GR

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MEMBERS: P2
SAJA, JOHN MICHAEL
PAGATPATAN, JOHN ADRIANE Q.
SORIANO, MARK LOUE
Case Study 1

Questions:
What kind of crisis would Kuhn call the events in the Case Study above?
Answer:     Anomalies

How were vested interests threatened by Galileo’s ideas?

Answer:     Galileo Galilei was put on trial by the Inquisition in Rome. Charged with
heresy, this old man of 69 was threatened with torture, imprisonment and even burning
at the stake.Has

this crisis been resolved?

Answer: A friend, Bruno, who had advocated the idea of an infinite universe, was tried
by the Inquisition, refused to recant and was bumed at the stake in 1600. It was
published in England before Galileo's death in 1642.
Case Study 2. Experimental Research

Case Study 3. Phenomenological Research

Case Study 4. Analytical Surveys

Case Study 5. Action Research

Case Study 6. Heuristic Research

Questions:

Examine the research methodologies outlined in case studies 2 to 6. Come up with your
research topic and select one methodology that you think could be valid for your
research uses and one that is inappropriate. Justify your choice/s.

Answer : Effect of the online class to the performance of the student

The effective methodology for this topic is the experimental method because we try to
answer the effect of the online class in the performance of the student and the
inappropriate methodology is the Phenomenological Research because in
Phenomenological Research method it is a method were in we seeks to understand and
describe the universal essence of a phenomenon and to approach investigates the
ordinary experiences of human beings whereas suspending the researchers' biased
assumptions around the phenomenon.
Figure 1. Johari Window showing choices between familiar and unfamiliar work
experience and personal knowledge.

Activity 1. Take the project you intend to do on one or more projects you are
considering. Locate the position of the project(s) within the Johari window. How risky is
the project, and are the risks worth taking? How ‘stretching’ is the project and, as such,
the development of a personal objective?

Answer : In the johari window we can see that there are four choices and each choice
there are four different results. first if you take a project and you choose in the johari
window the unfamiliar work and unfamiliar knowledge their are high chance that you fail
to finish or comply the project you get and if you pick unfamiliar work and familiar
knowledge the is a chance that you fail to finish or comply to the project you get and if
you pick the familiar work and unfamiliar knowledge there is a high chance you success
to finish or comply the project you get because if you have familiar to your work  but you
are not familiar in the knowledge you can research or learn it in the short time or ahead
of time but if you are not familiar in your work it takes time to perfect your skills at work
but there is a low possibilities the you fail to finish or comply to the project and the last
choice in the johari window is the familiar work and familiar knowledge for me it is the
best choice in the choices because you know what you are doing and it is impossible for
you to make a mistake.

Activity 2. Go to Google Scholar at http://scholar.google.co.ph/ Type in a theme that

might interest you, for example, ‘health promotion’..’ If you add the letters ‘pdf,’ the hits
will include documents such as research articles and reports, some of which can be
downloaded immediately. Even if you can’t always download the documents directly,
the hits will indicate what articles are available and in which academic journals.
Providing you have access to the appropriate electronic database; you can then access
the article. If you also click on ‘Any Time’ in Google Scholar and the current date (year),
you will see what kinds of subjects are ‘current’ regarding what is being researched.
This can generate new ideas for your research.
Case Study 7. Identifying a Theme for Research

Questions: Consider the following ‘big’ topics and formulate a more focused, narrower
research project: Communication in the workplace; Mergers and acquisitions; Health
and safety; Teenage pregnancies; Equal employment legislation.
Answer: Having interest in the topic you are studying is important but the topic should
still be objective, directional and researchable.Apart from your interest it is also a good
idea to think that the topic you have chosen

Case Study 8. Examples of Ethically Contentious Practice

Activity 1. Was the Milgram experiment justified? Think about this regarding the duties
of researchers, human rights, outcomes, and understandings of vulnerability and
autonomy.
Answer:  The Milgram experiment justified that human beings are susceptible to
obeying authority, but it also demonstrated that obedience is not inevitable.
Activity 2. Take a look at the ethical code of conduct for your institution. Is this code of
practice based on universalistic or contingent approaches, as in Table 4.1? Whether
you are a professional researcher, student, or anyone involved in research, make sure
that you are aware of and attempt to abide by any ethical code governing your research.
Make sure that you are aware of and attempt to abide by any ethical code governing*
Case Study 9. Getting Approval Through an Institution's Ethics Committee

Questions: The above study also includes a control group of unemployed managers
who are asked to complete the battery of psychological tests but who still need to
receive the coaching. Is this ethical? What benefits, if any, do they receive for taking
part?

 No, because there is no point in recruiting them if you are also the one dictating
the things they should do.
Case Study 10. Using the Literature to Identify Research Methods

Activity 1. For your study, make a list of experts in the field. If you are still determining
who these might be, identify which names appear most frequently in the reference
section of key academic articles. Show the list to your supervisor to elicit feedback

 william s. Levine
MOHD HASAN ALI
S. M. Muyeen
Emil Simiu
DongHun Yeo
Case Study 11. An Illustration of the Literature Search Process

Activity 2. Compare the actions of Kate in the Case Study with the potential array of
sources discussed in the section Searching source materials. Are there any important
steps she may have missed out
Answer : I think kate did not miss any steps in searching for the source material in the
internet
Activity 3. To evaluate the extent to which judgments are stable over time, take a small
sample of articles and review them, deciding which are ‘high quality’ to be included and
which are not. Return to the same articles, say, two weeks later, and perform the same
exercise. Are your judgments broadly the same? Did you include and exclude articles
for the same reasons?
answer: I think I we see and articles and get bak twoo weeks I may be the same
bacause there are low number of people make an article and I inclde that article if it is
relivant ot help it to support to my research.

Multiple Choice Questions

To be considered true research, a project must:
a. gather together a body of existing information and communicate it in a clear and
concise way.
b. uncover obscure or esoteric information and bring it to the consideration of the
broader research community.
c. gather and interpret information in a systematic fashion so as to increase
understanding of some phenomenon.
d. produce definitive conclusions regarding the subject of study.

Which of the following examples illustrates research as it is described in your textbook?

a. Sally is writing a paper about the effects of the Harry Potter books on the reading
habits of fourth graders in the United States and United Kingdom. She goes to a
research library to find information to include in her paper.
b. Ian wants to know why the population of songbirds has declined in recent years in the
Sutton Wilderness Area. He carefully collects soil and water samples, systematically
surveys the entire area for predators, and then sits down to make sense of his findings.
c. Leonard is starting a woodworking business and is not sure how to calculate the cost
of his labor so he can be both profitable and fair to the customers. He asks several
established business owners how they calculate labor changes.
d. Billy is doing a report on the sonnets of Shakespeare. He carefully reads a number of
sonnets and then carefully reads scholarly reviews of those same sonnets written by
various Shakespeare scholars. He synthesizes all of this information in his report.

Which of the following is most likely a statement made by a qualitative researcher?

a. I would like to interview a few of the participants to understand their training.
b. I would like to give participants a test to determine their skill level.
c. I would like to use teacher ratings to see if the program worked.
d. I would like to control which students get the training so we can compare groups of
children that did and did not get training.

Which of the following is most likely a statement made by a quantitative researcher?

a. Let’s follow the groups for the course of the project and take notes about their social
interactions and dialogues.
b. Let’s conduct some focus groups with college students about the types of cooperative
learning they have encountered in their schooling.
c. Let’s compare unit test scores of those who were placed in cooperative groups and
those who were not.
d. Let’s enroll in a course that uses cooperative groups and observe the nature of the
instruction from a student perspective.
Basic research is:
a. research intended to enhance basic knowledge about the physical, biological,
psychological, or social world or to shed light on historical, cultural, or aesthetic
phenomena.
b. large scale research performed under contract with a governmental agency such as
the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), etc.
c. informal research conducted locally by a small staff with a small budget, the purpose
of which is to pave the way for larger research initiatives.
d. research intended to address issues that have immediate relevance to current
practices, procedures, and policies.

Applied research is:

a. research intended to enhance basic knowledge and theoretical reasoning about the
world.
b. large-scale research performed under contract with a governmental agency.
c. informal research conducted by a small staff with a small budget, designed to shed
light on a problem of local interest.
d. research that informs human decision making about immediate, practical problems.

Three of the following questions lend themselves well to research.  Which one does
NOT?
a. “How does the organization of mathematical information in long-term memory differ
between 3-year-olds and 13-year-olds?”
b. “How do business teams of six or fewer members compare to teams of more than six
members in terms of productivity?”
c. “Does message medium, print versus television, impact the effectiveness of public
service health messages?”
d. “Which general education course is more interesting, Philippine History or Music?”

Three of the following are characteristics of a well-written research problem.  Which one
is NOT?
a. The problem statement includes the researcher’s hypothesis.
b. The problem statement clearly delimits the object(s) of study.
c. The problem statement identifies the important factors to be investigated in the study.
d. The problem statement explicitly identifies assumptions.

Three of the following accurately characterize data.  Which one does NOT necessarily
characterize data?
a. Data may be elusive.
b. Data can be volatile.
c. Data are ever changing.
d. Data reveal truth.

An anthropologist, Charlotte has lived in an Incan village for three years.  During that
time, Charlotte became an Incan weaving expert by observing and imitating the master
weavers in the community.  When Charlotte was observing, she was collecting:
a. primary data.
b. secondary data.
c. informal data.
d. nonempirical data.

Charlotte wrote a book about her experience as an anthropologist living in an Incan

village for three years and becoming an expert weaver.  Her book was widely read by
other anthropologists, including Mira, who is an expert in Navaho weaving.  For Mira,
Charlotte’s book constitutes the:
a. hearsay data.
b. secondary data.
c. informal data.
d. primary data.

Replications in experimental research are generally conducted to facilitate

a. internal validity.
b. external validity.
c. internal reliability.
d. external reliability.

Marcial is concerned that her findings may be due to an extraneous uncontrolled

variable and not her treatment.  Marcial is most concerned with the following:
a. triangulation.
b. respondent validation.
c. external validity.
d. internal validity.

When a qualitative researcher asks the participants, “Do the conclusions I’ve drawn
make sense to you” the researcher is evaluating:
a. the trustworthiness of the study.
b. the reliability of the study.
c. the external validity of the study.
d. the Hawthorne effect.

An ordinal scale of measurement:

a. assigns a name to a category.
b. is tied to an absolute zero.
c. incorporates equal units of measurement.
d. communicates greater than and less than relationships.

An interval scale of measurement:

a. assigns a name to a category.
b. communicates rank-order information.
c. incorporates equal units of measurement.
d. is tied to an absolute zero.

Professor Pichay is studying civic-mindedness among senior citizens.  She administers

a survey of civic-mindedness to a senior citizens group in early April, then again in early
May.  By comparing the two sets of scores, the professor can assess the ______
reliability of her measure of civic-mindedness.
a. interrater
b. internal consistency
c. equivalent form
d. test–retest
Three of the following are techniques for strengthening the internal validity of a study.
Which one is NOT?
a. Conduct the study in a controlled laboratory setting.
b. Conduct a double-blind experiment.
c. Make participants fully aware of your expected findings.
d. Build in opportunities for triangulation.

Three of the following are techniques for strengthening the external validity of a study.
Which one is NOT?
a. Conduct the study in a real-life setting.
b. Assure that you have a representative sample.
c. Replicate the study under a variety of relevant conditions.
d. Allow flexibility in procedures and instruments.

Three of the following are techniques for strengthening the credibility of a qualitative
study.  Which one is NOT?
a. Spend extensive time in the field studying the phenomenon of interest.
b. Acquire detailed descriptions of the phenomena being studied.
c. Exclude participants who have experiences or opinions that are very different from
those of others in the study.
d. Ask participants to comment on the conclusions being drawn from the study.

The requirement to keep information provided by research participants confidential

applies:
a. to legal minors (children under the age of 18), but not adults.
b. only in cases where it is specifically requested by the participant.
c. to all persons under almost all conditions.
d. only in cases where participants divulge information that is potentially illegal.

Sara conducted a study in her sixth-grade classroom.  The study focused on students’
interests in science classes.  Sara shared what individual students said about their
interest in science with the seventh-grade teachers to help place students in next year’s
classes.  Was Sara sharing this information through ethical research practices?
a. In this case it was ethical to share students’ data since it will help them in their
education.
b. In this case it was ethical to share students’ data since the study was conducted in
school.
c. In this case, it was unethical to share students’ data since that information was
confidential.
d. In this case, it was unethical to share students’ data since the information was
anonymous.

The most basic and important ethical issue in research is the

a. assurance of sound methodology.
b. protection of participants.
c. guidance of researchers.
d. assurance of publishable results.
The process through which a participant agrees to participate in the research of their
own free will and is informed of their rights as a participant is known as obtaining
a. involuntary participation.
b. rights to study.
c. permission to study.
d. informed consent.

When can a research participant choose to withdraw from a research study?

a. Only during the consent process
b. Within one week of data collection
c. At any time
d. Only at the conclusion of the study

If the identity of the participant is hidden from the researcher, the data are
a. anonymous.
b. deidentified.
c. confidential.
d. secure.

When a researcher knows the identity of a participant but does NOT disclose this
identity, then the data are considered to be
a. anonymous.
b. deidentified.
c. confidential.
d. secure.

A common ethical dilemma in research that occurs when a researcher wants to study a
topic that they cannot disclose completely to participants without influencing behavior or
responses is known as
a. bribery.
b. anonymity.
c. confidentiality.
d. deception.

The primary purpose for completing a thorough literature review as part of a research
study is to:
a. become an expert in your area of interest.
b. provide evidence that your hypothesis is correct.
c. help you interpret your own findings.
d. point you toward the proper method to use.

A well-structured literature review:

a. contains highly detailed descriptions of each work chosen for inclusion in the review.
b. begins with those studies most closely related to the research problem, then opens
up to a broader perspective.
c. begins with broad/general information, then narrows the focus to those studies most
closely related to the research problem.
d. contains general summaries of each work chosen for inclusion in the review.
The review of the literature can be curtailed when:
a. you are no longer encountering new ideas or information.
b. all of the work done by top researchers in the area has been reviewed.
c. all published work related to a topic has been reviewed.
d. two to four weeks have been devoted to the search.

Typically, the literature review should:

a. include few or no works more than five years old to avoid having the work become
prematurely obsolete.
b. be limited to work coming out of the very best labs and universities in the country.
c. give a broad overview of the area, without getting bogged down in the details of
particular studies or theoretical perspectives.
d. emphasize how the studies being reviewed are related to the research problem under
consideration.

Shar has read only about 20 refereed articles related to her primary research topic, but
she’s finding that they tend to focus on the same basic patterns and arguments. Her
best plan of action at this point is to:
a. stop reading; it’s time to bring the literature review to a close.
b. reconsider her search terms and look more broadly for additional research articles.
c. search for non-refereed articles that may contain useful information.
d. email the authors of the articles she’s found and ask for additional sources.

The best way to organize a review of the literature is:

a. Chronologically, with the earliest research first.
b. Chronologically, with the most recent research first.
c. Thematically, with an emphasis on how the literature relates to your question.
d. Critically, identifying flaws in previous studies that make your question relevant.

While reading and taking notes on research in her area of interest, Dona wrote down
quotations from each article and the page numbers.  As she begins to synthesize the
information and write her literature review, her best strategy is to:
a. include the quotations and their sources to ensure she’s correctly representing the
previous findings.
b. paraphrase the quotations to demonstrate she understands the content. If it’s
paraphrased, she does not need citations.
c. use key quotations, with full references, and then explain what they mean in the
context of her research.
d. summarize the main points in her own words and include the relevant citations to the
original work.

The first step in conducting a literature search is

a. to identify the journals you will search.
b. to identify keywords related to the research.
c. to select the database you wish to search.
d. to specify a search strategy.

 When reporting the literature review, what should come last, just prior to the statement
of hypothesis?
a. The references that are most recent
b. The references that are least recent
c. The references most related to your problem
d. The references least related to your problem

To evaluate a source the first step is to

a. determine the quality of the publication.
b. check the date of publication.
c. identify the source of publication.
d. determine whether it is relevant to your research problem.

According to your text, one reason researchers should annotate sources is because
a. it will save time when writing the literature review.
b. it assures accuracy in the data analysis.
c. it rewrites the existing abstract in your own words.
d. it includes why a source is important for your research

 According to your text, what is the best way to organize the report of the literature?
a. Present each reference by date with a mini-abstract.
b. Present each major finding in turn.
c. Present the studies that have similar findings.
d. Provide a meaningful summary of the studies related to main problems.

Review Questions
1. Professor Pagulayan wants to know more about students' mental processes as they
learn about research methods.  She also wants to know which instructional methods are
most effective for teaching research methods to her students. Assume that Professor
Pagulayan takes a quantitative approach to study these questions.  State a specific
research question related to her general research problem that aligns well with a
quantitative research approach.  Then explain why your question is better addressed
using a quantitative, rather than a qualitative, methodology

2. Positivism has been described as ‘one of the heroic failures of modern philosophy.’
Do you agree with this statement? Why?

3. You are reading a literature review by a novice researcher in your field.  You notice
that the researcher seems to have relied heavily on an Internet search while conducting
the literature review.  Your hunch is supported when you glance at the reference page
and find a long list of Internet addresses.  What goes through your mind regarding the
quality and adequacy of the literature review in this situation?