UNIT -1

ALTERNATORS PRINCIPLES AND CONSTRUCTION

3MARKS:

1. What are the requirements of Alternator and principle is used in Alternator

 Requirement of Alternators are
 Magnetic field system to produce the magnetic field
 Armature system which houses conductor on which the emf is to be
induced
 Principle is used in Alternator
 Alternating current generators are usually called Alternators.
 They operate on the principle of Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction.
2. Compare salient and non salient pole alternator?

Sl. No. Salient Pole Rotor Cylindrical Rotor

1. It has large diameter It has smaller diameter
and short axial length and longer axial length

2. Damper winding Damper winding is

is necessary not necessary

3. Windage loss is high Windage loss is less

3. What are the cooling methods of Turbo Alternator?

 Radial Ventilation
 Axial Ventilation
 Radial Axial Ventilation
 Multiple inlet system of Ventilation
 Closed circuit Ventilation.

4. What are the advantages of Hydrogen cooling?

Windage loss is very low so efficiency is increased.
Due to low density of the gas, noiseless operation is possible.
There is no chance for fire accident since the hydrogen gas is inflammable.
 5. State the advantages of short chorded or short pitched winding?
They save copper of end connections.
The distorting harmonics can be reduced.
Mechanical strength of coil is increased.
6. What are the precautions to be taken in hydrogen cooling?
Hydrogen should be a pure one.
Proper sealing devices should be provided at the shaft in order to avoid
mixing of air and hydrogen.
7. What are the advantages of cylindrical rotor over salient pole rotor?
A better mechanical balancing of rotor is obtained
The airgap length is uniform throughout the periphery of the rotor.
8. State the advantages of rotating field system?
It is easy to insulate the stationary armature windings, because they are placed
in the stator.
Rotating field is comparatively light in weight and hence it can run at high
speed.
In stationary armature, the winding may be cooled more efficiently, because
the stator core can be made enough cooling ducts for forced air circulation.
9. What are the effects of distribution factor?
 The harmonics are reduced in the induced emf.
 Armature reaction effect can be reduced.
 The heat produced by the I2 R loss is easily dissipated.
 Armature reaction effect is reduced
 The resultant emf induced in the distributed winding is lesser than
concentrated winding.

10MARKS:

1. Explain the working principle of an alternator?

2. Explain the stator and rotor construction of a salient pole alternator?
3. Derive an expression for EMF of alternator taking into account the
pitch factor and distribution factor?
4. Explain with neat sketch the constructional details of turbo alternator
(or) cylindrical pole (or) non-salient pole alternator?
5. Explain the various methods of ventilation system or cooling of an alternator?
6. Explain the methods of obtaining sine wave in salient pole alternators
with neat sketches?
 UNIT-2
ALTERNATOR PERFORMANCE AND TESTING
3 MARKS:
1. What is effective armature resistance?
The apparent increase in resistance value of a conductor, in alternating current is
called as the effective resistance of that conductor.
Reff = 1.6 Rdc

2. What is leakage reactance (XL)?

The reactance which causes the reactance emf is known as leakage Reactance

3. What is Synchronous reactance?

Synchronous reactance is the combined reactance of leakage Reactance and the
fictitious reactance due to armature reaction.
Xs=XL + Xa

4. What is Synchronous Impedance (Zs)

Synchronous Impedance is the vector sum of effective value of armature resistance
(Reff) and Synchronous reactance.
Zs= √𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐
𝒔

5. What is armature reaction in an alternator?

The effect of armature flux due to armature current over the main field flux is
called armature reaction.

6. What is meant by voltage regulation and Write the expression for regulation
of an alternator?

It is defined the difference between the no load terminal voltage and

terminal voltage on load expressed as a percentage of terminal voltage on
load.

%Regulation = 𝑬𝒐− 𝑽
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽
7. Write the expression for no load emf?
Voltage on No Load Eo= V+Izs

8. Write the formula for synchronizing power?

Synchronizing power (Psy) =E1Isy cos θ
Where,
Isy−synchronizing current
E1-generated Voltage
cos θ- power factor

9. Write the formula for synchronizing Torque?

Synchronizing Torque (Tsy) = Psy/ 2𝜋𝑁𝑠
60
Where,
Psy- Synchronizing power
Ns- Synchronous speed

10.Write the formula for synchronizing current?

Synchronizing current (Isy) =ER / (Z1+Z2)
Where,
ER-Resultant Voltage
Z1+Z2- synchronous Impedance

11. What is meant by Synchronizing?

The operation of properly connection of an alternator in parallel with a common
busbar or with another alternator is known as Synchronizing.

12. Name the two fluxes present in the air gap under loaded condition?
 Flux due to field ampere turns
 Flux due to current flowing through the armature winding

13. State the necessity of parallel operation of Alternators?

Load on a single alternator at a power station becomes more than the rating of
alternator, it becomes necessary to add another alternator in parallel to meet the
increasing of load.

14. Name the methods for determining the voltage regulation of an alternator?
 Synchronous impedance (or) EMF method.
 Ampere-turn (or) MMF method.
 Zero power factor (or) potier method.

15. What is infinite bus-bar?

The very large system working at constant voltage and constant frequency is
called an infinite bus bar system.
3MARKS:
1. What are the advantages of parallel operation of alternators?
 Easy repair and maintenance without shut down.
 High operating efficiency of alternators.
 Saving in capital cost.

2. What are the conditions to be fulfilled for parallel operation of alternators?

 Voltage must be equal.
 Frequency must be equal.
 Same phase sequence.

3. What are the causes of (or) reason for change in Voltage Drop in Alternators?
 Voltage drop due to armature effective resistance (Reff) of the armature winding
 Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance(XL)
 Voltage drop due to armature reaction effect.

4. Name the methods used for synchronization?

 Dark Lamp Method
 Bright Lamp Method
 Dark-Bright Lamp Method.
 Using Synchroscope.

10MARKS:
1. With schematic diagram explain briefly the synchronizing of two 3
phase alternators by dark lamp methods?
2. Explain briefly the synchronizing of two three phase alternators by
bright lamp method?
3. Explain the armature reaction in alternator for various power factor loads?
4. Explain the EMF method or synchronous impedance method
of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator?
5. Explain in detail the ampere- turn method (or) MMF methods of
calculating the regulation in an alternator?