iii) secondary image separation test. in sufficient detail to show:

1 ) the position of the windscreen relative to the

9)
“R” point of the driver’s seat (see Figure 1 2
and Figure 1 3) ;

2) the inclination angle of the windscreen,

measured from the vertical;

3) the position and size of the zones for

checking the optical qualities and areas of
different toughening if applicable;

4) the windscreen developed area;

9)
The R point or seat reference point of a vehicle is the manufacturer’s design point that establishes the rearmost normal
position of each seat provided by the vehicle manufacturers, and is defined in Directive 77/649/EEC.

© BSI 04- 1 999 31

BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

5) the windscreen maximum height of J. 4 Reapproval procedures shall follow a

segment; modification of the type of safety glass. Every type

6) the windscreen minimum radius of modification of the safety glass or in the case of

curvature (for windscreen grouping purposes windscreens every addition to the group of

only); windscreens shall be notified to the administrative

department which approved the type of safety glass.
7) the type of interlayer when the windscreen
The department may then either:
is laminated.
a) consider that the modifications made are
J. 3 In addition, the applicant for approval shall
unlikely to have an appreciable adverse effect
submit a sufficient number of samples and test
and, in the case of windscreens, the new type
pieces of the finished class of models agreed if
comes within the approved group of windscreens
necessary with the test authority (see Table 4).
and that, in any case, the safety glass still
satisfies the requirements; or

b) require a further test report from the technical

service responsible for conducting the tests.

Tab le 4 — The minimum numb e r of p roducts re quire d fo r a full se t of ap p ro val te sts

Te st Wi nd scre e ns O the r than

w ind scre e ns

f
Z o ne Unifo rmly O rd i nary Tre ate d To u ghe ne d Lami nate d

to u ghe ne d to u ghe ne d lami nate d lami nate d

Fragmentation test 3 b Flat 3 b Flat

6b Angle Nil 2
c
3 b Angle Nil
b b
4 Curved 4 Curved

Ball impact test for

mechanical strength

227 g Nil 6d 20 d 20 d 6d 4d

2. 26 kg Nil Nil 6d 6d Nil Nil

b b b b
Head form test (samples) 4 4 4 4 Nil Nil

Head form test or or and and

c c c
(test pieces) 6 6 6 6c Nil a 6c

Abrasion test Nil Nil 3e 3e Nil 3e

d d
High temperature test Nil Nil 3 3 Nil 3d

Resistance to radiation Nil Nil 3d 3d Nil 3d

test

Humidity test Nil Nil 3d 3d Nil 3d

Light transmission test 


Optical distortion test  Samples Samples Samples Samples

Secondary image test used before used before used before used before See C.1 3 See E.6

 conducting conducting conducting conducting
Identification of colours 
above tests above tests above tests above tests
test
NOTE 1 If test samples are used then an extra sample will be required for a support in the fragmentation test.
NOTE 2 The number stated is for one full set of approval tests only, and it is recommended that additional samples to cover retests,
breakages, etc. should be delivered to the test authority.
NOTE 3 Uniformly toughened windscreens are applicable to slow moving vehicles as defined in 2.3.

a
In the case of double- glazed units, 4 test pieces are required.
b
Samples.
c
Test pieces 1 1 00 mm × 500 mm.
d
Test pieces 300 mm × 300 mm.
e
Test pieces 1 00 mm × 1 00 mm.
f
Additional samples will be required for testing the plastics coating, where applicable, in accordance with the requirements of
Appendix L.

© BSI 04- 1 999

32
 BS AU 1 78a:1 992

Appendix K Classification of vehicles Category N2 Vehicles used for the carriage of goods

according to the Commission of the and having a maximum mass (weight) exceeding 3. 5
but not exceeding 1 2 tonnes
European Communities
(EEC/Brussels) and the United Category N3 Vehicles used for the carriage of goods
and having a maximum mass (weight)
Nations Economic Commission for
exceeding 1 2 tonnes
Europe (UN-ECE/Geneva)
Category O Trailers (including semi-trailers)
Category L Motor vehicles with less than four wheels Category O 1 Single- axled trailers, other than
Category L1 Two- wheeled vehicles with an engine semi- trailers, with a maximum mass (weight) not
3 exceeding 0. 75 tonne
cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cm and a
maximum design speed not exceeding 40 km/h Category O 2 Trailers with a maximum mass
Category L2 Three- wheeled vehicles with an engine (weight) not exceeding 3. 5 tonnes, other than
3 trailers of category O 1
cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cm and a
maximum design speed not exceeding 40 km/h Category O 3 Trailers with a maximum mass
Category L3 Two- wheeled vehicles with an engine (weight) exceeding 3. 5 tonnes but not
3 exceeding 1 0 tonnes
cylinder capacity exceeding 50 cm or a design
speed exceeding 40 km/h Category O 4 Trailers with a maximum mass
Category L4 Vehicles with three wheels (weight) exceeding 1 0 tonnes

asymmetrically arranged in relation to the

longitudinal median axis, with an engine cylinder Appendix L Plastics-coated safety
3
capacity exceeding 50 cm or a design speed glazing
exceeding 40 km/h (motor cycles with sidecar)
L.1 General
Category L5 Vehicles with three wheels
symmetrically arranged in relation to the L.1 .1 The following tests are applicable to soft
longitudinal median axis, with a maximum mass elastic polyurethane films bonded on to the inner
(weight) not exceeding 1 000 kg and either an surface of a safety glazing material to provide
3 improved passenger protection. The tests are not
engine cylinder capacity exceeding 50 cm or a
design speed exceeding 40 km/h applicable to other types of organic polymeric films
or coatings which might be applied to the inner
Category M Power-driven vehicles having at least
surface of a safety glazing material for the same
four wheels or having three wheels when the
purpose.
maximum mass (weight) exceeds 1 tonne, and used
for the carriage of passengers 1 0) L.1 .2 Safety glazing materials, as defined in
Appendix B to Appendix F, if coated on the inner
Category M 1 Vehicles used for the carriage of
face with a layer of plastics material, shall be
passengers and comprising not more than eight
designated as “plastics- coated safety glazing”.
seats in addition to the driver’s seat
L.1 .3 Before each test, the test piece shall be stored
Category M2 Vehicles used for the carriage of
for at least 4 h at a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C. The
passengers, comprising more than eight seats in
tests shall take place as soon as possible after the
addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum
pieces have been taken out of the container in which
mass (weight) not exceeding 5 tonnes
they were stored.
Category M3 Vehicles used for the carriage of
L.2 Tests prescribed
passengers, comprising more than eight seats in
addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum Plastics- coated safety glazing shall comply not only
mass (weight) exceeding 5 tonnes with the requirements of the appropriate
Appendix B to Appendix F, but also with the
Category N Power-driven vehicles having at least
requirements in L.3 , L.4 and L.5 .
four wheels or having three wheels when the
maximum mass (weight) exceeds 1 tonne, and used L.3 Abrasion test
for the carriage of goods L.3.1 Test meth o d. The plastics coating shall be
Category N1 Vehicles used for carriage of goods and subj ected to a test in accordance with the method
having a maximum mass (weight) not specified in A.4 . The test shall be continued
exceeding 3. 5 tonnes for 1 00 cycles.

1 0)
Articulated vehicles comprising two non- separable but articulated units shall be considered as single vehicles.

© BSI 04- 1 999 33

BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Figure 1 4 — E xamp le of co mb ustio n chamb e r w ith samp le ho ld e r and drip tray

L.3.2 The plastics

In terp reta tio n o f resu lts. The bottom of the chamber has vent holes, and the
coating shall be considered satisfactory from the top has a vent slot all around. The combustion
point of view of abrasion resistance if the light chamber is placed on four feet, 10 mm high.
scattered as a result of the abrasion of the test piece The chamber may have a hole at one end for the
does not exceed 4 %. introduction of the sample holder containing the
L. 4 H umi dity te st sample; in the opposite end, a hole is provided for
the gas line. Melted material is caught in a pan
A resistance to humidity test shall be conducted in which is placed on the bottom of the chamber
L. 4 . 1 Test m etho d

accordance with the method specified in . between vent holes without covering any vent hole
A. 7
area.
L. 4 . 2 In terp reta ti on of resu lts
Consists of two U-shaped
The test shall be considered satisfactory if no
L. 5 . 2 . 2

metal plates or frames of corrosion-proof material.

The sam p le ho lder.

substantial irreversible change is observed in the

test piece after a period of 48 h at prevalent ambient The
with
lower plate is equipped with pins, the upper one
corresponding holes in order to ensure a
conditions. consistent holding of the sample. The pins also serve
L. 5 Flammab ility te st
as the measuring points at the beginning and end of
L. 5 . 1 Pri n c i p le the burning distance.
A sample is held horizontally in a U-shaped holder A support shall be provided in the form of wires
and is exposed to the action of a defined low-energy spanning the frame at 25 mm intervals.
flame for 15 s in a combustion chamber, the flame The small ignition source is
acting on the free end of the sample. The test
L. 5 . 2 . 3

provided by a Bunsen burner having an inside

Gas b urner.

determines if and when the flame extinguishes or diameter of 9.5 mm. It is located in the test cabinet
the time in which the flame passes a measured so that the centre of its nozzle is 19 mm below the
distance. centre of the bottom edge of the open end of the
L. 5 . 2 Ap p a ra tu s sample.
L. 5 . 2 . 1 (Figure 14), preferably
of stainless steel. The front of the chamber contains
Com b ustio n cham b er

a flame-resistant observation window, which may

cover the front and which can be constructed as an
access panel.

34 © BSI 04-1999
 BS AU 1 78a: 1 992

Figure 1 5 — S amp le

L. 5 . 2 . 4 Test gas . The gas supplied to the burner shall L. 5 . 5 . 5 Measurement of burning time is completed
3
have a calorific value near 38 MJ/m (e. g. natural when the flame has come to the last measuring
gas). point or when the flame extinguishes before coming

L. 5 . 3 Shape and dimensions of samples to the last measuring point. If the flame does not
reach the last measuring point, measure the burnt
The shape and dimensions of samples are given in
distance up to the point where the flame
Figure 1 5. The thickness of the sample corresponds
extinguished. Burnt distance is the decomposed
to the thickness of the product to be tested. It shall
part of the sample which is destroyed on its surface
not be more than 1 3 mm. When taking the sample
or in the interior by burning.
permits, the sample shall have a constant section
over its entire length. L. 5 . 5 . 6 In so far as the sample does not ignite or

L. 5 . 4 Sampling does not continue burning after the burner has been
extinguished, or when the flame extinguishes before
L. 5 . 4 . 1 At least five samples shall be taken from the reaching the first measuring point, so that no
material under test. In materials having different burning time is measured, note in the test report
burning rates in different material directions that the burning rate is 0 mm/min.
(preliminary tests will show this) the five (or more)
L. 5 . 5 . 7 When running a series of tests or repeat
samples are to be taken and placed in the test
tests, ensure that the combustion chamber and
apparatus so that the highest burning rate will be
sample holder have a maximum temperature
measured.
of 30 °C before starting the next test.
L. 5 . 4 . 2 Composite materials shall be tested as if
they were of uniform construction.
L. 5 . 6 Calculation of burning rate
L. 5 . 5 Procedure The burning rate, B, in millimetres per minute, is
given by the formula.

s × 60
L. 5 . 5 . 1 Place the sample in the sample holder so
that the exposed side is downwards of the flame. B
t
= --

L. 5 . 5 . 2 Adj ust the gas flame to a height of 38 mm

using the mark in the chamber, the air intake of the where

burner being closed. Before starting the first test, s is the burn distance (in mm) ;
the flame shall burn for at least 1 min for
stabilization.
t is the time (in s) to burn distance s.

L. 5 . 5 . 3 Push the sample holder into the combustion L. 5 . 7 Interpretation of results

chamber so that the end of the sample is exposed to
Plastics- coated safety glazing shall be considered
the flame, and after 1 5 s cut off the gas flow.
satisfactory from the point of view of flammability if
L. 5 . 5 . 4 The measurement of the burning time starts the burning rate, B, does not exceed 250 mm/min.
at the moment when the foot of the flame passes the NOTE It should be noted that this test does not necessarily bear
first measuring point. Observe the flame a relationship to likely hazard and does not give an indication of

propagation on the side burning faster than the probable behaviour. Care should be taken in applying the results
to practical circumstances.
other (upper or lower side).

© BSI 04- 1 999 35

36 blank
 BS AU 1 78a:1 992

Publication(s) referred to

ISO 3537, Road vehicles — Safety glasses — Tes t m etho ds for m echanical p ro p erties.

ISO 3538, Road vehicles — Safety glasses — Test m ethods fo r o p tical p ro p erties.

ISO 391 7, Road v ehicles — Safety glass es — Test m etho ds fo r resistance to radiation, high tem p erature,

hum idity and fire.

EEC Directive 78/31 7/EEC, — Defro sting and dem isting sys tem s o f glazed s urfaces o f m o to r v ehicles.

EEC Directive 77/649/EEC, — Field of v is io n of m oto r v ehicle driv ers.

Publication CIE No. 1 5 (E- 1 . 3. 1 ) 1 971 — Colorimetry — Official recommendations of the International
Commission of Illumination.

Proceedings of the 1 931 meeting of the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) .

© BSI 04- 1 999

BS AU 178a:
1992
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