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DE 2.1 Separation of Variables

This document discusses first order differential equations. It covers separable differential equations where the variables can be separated. It also discusses homogeneous functions and homogeneous differential equations where the coefficients are homogeneous of the same degree. Specific examples of separable and homogeneous differential equations are provided and the solution methods described.

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151 views

DE 2.1 Separation of Variables

This document discusses first order differential equations. It covers separable differential equations where the variables can be separated. It also discusses homogeneous functions and homogeneous differential equations where the coefficients are homogeneous of the same degree. Specific examples of separable and homogeneous differential equations are provided and the solution methods described.

Uploaded by

rishiko aquino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BSCE

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solutions of DE
of Order One
Chapter 2

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


Table of contents

2.1 Separable 2.3 Linear


DE Coefficients in 2
Variables
2.2 Homogeneous 2.4 Exact DE
Functions &
DE
ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME
Table of contents

2.5 Integrating
Factor

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


• Contains first derivatives and one

First Order •
independent variable only
The dependent or independent variable

Differential could be any measurable parameter and


may be represented by any symbol.
Types:
Equations •
•
•
Variable Separable
Homogeneous Equations
• Exact Equations
Form: • Linear Equations
• Bernoulli Equations
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


2.1
Separable
Differential Equations

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


Separable Differential Equations
The first order DE of the form: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is a
SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION or VARIABLE SEPARABLE if
the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 can be separated and written in the

General Form:

¥
𝑓1 𝑥 𝑔1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
fix
when rearranged:

1 I s
𝑓1 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑓2 𝑥 𝑔1 𝑦

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


Separable Differential Equations
Illustration:

1. 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
3. sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. 𝑦 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
6. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
7. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
8. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


2.2
Homogeneous
Functions & Differential
Equations
ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME
Homogeneous Functions
• Polynomials in which all Illustrations: Given the ff. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
terms are of the same degree 1. 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2
are called homogeneous 2. 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
polynomials.
𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑦
3.
• A function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is said to 𝑥−2𝑦

𝑥
be homogeneous of degree 𝑛 4. tan 𝑦
in 𝑥 and 𝑦, if and only if
5. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥𝑦)
𝑓 𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦 = 𝜆𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
6. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


Homogeneous Differential Equations
A DE is known as homogeneous if: Solution:
• Variables are non-separable ✓ If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 is simpler than 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
• The coefficients 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and Substitute:
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are both homogeneous in 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
the same degree. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
✓ If 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) is simpler than 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦
Substitute:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME


Homogeneous Differential Equations
Illustration: Solution:
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 ✓ If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 is simpler than 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
2. 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Substitute:
3. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
4. 𝑦 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣

5. 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 0 ✓ If 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) is simpler than 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Substitute:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣

ENGR. NADINE ALEX C. BRAVO, REE, RME

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